<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">fpRqtqpRp6YXLJmQTYSBggG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000701202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240478</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Diretrizes</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diretriz Brasileira sobre a Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular no Climat&#233;rio e na Menopausa &#8211; 2024</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8471-5745</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Costa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9945-7171</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Arcelus</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Mar&#237;a Artucio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7377-2808</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neto Esp&#237;ndola</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3322-0459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8486-7861</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Agnaldo Lopes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2406-8184</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Celi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7796-6386</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8161-9400</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Japhet da Matta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1222-7734</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Maria Vilas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1336-6517</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Elizabeth Navegantes Caetano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9938-8425</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Marildes Luiza de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0732-9920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lemke</surname>
            <given-names>Viviana de Mello Guzzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2455-5612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lucena</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Jorge Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3453-8488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2447-2577</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9826-9152</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lantieri</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Janice Baister</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0803-8535</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nahas</surname>
            <given-names>Eliana Petri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5210-2848</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alexandre</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth Regina Giunco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6352-3330</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campana</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9168-5513</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bragan&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;rika Olivier Vilela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3220-019X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Marciano Consolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1090-0443</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Imara Correia de Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9473-132X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8588-8074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kulak</surname>
            <given-names>Jaime</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-322X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Lidia Ana Zytynski</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">
            <sup>28</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7084-037X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pompei</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8837-8061</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baccaro</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Francisco Cintra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9663-2966</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">
            <sup>30</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0969-4614</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Alexandre Hip&#243;lito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1323-9590</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albernaz</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aurelio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>31</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9096-2259</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Decoud</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Sotera Paniagua de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>32</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6457-3217</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Sanali Moura de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>33</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6087-0970</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sanchez-Zambrano</surname>
            <given-names>Martha Beatriz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
            <sup>34</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4254-1609</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Milena dos Santos Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
            <sup>35</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7989-6633</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Acevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Monica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36">
            <sup>36</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-1975-0778</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramirez</surname>
            <given-names>Monica Susana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37">
            <sup>37</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38">
            <sup>38</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8722-7504</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Olga Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff39">
            <sup>39</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-6726-1722</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando Ot&#225;vio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff40">
            <sup>40</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4075-3704</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Coeli Marques de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff41">
            <sup>41</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff42">
            <sup>42</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9361-0905</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio Bonassi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff43">
            <sup>43</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6839-1541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Sheyla Cristina Tonheiro Ferro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff44">
            <sup>44</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7136-3536</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Thais de Carvalho Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
            <sup>35</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff45">
            <sup>45</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5686-7058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Walkiria Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9088-6700</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa-Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Helena Sim&#245;es da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9085-4605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wender</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Celeste Osorio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff46">
            <sup>46</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Belo Horizonte</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Cardiovascular de Sanatorio Galicia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Montevideo</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="UY">Uruguai</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Cardiovascular de Sanatorio Galicia, Montevideo &#8211; Uruguai</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Izabel</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Municipal de Salvador</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Municipal de Salvador, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>8</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Tiradentes</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>9</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luis</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luis, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>10</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santo Andr&#233;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo Andr&#233;, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>11</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Joana Recife</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Joana Recife, Recife PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>12</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">EMCOR &#8211; Diagn&#243;sticos do Cora&#231;&#227;o LTDA</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">EMCOR &#8211; Diagn&#243;sticos do Cora&#231;&#227;o LTDA, Recife PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>13</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Bar&#227;o de Lucena</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Bar&#227;o de Lucena, Recife PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>14</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff15">
          <label>15</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio do Estado Par&#225;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bel&#233;m</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio do Estado Par&#225; (CESUPA), Bel&#233;m PA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff16">
          <label>16</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade IPEMED de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade IPEMED de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Belo Horizonte MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff17">
          <label>17</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiocare Cl&#237;nica Cardiol&#243;gica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiocare Cl&#237;nica Cardiol&#243;gica, Curitiba PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff18">
          <label>18</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Agamenom Magalh&#227;es</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agamenom Magalh&#227;es, Recife PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff19">
          <label>19</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff20">
          <label>20</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff21">
          <label>21</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRS), Porto Alegre RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff22">
          <label>22</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff23">
          <label>23</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">RitmoCheck</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">RitmoCheck, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff24">
          <label>24</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas FMUSP</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff25">
          <label>25</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Campina Grande</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff26">
          <label>26</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Maceio</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff27">
          <label>27</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Macei&#243; AL &#8211; BrasilUniversidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Macei&#243; AL &#8211; BrasilUniversidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR), Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff28">
          <label>28</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (PUC-PR), Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff29">
          <label>29</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff30">
          <label>30</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Socor</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Socor, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff31">
          <label>31</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Estadual da Mulher</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Estadual da Mulher, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff32">
          <label>32</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Sanatorio Italiano</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Assun&#231;&#227;o</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PY">Paraguai</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sanatorio Italiano, Assun&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Paraguai</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff33">
          <label>33</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Natal</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RN</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff34">
          <label>34</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Comit&#233; de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares de la Mujer</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Sociedad Venezolana de Cardiolog&#237;a</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Caracas</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="VE">Venezuela</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Comit&#233; de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares de la Mujer, Sociedad Venezolana de Cardiolog&#237;a, Caracas &#8211; Venezuela</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff35">
          <label>35</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff36">
          <label>36</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidad Cat&#243;lica de Chile</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santiago</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CL">Chile</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontificia Universidad Cat&#243;lica de Chile, Santiago &#8211; Chile</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff37">
          <label>37</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Privado Rosario</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rosario</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Privado Rosario, Rosario &#8211; Argentina</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff38">
          <label>38</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Universitario Rosario</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Fe</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Universitario Rosario (IUNIR), Santa Fe &#8211; Argentina</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff39">
          <label>39</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Rede D&#8217;Or</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Rede D&#8217;Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff40">
          <label>40</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff41">
          <label>41</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Geral de Fortaleza</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff42">
          <label>42</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado do Cear&#225;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff43">
          <label>43</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Jundia&#237;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jundia&#237;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Jundia&#237;, Jundia&#237;, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff44">
          <label>44</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">CEMISE Oncocl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CEMISE Oncocl&#237;nicas, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff45">
          <label>45</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff46">
          <label>46</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; CEP: <postal-code>20020-907</postal-code>. E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240478</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="corrected">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <related-article related-article-type="correction-forward" id="r01" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20240681" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="48"/>
        <table-count count="22"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="395"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
        <colgroup width="50%">
          <col/>
          <col/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Diretriz Brasileira sobre a Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular no Climat&#233;rio e na Menopausa &#8211; 2024</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">O relat&#243;rio abaixo lista as declara&#231;&#245;es de interesse conforme relatadas &#224; SBC pelos especialistas durante o per&#237;odo de desenvolvimento deste posicionamento, 2023-2024.</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Especialista</th>
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Tipo de relacionamento com a ind&#250;stria</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Agnaldo Lopes da Silva-Filho</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Outros relacionamentos <break/>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Bayer e Vifor.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Alexandre Jorge Gomes de Lucena</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Andr&#233;a Araujo Brand&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli Macedo</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Bayer: anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; Pfizer: anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e amiloidose; Jannsen: leucemia. <break/>Outros relacionamentos <break/>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Bayer: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Carisi Anne Polanczyk</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Carla Janice Baister Lantieri</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Carlos Japhet da Matta Albuquerque</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Carolina Mar&#237;a Artucio Arcelus</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Celi Marques-Santos</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">C&#233;sar Eduardo Fernandes</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Membro do Board e palestrante dos laborat&#243;rios GENON, Bayer, Sanofi, Theramex.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Claudia Maria Vilas Freire</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Eliana Aguiar Petri Nahas</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Libbs: Iziz, IUMI ES; Theramex: Systen adesivos, Estreva Gel.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Elizabeth Regina Giunco Alexandre</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Lilly, Servier, Libbs.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves Campana</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Servier, Brace Pharma, Biolab, Momenta. <break/>Outros relacionamentos <break/>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Servier: hipertens&#227;o; Biolab: hipertens&#227;o.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">&#201;rika Olivier Vilela Bragan&#231;a</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Biolab: Dozoito. <break/>Outros relacionamentos <break/>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Merck.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Fernanda Marciano Consolim Colombo</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, <break/>honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Daiichi Sankyo; Merck; Servier; AstraZeneca. <break/>Outros relacionamentos <break/>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Daiichi Sankyo; Servier.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Imara Correia de Queiroz Barbosa</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Ivan Romero Rivera</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Jaime Kulak Junior</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Larissa Neto Esp&#237;ndola</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Lidia Ana Zytynski Moura</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Novartis: Entresto; AstraZeneca: Forxiga; Boehringer: Jardiance; Bayer: Vericiguat; Vifor: Ferrinject. <break/>B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras. <break/>- Bayer: Vericiguat.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Lucia Helena Sim&#245;es da Costa-Paiva</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Bayer: Siu Mirena; Besins: Vagifem; Libbs: terapia hormonal e contracep&#231;&#227;o; Theramex: terapia hormonal. <break/>B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras. <break/>- FAPESP e bolsa produtiva CNPQ. <break/>Outros relacionamentos <break/>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Besins: Vagifem; Bayer: Mirena; Astelas: Fezolinetanto.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Luciano de Melo Pompei</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Abbott; Besins; Libbs; Theramex: produtos de terap&#234;utica hormonal da menopausa.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Luiz Francisco Cintra Baccaro</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcia Melo barbosa</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcio Alexandre Hip&#243;lito Rodrigues</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Theramex, Besins, Novonordisk. <break/>B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Theramex. <break/>Outros relacionamentos <break/>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Theramex e Besins</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Marco Aur&#233;lio Albernaz</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Bayer: anticoncep&#231;&#227;o; Theramex: anticoncep&#231;&#227;o e terapia hormonal; Organon: anticoncep&#231;&#227;o; Libbs: terapia hormonal.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a Rivera</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Celeste Osorio Wender</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Bayer, Besins, MSD, Astellas, Gedeon, Abbott, Theramex. <break/>B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Mithra: Estetrol; Myovant: Relugolix.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Cristina Costa de Almeida</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Cristina de Oliveira Izar</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Amgen: Repatha; Amryt Pharma: Lojuxta; AstraZeneca: Dapagliflozina; Ach&#233;: Trezor, Trezete; Biolab: Livalo; Abbott: Lipidil; EMS: Rosuvastatina; Eurofarma: Rosuvastatina; Sanofi: Praluent, Zympass, Zympass Eze, Efluelda; Libbs: Plenance, Plenance Eze; Novo Nordisk: Ozempic, Victoza; Servier: Acertamlo, Alertalix; PTCBio: Waylivra. <break/>B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras. <break/>- PTCBio: Waylivra; Amgen: Repatha; Novartis: Inclisiran, Pelacarsen; NovoNordisk: Ziltivekimab. <break/>Outros relacionamentos <break/>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Novo Nordisk: Diabetes.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Elizabeth N. Caetano Costa</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Libbs: Plenance Enze; Servier: Vastarel. <break/>Outros relacionamentos <break/>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Libbs; Servier: Participa&#231;&#227;o em congresso.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Sanali Moura de Oliveira Paiva</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Sotera Paniagua de Decoud</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Marildes Luiza de Castro</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Novartis: Sacubitril/Valsartana; Pfizer: Patisiran; Merck: Vericiquat; Amgen.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Martha Beatriz Sanchez-Zambrano</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Milena dos Santos Barros Campos</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Monica Acevedo</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Recebi honor&#225;rios por consultoria, palestras e pesquisas da Abbott, AstraZeneca, Axon-pharma, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lily, Eurofarma, Ferrer, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Tecnofarma, Teva Pharmaceuticals. Todos custaram menos de 5.000 d&#243;lares. <break/>Outros relacionamentos <break/>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- AstraZeneca: Congresso da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia, Barcelona 2022; Boehringer: Congresso da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia, Amsterd&#227; 2023.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Monica Susana Ramirez</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Outros relacionamentos <break/>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Gador, Bago, Raffo. <break/>Participa&#231;&#227;o societ&#225;ria de qualquer natureza e qualquer valor economicamente apreci&#225;vel de empresas na &#225;rea de sa&#250;de, de ensino ou em empresas concorrentes ou fornecedoras da SBC: <break/>- Centro de Diagnostico Rosario.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Olga Ferreira de Souza</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Orlando Ot&#225;vio de Medeiros</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Regina Coeli Marques de Carvalho</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Rog&#233;rio Bonassi Machado</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Sheyla Cristina Tonheiro Ferro da Silva</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <break/>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Palestras para Novartis: Entresto; AstraZeneca: Forxiga/ Xigduo; alia&#231;a Boeringher-Lilly: Jardiance; Servier: Acertil, Acertalix, triplixan; Novonordisk: Saxenda, Ozempic, Rybelsus; Libbis: Naprix; Vifor: Ferinject. <break/>Outros relacionamentos <break/>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: <break/>- Alian&#231;a Boeringher-Lilly: Jardiance; Novonordisk: Ozempic, Rybelsus, Saxenda; Servier: Acertil, Acertalix, Triplixan.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Thais de Carvalho Vieira Rodrigues</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Viviana de Mello Guzzo Lemke</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Walkiria Samuel Avila</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados de ensaio cl&#237;nico realizado pelo <italic>Women's Health Initiative</italic> (WHI) em 2002, demonstrando que h&#225; mais riscos do que benef&#237;cios para a sa&#250;de feminina com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nio (isolado ou combinado a progestag&#234;nio) para o controle dos sinais e sintomas da menopausa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o progressiva e sustentada na prescri&#231;&#227;o desses medicamentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nos Estados Unidos, havia ocorrido um aumento de prescri&#231;&#245;es da terapia hormonal da menopausa (THM) de 16 milh&#245;es em 1966 para 90 milh&#245;es em 1999,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> de forma que, no final dos anos 1990, em torno de 25% das mulheres com 45-74 anos de idade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e mais de 40% daquelas com 50-69 anos de idade encontravam-se em uso dessa terapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que, ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo realizado pelo WHI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> ocorreu uma queda nas prescri&#231;&#245;es de THM de 25% para 11,9% em 2003-2004, atingindo 4,7% em 2012, em todos os grupos demogr&#225;ficos estudados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Assinala-se que, mesmo ap&#243;s novas evid&#234;ncias demonstrando que a THM poderia ser utilizada em mulheres mais jovens que n&#227;o apresentam riscos adicionais e se encontram dentro dos primeiros dez anos da menopausa, n&#227;o houve ascens&#227;o na prescri&#231;&#227;o, que hoje se encontra em 4-6% das mulheres nessa fase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estima-se na atualidade uma popula&#231;&#227;o global de 8.019.876.189 de pessoas, sendo 49,75% do sexo feminino e com uma expectativa de vida ao nascer de 76 anos (6 anos a mais que os homens),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> com mais acesso &#224; educa&#231;&#227;o e ao mercado de trabalho (apesar da indiscut&#237;vel e persistente desigualdade de g&#234;nero observada) e que tende a sofrer com os sinais e sintomas da menopausa pelo menos durante um ter&#231;o da vida. E, &#224; medida que essas mulheres envelhecem, apresentam um risco cada vez mais acentuado de morbimortalidade cardiovascular (CV),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> considerando que um ter&#231;o da mortalidade atual em mulheres &#233; decorrente da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) e da doen&#231;a cerebrovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Segundo Faubion e Shufelt,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> as novas gera&#231;&#245;es de mulheres chegar&#227;o na menopausa com maior liberdade e seguran&#231;a para falar mais abertamente sobre o sofrimento imposto pelos sinais e sintomas dessa etapa da vida, com mais propens&#227;o para a busca de solu&#231;&#245;es e a possibilidade de movimentar um mercado de produtos estimado em 600 bilh&#245;es de d&#243;lares. Esse grande contingente de mulheres precisa, assim, contar com um sistema de atendimento em sa&#250;de preparado para esse cen&#225;rio. Ainda segundo essas autoras,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> para enfrentar esse desafio, &#233; necess&#225;rio o avan&#231;o na ci&#234;ncia da menopausa no que diz respeito &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica, &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o e atualiza&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais que lidam com a sa&#250;de da mulher (medicina interna, endocrinologia, cardiologia, medicina da fam&#237;lia, al&#233;m, portanto, da ginecologia e obstetr&#237;cia), &#224; cria&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas de estado para a educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de e para o cuidado das mulheres, bem como &#224; educa&#231;&#227;o dos empregadores e dos l&#237;deres nas organiza&#231;&#245;es de trabalho, que precisam adaptar esses locais para atender &#224;s necessidades das mulheres nessa etapa da vida.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, o delineamento, a organiza&#231;&#227;o e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o desta "Diretriz sobre a Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular no Climat&#233;rio e Menopausa", resultante de um trabalho conjunto de sociedades cient&#237;ficas nacionais [Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia (FEBRASGO), Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Climat&#233;rio (SOBRAC) e Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC)] e internacional [<italic>Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiolog&#237;a</italic> (SIAC)], assim como de v&#225;rias especialidades que lidam no cotidiano com a sa&#250;de da mulher, preenchem um dos requisitos importantes para a educa&#231;&#227;o e/ou atualiza&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais que trabalham nesse campo, consistindo na divulga&#231;&#227;o das melhores evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas dispon&#237;veis na atualidade sobre o tema climat&#233;rio e menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste documento, procedeu-se a uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Anexo 1</xref>), registrada no PROSPERO 2024 CRD42024504299 <italic>Available from</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024504299">https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024504299</ext-link>. Os m&#233;todos empregados para sua realiza&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o descritos no ap&#234;ndice dessa diretriz (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1.1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1.1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Estrutura da Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica que norteou a Diretriz de Climat&#233;rio e Menopausa. DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; DM: diabetes mellitus; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; THM: terapia hormonal da menopausa.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A seguir descrevemos os destaques de cada cap&#237;tulo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>1.1. Highlights</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Horm&#244;nios Sexuais (Estrog&#234;nio, Progesterona, Testosterona) e suas Fun&#231;&#245;es ao Longo da Vida</title>
        <p>A esteroidog&#234;nese ovariana inicia-se na puberdade, quando os horm&#244;nios atuam nos caracteres sexuais secund&#225;rios e na regula&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o. Os horm&#244;nios sexuais (estrog&#234;nios, androg&#234;nios e progesterona), atrav&#233;s de seus receptores presentes em quase todo o organismo feminino, exercem a&#231;&#245;es e fun&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas.</p>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome do climat&#233;rio &#233; o conjunto de sintomas e sinais resultantes da intera&#231;&#227;o entre fatores socioculturais, psicol&#243;gicos e end&#243;crinos. Seu diagn&#243;stico em mulheres acima de 45 anos, na presen&#231;a de queixas sugestivas de hipoestrogenismo, n&#227;o requer confirma&#231;&#227;o por outros exames complementares.</p>
        <p>A defici&#234;ncia do estradiol na menopausa contribui para a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pela perda de suas fun&#231;&#245;es vasculares, tais como aumento da s&#237;ntese de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, a&#231;&#227;o antioxidante e propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias.</p>
        <p>Na transi&#231;&#227;o menop&#225;usica, iniciam-se altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil lip&#237;dico, como aumento no colesterol total, LDL colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
        <p>O hipoestrogenismo leva a altera&#231;&#227;o no armazenamento e na distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal feminina, com aumento da adiposidade central (forma androide) e do risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Climat&#233;rio/Menopausa e Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular Tradicionais e/ou Emergentes</title>
        <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o protetora do HDL colesterol e o aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o de Lp (a) na perimenopausa contribuem para o aumento do risco cardiovascular. Altera&#231;&#245;es do metabolismo glic&#237;dico associadas ao aumento da adiposidade central predisp&#245;em ao desenvolvimento de diabetes mellitus, que, na presen&#231;a de menopausa precoce, leva ao maior aumento do risco cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>O risco de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o aumenta na menopausa, al&#233;m de piorar o progn&#243;stico das portadoras da doen&#231;a previamente, com maiores taxas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e evolu&#231;&#227;o para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Mulheres com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica t&#234;m maior incid&#234;ncia de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda na p&#243;s-menopausa, com maior risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. A hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada nessa fase est&#225; relacionada &#224; maior rigidez a&#243;rtica.</p>
        <p>O sedentarismo na p&#243;s-menopausa leva a pior condicionamento f&#237;sico e menor controle dos fatores de risco cardiovascular, al&#233;m de maior incid&#234;ncia de fraturas e de mortalidade. O tabagismo aumenta o risco de menopausa precoce e a probabilidade de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, acidente vascular cerebral, osteoporose, diabetes mellitus e mortalidade por todas as causas.</p>
        <p>Na transi&#231;&#227;o menop&#225;usica, h&#225; maior risco de depress&#227;o e ansiedade. Gatilhos emocionais associados ao estresse cr&#244;nico levam &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o sustentada do eixo hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise-adrenal, com desregula&#231;&#227;o do perfil metab&#243;lico e inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, acelerando a aterosclerose e aumentando o risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre o Climat&#233;rio/Menopausa e Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</title>
        <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular desde o climat&#233;rio &#233; importante ferramenta para identificar os fatores e marcadores de risco e implementar medidas para preven&#231;&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade nas mulheres. Na aus&#234;ncia de escores espec&#237;ficos na perimenopausa e p&#243;s-menopausa, utilizam-se os escores tradicionais, podendo ser refinados pela identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores potencializadores de risco e marcadores de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Mulheres t&#234;m carga global de aterosclerose menor e maior disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular em coron&#225;rias. A menopausa precoce est&#225; associada ao aumento da mortalidade por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>As mulheres idosas, de etnia negra e menor n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico t&#234;m maior incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral, sendo a hipertens&#227;o arterial o principal fator de risco associado. Hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes mellitus e tabagismo t&#234;m maior impacto negativo nas mulheres, que tamb&#233;m apresentam mais desfechos negativos e taxa de mortalidade aumentada ap&#243;s acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
        <p>Na p&#243;s-menopausa, s&#227;o mais frequentes a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e o remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sendo suas incid&#234;ncias aumentadas na menopausa precoce.</p>
        <p>M&#250;ltiplos fatores sugerem correla&#231;&#227;o entre menopausa e risco aumentado de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, obesidade, sedentarismo, ingesta excessiva de &#225;lcool, doen&#231;a valvar, multiparidade e acidente vascular cerebral. Sugere-se que menopausa precoce aumente o risco de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, assim como estresse, ansiedade, ins&#244;nia e sintomas depressivos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Menopausa e Risco de Morbidade e Mortalidade por Outras Doen&#231;as</title>
        <p>Existe risco cardiovascular aumentado em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa tratadas de c&#226;ncer de mama, exacerbado pelo controle inadequado dos fatores de risco e pela cardiotoxicidade do tratamento.</p>
        <p>Em mulheres com c&#226;ncer, pode haver menopausa precoce, dependendo da reserva ovariana basal, da gonadotoxicidade e da dura&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o aos agentes cancer&#237;genos (terapia oncol&#243;gica e/ou terapia end&#243;crina).</p>
        <p>O avan&#231;o da idade, o perfil gen&#233;tico e a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a vascular sist&#234;mica s&#227;o os principais fatores de risco n&#227;o modific&#225;veis para o desenvolvimento de dem&#234;ncia. Sua preval&#234;ncia &#233; maior entre as mulheres.</p>
        <p>As disfun&#231;&#245;es tireoidianas s&#227;o significativamente mais comuns em mulheres e sua incid&#234;ncia aumenta com o envelhecimento. O hipertireoidismo manifesto e o subcl&#237;nico aumentam o risco de osteoporose, especialmente na p&#243;s-menopausa.</p>
        <p>A perda do estrog&#234;nio na menopausa leva a remodelamento &#243;sseo negativo e perda &#243;ssea, aumentando o risco de osteoporose. A terapia hormonal da menopausa deve ser indicada para mulheres com insufici&#234;ncia ovariana prematura e na menopausa natural, podendo ser indicada para preven&#231;&#227;o de osteoporose, especialmente na presen&#231;a de sintomas vasomotores associados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risco Cardiovascular e Horm&#244;nios Sexuais</title>
        <p>Na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular, &#233; necess&#225;rio incluir a avalia&#231;&#227;o de antecedentes ginecol&#243;gicos e o uso de horm&#244;nios sexuais ao longo da vida.</p>
        <p>Menarca precoce, s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos e uso de contraceptivos hormonais devem ser reconhecidos como fatores de risco cardiovascular adicionais.</p>
        <p>A contracep&#231;&#227;o hormonal oral combinada exerce efeito protetor no sistema cardiovascular. Em ciclos anovulat&#243;rios por hipoestrogenismo e disfun&#231;&#227;o hipotal&#226;mica, por&#233;m, aumenta o risco de aterosclerose coronariana e eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>A suplementa&#231;&#227;o da testosterona em mulheres n&#227;o deve ser indicada para melhora do risco cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Independentemente dos poss&#237;veis efeitos adicionais no risco cardiovascular da terapia hormonal para afirma&#231;&#227;o de g&#234;nero, devemos manter o foco da preven&#231;&#227;o nos pilares cl&#225;ssicos da sa&#250;de cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es Atuais para Terapia Hormonal da Menopausa</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>A Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, a Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia e a Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Climat&#233;rio recomendam a <bold>FAVOR</bold> da ado&#231;&#227;o da terapia hormonal da menopausa para as mulheres climat&#233;ricas sintom&#225;ticas sem contraindica&#231;&#245;es. (<bold>For&#231;a da recomenda&#231;&#227;o a FAVOR. Recomenda&#231;&#227;o FORTE. N&#237;vel de certeza ALTO</bold>).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Essa terapia consiste na administra&#231;&#227;o de diferentes horm&#244;nios sexuais que devem ser individualizados de acordo com os riscos e benef&#237;cios de cada mulher. As v&#225;rias formula&#231;&#245;es, doses e vias de administra&#231;&#227;o de terapia hormonal t&#234;m alta efic&#225;cia no al&#237;vio de sintomas do climat&#233;rio. (<bold>For&#231;a da recomenda&#231;&#227;o a FAVOR. Recomenda&#231;&#227;o FORTE. N&#237;vel de certeza ALTO</bold>).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A terapia hormonal da menopausa deve ser iniciada na "janela de oportunidade", isso &#233;, nos primeiros 10 anos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da menopausa e/ou antes dos 60 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn6">*</xref> Contrariamente, iniciar a terapia hormonal da menopausa com mais de 60 anos de idade ou mais de 10 anos ap&#243;s a menopausa pode elevar o risco absoluto de doen&#231;a coronariana, tromboembolismo venoso e acidente vascular cerebral. (<bold>For&#231;a da recomenda&#231;&#227;o a FAVOR. Recomenda&#231;&#227;o FORTE. N&#237;vel de certeza ALTO</bold>).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>N&#227;o h&#225; indica&#231;&#227;o de iniciar a terapia hormonal da menopausa com o objetivo de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria cardiovascular nos m&#250;ltiplos cen&#225;rios. (<bold>For&#231;a da recomenda&#231;&#227;o a FAVOR. Recomenda&#231;&#227;o FORTE. N&#237;vel de certeza ALTO</bold>).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evid&#234;ncias Contempor&#226;neas da Terapia Hormonal em Mulheres</title>
        <p>Mulheres menopausadas com fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular necessitam de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o criteriosa antes de iniciar a terapia hormonal da menopausa.</p>
        <p>Mulheres com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica controlada e sintomas vasomotores moderados a intensos podem utilizar terapia hormonal da menopausa por qualquer via, mas deve-se preferir a terapia estrog&#234;nica transd&#233;rmica na presen&#231;a de obesidade, dislipidemia, diabetes mellitus e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Recomenda-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da progesterona micronizada (via oral ou vaginal) nas mulheres n&#227;o histerectomizadas.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o se recomenda terapia hormonal da menopausa sist&#234;mica em mulheres com doen&#231;a cardiovascular manifesta, hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou acidente vascular cerebral. A terapia hormonal da menopausa transd&#233;rmica &#233; recomendada para aquelas com hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de tromboembolismo venoso, a depender do fator que ocasionou o evento.</p>
        <p>Para mulheres com contraindica&#231;&#227;o ou que n&#227;o desejam usar terapia hormonal da menopausa, terapias n&#227;o hormonais podem ajudar no al&#237;vio dos sintomas vasomotores.</p>
        <p>Horm&#244;nios bioid&#234;nticos manipulados ou implantes hormonais n&#227;o s&#227;o recomendados pela falta de evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a desses compostos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Menopausa e a Mulher No Mercado de Trabalho &#8211; Dificuldades e Oportunidades de Melhorias</title>
        <p>As mulheres constituem grande parte da for&#231;a de trabalho global, sendo que quase metade delas se encontra na idade da peri- ou p&#243;s-menopausa.</p>
        <p>Os sintomas da menopausa prejudicam a qualidade de vida, o desempenho e a assiduidade no trabalho. Portanto, os empregadores precisam estar atentos ao desconforto ocasionado por esses sintomas, propiciando um ambiente de trabalho humanizado e confort&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>&#201; preciso criar pol&#237;ticas institucionais de apoio &#224;s trabalhadoras que se encontram na menopausa (educa&#231;&#227;o sobre o tema, consultas m&#233;dicas quando necess&#225;rio, adapta&#231;&#245;es no ambiente de trabalho).</p>
        <p>&#201; preciso promover abertura para a abordagem sobre o tema junto &#224;s lideran&#231;as, em busca de solu&#231;&#245;es para os problemas apresentados.</p>
        <p>Medidas, como hor&#225;rios flex&#237;veis, &#225;reas mais ventiladas e mais pr&#243;ximas a banheiros, uniformes mais leves e confort&#225;veis, s&#227;o eficazes e custo-efetivas. Essas medidas devem ser priorizadas nas pol&#237;ticas dos empregadores para mulheres que se encontram na peri- ou p&#243;s-menopausa e se mant&#234;m ativas profissionalmente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Menopausa e Climat&#233;rio na Am&#233;rica Latina &#8211; Situa&#231;&#227;o Atual, Desafios e Oportunidades de Interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, h&#225; um aumento na preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia ovariana prematura, ou seja, antes dos 40 anos de idade, e menopausa precoce, antes dos 45 anos, ambas consideradas fatores de risco para a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a e mortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia para o in&#237;cio da menopausa na Am&#233;rica Latina &#233; de 47,24 anos, com eleva&#231;&#227;o progressiva na preval&#234;ncia da insufici&#234;ncia ovariana prematura e menopausa precoce.</p>
        <p>Os sintomas vasomotores est&#227;o entre os de maior preval&#234;ncia (55%) em mulheres latino-americanas em transi&#231;&#227;o menop&#225;usica e costumam ser graves em uma parcela importante dessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m dos sintomas vasomotores, dist&#250;rbios do sono, dist&#250;rbios urogenitais, dores m&#250;sculo-articulares e altera&#231;&#245;es do humor (depress&#227;o, ansiedade, irritabilidade) s&#227;o frequentes e comprometem a qualidade de vida de mulheres em transi&#231;&#227;o menop&#225;usica e na p&#243;s-menopausa.</p>
        <p>A prescri&#231;&#227;o de terapia hormonal da menopausa na Am&#233;rica Latina ocorre em 12,5% das mulheres menop&#225;usicas (via oral, 43,7%; transd&#233;rmica, 17,7%; terapias alternativas, 19,5%).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2. Horm&#244;nios Sexuais (Estrog&#234;nio, Progesterona, Testosterona) e suas Fun&#231;&#245;es ao Longo da Vida</title>
      <p>Na vida intrauterina, entre a sexta e a oitava semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o, em embri&#227;o do sexo cromoss&#244;mico feminino, 46XX, ocorre a diferencia&#231;&#227;o da g&#244;nada embrion&#225;ria, bipotencial, em ov&#225;rios. Na aus&#234;ncia do cromossomo Y, o feto desenvolve ov&#225;rios e, na aus&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis de testosterona semelhantes aos masculinos, surge o fen&#243;tipo feminino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Os ov&#225;rios iniciam sua esteroidog&#234;nese na puberdade e seus horm&#244;nios, fundamentalmente o estradiol e a progesterona, s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelo desenvolvimento dos caracteres sexuais secund&#225;rios e pela regula&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na verdade, endocrinologicamente, o primeiro sinal para a puberdade &#233; dado pelas suprarrenais (adrenarca). Com a matura&#231;&#227;o e o crescimento da zona reticular adrenal, ocorre um aumento dos androg&#234;nios adrenais, dehidroepiandrosterona (DHEA) e sulfato de dehidroepiandrosterona (DHEAS), que resultar&#225; em aumento da testosterona. Esse aumento da testosterona &#233; respons&#225;vel pela matura&#231;&#227;o das gl&#226;ndulas sudor&#237;paras ap&#243;crinas, levando ao odor tipo adulto, desenvolvimento de acne e pelos pubianos e axilares. Portanto, os pelos pubianos se desenvolvem independentemente da ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise-gonadal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A partir da puberdade, com ativa&#231;&#227;o do eixo hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise, os ov&#225;rios ir&#227;o secretar estrog&#234;nios, em especial o estradiol, pelas c&#233;lulas da granulosa dos fol&#237;culos, sendo que, para a sua s&#237;ntese, &#233; necess&#225;ria a produ&#231;&#227;o de androg&#234;nios, especialmente a testosterona, pelas c&#233;lulas da teca. Sabe-se que, nos primeiros 1,5-2 anos de atividade ovariana, os ciclos s&#227;o anovulat&#243;rios e, portanto, desprovidos da produ&#231;&#227;o de progesterona. O estradiol estimula o desenvolvimento das mamas (telarca), o crescimento do esqueleto e o desenvolvimento dos &#243;rg&#227;os genitais internos (&#250;tero, tubas uterinas e segmento superior da vagina) e externos (vulva e ter&#231;o inferior da vagina), que culminam com o in&#237;cio das menstrua&#231;&#245;es (menarca). Quando os ciclos ovarianos se tornam ovulat&#243;rios, o corpo l&#250;teo resultante da ovula&#231;&#227;o passa a secretar progesterona juntamente com estradiol. A progesterona &#233; respons&#225;vel pelas mudan&#231;as, sobretudo do endom&#233;trio, necess&#225;rias para manuten&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Existem receptores para os horm&#244;nios sexuais (estrog&#234;nios, androg&#234;nios e progesterona) em praticamente todos os tecidos e &#243;rg&#227;os do corpo da mulher. Dessa forma, eles atuam e apresentam fun&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas em todo o organismo feminino.</p>
      <p>H&#225; muito se sabe que os estrog&#234;nios desempenham um papel crucial na coordena&#231;&#227;o de muitos eventos neuroend&#243;crinos que controlam o desenvolvimento sexual, o comportamento sexual e a reprodu&#231;&#227;o. O estradiol &#233; fundamental para a diferencia&#231;&#227;o sexual do c&#233;rebro. Na verdade, ele organiza circuitos neurais e regula a apoptose de neur&#244;nios, levando a diferen&#231;as de longo prazo no c&#233;rebro feminino. Al&#233;m de seu papel no desenvolvimento, o estradiol previne a morte de c&#233;lulas neuronais em uma variedade de modelos de les&#227;o cerebral, modula o aprendizado e a mem&#243;ria, promove a forma&#231;&#227;o de sinapses e influencia na s&#237;ntese de neurotransmissores, bem como na apoptose celular. A testosterona, agindo no c&#233;rebro, parece regular a reprodu&#231;&#227;o, sexualidade e comportamentos emocionais em ambos os sexos em um contexto diferente relacionado ao g&#234;nero. A progesterona por sua a&#231;&#227;o no sistema nervoso central possui efeito hipn&#243;tico/sedativo, ansiol&#237;tico e anest&#233;sico/analg&#233;sico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O estradiol exerce um efeito cardioprotetor positivo atrav&#233;s de sua influ&#234;ncia na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, mioc&#225;rdica, vascular e metab&#243;lica. Vasos coronarianos e perif&#233;ricos cont&#234;m receptores de estrog&#234;nio que permitem que o estradiol desempenhe um papel regulador na vasculariza&#231;&#227;o. O estrog&#234;nio estimula a s&#237;ntese de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) atrav&#233;s de efeitos gen&#244;micos e n&#227;o gen&#244;micos, causando vasodilata&#231;&#227;o. Os horm&#244;nios sexuais influenciam os mecanismos envolvidos na regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA), sendo que os estrog&#234;nios, mas n&#227;o os androg&#234;nios, exercem um efeito favor&#225;vel sobre os n&#237;veis da PA a longo prazo, sobretudo por mecanismos relacionados aos rins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os estrog&#234;nios influenciam os efeitos vasculares do LDL colesterol (LDL-c). Estradiol, que &#233; um fenol com propriedades antioxidantes, previne a oxida&#231;&#227;o de LDL-c e VLDL colesterol (VLDL-c) e protege a vasculatura contra os efeitos delet&#233;rios dos lip&#237;dios. Ele atenua o ac&#250;mulo de LDL-c minimamente modificado e LDL-c oxidado na parede arterial e previne oxida&#231;&#227;o e acumula&#231;&#227;o, mediada por fator de necrose tumoral &#945;, de LDL-c na parede arterial. Al&#233;m disso, aumenta a express&#227;o de receptor de LDL-c, aumenta a depura&#231;&#227;o de VLDL-c, diminui a produ&#231;&#227;o de LDL-c, diminui o tamanho das part&#237;culas de LDL-c, aumenta a depura&#231;&#227;o de LDL-c leve e densa, entre outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea, que mant&#233;m um esqueleto saud&#225;vel, pode ser considerado um programa de manuten&#231;&#227;o preventiva, removendo continuamente os ossos mais velhos e substituindo-os com osso novo. Os estrog&#234;nios s&#227;o essenciais na promo&#231;&#227;o do equil&#237;brio entre os eventos da remodela&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea, reabsor&#231;&#227;o e forma&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, desde a puberdade e durante toda a fase reprodutiva da mulher (menacme), os horm&#244;nios sexuais exercem efeitos espec&#237;ficos e fundamentais n&#227;o somente no sistema reprodutor, mas em todos os &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas do corpo feminino. Sempre considerar os estrog&#234;nios, especialmente o estradiol, como o ator principal, a progesterona essencial na manuten&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o e a testosterona como coadjuvante em algumas fun&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1. Altera&#231;&#245;es Hormonais na Menopausa</title>
        <p>As mulheres nascem com todo o seu conjunto de fol&#237;culos, cerca de 1-2 milh&#245;es. No in&#237;cio da puberdade, a massa de c&#233;lulas germinativas j&#225; foi reduzida para 300-500 mil unidades. Durante os pr&#243;ximos 35-40 anos de vida reprodutiva, 400-500 ser&#227;o selecionados para ovular e os fol&#237;culos prim&#225;rios acabar&#227;o por se esgotar at&#233; pr&#243;ximo &#224; menopausa, quando restar&#227;o apenas algumas centenas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo reprodutivo, os o&#243;citos (fol&#237;culos) s&#227;o gradualmente esgotados atrav&#233;s da ovula&#231;&#227;o e da atresia (apoptose &#8211; morte celular programada). A diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de o&#243;citos resulta na menor secre&#231;&#227;o de inibina B, diminuindo o <italic>feedback</italic> negativo ovariano sobre o horm&#244;nio fol&#237;culo-estimulante (FSH). O aumento resultante no n&#237;vel de FSH leva a um maior recrutamento folicular e a uma perda folicular acelerada, com preserva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de estradiol na transi&#231;&#227;o precoce da menopausa. Quando as mulheres est&#227;o na faixa dos 40 anos, a anovula&#231;&#227;o torna-se mais prevalente em face da qualidade e da capacidade reduzidas dos fol&#237;culos envelhecidos e, como consequ&#234;ncia, ocorre a aus&#234;ncia de produ&#231;&#227;o de progesterona. Quando todos os fol&#237;culos ovarianos est&#227;o esgotados, o ov&#225;rio &#233; incapaz de responder mesmo a n&#237;veis elevados de FSH e os n&#237;veis de estrog&#234;nio diminuem. O per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa &#233; caracterizado por um FSH elevado (&gt; 30 mUI/mL) e n&#237;veis baixos de estradiol (&lt; 30 pg/mL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O ov&#225;rio p&#243;s-menop&#225;usico secreta principalmente androstenediona e testosterona. Ap&#243;s a menopausa, o n&#237;vel circulante de androstenediona &#233; cerca de metade do observado antes da menopausa. A maior parte dessa androstenediona p&#243;s-menop&#225;usica &#233; derivada da gl&#226;ndula adrenal, com apenas uma pequena quantidade secretada pelo ov&#225;rio, embora a androstenediona seja o principal esteroide secretado pelo ov&#225;rio p&#243;s-menop&#225;usico. A produ&#231;&#227;o de testosterona diminui aproximadamente 25% ap&#243;s a menopausa, mas o ov&#225;rio p&#243;s-menop&#225;usico na maioria das mulheres, mas n&#227;o em todas, secreta mais testosterona do que o ov&#225;rio na pr&#233;-menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O n&#237;vel circulante de estradiol ap&#243;s a menopausa &#233; de aproximadamente 10-20 pg/mL, a maior parte do qual &#233; derivada da convers&#227;o perif&#233;rica de estrona, que, por sua vez, &#233; derivada principalmente da convers&#227;o perif&#233;rica de androstenediona. O n&#237;vel circulante de estrona em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa &#233; maior que o de estradiol, aproximadamente 30-70 pg/mL. A taxa m&#233;dia de produ&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nio na p&#243;s-menopausa &#233; de aproximadamente 45 &#956;g/24 horas, sendo quase todos, se n&#227;o todos, estrog&#234;nios derivados da convers&#227;o perif&#233;rica da androstenediona. A propor&#231;&#227;o androg&#234;nio/estrog&#234;nio muda drasticamente ap&#243;s a menopausa devido ao decl&#237;nio mais acentuado do estrog&#234;nio, sendo comum o aparecimento de hirsutismo leve, refletindo essa mudan&#231;a acentuada na propor&#231;&#227;o dos horm&#244;nios sexuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.2. Defini&#231;&#227;o e Classifica&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A "menopausa natural" &#233; definida como a data do &#250;ltimo epis&#243;dio de sangramento menstrual de uma mulher.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Ocorre em m&#233;dia aos 51 anos e 90% das mulheres passam por esse per&#237;odo entre 45 anos e 55 anos de idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A menopausa espont&#226;nea que ocorre entre 40 anos e 45 anos atinge cerca de 5% das mulheres e &#233; denominada "<italic>early menopause</italic>" em ingl&#234;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> A "menopausa induzida" &#233; a interrup&#231;&#227;o da menstrua&#231;&#227;o que ocorre ap&#243;s ooforectomia bilateral cir&#250;rgica ou perda da fun&#231;&#227;o ovariana iatrog&#234;nica decorrente de quimioterapia (Qt) ou radioterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> A insufici&#234;ncia ovariana prematura (IOP) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome resultante da perda da atividade ovariana antes dos 40 anos de idade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> afetando aproximadamente 1% das mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> O termo "menopausa prematura" pode ser usado para se referir aos casos definitivos de menopausa antes dos 40 anos, como os decorrentes de ooforectomia bilateral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> O termo "transi&#231;&#227;o menop&#225;usica" (TM) refere-se ao per&#237;odo da vida em que ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es do ciclo menstrual em decorr&#234;ncia da diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ovariana, come&#231;ando com a varia&#231;&#227;o na dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo menstrual e terminando com o &#250;ltimo epis&#243;dio de sangramento menstrual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A express&#227;o "s&#237;ndrome do climat&#233;rio" engloba o conjunto de sintomas e sinais resultantes da intera&#231;&#227;o entre fatores socioculturais, psicol&#243;gicos e end&#243;crinos que surgem conforme a mulher envelhece.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1.2</xref> ilustra as nomenclaturas relacionadas aos ciclos de vida da mulher utilizados nessa Diretriz, desde a puberdade ao fim da vida reprodutiva. Para padronizar a defini&#231;&#227;o dos diversos est&#225;gios do envelhecimento reprodutivo, foi criado o sistema STRAW (<italic>Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop</italic> - Oficina sobre Est&#225;gios do Envelhecimento Reprodutivo, em tradu&#231;&#227;o livre).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Com base em padr&#245;es de sintomas e achados laboratoriais, o sistema STRAW classifica o envelhecimento reprodutivo nas seguintes fases: reprodutiva, TM e p&#243;s-menopausa. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2.1</xref> ilustra os detalhes do sistema STRAW.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Nomenclaturas relacionadas aos ciclos de vida da mulher empregados nessa diretriz.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 2.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sistema STRAW de classifica&#231;&#227;o dos est&#225;gios reprodutivos. FSH: horm&#244;nio fol&#237;culo-estimulante; AMH: horm&#244;nio antim&#252;lleriano.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.3. Diagn&#243;stico Cl&#237;nico e Laboratorial</title>
        <p>O processo de envelhecimento leva &#224; fal&#234;ncia ovariana progressiva, resultando na interrup&#231;&#227;o dos ciclos ovulat&#243;rios e no t&#233;rmino do sangramento menstrual. Com frequ&#234;ncia, mulheres buscam assist&#234;ncia devido a altera&#231;&#245;es no ciclo menstrual durante a TM. Devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de inibina B pelos ov&#225;rios ao final da quarta d&#233;cada de vida, &#233; poss&#237;vel observar um aumento nas concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de FSH e estradiol no in&#237;cio do ciclo, resultando no encurtamento da fase folicular. Al&#233;m disso, a qualidade do corpo l&#250;teo piora, levando a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de progesterona na fase secretora. O encurtamento do intervalo entre as menstrua&#231;&#245;es &#233; um dos primeiros sinais da diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ovariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>&#192; medida que os anos avan&#231;am, o processo de deple&#231;&#227;o folicular persiste e a anovula&#231;&#227;o torna-se cada vez mais comum. Devido &#224; falta de contraposi&#231;&#227;o progestacional, o intervalo entre os ciclos menstruais se estende, chegando a 40-50 dias. Esse aumento m&#233;dio no intervalo entre os ciclos menstruais ocorre por volta dos 47 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Epis&#243;dios mais prolongados de amenorreia come&#231;am a ocorrer, intercalados por epis&#243;dios de sangramento menstrual de volume vari&#225;vel. Esse padr&#227;o de sangramento menstrual pode persistir por um per&#237;odo de um a tr&#234;s anos antes da menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os sintomas vasomotores (SVM), conhecidos tamb&#233;m como fogachos ou ondas de calor, s&#227;o os mais comumente vinculados &#224; TM. Esses sintomas envolvem sensa&#231;&#245;es abruptas de calor na regi&#227;o central do corpo, especialmente na face, t&#243;rax e pesco&#231;o, e t&#234;m uma dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 3-4 minutos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Frequentemente, esses epis&#243;dios s&#227;o acompanhados por um aumento na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica, eleva&#231;&#227;o da temperatura da pele e sudorese. Se ocorrerem durante a madrugada, podem estar associados a dist&#250;rbios do sono, como ins&#244;nia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Os SVM moderados/severos ocorrem em at&#233; 80% das mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> No entanto, apenas cerca de 20-30% delas buscam assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica para tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> No in&#237;cio do decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o ovariana, os SVM podem ser leves, ocorrendo no nadir da secre&#231;&#227;o de estradiol, durante as fases l&#250;tea tardia e folicular inicial. A ocorr&#234;ncia de SVM aumenta significativamente durante a TM, atingindo aproximadamente 40% na transi&#231;&#227;o precoce e elevando-se para 60-80% durante a transi&#231;&#227;o tardia da menopausa e nos est&#225;gios iniciais da p&#243;s-menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Na p&#243;s-menopausa tardia, a ocorr&#234;ncia dos SVM tende a diminuir; entretanto, at&#233; 30% das mulheres podem apresentar SVM moderados/severos ap&#243;s 10 anos da menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da data da menopausa &#233; feita retrospectivamente ap&#243;s 12 meses de amenorreia em uma mulher na faixa et&#225;ria esperada para a TM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome do climat&#233;rio &#233; estabelecido por meio de uma anamnese detalhada, complementada por um exame f&#237;sico minucioso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Para mulheres com mais de 45 anos que apresentam queixas sugestivas de hipoestrogenismo, como SVM e altera&#231;&#245;es t&#237;picas do padr&#227;o menstrual (sangramento uterino pouco frequente), o diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome do climat&#233;rio &#233; cl&#237;nico e n&#227;o requer confirma&#231;&#227;o por outros exames complementares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Em casos em que h&#225; d&#250;vidas quanto &#224; sintomatologia decorrente da queda na produ&#231;&#227;o ovariana de estradiol, a dosagem de FSH na fase folicular inicial pode ser &#250;til para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico. Valores acima de 25 mUI/mL podem indicar o in&#237;cio da TM. No entanto, &#233; importante notar que as concentra&#231;&#245;es di&#225;rias podem variar de maneira consider&#225;vel nessa fase. Recomenda-se, quando necess&#225;rio, realizar duas dosagens com um intervalo de 4-6 semanas entre elas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Vale ressaltar que a maioria das mulheres em contracep&#231;&#227;o hormonal &#224; base de progestag&#234;nios isolados ter&#225; padr&#245;es de sangramento alterados ou amenorreia, dificultando a orienta&#231;&#227;o precisa sobre o <italic>status</italic> menop&#225;usico. Se necess&#225;rio, mulheres em contracep&#231;&#227;o hormonal com progestag&#234;nios isolados podem realizar medi&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de FSH para avaliar o <italic>status</italic> menop&#225;usico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> N&#237;veis &gt; 25 mUI/mL s&#227;o atribu&#237;veis ao decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o ovariana. No entanto, os progestag&#234;nios isolados, como o acetato de medroxiprogesterona de dep&#243;sito e os implantes hormonais, podem suprimir o FSH, o que significa que uma mulher em uso dessas medica&#231;&#245;es pode estar na perimenopausa sem mostrar aumento nos n&#237;veis de FSH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> O momento ideal para medir os n&#237;veis de FSH em uma mulher usando acetato de medroxiprogesterona de dep&#243;sito &#233; logo antes de uma nova administra&#231;&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Mulheres usando contraceptivos hormonais combinados t&#234;m n&#237;veis significativamente suprimidos de FSH, mesmo durante a fase livre de horm&#244;nios, o que os torna inadequados para informar aconselhamento sobre o <italic>status</italic> da menopausa. Al&#233;m disso, os SVM s&#227;o menos frequentes em decorr&#234;ncia dos efeitos do componente estrog&#234;nico do contraceptivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Em mulheres usu&#225;rias de contraceptivos combinados em que seja necess&#225;rio dosar o FSH, orienta-se suspender a medica&#231;&#227;o de 2-4 semanas antes da coleta sangu&#237;nea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Padr&#245;es de sangramento que n&#227;o se encaixam nos previstos para o decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o ovariana, como sangramento muito frequente, em volume aumentado, com co&#225;gulos, demandam a investiga&#231;&#227;o do endom&#233;trio com ultrassonografia e/ou bi&#243;psia endometrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Para mulheres com idade inferior a 45 anos que apresentem queixas de sangramento uterino anormal, com padr&#227;o irregular e ciclos menstruais pouco frequentes, mesmo que o quadro cl&#237;nico sugira hipoestrogenismo, recomenda-se uma investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional para avaliar os sintomas e excluir outras causas de irregularidade menstrual, como gravidez, dist&#250;rbios tireoidianos e hiperprolactinemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.4. Rela&#231;&#227;o com a Mortalidade Cardiovascular</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; a mais comum causa de morte em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa, maior do que casos de c&#226;ncer de mama ou outro c&#226;ncer ginecol&#243;gico. Os fatores de risco (FR) tradicionais para DAC incluem idade, tabagismo, estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio, m&#225; alimenta&#231;&#227;o, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) elevado, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabetes mellitus (DM), dislipidemia (DLP) e hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC. Mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa t&#234;m baixa preval&#234;ncia de DAC, provavelmente devido aos efeitos protetores dos estrog&#234;nios em mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> H&#225; um aumento acentuado na incid&#234;ncia de DAC em mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa, normalmente encontrado cerca de 10 anos ap&#243;s o &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo menstrual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
        <p>&#201; pouco prov&#225;vel que a menopausa por si s&#243; conduza a essa mudan&#231;a, sendo que outros FR, como DLP, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, redistribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura e HAS, podem causar altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e vasculares contribuindo para risco acelerado de DAC e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV). Estas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas podem estar relacionadas a efeitos perif&#233;ricos adversos da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
        <p>O envelhecimento vascular &#233; caracterizado por enrijecimento progressivo das art&#233;rias com decl&#237;nio na capacidade de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, que progride de forma diferente em homens e mulheres. No in&#237;cio da menopausa, ocorre de forma acelerada, diferentemente da perda gradual da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular observada com o avan&#231;ar da idade. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e o envelhecimento vascular contribuem para o desenvolvimento de HAS e aterosclerose, favorecendo o aumento das DCV na menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O estradiol &#233; crucial para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial normal, aumentando a s&#237;ntese de NO pelo endot&#233;lio vascular, processo conhecido como vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio, cuja perda &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica marcante da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e que &#233; rapidamente afetada pelo decl&#237;nio dos horm&#244;nios ovarianos com o envelhecimento reprodutivo na menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Estudos demonstraram que o estradiol apresenta propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamat&#243;rias. A defici&#234;ncia de estrog&#234;nio regula positivamente o estresse oxidativo ou inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, levando &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> Assim, o estrog&#234;nio tem m&#250;ltiplas fun&#231;&#245;es, como aumento da s&#237;ntese de NO, antioxidante e propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias. Sua defici&#234;ncia na menopausa contribui para a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil lip&#237;dico das mulheres come&#231;am ainda no per&#237;odo da TM, com aumentos no colesterol total (CT), LDL-c, triglicer&#237;deos (TG). O <italic>Women's Health Across the Nation</italic> (SWAN) foi um estudo prospectivo da TM em caucasianas e representantes das minorias (afro-americanas, hisp&#226;nicas, japonesas, chinesas) e que n&#227;o estavam em terapia hormonal. Esse estudo forneceu evid&#234;ncias de que a TM est&#225; ligada a perfis lip&#237;dicos adversos. Foi demonstrado que TG, LDL-c e apolipoprote&#237;na-B aumentam j&#225; no intervalo de 1 ano pr&#243;ximo ao &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo menstrual, independentemente da idade na qual isso ocorre. Todos esses fatores est&#227;o diretamente ligados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e levam &#224; aterosclerose. Um aumento no LDL-c na TM est&#225; ligado ao aparecimento de placas carot&#237;deas na p&#243;s-menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Essas mudan&#231;as s&#227;o distintas das mudan&#231;as lineares relacionadas ao envelhecimento cronol&#243;gico.</p>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) &#233; definida como a coexist&#234;ncia de v&#225;rios FR metab&#243;licos como HAS, DLP, intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose e adiposidade central. O estradiol desempenha um papel importante no armazenamento e na distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura. Antes da menopausa, a gordura &#233; principalmente depositada em coxas, n&#225;degas e quadris. As mulheres tendem a ganhar peso (gordura corporal total) durante a meia-idade em fun&#231;&#227;o da cronologia do envelhecimento. No entanto, quando as mulheres passam pela TM, h&#225; uma mudan&#231;a na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal bem como na distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura, com aumento da adiposidade central.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> A TM pode, assim, contribuir para o aumento da gordura abdominal, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, DM e doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias, levando ao desenvolvimento ou agravamento da SM em mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o do processo ateroscler&#243;tico parece ser o resultado final de uma intera&#231;&#227;o complexa entre DCV, FR e sua acentua&#231;&#227;o durante o per&#237;odo da perimenopausa. O aumento do risco cardiovascular (RCV) na menopausa decorre de importantes mudan&#231;as na fisiologia do sistema CV que afetam a vasculatura perif&#233;rica, card&#237;aca e sistemas cerebrovasculares. Mudan&#231;as no perfil lip&#237;dico, rigidez vascular, par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos e estresse oxidativo contribuem para o agravamento do RCV em mulheres na TM.</p>
        <p>As estrat&#233;gias de tratamento devem incluir controle rigoroso dos fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRCV) para prevenir o avan&#231;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica em mulheres na menopausa. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2.2</xref> sintetiza as intera&#231;&#245;es entre hipoestrogenismo e DAC.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 2.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hipoestrogenismo e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3. Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Climat&#233;rio/Menopausa e Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular Tradicionais e/ou Emergentes</title>
      <sec>
        <title>3.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>At&#233; o ano de 2025, haver&#225; mais de 1,1 bilh&#227;o de mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa em todo o mundo, representando 12% de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o mundial. Com o envelhecimento populacional, as mulheres poder&#227;o passar cerca de metade de suas vidas nessa fase. A TM &#233; um marco na vida da mulher, associada a sintomas inc&#244;modos, como ondas de calor, suores noturnos, problemas de sono e dist&#250;rbios de humor, que comprometem a qualidade de vida. A menopausa tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada a doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, como DCV, DM, neoplasias e osteoporose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O aumento das DCV na perimenopausa seria devido ao envelhecimento cronol&#243;gico ou ao envelhecimento ovariano? Dados recentes de estudos longitudinais mostraram que fatores relacionados &#224; menopausa, como idade mais precoce da menopausa e a menopausa cir&#250;rgica, est&#227;o relacionados a mais desfechos CV. A perimenopausa tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada aos FR cardiometab&#243;licos, incluindo composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, ac&#250;mulo de gordura visceral, HAS, DLP, SM, estresse cr&#244;nico, sedentarismo, tabagismo e os determinantes sociais de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A TM &#233; um momento de acelera&#231;&#227;o do risco de DCV, sendo importante a monitora&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de das mulheres durante a meia-idade, por representar uma janela cr&#237;tica para implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de interven&#231;&#227;o precoce para reduzir o risco de DCV. Desse modo, torna-se muito importante a discuss&#227;o dos FRCV associados &#224; TM, &#224; perimenopausa e &#224; p&#243;s-menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2. Hipertens&#227;o</title>
        <p>A HAS &#233; o FRCV mais prevalente e modific&#225;vel e o que est&#225; associado &#224;s maiores taxas de morte e DALYs (anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade; do ingl&#234;s, <italic>Disability-Adjusted Life Years</italic>) no mundo e no Brasil, em ambos os sexos. A preval&#234;ncia de HAS aumenta com a idade em ambos os sexos, mas esse aumento &#233; acentuado em mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa e acima dos 65 anos, superando a dos homens da mesma faixa et&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> A HAS que ocorre nessa fase do ciclo de vida das mulheres parece ser mais sens&#237;vel &#224; carga de sal e est&#225; mais frequentemente associada &#224; SM e ao aparecimento de efeitos adversos de medicamentos, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; HAS nos homens com a mesma idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup></p>
        <p>De acordo com dados do Vigitel para 2021, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; HAS autorreferida, a mais elevada preval&#234;ncia de HAS no pa&#237;s, 61% (intervalo de confian&#231;a - IC 95%, 59,0-63,0), foi observada em indiv&#237;duos com idade a partir de 65 anos, sendo que, nesse grupo et&#225;rio, as mulheres apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia do que os homens, 63,7% (IC 95%, 61,6-65,8) e 57,1% (IC 95%, 53,4-60,7), respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup> Nessa faixa et&#225;ria, menos da metade das mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa t&#234;m a HAS controlada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As mulheres com HAS na p&#243;s-menopausa t&#234;m maior incid&#234;ncia de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e maior risco de desenvolver disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em compara&#231;&#227;o com as mulheres adultas jovens. A HAS sist&#243;lica isolada em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa est&#225; relacionada &#224; maior rigidez a&#243;rtica, provavelmente causada por prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas de m&#250;sculo liso, ac&#250;mulo de col&#225;geno e aumento dos n&#237;veis de mol&#233;culas vasoconstritoras na parede dos vasos sangu&#237;neos devido &#224; falta do efeito protetor do estrog&#234;nio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A falta do estradiol pode interferir negativamente na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o devido aos efeitos sobre o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA), o sistema do NO, a endotelina e o sistema imunol&#243;gico. A falta de estradiol tamb&#233;m pode afetar a biodisponibilidade do NO, devido &#224; atividade reduzida da super&#243;xido dismutase, e a resposta imune humoral e celular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> Por outro lado, o decl&#237;nio nos n&#237;veis de progesterona pode estar, pelo menos em parte, associado com a ocorr&#234;ncia de HAS nas mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa, dado que a progesterona atua como um horm&#244;nio vasoativo, prevenindo a a&#231;&#227;o de vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o induzida pela noradrenalina, agindo diretamente nas c&#233;lulas da musculatura lisa vascular. Al&#233;m disso, em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa, baixos n&#237;veis de DHEAS, andr&#243;geno e precursor de horm&#244;nios esteroides, foram associados com maior mortalidade CV e por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup> Cabe ressaltar que foram descritas duas mudan&#231;as cruciais na regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica durante a menopausa que s&#227;o capazes de facilitar o desenvolvimento de HAS: aumento do fluxo simp&#225;tico central e aumento da sensibilidade adren&#233;rgica nos vasos sangu&#237;neos perif&#233;ricos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Embora o estrog&#234;nio tenha um papel protetor em mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa, a administra&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nios ex&#243;genos a mulheres na menopausa n&#227;o tem efeito na PA e n&#227;o afeta o risco de desfechos CV. Ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da THM, ser&#225; necess&#225;rio monitorar a PA e, caso n&#227;o se observe controle adequado, a THM deve ser interrompida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A absor&#231;&#227;o, a distribui&#231;&#227;o, o metabolismo e a excre&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos s&#227;o diferentes entre mulheres e homens provavelmente devido &#224; influ&#234;ncia dos horm&#244;nios sexuais na absor&#231;&#227;o (P-glicoprote&#237;na), ao volume de distribui&#231;&#227;o, &#224; atividade de citocromo P450 (CYPs) e &#224; depura&#231;&#227;o renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> Os efeitos adversos dos medicamentos anti-hipertensivos s&#227;o relatados com mais frequ&#234;ncia em mulheres, em especial na menopausa, como a tosse induzida por inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina, o edema de tornozelo com bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, a hipocalemia e a hiponatremia com diur&#233;ticos. Esses efeitos adversos podem explicar a menor ades&#227;o das mulheres, na menopausa, ao tratamento da HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.3. Sobrepeso/Obesidade</title>
        <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e metab&#243;licas associadas &#224; menopausa s&#227;o um efeito direto da defici&#234;ncia de estrog&#234;nio, que afeta o metabolismo lip&#237;dico, o consumo de energia, a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica e a composi&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal, com uma transi&#231;&#227;o de um formato corporal ginecoide para um androide, com aumento do ac&#250;mulo de gordura abdominal e visceral, diagnosticados pela medida da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e da rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es foram associadas ao aumento dos riscos metab&#243;lico e CV e daqueles relacionados ao diabetes tipo 2 (DM2), ao LDL-c e ao c&#226;ncer de endom&#233;trio e de mama.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Resultados de estudos de coorte de longa dura&#231;&#227;o com um grande n&#250;mero de mulheres, como o SWAN e o WHI, sugerem que o aumento da obesidade no climat&#233;rio, medido pelo IMC, seja uma consequ&#234;ncia da idade e que esse aumento ocorre tanto em mulheres previamente obesas quanto em n&#227;o obesas, ap&#243;s a menopausa. Observou-se aus&#234;ncia ou modesta associa&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e in&#237;cio tardio da menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup> Mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa com obesidade t&#234;m um risco 4 vezes maior de mortalidade CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup> Os estudos longitudinais SWAN e WHI mostraram que existem diferen&#231;as &#233;tnicas nas mudan&#231;as f&#237;sicas e metab&#243;licas que ocorrem durante o climat&#233;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Estudos demonstraram que mulheres na perimenopausa com obesidade apresentam SVM menos intensos do que mulheres com peso normal, possivelmente devido a n&#237;veis mais baixos de estradiol e FSH, pela aromatiza&#231;&#227;o de andr&#243;genos em estrog&#234;nios no tecido adiposo, que retroalimenta negativamente o hipot&#225;lamo e gl&#226;ndulas pituit&#225;rias, diminuindo o FSH e a secre&#231;&#227;o ovariana de estrog&#234;nio. Outros sintomas presentes em mulheres obesas ap&#243;s a menopausa, particularmente aqueles associados com o aumento da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, s&#227;o a apneia e outros dist&#250;rbios do sono e sintomas geniturin&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mulheres com obesidade t&#234;m maior probabilidade de serem sintom&#225;ticas na perimenopausa e necessitarem de THM. Por&#233;m, seu uso est&#225; associado com maior risco de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV), complica&#231;&#245;es CV e c&#226;ncer de mama e do endom&#233;trio, especialmente em obesas. Desse modo, imp&#245;e-se rigorosa avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco-benef&#237;cio dessa terap&#234;utica, mesmo quando indicada. Nesse caso, sugere-se o uso de adesivos com progesterona micronizada e baixa dose de estrog&#234;nio, empregados por curto per&#237;odo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref></sup> Estudos demonstraram que mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida previnem a adiposidade visceral associada com a perimenopausa e melhoram os sintomas e os riscos cardiometab&#243;licos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.4. S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</title>
        <p>Estudos transversais demonstraram que, em compara&#231;&#227;o com mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa, mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa t&#234;m significativamente mais obesidade visceral e SM. Meta-an&#225;lise realizada com artigos publicados entre 2004 e 2017 (119 estudos, n = 95.115) demonstrou preval&#234;ncia de SM na p&#243;s-menopausa de 37,17% (IC 95%, 35,00%-39,31%). A <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) agrupada para SM em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa em compara&#231;&#227;o com mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa (23 estudos, n = 66.801) foi 3,54 (IC 95%, 2,92-4,30). As chances de glicemia de jejum elevada (OR 3,51; IC 95% 2,11-5,83), HDL colesterol (HDL-c) baixo (OR 1,45; IC 95%, 1,03-2,03), PA elevada (OR 3,95; IC 95%, 2,01-7,78), TG elevados (OR 3,2; IC 95%, 2,37-4,31) e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura aumentada (OR 2,75; IC 95%, 1,80-4,21) foram todas mais elevadas em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa do que em mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa tendem a ter maiores dep&#243;sitos perif&#233;ricos de gordura acumulando-se na regi&#227;o gluteofemoral ("em forma de pera"). Contudo, durante o per&#237;odo da da menopausa e p&#243;s-menopausa, a deposi&#231;&#227;o de gordura tende a acumular-se centralmente. Este dado, associado &#224; perda do efeito protetor do endot&#233;lio pela priva&#231;&#227;o estrog&#234;nica, contribui para a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, estado inflamat&#243;rio e rigidez arterial, resultando em aumento do risco de DCV. Al&#233;m disso, as mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa t&#234;m tend&#234;ncia a atingir n&#237;veis mais elevados de CT, LDL-c, TG, lipoprote&#237;na (a) [Lp(a)] e n&#237;veis mais baixos de HDL-c em compara&#231;&#227;o com mulheres na perimenopausa, o que representa uma mudan&#231;a para um perfil lip&#237;dico pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nico e pr&#243;-coagulante fortemente ligado ao aumento da gordura visceral e demais FR classicamente importantes para DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Estudo utilizando os dados de 1.470 mulheres da <italic>Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort</italic> (ARIC), com acompanhamento de 10 anos atrav&#233;s de 4 visitas, reportou aumentos graduais na gravidade da SM ao longo do tempo, sendo que as mulheres negras exibiram progress&#227;o mais r&#225;pida na gravidade da SM durante os per&#237;odos de TM e perimenopausa do que durante o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa, no qual foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es favor&#225;veis na taxa de varia&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, TG, HDL-c e glicose. Esses dados sugerem que a maior preval&#234;ncia de SM em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa pode ser causada mais por altera&#231;&#245;es durante a TM do que na p&#243;s-menopausa, sugerindo maior RCV da SM no per&#237;odo da perimenopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a e a gravidade da SM parecem estar associadas a um risco aumentado de DM2 no per&#237;odo perimenopausa. Por outro lado, a menopausa cir&#250;rgica est&#225; fortemente associada &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de SM. Curiosamente, as mulheres com s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos (SOP) t&#234;m um risco aumentado de SM durante os anos reprodutivos e, durante a TM, o risco de SM torna-se semelhante ao de mulheres sem SOP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.5. Sedentarismo</title>
        <p>O sedentarismo &#233; um dos FRCV e marcador de progn&#243;stico independente de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref></sup> Foi demonstrado que as mulheres sedent&#225;rias exibiam, na p&#243;s-menopausa, piores condicionamento f&#237;sico e controle dos demais FRCV quando comparadas &#224;s que praticavam exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup> No &#250;ltimo posicionamento da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA) sobre o constructo da sa&#250;de CV, foi introduzido o oitavo elemento: o comportamento do sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref></sup> Os estudos demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre piora da qualidade do sono e sedentarismo na p&#243;s-menopausa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os resultados do estudo WHI evidenciaram que mulheres na menopausa com tempo sedent&#225;rio maior que 9,5 horas/dia, tiveram risco significativamente maior de 24% de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o incidente por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref></sup> Uma das justificativas &#233; o aumento da atividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e do SRAA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A cessa&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ovariana ap&#243;s a menopausa ocasiona decl&#237;nio significativo do estrog&#234;nio, causando acelera&#231;&#227;o da perda &#243;ssea e osteoporose em 20-30% das mulheres, aumentando a probabilidade de fraturas e a mortalidade. Os exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos melhoram a for&#231;a muscular e o equil&#237;brio para prevenir quedas, restauram a autoconfian&#231;a e a coordena&#231;&#227;o e, adicionalmente, mant&#233;m a massa &#243;ssea, estimulando a forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea e diminuindo a reabsor&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref></sup> Os exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos s&#227;o recomendados tamb&#233;m na preven&#231;&#227;o do c&#226;ncer de mama.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As mulheres, em todos os per&#237;odos da vida, devem evitar comportamento sedent&#225;rio para melhorar a qualidade de vida e reduzir as complica&#231;&#245;es do sedentarismo para a sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref></sup></p>
        <p>De acordo com as diretrizes da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), adultos de meia-idade ativos devem realizar pelo menos 150 minutos/semana de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos de intensidade moderada, ou pelo menos 75 minutos de intensidade vigorosa, e associar exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos resistidos no m&#237;nimo duas vezes por semana, envolvendo maiores grupos musculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.6. Tabagismo</title>
        <p>O tabagismo &#233; considerado importante FR para as DCV. Os estudos demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o com a idade precoce da menopausa. As mulheres fumantes apresentaram o dobro do risco de desenvolver menopausa precoce e as ex-fumantes tiveram risco de 15% maior de IOP e menopausa precoce. Existe rela&#231;&#227;o positiva com a intensidade, dura&#231;&#227;o, dose cumulativa e in&#237;cio precoce do tabagismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A idade precoce da menopausa est&#225; associada ao aumento da probabilidade de DCV, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), osteoporose, DM e mortalidade por todas as causas. As mulheres fumantes morrem 11 anos antes das que nunca fumaram e t&#234;m maior preval&#234;ncia de DCV e mortalidade por DCV e por todas as causas, refor&#231;ando a necessidade do abandono do v&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.7. Estresse Cr&#244;nico</title>
        <p>O estresse cr&#244;nico prejudica a sa&#250;de CV. As mulheres parecem ter comportamento mais extenuante &#224;s adversidades das rela&#231;&#245;es sociais com trabalho, fam&#237;lia e c&#244;njuge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref></sup> Alguns mecanismos s&#227;o envolvidos na fisiopatologia para a DCV, como a ativa&#231;&#227;o sustentada do eixo hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise-adrenal, a desregula&#231;&#227;o dos processos metab&#243;licos e a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, que contribuem para o aumento da PA e no processo de aterosclerose.</p>
        <p>As mulheres com relato de estresse cr&#244;nico durante a meia-idade apresentaram espessura m&#233;dio-intimal (EMI) da car&#243;tida significativamente maior do que as mulheres que nunca o relataram.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref></sup> A depress&#227;o foi associada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o do escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano (CAC) em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref></sup> sendo considerada FR independente para morte por DCV e todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref></sup> As mulheres apresentam maior risco de depress&#227;o e ansiedade durante a TM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O fator "estresse mental cr&#244;nico" foi significativamente associado ao aumento do n&#250;mero de plaquetas CD63+ e &#224; bioatividade plaquet&#225;ria pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria, sendo uma das poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es para a liga&#231;&#227;o entre transtornos mentais e som&#225;ticos na menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref></sup> A diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de estrog&#234;nio em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa aumenta a suscetibilidade &#224; cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Interven&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida, como alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel, exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, tempo e qualidade do sono adequados e pr&#225;ticas de medita&#231;&#227;o e ioga para reduzir o estresse psicol&#243;gico cr&#244;nico na menopausa, refor&#231;am a interliga&#231;&#227;o entre as sa&#250;des mental e CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.8. Dislipidemia</title>
        <p>A menopausa resulta em v&#225;rios dist&#250;rbios lip&#237;dicos devido &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais, como diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de estrog&#234;nio e aumento dos n&#237;veis de andr&#243;genos circulantes. As altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo lip&#237;dico e o excesso de tecido adiposo desempenham um papel fundamental na s&#237;ntese do excesso de &#225;cidos graxos, adipocitocinas, citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias e esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio, que causam peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e resultam no desenvolvimento de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, adiposidade abdominal e DLP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref></sup> O risco populacional atribu&#237;vel &#224; DLP &#233; maior nas mulheres quando comparado a todos os demais FRCV. Entretanto os benef&#237;cios da redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de LDL-c na regress&#227;o da aterosclerose t&#234;m a mesma magnitude nas mulheres e nos homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref></sup></p>
        <p>H&#225; tamb&#233;m uma rela&#231;&#227;o bidirecional dos FRCV e eventos CV com a ocorr&#234;ncia de menopausa precoce. Dados do <italic>Framingham Heart Study</italic> mostraram que o aumento do CT e da PA, al&#233;m de outros FRCV, antes da menopausa foi associado &#224; menopausa precoce, independentemente do tabagismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, em uma an&#225;lise agrupada de 177.131 mulheres de 9 estudos, um primeiro evento de DCV antes dos 35 anos de idade foi associado a uma duplica&#231;&#227;o do risco de menopausa precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Particularmente relevante &#233; a rela&#231;&#227;o entre HDL-c e menopausa. O estudo de SWAN<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref></sup> sugere que a fun&#231;&#227;o antiaterog&#234;nica do HDL-c, ou seja, a capacidade de promover o transporte reverso de colesterol, pode diminuir durante a menopausa, estando associada a uma aparente invers&#227;o na dire&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre HDL-c e RCV, com n&#237;veis mais elevados de HDL-c associados a menos aterosclerose carot&#237;dea antes da menopausa, mas com maior aterosclerose carot&#237;dea ap&#243;s a menopausa.</p>
        <p>Ainda no campo dos dist&#250;rbios lip&#237;dicos, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de Lp(a) aumenta durante a gravidez e desde o in&#237;cio da menopausa (cerca de 50 anos). Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis elevados de Lp(a) s&#227;o mais comuns em mulheres do que em homens ap&#243;s os 50 anos, o que pode impactar o risco de DCV. Todas essas particularidades dos dist&#250;rbios lip&#237;dicos na menopausa sugerem que as atuais recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes para DLP possam ser inadequadas para mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.9. Diabetes Mellitus</title>
        <p>Al&#233;m das altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas, outros fatores metab&#243;licos e cl&#237;nicos secund&#225;rios &#224; menopausa, como resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, redistribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura, disglicemia e DM, contribuem para o risco acelerado de envelhecimento e DCV. Durante a TM ocorrem v&#225;rias altera&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas e metab&#243;licas, afetando o peso corporal, a distribui&#231;&#227;o do tecido adiposo e o gasto energ&#233;tico, bem como a secre&#231;&#227;o e sensibilidade &#224; insulina. Em conjunto, esses fatores podem predispor as mulheres ao desenvolvimento de DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mulheres com DM t&#234;m um risco 45% maior de desenvolver DIC, com risco de DAC fatal em mulheres com DM2 sendo 3 vezes maior do que nas n&#227;o diab&#233;ticas, em especial na menopausa. A presen&#231;a de DM resulta em menor indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e, consequentemente, maior ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens, aumentando na menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O DM, juntamente com a menopausa precoce, pode resultar em risco ainda maior de DCV em mulheres. O risco associado &#224; menopausa precoce (&lt; 45 anos) em compara&#231;&#227;o com a menopausa em idade normal foi estimado por Yoshida <italic>et al</italic>. durante seguimento de 15 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref></sup> As taxas de risco ajustadas para evento CV na menopausa precoce foram maiores em mulheres com DM <italic>versus</italic> aquelas sem DM (DAC: 1,15 <italic>versus</italic> 1,09; AVC: 1,21 <italic>versus</italic> 1,10; doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica cardiovascular: 1,29 <italic>versus</italic> 1,10; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: 1,18 <italic>versus</italic> 1,09).</p>
        <p>Outro aspecto relevante &#233; que embora seja mais prevalente nos homens, o DM2 confere maior aumento relativo, embora n&#227;o necessariamente absoluto, do RCV em mulheres do que em homens, de todas as idades. Em parte, isso pode estar relacionado &#224; maior adiposidade, j&#225; que as mulheres s&#227;o tipicamente menos ativas fisicamente e t&#234;m um IMC mais elevado do que os homens, bem como a FR espec&#237;ficos do sexo para DM como, por exemplo, SOP e diabetes gestacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 3.1</xref> ilustra a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a menopausa e os FRCV tradicionais.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 3.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre menopausa e fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.10. Situa&#231;&#227;o Econ&#244;mica e Emprego</title>
        <p>Os FR emergentes representam um desafio na DCV e o reconhecimento e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o com os desfechos CV s&#227;o de dif&#237;cil avalia&#231;&#227;o na atualidade. Sua modifica&#231;&#227;o envolve n&#227;o apenas a&#231;&#245;es individuais, mas coletivas e governamentais. Os riscos sociais associados ao envelhecimento refletem o enfraquecimento dos cuidados sociais e de sa&#250;de, que se tornam piores nos idosos quando sozinhos. Os determinantes sociais da sa&#250;de envolvem as condi&#231;&#245;es sociais em que as pessoas nascem, vivem e trabalham e s&#227;o cr&#237;ticos na morbidade e mortalidade CV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3.2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 3.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a menopausa e os fatores de risco cardiovascular emergentes.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        <p>As donas de casa experimentam uma pior qualidade de vida e mais sintomas da menopausa em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres empregadas. Observou-se que a melhor condi&#231;&#227;o financeira melhora a qualidade de vida na menopausa, possivelmente por maior acesso a servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e aconselhamento sobre o controle dos sintomas da menopausa. Acredita-se que uma condi&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica desfavor&#225;vel leve &#224; menopausa precoce e que essa ocorr&#234;ncia na inf&#226;ncia tamb&#233;m se associe a com aumento de tabagismo e menopausa precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em 2020, quase 20% das mulheres de meia-idade nos Estados Unidos viviam na pobreza. O pior <italic>status</italic> socioecon&#244;mico foi relacionado &#224; idade mais jovem na menopausa, SVM mais frequentes, dist&#250;rbios do sono e aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica durante a TM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.11. Baixa Educa&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de</title>
        <p>De acordo com algumas pesquisas, h&#225; uma rela&#231;&#227;o negativa entre o n&#237;vel de conhecimento e a gravidade dos sintomas da menopausa. Mulheres com mais baixa escolaridade tendem a ser mais sintom&#225;ticas, enquanto aquelas com maior escolaridade apresentam melhores condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de e menor morbidade. Ou seja, as mulheres com ensino superior est&#227;o mais conscientes dos sintomas da menopausa e das estrat&#233;gias para seu enfrentamento, adotando um estilo de vida mais saud&#225;vel, com menos disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual durante a menopausa, o que pode influenciar diretamente na satisfa&#231;&#227;o sexual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a idade m&#233;dia da menopausa em mulheres instru&#237;das &#233; maior do que a daquelas sem instru&#231;&#227;o. Adicionalmente, a educa&#231;&#227;o do marido tamb&#233;m afeta a qualidade de vida das mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa, em especial na dimens&#227;o psicossocial, o que pode ser devido a uma melhor compreens&#227;o e apoio do c&#244;njuge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.12. Discrimina&#231;&#227;o Racial</title>
        <p>As mulheres negras tendem a entrar na menopausa em idade mais precoce do que as brancas n&#227;o latinas e podem ter uma transi&#231;&#227;o mais longa. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; carga de sintomas, mulheres negras latinas e n&#227;o latinas apresentam SVM mais frequentes, dist&#250;rbios do sono e depress&#227;o, enquanto as asi&#225;ticas n&#227;o latinas s&#227;o mais propensas a relatar diminui&#231;&#227;o da libido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.13. Acesso aos Sistemas de Sa&#250;de</title>
        <p>Numa amostra de mulheres predominantemente latinas que n&#227;o t&#234;m abrigo e/ou n&#227;o t&#234;m seguro de sa&#250;de, os investigadores descobriram que as mulheres sem abrigo relataram mais sintomas de menopausa em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas com habita&#231;&#227;o. As mulheres negras, as que t&#234;m rendimentos mais baixos e as imigrantes indocumentadas s&#227;o mais afetadas durante a TM. Foi demonstrado que mulheres n&#227;o seguradas relatam sintomas de menopausa mais inc&#244;modos do que mulheres seguradas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.14. Fatores Ambientais</title>
        <p>Dados do Inqu&#233;rito de Sa&#250;de Respirat&#243;ria da Comunidade Europeia, uma coorte internacional de base populacional, mostrou que a idade da menopausa &#233; 1,4 anos mais cedo nas mulheres que vivem em &#225;reas com menos espa&#231;os verdes em compara&#231;&#227;o com as mulheres que vivem em &#225;reas mais arborizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.15. Suporte Social</title>
        <p>As mulheres solteiras apresentam sintomas mais graves na menopausa e apresentam idade mais precoce da menopausa em compara&#231;&#227;o com mulheres casadas e divorciadas, com maior risco de osteoporose e DCV, provavelmente pelas rela&#231;&#245;es sociais e apoio familiar. Ainda, as mulheres casadas t&#234;m melhor qualidade de vida na menopausa do que as solteiras e vi&#250;vas. Maior idade da &#250;ltima gravidez e maior n&#250;mero de gravidezes e partos retardam o in&#237;cio da menopausa, possivelmente devido ao aumento da secre&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nio e progesterona pela atividade uterina e ovariana e &#224; amamenta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.16. Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A TM se traduz em diferentes experi&#234;ncias para as mulheres, influenciadas por cren&#231;as pessoais, normas culturais, comportamentos, assim como pelo ambiente social e pelos FRCV tradicionais. Os diversos fatores coexistem em v&#225;rios n&#237;veis: individual, interpessoal, comunit&#225;rio e coletivo, implicando no acesso desigual aos sistemas de sa&#250;de. Muitos desses fatores n&#227;o foram contemplados nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos, que precisam incluir mais mulheres durante os v&#225;rios per&#237;odos da menopausa para que as estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas e terap&#234;uticas possam ser transpostas para essa fase da vida das mulheres.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4. Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Climat&#233;rio/Menopausa e Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</title>
      <sec>
        <title>4.1. C&#225;lculo do Risco Cardiovascular na Menopausa &#8211; Peculiaridades dos Estratificadores de Risco e M&#233;todos de Imagem</title>
        <p>Uma em cada tr&#234;s mulheres morre de DCV no mundo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref></sup> risco que aumenta substancialmente ap&#243;s a menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">104</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A mulher desenvolve DIC v&#225;rios anos ap&#243;s o homem, com um not&#225;vel aumento na TM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref></sup> Entretanto, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do RCV em mulheres desde o climat&#233;rio &#233; uma importante ferramenta para identificar os principais fatores e marcadores de risco, visando primordialmente implementar estrat&#233;gias e medidas terap&#234;uticas na preven&#231;&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade. Como n&#227;o existe um escore espec&#237;fico para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para mulheres na perimenopausa e p&#243;s-menopausa, os escores tradicionais s&#227;o utilizados.</p>
        <p>Os principais fatores que influenciam o RCV nas mulheres s&#227;o a ra&#231;a/etnia, hist&#243;ria reprodutiva, como passado de diabetes gestacional e pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, sa&#250;de CV na pr&#233;-menopausa, atividade f&#237;sica, dieta, consumo de &#225;lcool, tabagismo e gen&#233;tica, al&#233;m da idade da menopausa natural, tipo e est&#225;gios da menopausa, estrog&#234;nios end&#243;genos, SVM, depress&#227;o e dist&#250;rbios do sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Dados do <italic>West Pomeranian Voivodeships</italic>, usando os escores ASCVD, SCORE2 e POL-SCORE em mulheres em diferentes est&#225;gios da menopausa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref></sup> mostraram que a maioria das participantes era de baixo RCV. Idade da menopausa, tempo desde a menopausa e presen&#231;a de SM associaram-se a maior RCV (OR = 1,186; 1,267 e 13,812, respectivamente). Mulheres que apresentam menopausa antes dos 45 anos de idade t&#234;m maior mortalidade por DCV e mortalidade por todas as causas, por&#233;m mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para definir se os desfechos CV negativos e a mortalidade relacionam-se ao tempo desde o in&#237;cio da menopausa ou aos mecanismos que levaram &#224; menopausa precoce, como fatores gen&#233;ticos, reprodutivos (paridade e idade da menarca) e relacionados ao estilo de vida (tabagismo, etilismo e IMC).</p>
        <p>Nas mulheres, existem fatores potencializadores de risco (FPR),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref></sup> como doen&#231;as autoimunes (l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico e artrite reumatoide), que aumentam de 2-3 vezes o RCV, al&#233;m de outras menos comuns, como esclerose sist&#234;mica, s&#237;ndrome de Sj&#246;gren, polimialgia reum&#225;tica, s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pide e arterite de c&#233;lulas gigantes. Importante ressaltar que o tratamento do c&#226;ncer de mama com radioterapia e Qt com antraciclinas e trastuzumabe associa-se a maior risco de DCV, mesmo anos ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do tratamento.</p>
        <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco pode ser refinada com marcadores de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica, tais como CAC, &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial (ITB), EMI ou placa carot&#237;dea e angiotomografia coronariana (angio-TC) com presen&#231;a de placa com obstru&#231;&#227;o &lt; 50%, se persistir incerteza no manejo cl&#237;nico com hipolipemiantes em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o de FPR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O estudo Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref></sup> demonstrou que aus&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria (CAC = 0 ocorreu em &gt; 50% das mulheres) associou-se a risco de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica CV baixo a moderado em 10 anos, sendo maior na menopausa precoce; CAC = 1-99 ou &gt; 100 UA associou-se a maior incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica CV, sendo, por&#233;m, semelhante em mulheres com ou sem menopausa precoce.</p>
        <p>Assim, para defini&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do RCV em mulheres no climat&#233;rio e menopausa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 4.1</xref>), deve-se inicialmente considerar as situa&#231;&#245;es de muito alto risco, como presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica CV manifesta, e de alto risco (aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica, aneurisma de aorta abdominal, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, diabetes com estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e hipercolesterolemia severa). Nessas situa&#231;&#245;es, estatinas de alta pot&#234;ncia, isoladas ou combinadas, s&#227;o fortemente recomendadas.</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figura 4.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular e metas terap&#234;uticas em mulheres no climat&#233;rio e na menopausa. Adaptado de Oliveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> angio-TC: angiotomografia coronariana; CAC: escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DM: diabetes mellitus; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; EMI: espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal; ERG: escore de risco global; FPR: fatores potencializadores de risco; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; ITB: &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial; RCV: risco cardiovascular; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf07.tif"/></fig>
        <p>O risco intermedi&#225;rio e o baixo risco baseiam-se no escore de risco global (ERG). Nessas situa&#231;&#245;es, o RCV pode ser refinado pela presen&#231;a de FPR e de marcadores de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica (placas em car&#243;tidas e/ou EMI &gt; 1,5 mm; ITB &lt; 0,9 e/ou placas ateroscler&#243;ticas na angio-TC; CAC &gt;100 UA), al&#233;m dos FR no DM (idade &gt; 56 anos em mulheres; DM &#8805; 10 anos; hist&#243;ria familiar de cardiopatia prematura; tabagismo; HAS, SM; retinopatia; microalbumin&#250;ria e/ou taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) &lt; 60 mL/min), que v&#227;o direcionar a decis&#227;o sobre o uso de estatinas isoladas ou combinadas na redu&#231;&#227;o do RCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Entretanto, estudos de desfechos em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica CV permanecem elusivos nas mulheres, sendo necess&#225;rios para elaborar recomenda&#231;&#245;es especificamente dirigidas &#224;s mulheres no climat&#233;rio e na menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.2. Doen&#231;a Isqu&#234;mica do Cora&#231;&#227;o Aguda e Cr&#244;nica</title>
        <p>Estudos recentes t&#234;m mostrado grandes avan&#231;os em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; compreens&#227;o sobre a DIC em mulheres, que tem caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos sintomas e fisiopatologia, com impacto positivo nas taxas de mortalidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4.2</xref>). Faz-se, por&#233;m, necess&#225;ria uma investiga&#231;&#227;o mais aprofundada dessa patologia no climat&#233;rio e na menopausa.</p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figura 4.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o feminina em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; masculina. Adaptado de Elias-Smale et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref></sup> DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; FR: fatores de risco; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf08.tif"/></fig>
        <p>O risco de eventos CV em mulheres mais jovens na pr&#233;-menopausa &#233; menor; contudo, essa tend&#234;ncia se inverte com o envelhecimento. Mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa apresentam um risco relativamente menor de DIC em compara&#231;&#227;o com homens da mesma faixa et&#225;ria, mas essa discrep&#226;ncia de g&#234;nero diminui ap&#243;s a menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>4.2.1. Altera&#231;&#245;es An&#225;tomo-funcionais Coronarianas</title>
          <p>A carga global de aterosclerose &#233; menor nas mulheres, exibindo um padr&#227;o de DAC mais difuso e menos obstrutivo. No entanto, mais de 50% das mulheres sintom&#225;ticas na meia-idade demonstram disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup></p>
          <p>No climat&#233;rio, as placas caracterizam-se por apresentar menor calcifica&#231;&#227;o, o que est&#225; associado ao estrog&#234;nio, que exerce propriedades protetoras no processo de envelhecimento arterial. Contudo, observa-se um aumento gradual de placas mais vulner&#225;veis e calcificadas ap&#243;s os 60 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>No estudo Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE), uma an&#225;lise realizada em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa com suspeita de DIC revelou que aquelas com hist&#243;rico de menstrua&#231;&#245;es irregulares e evid&#234;ncias bioqu&#237;micas de hiperandrogenismo tiveram maior preval&#234;ncia de DIC angiogr&#225;fica e pior sobrevida em eventos CV. De maneira semelhante, o <italic>Rancho Bernardo Study</italic> concluiu que a DIC estava associada &#224; SOP (hist&#243;rico de menstrua&#231;&#245;es irregulares, hiperandrogenismo, infertilidade, obesidade central e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina) em uma extensa coorte de mulheres caucasianas na p&#243;s-menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.2.2. Momento da Menopausa e Desenvolvimento de Doen&#231;a Isqu&#234;mica do Cora&#231;&#227;o Cr&#244;nica</title>
          <p>Estudos indicam que a menopausa precoce natural est&#225; associada a DCV, possivelmente pela perda dos efeitos vasoprotetores do estrog&#234;nio. Kalarantidou <italic>et al</italic>. demonstraram que mulheres com IOP apresentam fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial anormal, avaliada pela dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial, sendo poss&#237;vel alterar essa condi&#231;&#227;o com terapia hormonal c&#237;clica de estrog&#234;nio/progestag&#234;nio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, diversas pesquisas investigaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a idade da menopausa natural e o risco de DIC, observando um aumento da mortalidade por DIC em mulheres com menopausa precoce, apesar de existirem especula&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco aumentado em mulheres com menopausa muito tardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Uma pesquisa envolvendo 302.632 mulheres chinesas revelou que a idade da menopausa e os anos totais de vida reprodutiva estavam inversamente associados a DCV fatais e n&#227;o fatais, em especial DAC, com o aumento do risco com o decorrer do tempo desde a menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.2.3. Doen&#231;a Isqu&#234;mica do Cora&#231;&#227;o Aguda</title>
          <p>Na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), mulheres mais jovens apresentam uma probabilidade duas vezes menor de apresentar les&#245;es significativas nas coron&#225;rias em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">114</xref></sup> Em homens e em mulheres a partir da TM, observa-se comumente o padr&#227;o cl&#225;ssico de ruptura de placa seguida pela forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos. Entretanto, em mulheres mais jovens, a SCA frequentemente manifesta-se com eros&#245;es de placa e SCA tipo II (doen&#231;a coronariana funcional).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria espont&#226;nea &#233; mais prevalente em mulheres jovens, representando 10% de todas as SCA em idade inferior a 50 anos. Pode ocorrer em mulheres sem FR aparentes, associando-se a uma combina&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a tecidual ou displasia fibromuscular. Al&#233;m disso, est&#225; relacionada &#224; pr&#233;-HAS durante a gravidez ou ap&#243;s o parto, sendo frequentemente desencadeada por situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Quanto &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da SCA, sintomas indeterminados de dor tor&#225;cica e dispneia s&#227;o comuns em mulheres de meia-idade. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial vascular emerge como a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o do envelhecimento arterial, caracterizando-se por um desequil&#237;brio na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o e vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o, podendo resultar nas primeiras manifesta&#231;&#245;es de dor tor&#225;cica e dispneia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref></sup> No estudo WISE, constatou-se que, em mais de 50% das mulheres de meia-idade, os sintomas de dor tor&#225;cica estavam relacionados a disfun&#231;&#245;es vasculares em coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas e microcircula&#231;&#227;o, e n&#227;o &#224; DAC obstrutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120">120</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.3. Doen&#231;a Cerebrovascular</title>
        <p>Entre as etiologias da doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, o AVC &#233; a mais prevalente, chegando a afetar 94 em cada 100 mil pessoas por ano em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123">123</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, ap&#243;s um ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio ou um AVC isqu&#234;mico menor, 6,2% dos pacientes s&#227;o afetados por novo AVC dentro de um ano, sendo que o risco de recorr&#234;ncia aumenta para uma taxa cumulativa estimada de 12,9% ao longo de cinco anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124">124</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a cerebrovascular &#233; importante causa mundial de morbimortalidade e tem particularidades nas mulheres,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref></sup> representando a segunda causa de morte e a terceira causa de incapacidade. As mulheres t&#234;m maior incid&#234;ncia de AVC do que os homens nas idades mais avan&#231;adas, o que pode ser parcialmente explicado pelo maior tempo de vida delas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref></sup> Foram ainda relatadas disparidades significativas por ra&#231;a/etnia nessa faixa et&#225;ria, sendo que mulheres negras e hisp&#226;nicas com idade &#8805; 70 anos apresentam um risco 76-77% maior de AVC em compara&#231;&#227;o com mulheres brancas ap&#243;s ajuste para idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref></sup> No Brasil, as doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares tamb&#233;m est&#227;o entre as principais causas de morte e incapacidade. O AVC &#233; mais prevalente em indiv&#237;duos de baixo n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico e pode ser parcialmente explicado pelo acesso insuficiente a servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e menor controle de FR, como HAS, DM2 e tabagismo. Apesar de a mortalidade por AVC no Brasil apresentar uma tend&#234;ncia de decl&#237;nio, o que pode ser atribu&#237;do a melhorias em preven&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento, ainda existem desigualdades regionais significativas, com taxas mais altas no Norte e Nordeste do pa&#237;s.</p>
        <p>De forma significativa, os desfechos do AVC tendem a ser mais graves em mulheres, com maiores taxas de mortalidade e pior recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125">125</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>4.3.1. Fatores de Risco Comuns para o AVC</title>
          <p>No estudo INTERSTROKE, sugeriu-se que dez FR comuns poderiam explicar aproximadamente 90% do risco atribu&#237;vel da popula&#231;&#227;o para AVC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref></sup> A HAS &#233; o FR mais prevalente, e estudos recentes demonstraram um impacto negativo maior nas mulheres. O DM2 &#233; um importante FR para o AVC isqu&#234;mico e hemorr&#225;gico, com maior risco nas mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref></sup> Dados recentes n&#227;o identificaram diferen&#231;as entre homens e mulheres quanto ao impacto da DLP na preval&#234;ncia de AVC, e h&#225; dados controversos quanto ao incremento de AVC isqu&#234;mico e hemorr&#225;gico na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina na presen&#231;a de obesidade. O tabagismo tem rela&#231;&#227;o direta com a preval&#234;ncia de AVC e esse impacto &#233; maior nas mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">127</xref></sup> Alguns FR s&#227;o exclusivos &#224;s mulheres (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4.3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 4.3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fatores de risco para acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) exclusivo &#224;s mulheres.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf09.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.4. Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas da menopausa influenciam diversos &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas, sendo o sistema CV um dos mais afetados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> Em compara&#231;&#227;o com mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa, na p&#243;s-menopausa s&#227;o mais frequentes a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), maior espessura relativa da parede, remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico do VE e altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128">128</xref></sup> Estudo de coorte com mais de 1,4 milh&#227;o de mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa mostrou que a menopausa se associou a um risco 33% maior de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca comparado &#224; aus&#234;ncia desse hist&#243;rico ap&#243;s ajuste para os FRCV, e que a idade mais precoce da menopausa aumenta a incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca gradualmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es CV da p&#243;s-menopausa concorrem com m&#250;ltiplos fatores para o risco de desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130">130</xref></sup> A defici&#234;ncia de estrog&#234;nio predisp&#245;e ao maior risco pelo seu efeito direto ou indireto na disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, sendo essa uma das principais causas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em mulheres. &#192; medida que os n&#237;veis de estrog&#234;nio diminuem, mulheres na menopausa tornam-se mais predispostas a FR cardiometab&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref></sup> A perda de estrog&#234;nio na p&#243;s-menopausa pode ativar o SRAA que, por sua vez, ativa vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o intracelular, resultando em disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, inflama&#231;&#227;o, dano vascular, remodelamento ventricular esquerdo e eventual disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, levando &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4.4</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figura 4.4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares na menopausa e risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Adaptado de Muka et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref></sup></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf10.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Quanto maior o per&#237;odo de priva&#231;&#227;o estrog&#234;nica na menopausa precoce, maior o risco cumulativo de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, principalmente na presen&#231;a de FRCV pr&#233;vios, conforme demonstrado em alguns estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">133</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Devido ao fardo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nas mulheres e ao aumento na sua preval&#234;ncia, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias pesquisas para estabelecer a causalidade e compreender os mecanismos subjacentes ao in&#237;cio precoce da menopausa e como essa pode contribuir para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Essas informa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o relevantes para implementar interven&#231;&#245;es visando melhorar a sa&#250;de CV das mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.5. Tromboembolismo Venoso</title>
        <p>O TEV, incluindo a trombose venosa profunda (TVP) e a embolia pulmonar (EP), apresenta uma incid&#234;ncia de cerca de 1 por 1.000 mulheres-ano na p&#243;s-menopausa. Aproximadamente 10% dos casos podem ser fatais, sendo a EP a principal causa de morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135">135</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A menopausa leva a altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema CV que potencialmente contribuem para o aumento do RCV, sem haver uma associa&#231;&#227;o direta dessa fase da vida da mulher com um maior risco de TEV. Entretanto esse risco aumenta exponencialmente com a idade e pode, ainda, estar associado com a maior preval&#234;ncia de outros FR para TEV, como obesidade, c&#226;ncer, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou outras comorbidades presentes em mulheres idosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Importante ressaltar que em mulheres com risco aumentado para TEV, aquelas com idade acima de 60 anos de idade e/ou com menopausa h&#225; mais de 10 anos devem evitar a THM pela potencializa&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.6. Arritmias</title>
        <p>Com base em recentes dados observacionais, fatores reprodutivos (menarca, IOP e menopausa precoce, perdas recorrentes gestacionais, momento e n&#250;mero de gesta&#231;&#245;es) associam-se a risco de DCV nas mulheres, sendo a menopausa o mais forte marcador de RCV. Quando ocorre de forma prematura, ou seja, antes dos 40 anos de idade, aumenta o risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), AVC, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e mortalidade CV. Quanto &#224;s arritmias, por&#233;m, h&#225; poucos dados na literatura correlacionando-as com menopausa. A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; uma das doen&#231;as mais comuns do envelhecimento e est&#225; associada a m&#250;ltiplos fatores como eventos CV, inflama&#231;&#227;o, maior frequ&#234;ncia de trombose, desregula&#231;&#227;o hormonal, sugerindo correla&#231;&#227;o entre menopausa e risco aumentado de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>4.6.1. Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial e Menopausa</title>
          <p>Estima-se que 29,4 milh&#245;es de mulheres tenham FA ao redor do mundo. Embora a incid&#234;ncia seja maior entre homens, mulheres idosas t&#234;m mais FA por apresentarem maior expectativa de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref></sup> A mulher apresenta FR pr&#243;prios para FA, como HAS sist&#243;lica, obesidade, sedentarismo, ingesta excessiva de &#225;lcool, doen&#231;a valvar, multiparidade e DAC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 4.5</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figura 4.5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fatores de risco para fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial nas mulheres. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; THM: terapia hormonal da menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf11.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Atualmente, muito se tem questionado quanto ao aumento no risco de FA em mulheres na menopausa ou sob THM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref></sup> Um estudo avaliou prospectivamente a rela&#231;&#227;o entre idade da menopausa, THM e incid&#234;ncia de FA. Foram seguidas por 20,5 anos 30.034 mulheres saud&#225;veis sem histerectomia e/ou ooforectomia pr&#233;via &#224; menopausa, que se deu pr&#243;ximo aos 50 anos. Foram observados 1.350 eventos de FA, por&#233;m a idade de ocorr&#234;ncia da menopausa n&#227;o agregou risco &#224;quele inerente &#224; pr&#243;pria idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Em contrapartida, um estudo realizado em 1.401.175 mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa, com seguimento de 9,1 anos, avaliou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre menopausa precoce, idade da menopausa e risco de FA. Foram observados 44.834 (3,2%) novos casos de FA e a hist&#243;ria de menopausa precoce associou-se a risco aumentado de FA. Houve maior tend&#234;ncia de FA quando a idade da menopausa era inferior a 50 anos em compara&#231;&#227;o com superior a 50 anos, principalmente nas mulheres com menos de 40 anos (IOP). Os resultados mostraram que, quanto mais cedo ocorrer a menopausa, maior o risco de FA, indicando aten&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o e cuidado nesse grupo espec&#237;fico de mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref></sup> Recente meta-an&#225;lise com 9 estudos incluindo 6.255.783 mulheres p&#243;s-menop&#225;usicas evidenciou que aquelas com menopausa precoce (antes dos 45 anos) ou prematura (antes dos 40 anos) tiveram risco aumentado de FA quando comparadas &#224;quelas com menopausa em idade habitual. No entanto, o exato mecanismo ainda n&#227;o est&#225; elucidado e requer estudos prospectivos futuros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143">143</xref></sup> Um estudo em que 16.729 mulheres foram seguidas por 8,5 anos mostrou que 3.943 desenvolveram FA e que n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C reativa e interleucina (IL) estiveram associados a FA, por&#233;m sem rela&#231;&#227;o com IL-1&#946; na an&#225;lise multivariada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Na menopausa, ocorrem mudan&#231;as comportamentais importantes, onde estresse, ansiedade, ins&#244;nia e sintomas depressivos podem ativar fatores inflamat&#243;rios e neuro-hormonais, potenciais ao desenvolvimento de FA. Um estudo recente examinou a correla&#231;&#227;o entre citocinas e incid&#234;ncia de FA em mulheres p&#243;s-menop&#225;usicas, onde foram avaliadass 83.736 mulheres com idade m&#233;dia de 63,9&#177;7,0 anos, seguidas por 10,5&#177;6,2 anos, observando-se 23.954 casos de FA. Ins&#244;nia e eventos estressantes da vida foram os maiores fatores psicossociais associados &#224; arritmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B145">145</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Fatores como idade do in&#237;cio da menopausa, FR associados como estresse, ansiedade, depress&#227;o e qualidade do sono, precisam ser considerados a fim de atentar para medidas que visem reduzir o RCV, notadamente a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143">143</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>5. Menopausa e Risco de Morbidade e Mortalidade por Outras Doen&#231;as</title>
      <sec>
        <title>5.1. C&#226;ncer</title>
        <p>A intersec&#231;&#227;o entre DCV, c&#226;ncer e menopausa representa um campo crescente de interesse pela medicina. As DCV e o c&#226;ncer s&#227;o as principais causas de morte no mundo em homens e mulheres, aumentando substancialmente ap&#243;s a menopausa, tendo em comum alguns FR como a idade, obesidade, tabagismo, hist&#243;ria familiar e dieta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Tanto a obesidade como a SM est&#227;o associadas ao aumento da incid&#234;ncia de DM2, DCV e c&#226;ncer de mama (p&#243;s-menopausa), al&#233;m de outros c&#226;nceres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O RCV em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa tratadas de c&#226;ncer de mama &#233; maior que em mulheres sem c&#226;ncer de mama. Sobreviventes de c&#226;ncer de mama na p&#243;s-menopausa mostraram uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o com SM, DM, doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, hipertrigliceridemia, HAS e obesidade abdominal, principais FRCV quando comparadas com mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa sem c&#226;ncer de mama. Nas mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa com c&#226;ncer de mama em est&#225;gio inicial, o risco aumenta acentuadamente, fazendo com que as taxas de mortalidade por DCV em 10 anos sejam semelhantes &#224;s taxas de mortalidade pelo pr&#243;prio c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147">147</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O aumento do RCV em mulheres menop&#225;usicas com c&#226;ncer n&#227;o &#233; apenas devido ao inadequado controle dos FRCV, mas tamb&#233;m decorre do tratamento do c&#226;ncer pelos seus efeitos secund&#225;rios cardiot&#243;xicos, como disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, HAS, arritmias, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, dist&#250;rbios valvares, doen&#231;a tromboemb&#243;lica, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e pericardite, al&#233;m de ateromatose.</p>
        <p>A Qt com antraciclinas e trastuzumabe pode causar disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca a curto, m&#233;dio e longo prazo. A radioterapia no hemit&#243;rax esquerdo pode levar a efeitos CV secund&#225;rios, como aterosclerose coronariana, que podem ocorrer mais de 5 anos ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o, com o risco persistindo por at&#233; 30 anos. A terapia hormonal com inibidores da aromatase tamb&#233;m aumenta o risco de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B148">148</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os efeitos CV tardios do c&#226;ncer desenvolvem-se ao longo de v&#225;rias d&#233;cadas, o que para muitas mulheres pode se sobrepor a eventos reprodutivos e do ciclo de vida. Assim, as mulheres necessitam de cuidados cardio-oncol&#243;gicos longitudinais que antecipem e respondam &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o do seu RCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em mulheres com c&#226;ncer, a menopausa pode ser precoce, gradual ou r&#225;pida, dependendo da reserva ovariana basal, da gonadotoxicidade e da dura&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o aos agentes cancer&#237;genos (terapia oncol&#243;gica e/ou terapia end&#243;crina).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B150">150</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mulheres sobreviventes de c&#226;ncer infantil correm risco de desenvolver menopausa precoce decorrente de IOP ap&#243;s tratamento oncol&#243;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B151">151</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O RCV &#233; maior na menopausa precoce devido &#224; priva&#231;&#227;o prolongada de estrog&#234;nio end&#243;geno, levando a uma variedade de efeitos metab&#243;licos e na fun&#231;&#227;o vascular, incluindo intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, DLP, HAS e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A IOP n&#227;o s&#243; confere risco de DIC ap&#243;s ajuste para FR convencionais, mas tamb&#233;m prev&#234; piores desfechos isqu&#234;micos e maior mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153">153</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A menopausa induzida pelo tratamento oncol&#243;gico pode ser causada por ooforectomia cir&#250;rgica bilateral, Qt, radioterapia para a pelve e/ou terapia supressora hormonal. A ooforectomia bilateral causa menopausa aguda e permanente, sendo que, antes dos 50 anos de idade, aumenta o risco de DCV global (risco relativo [RR]: 4,55; IC 95%, 2,56-8,01), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e AVC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B154">154</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os quimioter&#225;picos e radioterapia nos ov&#225;rios podem levar a disfun&#231;&#227;o ovariana e consequente menopausa secund&#225;ria, que pode ser tempor&#225;ria ou permanente, dependendo da idade da paciente, do tipo e da dose do medicamento, dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento e, no caso da radioterapia, do local da aplica&#231;&#227;o e da dose realizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155">155</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Algumas terapias supressoras hormonais ou terapias end&#243;crinas, sejam com inibidores da aromatase ou com moduladores seletivos de receptores de estrog&#234;nio, podem impedir temporariamente a ovula&#231;&#227;o e causar menopausa tempor&#225;ria. Tratamento com tamoxifeno e inibidores da aromatase por 5 anos melhoraram a taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia de 20 anos at&#233; 85%, com risco de recorr&#234;ncia de 22%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B156">156</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A terapia end&#243;crina &#233; um tratamento comum, pois 65&#8211;70% de todas as pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama precoce e metast&#225;tico desenvolvem doen&#231;a com receptor hormonal positivo. A terapia end&#243;crina envolve a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis ou a inibi&#231;&#227;o de sua atividade biol&#243;gica, parando/retardando ou prevenindo o crescimento do c&#226;ncer. Moduladores seletivos de receptores de estrog&#234;nio (tamoxifeno, toremifeno) ou inibidores da aromatase (letrozol, anastrozol ou exemestano) s&#227;o recomendados no c&#226;ncer de mama precoce de acordo com o <italic>status</italic> da menopausa, comorbidades e risco de recidiva da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155">155</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O tamoxifeno &#233; a terapia end&#243;crina de escolha para mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa, enquanto as estrat&#233;gias em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa podem incluir tamoxifeno, inibidores da aromatase ou uma combina&#231;&#227;o sequencial, com avalia&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa dos benef&#237;cios e gerenciamento dos riscos de toxicidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B148">148</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O uso de inibidores da aromatase aumenta o risco de DLP, SM, HAS, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B156">156</xref></sup> No estudo Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC), pacientes portadoras de DIC pr&#233;-existente tratadas com anastrozol apresentaram mais eventos CV (17% vs. 10%) e eleva&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de colesterol (9% vs. 5%) do que aquelas tratadas com tamoxifeno.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B157">157</xref></sup> O aumento significativo do risco de doen&#231;a tromboemb&#243;lica foi consistentemente demonstrado com tamoxifeno, que n&#227;o &#233;, portanto, recomendado em pacientes com risco aumentado de trombose. Os riscos de doen&#231;a tromboemb&#243;lica, hipercolesterolemia e DCV devem ser discutidos com as pacientes, embora se reconhe&#231;a que os benef&#237;cios absolutos da preven&#231;&#227;o da recorr&#234;ncia do c&#226;ncer de mama geralmente superam os RCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B158">158</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Concluindo, existe associa&#231;&#227;o entre c&#226;ncer e aumento do RCV em mulheres p&#243;s-menop&#225;usicas, assim como barreiras psicossociais e f&#237;sicas distintas no acesso aos cuidados CV.</p>
        <p>Portanto, torna-se importante que mulheres na menopausa e com hist&#243;rico de c&#226;ncer sejam monitoradas por profissionais especializados, para avaliar seu RCV, realizar exames complementares e recomendar medidas preventivas e, se necess&#225;rio, medicamentosas com o objetivo de reduzir a morbimortalidade CV nessas pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.2. Dem&#234;ncia</title>
        <p>O envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial tem como consequ&#234;ncia o aumento da preval&#234;ncia e da incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e neurodegenerativas.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, estima-se que existam 50 milh&#245;es de pessoas acometidas por alguma forma de dem&#234;ncia no mundo e 10 milh&#245;es de novos diagn&#243;sticos por ano. No Brasil, estima-se que existam cerca de 1,7 milh&#227;o de idosos com dem&#234;ncia, com uma preval&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 1.036/100 mil habitantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B159">159</xref></sup> As estimativas globais de preval&#234;ncia da dem&#234;ncia s&#227;o de at&#233; 7% dos indiv&#237;duos com mais de 65 anos e estimativas futuras apontam maior preval&#234;ncia nos pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160">160</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B161">161</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Dados do <italic>Global Burden of Disease</italic> (GBD) mostram que, em 2019, havia mais mulheres com dem&#234;ncia do que homens (raz&#227;o de 1.69 mulher/homem) e que esse padr&#227;o continuaria em 2050 (raz&#227;o de 1.67 mulher/homem)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 5.1</xref>). Apesar da maior preval&#234;ncia de riscos vasculares nos homens do que nas mulheres, esses padr&#245;es existem, sugerindo mecanismos de neutraliza&#231;&#227;o potencialmente fortes que impulsionam essas desigualdades. Embora a diferen&#231;a entre os sexos possa ser explicada em parte pela maior expectativa de vida nas mulheres, evid&#234;ncias anteriores sugerem potenciais diferen&#231;as entre os sexos tamb&#233;m em mecanismos biol&#243;gicos subjacentes.</p>
        <fig id="f12">
          <label>Figura 5.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tend&#234;ncias estimadas na preval&#234;ncia global de dem&#234;ncia padronizada por idade (A) e n&#250;mero de casos em todas as idades (B). Fonte: GBD 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref></sup></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf12.tif"/></fig>
        <p>O decl&#237;nio cognitivo ocorre em todos os indiv&#237;duos com o avan&#231;ar da idade, manifestando-se desde o comprometimento leve e, portanto, sem preju&#237;zo de sua autonomia ou um decl&#237;nio subjetivo, onde os testes neuropsicol&#243;gicos s&#227;o normais, at&#233; o desfecho final, a dem&#234;ncia. Esse processo se faz de forma cont&#237;nua com o envelhecimento normal e em situa&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas, onde h&#225; preju&#237;zo da autonomia em exercer as atividades da vida di&#225;ria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 5.2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f13">
          <label>Figura 5.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Continuum do decl&#237;nio cognitivo no envelhecimento normal e patol&#243;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B159">159</xref></sup></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf13.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Dentre as dem&#234;ncias degenerativas comuns em idosos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160">160</xref></sup> a doen&#231;a de Alzheimer &#233; a forma mais prevalente, correspondendo a 70-80% dos casos. A dem&#234;ncia vascular corresponde a 15%, estando associada a FRCV. Outras causas s&#227;o a dem&#234;ncia com corpos de Lewy, a degenera&#231;&#227;o lobar frontotemporal e a doen&#231;a de Parkinson, essa &#250;ltima correspondendo a 10% dos casos. Defici&#234;ncia de vitaminas (B12 e tiamina), hipotireoidismo, hidrocefalia de press&#227;o normal, abuso cr&#244;nico de &#225;lcool, disfun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva relacionada &#224; Qt, massas intracranianas (hematomas subdurais, tumores cerebrais), les&#227;o cerebral traum&#225;tica e doen&#231;a psiqui&#225;trica (depress&#227;o/ansiedade profunda)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160">160</xref></sup> s&#227;o causas comuns de comprometimento cognitivo leve n&#227;o neurodegenerativo e dem&#234;ncia, podendo ocorrer ao longo da vida. Dentre as dem&#234;ncias de causa mista, a doen&#231;a de Alzheimer associada &#224; dem&#234;ncia vascular &#233; a mais comum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160">160</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O avan&#231;o da idade, o perfil gen&#233;tico (alelo APOE &#949;4) e a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a vascular sist&#234;mica s&#227;o os principais FR n&#227;o modific&#225;veis para o desenvolvimento de dem&#234;ncia, sendo que a etnia e o g&#234;nero tamb&#233;m merecem destaque.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref></sup> Apesar de a dem&#234;ncia n&#227;o fazer parte do envelhecimento normal, a idade &#233; o maior FR conhecido, sendo que sua incid&#234;ncia aumenta proporcionalmente ao envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o. Apesar disso, em alguns pa&#237;ses, a incid&#234;ncia de dem&#234;ncia por idade reduziu provavelmente devido &#224; melhoria na educa&#231;&#227;o, nutri&#231;&#227;o, cuidados de sa&#250;de e mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao g&#234;nero, sua preval&#234;ncia &#233; maior entre as mulheres, n&#227;o apenas por constitu&#237;rem o maior contingente de idosos, mas tamb&#233;m por sofrerem maior impacto de FR modific&#225;veis que afetam a reserva cognitiva. Quanto &#224; etnia, muitos FR agrupam-se em torno de desigualdades, que ocorrem particularmente em negros, asi&#225;ticos e minorit&#225;rios, e em popula&#231;&#245;es vulner&#225;veis. O in&#237;cio precoce da doen&#231;a de Alzheimer associa-se a fatores gen&#233;ticos, por&#233;m o gene mais conhecidamente associado ao aparecimento mais tardio da doen&#231;a de Alzheimer &#233; o alelo APOE &#949;4.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Entre os FR modific&#225;veis, destacam-se a baixa escolaridade, HAS, defici&#234;ncia auditiva, tabagismo, obesidade, depress&#227;o, sedentarismo, DM, isolamento social, etilismo, traumatismo cranioencef&#225;lico e polui&#231;&#227;o do ar. Cerca de 40% das dem&#234;ncias podem ser prevenidas ou postergadas com a interven&#231;&#227;o sobre esses FR. A presen&#231;a de FR precoces, ou seja, que aparecem antes dos 45 anos de idade, como a menor escolaridade, afeta a reserva cognitiva. Os FR que aparecem na meia-idade (45-65 anos) e na idade avan&#231;ada (acima dos 65 anos) influenciam a reserva e o desencadeamento de estados neuropatol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2.1. Envelhecimento Reprodutivo Feminino e Decl&#237;nio Cognitivo</title>
          <p>A TM &#233; um processo de envelhecimento neuroend&#243;crino da meia-idade que culmina com a senesc&#234;ncia reprodutiva, ocorrendo em est&#225;gios caracterizados por propriedades end&#243;crinas &#250;nicas que impactam as trajet&#243;rias de envelhecimento de m&#250;ltiplos sistemas org&#226;nicos, incluindo o c&#233;rebro. Sendo assim, a TM &#233; considerada um estado de transi&#231;&#227;o reprodutiva e neurol&#243;gica, como evidenciado pelo fato de muitos sintomas da menopausa serem de natureza neurol&#243;gica, tais como SVM, perturba&#231;&#245;es do sono, altera&#231;&#245;es de humor e esquecimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Os horm&#244;nios esteroides sexuais gonadais, em especial o 17&#946;-estradiol, s&#227;o conhecidos reguladores da fun&#231;&#227;o reprodutiva e neural e, durante a TM, seus n&#237;veis diminuem substancialmente no corpo e no c&#233;rebro.</p>
          <p>A TM tem efeitos pronunciados na estrutura, na conectividade e no metabolismo energ&#233;tico cerebrais e na deposi&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na amiloide &#946; (A&#946;) no c&#233;rebro. Estudo de neuroimagem multimodal foi realizado em mulheres em diferentes est&#225;gios de TM (pr&#233;-, peri- e p&#243;s-menopausa) para investigar seus efeitos na estrutura das subst&#226;ncias cinzenta e branca do c&#233;rebro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref></sup> Os resultados indicam que a TM impacta significativamente em biomarcadores cerebrais em regi&#245;es envolvidas em fun&#231;&#245;es cognitivas de ordem superior. Os efeitos, independentemente da idade e do uso de terapia hormonal, foram espec&#237;ficos do envelhecimento end&#243;crino da menopausa e n&#227;o do envelhecimento cronol&#243;gico, conforme determinado pela compara&#231;&#227;o com homens da mesma idade. Notavelmente, a cogni&#231;&#227;o foi preservada na p&#243;s-menopausa, o que se correlacionou com a recupera&#231;&#227;o do volume da subst&#226;ncia cinzenta e a produ&#231;&#227;o cerebral de adenosina trifosfato, destacando potenciais mecanismos compensat&#243;rios. Finalmente, a deposi&#231;&#227;o de A&#946; foi maior em mulheres na peri- e p&#243;s-menopausa portadoras do gen&#243;tipo APOE-4, indicando efeitos espec&#237;ficos desse gene no risco de doen&#231;a de Alzheimer com in&#237;cio na perimenopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2.2. Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Pela aus&#234;ncia de tratamentos recentes e eficazes em modificar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da dem&#234;ncia, os esfor&#231;os imediatos para reduzir a sua preval&#234;ncia no futuro dever&#227;o ser direcionados para a preven&#231;&#227;o, atrav&#233;s de interven&#231;&#245;es nos FR modific&#225;veis. Interven&#231;&#245;es que alteram a preval&#234;ncia desses FR podem reduzir em at&#233; 40% a esperada preval&#234;ncia da dem&#234;ncia nos pr&#243;ximos anos, segundo resultados da atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Comiss&#227;o Lancet de 2020 sobre preven&#231;&#227;o, interven&#231;&#227;o e cuidados com a dem&#234;ncia.</p>
          <p>Concluindo, sugere-se que grandes mudan&#231;as na exposi&#231;&#227;o a FR tenham potencial de alterar consideravelmente as estimativas previstas e reduzir o fardo futuro da dem&#234;ncia em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.3. Disfun&#231;&#227;o Tireoidiana</title>
        <p>Os dist&#250;rbios da tireoide s&#227;o significativamente mais comuns em mulheres e sua incid&#234;ncia aumenta com o envelhecimento, j&#225; que a produ&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos decresce com o avan&#231;ar da idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref></sup></p>
        <p>&#201; prov&#225;vel que quase uma em cada oito mulheres tenha algum tipo de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana durante a vida,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref></sup> sobretudo durante o per&#237;odo de peri- e p&#243;s-menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Existem poucos estudos sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre menopausa e fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana e, portanto, n&#227;o podemos esclarecer se a menopausa tem efeito na tireoide independentemente do envelhecimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Entretanto, a atividade da tireoide &#233; idade-dependente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167">167</xref></sup> uma vez que, com o envelhecimento, ocorre redu&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o de iodo pela gl&#226;ndula, do T4 livre, da s&#237;ntese de T3 livre e do catabolismo do T4 livre. Embora o T3 reverso aumente, o n&#237;vel de TSH permanece normal, &#224;s vezes com tend&#234;ncia a limites mais elevados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B168">168</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Diante das evid&#234;ncias bem conhecidas sobre o efeito do <italic>status</italic> da tireoide na fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva, no RCV, na remodela&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea e na longevidade, n&#227;o fica dif&#237;cil entender o risco das disfun&#231;&#245;es tireoidianas nesse grupo de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Sendo assim, recomenda-se triagem de rotina para tireoidopatias em mulheres na menopausa, sobretudo porque muitas vezes os sintomas da doen&#231;a tireoidiana e os da p&#243;s-menopausa se sobrep&#245;em, podendo postergar o diagn&#243;stico da disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 5.3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167">167</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f14">
          <label>Figura 5.3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de sintomas das disfun&#231;&#245;es tireoidianas e da menopausa.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf14.tif"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3.1. Hipotireoidismo</title>
          <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de hipotireoidismo, b&#243;cio e n&#243;dulos tireoidianos aumenta com a idade, sendo o hipotireoidismo mais prevalente em idosos: 2-20% dos quais apresentam algum tipo de hipotireoidismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia do hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico (HipoSC) na popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; de aproximadamente 4-10%, sendo maior em mulheres e idosos e inversamente proporcional ao teor de iodo na dieta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref></sup> Os riscos potenciais do HipoSC em idosos incluem progress&#227;o para hipotireoidismo manifesto, efeitos CV, DLP e efeitos neurol&#243;gicos e neuropsiqui&#225;tricos.</p>
          <p>Fadiga, letargia, esquecimentos, dificuldade de aten&#231;&#227;o ou concentra&#231;&#227;o e dist&#250;rbios de humor s&#227;o caracter&#237;sticas comuns tanto ao hipotireoidismo quanto &#224; menopausa, fazendo com que, muitas vezes, o hipotireoidismo passe despercebido (sintomas ficam atribu&#237;dos exclusivamente &#224; menopausa, a efeitos colaterais de medicamentos ou ao pr&#243;prio envelhecimento).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Entre as causas de hipotireoidismo, a defici&#234;ncia de iodo e a doen&#231;a autoimune se destacam. No entanto, iodoterapia, radioterapia para malignidade da cabe&#231;a e pesco&#231;o e hipotireoidismo central por tumores hipofis&#225;rios ou hipotal&#226;micos devem ser mencionados como causa em mulheres, principalmente ap&#243;s a menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Em geral, o HipoSC &#233; assintom&#225;tico nessa popula&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o est&#225; associado a efeitos na fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva, depress&#227;o ou ansiedade. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias consistentes sobre as consequ&#234;ncias na estrutura card&#237;aca e nas fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica em estudos populacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref></sup> H&#225; evid&#234;ncias consistentes de associa&#231;&#227;o de HipoSC com risco de DIC, especialmente para valores de TSH &#8805; 10 mU/L, apesar de n&#227;o serem observados esses dados em pacientes acima de 65 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref></sup> Ainda &#233; incerto se mulheres de meia-idade com HipoSC devem ser tratadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> As Diretrizes da Sociedade Latino-Americana de Tireoide n&#227;o recomendam o tratamento de rotina para idosos com HipoSC se o TSH for &lt; 10 mU/L. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o recomendam o tratamento do HipoSC para melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva em idosos, podendo o tratamento, no entanto, ser considerado individualmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Devido &#224; falta de dados em estudos robustos que demonstrem benef&#237;cios quanto ao RCV e ao risco de mortalidade, o tratamento do HipoSC permanece controverso. Pode ser considerado no HipoSC persistente e ap&#243;s confirma&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TSH &#8805; 10 mU/L ap&#243;s 3 a 6 meses, pelo maior risco de progress&#227;o para hipotireoidismo manifesto, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, DAC e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref></sup> Estudos de coorte mostram evid&#234;ncia indireta de benef&#237;cios do tratamento do HipoSC sobre RCV e mortalidade, al&#233;m de efeito favor&#225;vel no CT em pacientes com HipoSC e TSH &gt; 10 mU/L.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Uso de medicamentos e doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas e renais podem afetar o metabolismo dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos ou alterar as prote&#237;nas de liga&#231;&#227;o a esses horm&#244;nios. Portanto, a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do TSH s&#233;rico deve ser feita com o uso ou descontinua&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nios e andr&#243;genos orais uma vez que tais medicamentos podem alterar a necessidade de levotiroxina, aumentando a globulina de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; tireoide que, por sua vez, reduz o T4 livre.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A terapia com levotiroxina pode induzir melhora relevante em alguns par&#226;metros CV, como aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica e do volume diast&#243;lico final, efeitos mais evidentes na doen&#231;a cl&#237;nica do que na subcl&#237;nica. Por outro lado, pode aumentar o consumo de oxig&#234;nio e, assim, induzir isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com DAC subjacente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias recentes sugerem um aumento do risco de fratura em pacientes &gt; 70 anos em doses usuais. Portanto, em pacientes idosos e nos portadores de DIC ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a diretriz sugere iniciar levotiroxina em doses de 12,5-25 &#181;g/dia, especialmente em pacientes com HipoSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3.2. Hipertireoidismo</title>
          <p>O hipertireoidismo ocorre numa propor&#231;&#227;o de 5 mulheres:1 homem. Sua preval&#234;ncia (aproximadamente 1,3%) aumenta para 4-5% em mulheres idosas, sendo o b&#243;cio nodular t&#243;xico a causa mais comum nessa faixa et&#225;ria. Por&#233;m, o hipertireoidismo induzido por drogas, como contraste e amiodarona, deve ser lembrado como causa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
          <p>O hipertireoidismo em pacientes idosos pode ser ap&#225;tico em vez da apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica de hiperatividade do sistema simp&#225;tico, com tremores e palpita&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup> Em estudos transversais, pacientes idosos tiveram um risco reduzido para sintomas cl&#225;ssicos (intoler&#226;ncia ao calor, tremor, nervosismo) e maior preval&#234;ncia de perda de peso e falta de ar em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes mais jovens, assim como uma taxa mais alta de oftalmopatia moderada a grave e FA. No entanto, a taquicardia pode estar ausente por doen&#231;a do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o concomitante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Os sintomas t&#237;picos do hipertireoidismo mimetizam os sintomas relacionados &#224; menopausa, mas, com o avan&#231;o da idade, os sintomas cl&#237;nicos diminuem.</p>
          <p>Slopien <italic>et al</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167">167</xref></sup> observaram que a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de TSH tem correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com sintomas como sudorese, palpita&#231;&#245;es e fraqueza, enquanto a de T4 livre tem correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com palpita&#231;&#245;es, parestesias e nervosismo.</p>
          <p>No hipertireoidismo, os ciclos de remodela&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea s&#227;o reduzidos, resultando em uma alta taxa de <italic>turnover</italic> &#243;sseo. Com a reabsor&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea superando a mineraliza&#231;&#227;o, h&#225; perda de aproximadamente 10% de massa &#243;ssea por ciclo. Al&#233;m disso, ocorre redu&#231;&#227;o da absor&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio pelo intestino e aumenta a excre&#231;&#227;o renal de c&#225;lcio, resultando num balan&#231;o negativo desse eletr&#243;lito. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias claras de que tanto o hipertireoidismo manifesto quanto o hipertireoidismo subcl&#237;nico (HiperSC) aumentam o risco de osteoporose, especialmente na na p&#243;s-menopausa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 5.4</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref></sup></p>
          <fig id="f15">
            <label>Figura 5.4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Menopausa e hipertireoidismo: ac&#250;mulo de riscos. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf15.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Embora o tratamento do hipertireoidismo manifesto seja sempre recomendado, o manejo do HiperSC &#233; menos claro. V&#225;rios estudos mostraram efeitos delet&#233;rios semelhantes tanto no HiperSC quanto no manifesto. Meta-an&#225;lise recente encontrou risco aumentado de DAC no HiperSC (HR = 1,44 [1,06; 1,94]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref></sup> Os efeitos da supress&#227;o de TSH a longo prazo incluem aumento da FC em repouso, arritmias frequentes (especialmente FA), bem como fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca reduzida. Esse maior RCV estende-se tamb&#233;m para supress&#227;o de TSH em pacientes em tratamento com levotiroxina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Estudos mostraram um aumento da mortalidade CV no HiperSC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup> e dados recentes indicam que pacientes portadores dessa patologia apresentam risco de desenvolver insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, especialmente os mais idosos e com menores n&#237;veis de TSH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Um estudo populacional mostrou que o HiperSC aumentou o risco de AVC em indiv&#237;duos com mais de 50 anos (HR = 3,39), embora uma meta-an&#225;lise tenha sido inconclusiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3.3. Autoimunidade Tireoidiana e Insufici&#234;ncia Ovariana Prematura</title>
          <p>A etiologia autoimune constitui aproximadamente 5% dos casos de IOP, sendo a doen&#231;a autoimune da tireoide presente em 14-27% das mulheres no primodiagn&#243;stico. Assim, recomenda-se determinar os n&#237;veis de TSH e a presen&#231;a de anticorpos anti-peroxidase tireoidiana (anti-TPO) nessas pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.4. Depress&#227;o e Ansiedade</title>
        <p>Estudos t&#234;m mostrado a import&#226;ncia dos FR cl&#225;ssicos nas DCV. Nas mulheres, por&#233;m, os FR espec&#237;ficos do g&#234;nero e os sub-reconhecidos, como depress&#227;o e ansiedade, tamb&#233;m t&#234;m grande impacto no RCV<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 5.5</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f16">
          <label>Figura 5.5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco espec&#237;ficos, sub-reconhecidos e bem estabelecidos da doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) na mulher.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref></sup></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf16.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Um em cada cinco adultos apresenta algum tipo de dist&#250;rbio psiqui&#225;trico ao longo da vida. Nas mulheres, por&#233;m, os fatores intr&#237;nsecos e extr&#237;nsecos ao g&#234;nero t&#234;m o poder de intensificar a ocorr&#234;ncia desses dist&#250;rbios, que est&#227;o diretamente relacionados ao aumento do RCV nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B174">174</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Estudos recentes correlacionam doen&#231;as mentais, como transtorno de ansiedade generalizada e depress&#227;o, com o aumento do RCV, devido &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas desencadeadas por estresse e inj&#250;rias do cotidiano em consequ&#234;ncia de tais comorbidades.</p>
        <p>Padr&#245;es distintos de altera&#231;&#245;es nos horm&#244;nios sexuais e na distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal, de lip&#237;dios e de lipoprote&#237;nas ao longo da menopausa relacionam-se com o potencial de acelerar o desenvolvimento das DCV nessa fase de vida da mulher.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mulheres portadoras de transtorno de ansiedade generalizada ou depress&#227;o podem desenvolver algum grau de preju&#237;zo social devido ao pr&#243;prio mecanismo de adoecimento, o que pode ser intensificado de maneira natural em certas fases da vida, como na menopausa. Atualmente essa correla&#231;&#227;o tem sido estudada com uma frequ&#234;ncia cada vez maior. Importante ressaltar que sintomas provocados pelo climat&#233;rio, como SVM, dist&#250;rbios do sono e da libido e altera&#231;&#245;es cognitivas, podem tanto intensificar quadros de comorbidades mentais, como mascarar o seu diagn&#243;stico, tornando o tratamento tardio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; perimenopausa, "gatilhos" como mudan&#231;as de carreira, relacionamentos, conscientiza&#231;&#227;o do envelhecimento, transforma&#231;&#227;o da apar&#234;ncia f&#237;sica, doen&#231;a pessoal e familiar e s&#237;ndrome do ninho vazio, podem corroborar com sentimentos de tristeza, menos-valia, insufici&#234;ncia, medo e frustra&#231;&#227;o, aflorados pelas s&#237;ndromes depressivas/ansiosas. O mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico envolve o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo e o eixo hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise-adrenal, levando ao aumento de cortisol e catecolaminas e a altera&#231;&#245;es da homeostase correspondentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B174">174</xref></sup> Al&#233;m do mais, a presen&#231;a de transtornos psiqui&#225;tricos associa-se com comportamentos pouco saud&#225;veis, que contribuem para elevar o RCV, como a compuls&#227;o alimentar, tabagismo, etilismo, sedentarismo e menor ades&#227;o ao tratamento de comorbidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B175">175</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O papel prejudicial do transtorno de ansiedade generalizadae da depress&#227;o na sa&#250;de CV foi demonstrado por estudos recentes, evidenciando que pessoas ansiosas t&#234;m um risco de morte card&#237;aca duas vezes maior em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B176">176</xref></sup> Em contraponto, o apoio emocional est&#225; descrito como potencial efeito cardioprotetor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B175">175</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Portanto, o acompanhamento longitudinal da sa&#250;de da mulher por equipe multiprofissional &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia para se diferenciar a fase de menopausa saud&#225;vel de uma associada &#224; depress&#227;o ou ansiedade. A interven&#231;&#227;o precoce com estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento adequados visam &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do RCV na mulher nessa fase de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B174">174</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B176">176</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.5. Osteoporose e Menopausa</title>
        <p>O comprometimento da sa&#250;de CV e da sa&#250;de &#243;ssea est&#225; diretamente relacionado &#224; idade em que se instala a menopausa. Existe uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o de IOP e menopausa precoce com o aumento de RCV, osteoporose, fraturas e mortalidade nas mulheres acometidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177">177</xref></sup> Seu mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico est&#225; relacionado ao efeito direto do estrog&#234;nio sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e sobre o metabolismo &#243;sseo, uma vez que o impacto de FR tradicionais, como HAS, DLP, obesidade e hiperglicemia, frequentes nas mulheres que entram na menopausa em idade habitual, &#233; menor nessas condi&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177">177</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os efeitos sist&#234;micos da priva&#231;&#227;o estrog&#234;nica aumentam o risco de depress&#227;o, dem&#234;ncia e osteoporose e, consequentemente, de mortalidade por todas as causas. A IOP e a menopausa precoce podem estar relacionadas a fatores gen&#233;ticos ou ambientais e, pelo aumento do risco de desfechos adversos &#224; sa&#250;de da mulher, devem ser consideradas um marcador de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O estrog&#234;nio tem importante papel na homeostase dos ossos, atrav&#233;s de seus receptores localizados em c&#233;lulas precursoras de osteoblastos e osteoclastos, mantendo assim o balan&#231;o entre reabsor&#231;&#227;o e forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea. O estrog&#234;nio suprime a reabsor&#231;&#227;o e a velocidade de remodelamento &#243;sseo atrav&#233;s da redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de osteoclastos e da sua vida &#250;til, via apoptose de osteoclastos, mantendo, assim, a massa &#243;ssea. Al&#233;m disso, parece atenuar a apoptose de osteoblastos e oste&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178">178</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A perda do estrog&#234;nio na menopausa leva a remodelamento &#243;sseo negativo e consequente perda &#243;ssea, como evidenciado em estudos que mostram aumento da forma&#231;&#227;o de osteoclastos e reabsor&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea, em parte como resultado do aumento de apoptose de oste&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178">178</xref></sup> Portanto, quanto mais precoce for a menopausa, maior risco de osteoporose, fraturas e aumento de mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177">177</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em mulheres menop&#225;usicas, v&#225;rias interven&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m sido propostas para otimizar a sua sa&#250;de &#243;ssea e CV. Mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, como atividade f&#237;sica regular, dieta equilibrada, suplementa&#231;&#227;o alimentar e controle de peso s&#227;o fundamentais. A THM deve ser indicada para mulheres com IOP, por&#233;m existe pouca evid&#234;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao seu uso nas mulheres com menopausa precoce. Nas que entram na menopausa em idade habitual, a THM pode ser indicada para preven&#231;&#227;o de osteoporose, especialmente na presen&#231;a de SVM associados ao per&#237;odo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figura 5.6</xref> ilustra a massa &#243;ssea em homens e mulheres, denotando perda &#243;ssea mais acentuada nas mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa.</p>
        <fig id="f17">
          <label>Figura 5.6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Massa &#243;ssea em homens versus mulheres. Note que, em homens, h&#225; redu&#231;&#227;o da massa &#243;ssea com o avan&#231;ar da idade, enquanto, em mulheres, observa-se um decl&#237;nio mais acentuado relacionado &#224; transi&#231;&#227;o menop&#225;usica/menopausa.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf17.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6. Risco Cardiovascular e Horm&#244;nios Sexuais</title>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As DCV s&#227;o a principal causa de mortalidade nas mulheres e um constante empenho de for&#231;a-tarefa multidisciplinar tem sido realizado para mudan&#231;a desse cen&#225;rio. FR tradicionais para DCV, como HAS, DM, obesidade, DLP e tabagismo, s&#227;o reconhecidos em ambos os sexos, sendo, entretanto, crucial destacar FR espec&#237;ficos, que ainda n&#227;o recebem a devida aten&#231;&#227;o no momento da anamnese m&#233;dica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180">180</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181">181</xref></sup> Neste cap&#237;tulo ser&#227;o abordados os temas que devem ser considerados nos algoritmos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o do RCV da mulher, cis- ou n&#227;o, destacando-se: menarca precoce, contracep&#231;&#227;o hormonal, SOP, uso de testosterona e hormonioterapia na transexualidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.2. Menarca Precoce</title>
        <p>No Brasil, a idade m&#233;dia de menarca &#233; de 12,4 anos e pode ser influenciada por ra&#231;a, n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico, fatores comportamentais, clim&#225;ticos, gen&#233;ticos, al&#233;m de sobrepeso/obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A menarca antes dos 10 anos &#233; considerada precoce, mas, quando acontece antes dos 12 anos, j&#225; &#233; relacionada a maior RCV, com maior frequ&#234;ncia dos FR, mais eventos CV, principalmente DIC e AVC, al&#233;m de maior mortalidade geral na vida adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B185">185</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Fatores relacionados &#224; nutri&#231;&#227;o fetal, sobrepeso e maior IMC na inf&#226;ncia foram associados a menarca precoce e &#224; SM na vida adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B186">186</xref></sup> Entretanto, ap&#243;s ajuste para IMC, a menarca precoce est&#225; associada com n&#237;veis desfavor&#225;veis de insulina, glicemia, hemoglobina glicada, PA e pior perfil lip&#237;dico na vida adulta. Ademais, foi registrado maior risco de HAS, DM e doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cada ano de atraso da menarca ocasionou redu&#231;&#227;o de 2% a 4% na mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref></sup> Entretanto, um estudo com 34 mil mulheres mostrou que o tabagismo elimina essa prote&#231;&#227;o e as n&#227;o tabagistas tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de HAS, DM, obesidade e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188">188</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O estudo WISE avaliou 648 mulheres americanas e considerou o tempo em que foram expostas ao estrog&#234;nio end&#243;geno (gravidez) ou ao estrog&#234;nio ex&#243;geno (contraceptivo oral). Apesar de observar aumento do RCV nas pacientes com menarca precoce, principalmente quando anterior aos 10 anos de idade, n&#227;o conseguiu mostrar diferen&#231;a na incid&#234;ncia de DCV de acordo com a exposi&#231;&#227;o estrog&#234;nica ao longo da vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Paradoxalmente, a menarca tardia, ap&#243;s os 17 anos, tamb&#233;m parece exercer influ&#234;ncia no aumento do RCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref></sup> As hip&#243;teses sugerem que o menor tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao estrog&#234;nio ao longo da vida e a SOP podem explicar parcialmente o aumento do RCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180">180</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref></sup> Contudo, o assunto ainda &#233; controverso e merece mais investiga&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188">188</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Incluir a idade da menarca na investiga&#231;&#227;o da DCV &#233; uma janela de oportunidade para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, permitindo a implementa&#231;&#227;o de medidas preventivas mais ostensivas, incluindo mudan&#231;a no estilo de vida e, quando necess&#225;rio, a terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica para reduzir eventos CV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.3. Contraceptivos Hormonais</title>
        <p>O desenvolvimento da contracep&#231;&#227;o hormonal foi aclamado como uma das mais importantes conquistas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica do s&#233;culo 20. Desde 1960, a "p&#237;lula" tem sido usada por milh&#245;es de mulheres para preven&#231;&#227;o da gravidez indesejada e suas consequ&#234;ncias, como aborto inseguro e morte materna por todas as causas.</p>
        <p>A contracep&#231;&#227;o hormonal est&#225; dispon&#237;vel em diferentes vias de administra&#231;&#227;o e apresenta-se sob duas formas de composi&#231;&#227;o: combina&#231;&#227;o do estrog&#234;nio (geralmente etinilestradiol &#8211; EE) com progestag&#234;nio (derivado da progesterona ou testosterona); e progestag&#234;nio isolado. Vale destacar que o anticoncepcional hormonal combinado oral (AHCO) &#233; a forma mais utilizada de contracep&#231;&#227;o hormonal revers&#237;vel.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.1. Inova&#231;&#227;o da Contracep&#231;&#227;o Hormonal e Risco Cardiovascular</title>
          <p>Nos anos 60, as evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas mostravam uma "robusta" associa&#231;&#227;o entre doses altas de EE contidas nos AHCO e a ocorr&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo, IM e AVC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Admite-se que os principais efeitos adversos CV associados aos AHCO derivam da a&#231;&#227;o do estrog&#234;nio no metabolismo lip&#237;dico e na hemostasia, ambos mediados pelos receptores hep&#225;ticos do estrog&#234;nio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193">193</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B194">194</xref></sup> Esses indicadores incentivaram a produ&#231;&#227;o de AHCO contendo doses mais baixas de EE, com objetivo de diminuir RCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Os progestag&#234;nios derivados da testosterona (noretindrona-1<sup>a</sup> gera&#231;&#227;o, levonorgestrel-2<sup>a</sup> gera&#231;&#227;o) contidas nos AHCO est&#227;o associadas a efeitos colaterais androg&#234;nicos com impacto negativo no metabolismo dos carboidratos e lip&#237;dios, enquanto os progestag&#234;nios derivados da progesterona e espironolactona (clormadinona, drospirenona-4<sup>a</sup> gera&#231;&#227;o) apresentam liga&#231;&#227;o mais seletiva aos receptores de progesterona, reduzindo os efeitos colaterais androg&#234;nicos, estrog&#234;nicos e dos glicocorticoides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Recentemente, formula&#231;&#245;es dos AHCO, valerato de estradiol com dienogeste-4<sup>a</sup> gera&#231;&#227;o e estradiol com acetato de nomegestrol-4<sup>a</sup> gera&#231;&#227;o, substitu&#237;ram os horm&#244;nios sint&#233;ticos por componentes esteroides an&#225;logos &#224;s mol&#233;culas end&#243;genas. Essa inova&#231;&#227;o pressup&#245;e que esses compostos mais semelhantes aos horm&#244;nios naturais devam apresentar um perfil de seguran&#231;a CV mais favor&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197">197</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.2. Contraceptivos Hormonais e Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular</title>
          <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre uso de contraceptivos hormonais e DCV &#233; um assunto complexo e ainda motivo de debate e investiga&#231;&#245;es. A falta de evid&#234;ncias e estudos de alta qualidade resultam em conclus&#245;es inconsistentes e contradit&#243;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B198">198</xref></sup> Enfim, selecionou-se para este documento estudos que merecem destaque, apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          <p>O risco de IM em usu&#225;rias de AHCO foi investigado numa meta-an&#225;lise de 24 estudos, que mostrou RR de 1,6 (IC 95%, 1,3-1,9) proporcional ao aumento da dose de EE (&gt; 50 mcg) mas n&#227;o modificado pelo tipo de progestag&#234;nio (drospirenona <italic>versus</italic> levonorgestrel).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B199">199</xref></sup> Uma segunda meta-an&#225;lise de 11 estudos realizados ap&#243;s a d&#233;cada de 90 constatou um risco agregado de 1,7 vez para IM entre as usu&#225;rias dos AHCO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B200">200</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Estudo espec&#237;fico sobre o risco de tromboembolismo, AVC e IM em usu&#225;rias de AHCO com EE &lt; 30 mcg constatou que, para a mesma dose de EE, o risco de TEV foi maior com o desogestrel-3<sup>a</sup> gera&#231;&#227;o e o gestodene-3<sup>a</sup> gera&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao levonorgestrel. Esse resultado n&#227;o foi observado para tromboembolismo arterial. Al&#233;m disso, para o mesmo tipo de progestag&#234;nio, a dose de EE 20 mcg <italic>versus</italic> EE 30-40 mcg foi associada a menor risco de eventos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre HAS e uso de AHCO foi estudada na meta-an&#225;lise contendo 24 estudos com 270.284 participantes que mostrou RR de 1,47 (IC 95%, 1,25-1,73) para usu&#225;rias de AHCO e uma rela&#231;&#227;o dose-resposta linear de aumento de 13% (RR 1,13; IC 95%, 1,03-1,25) de casos "novos" de HAS para cada cinco anos de uso dos AHCO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B202">202</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203">203</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A meta-an&#225;lise sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre AVC e uso de AHCO revelou riscos de acordo com as seguintes vari&#225;veis: 1&#170;) dose de EE: a cada acr&#233;scimo de 10 mcg, houve aumento na OR de 1,19 (IC 95%, 1,16-1,23) para AVC; 2&#170;) dura&#231;&#227;o do uso do AHCO: a cada 5 anos de uso de AHCO houve aumento na OR de 1,20 (IC 95%, 1,05-1,37); e 3&#170;) tempo ap&#243;s suspens&#227;o do AHCO: para cada 5 anos ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o do uso, a OR foi de 0,82 (IC 95%, 0,68-0,98), refor&#231;ando a correla&#231;&#227;o j&#225; conhecida entre estrog&#234;nio e RCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B204">204</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos contraceptivos com progestag&#234;nios isolados, a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise mostrou que os RR agrupados para IM e AVC foram 0,98 (IC 95%, 0,66-1,47) e 1,02 (IC 95%, 0,72-1,44), respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref></sup></p>
          <p>As evid&#234;ncias indicam risco mais elevado de TEV em usu&#225;rias de AHCO com doses altas de EE (&gt;50 mcg) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s formula&#231;&#245;es com doses baixas (&lt;35 &#956;g). H&#225; evid&#234;ncias razo&#225;veis que usu&#225;rias de AHCO de 3&#170; gera&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m um risco ligeiramente maior de TEV do que usu&#225;rias de AHCO de 2&#170; gera&#231;&#227;o. A administra&#231;&#227;o do combinado hormonal, em adesivo ou anel vaginal, n&#227;o teve resultados diferentes para o risco de TEV quando comparada &#224; oral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206">206</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B208">208</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos progestag&#234;nios isolados, a an&#225;lise estratificada de acordo com a via de administra&#231;&#227;o indicou que a via injet&#225;vel apresentou risco maior de TEV (RR 2,62; IC 95%, 1,74-3,94), n&#227;o observado para a oral (RR 1,06; IC 95%, 0,7-1,62), e risco diminu&#237;do para dispositivo intrauterino hormonal de levonorgestrel (DIUH) (RR 0,53; IC 95%, 0,32-0,89). N&#227;o foi encontrado efeito do uso de progestag&#234;nio isolado na PA, mas houve tend&#234;ncia de risco aumentado de DM para a forma injet&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.3. Situa&#231;&#245;es Subjacentes de Risco Cardiovascular e Uso dos Contraceptivos</title>
          <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias que tabagismo, idade acima de 35 anos, obesidade, presen&#231;a de trombofilias heredit&#225;rias, tais como muta&#231;&#245;es do fator V de Leiden e protrombina, G20210A, e defici&#234;ncias das prote&#237;nas C, S ou antitrombina j&#225; apresentam riscos intr&#237;nsecos para eventos tromb&#243;ticos, contraindicando os AHCO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206">206</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Publica&#231;&#245;es sobre uso de contraceptivos hormonais em mulheres com cardiopatias s&#227;o limitadas. Um estudo prospectivo ao longo de 39 meses em mulheres com les&#245;es card&#237;acas estruturais (reum&#225;tica e cong&#234;nitas) observou 11,5% de eventos CV (HAS e isquemia transit&#243;ria) nas usu&#225;rias de AHCO com EE 30 mcg + desogestrel e 7,4% nas usu&#225;rias de depo-medroxiprogesterona injet&#225;vel trimestral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B211">211</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Enfim, a prescri&#231;&#227;o da contracep&#231;&#227;o hormonal nas situa&#231;&#245;es que apresentam riscos impl&#237;citos para DCV deve seguir a orienta&#231;&#227;o dos Crit&#233;rios de Elegibilidade da OMS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 6.1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 6.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade segundo a OMS para uso dos contraceptivos hormonais em portadoras de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="10%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">CONDI&#199;&#195;O</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">AHCO PATCH ANEL</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">INJET&#193;VEL COMBINADO</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">POP</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">INJET&#193;VEL DMPG</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">IMPLANTE SUBD&#201;RMICO</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">DIUH</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>TABAGISMO</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 15 CIGARROS/DIA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8805; 15 CIGARROS/DIA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#DCDCE5">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>M&#218;LTIPLOS FATORES DE RISCO PARA DCV</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">3/4</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">3/4</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#DCDCE5">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">e.x. idade avan&#231;ada, tabagismo, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemias</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>HIPERTENS&#195;O</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o/press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o pode ser avaliada (inclui hipertens&#227;o gestacional)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o arterial controlada <break/>Quando a press&#227;o arterial pode ser avaliada</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o arterial elevada</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">- PAS 140-159 mmHg ou PAD 90-99 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">- PAS &gt; 160 ou PAD &gt; 100 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#DCDCE5">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>DOEN&#199;A VASCULAR</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">TVP / EP</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hist&#243;ria de TVP/EP</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">TEV/EP aguda</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">TEV/EP em terapia anticoagulante</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Cirurgia de grande porte com imobiliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#DCDCE5">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>MUTA&#199;&#213;ES TROMBOG&#202;NICAS RECONHECIDAS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#DCDCE5">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Fator V Leiden, muta&#231;&#227;o da protrombina, prote&#237;na S, prote&#237;na C e defici&#234;ncia antitrombina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>DOEN&#199;A ISQU&#202;MICA CARD&#205;ACA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">C</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">C</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Atual e hist&#243;ria</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#DCDCE5">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>ACIDENTE VASCULAR CEREBRAL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">C</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">C</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#DCDCE5">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Atual e hist&#243;ria</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <bold>DOEN&#199;A VALVAR CARD&#205;ACA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Fatores complicadores das valvopatias (hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, risco de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, hist&#243;ria de endocardite infecciosa)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>AHCO: anticoncepcional hormonal combinado oral; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; patch: patch transd&#233;rmico; anel: anel vaginal; POP: p&#237;lulas orais de progesterona; DMPG: depo-medroxiprogesterona; DIUH: dispositivo intrauterino com levonorgestrel; TVP: trombose venosa profunda; EP: embolia pulmonar; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; TEV: tromboembolismo venoso; C: uso cont&#237;nuo; Categoria 1: Condi&#231;&#227;o sem restri&#231;&#227;o ao uso do m&#233;todo; Categoria 2: Condi&#231;&#227;o em que as vantagens superam as desvantagens do uso do m&#233;todo; Categoria 3: Condi&#231;&#227;o em que os riscos superam as vantagens do m&#233;todo; Categoria 4: Condi&#231;&#227;o com inaceit&#225;vel risco &#224; sa&#250;de pelo uso do m&#233;todo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3.4. Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular Tardia e Uso de Contraceptivos Hormonais</title>
          <p>O estudo prospectivo de 11,8 anos que incluiu 161.017 mulheres mostrou que o hist&#243;rico de uso dos AHCO, independentemente dos FR tradicionais, foi associado a menor risco de morte por todas as causas e de incid&#234;ncia de eventos CV tardios, como doen&#231;a coronariana, IM, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e FA, ap&#243;s ajuste para idade (todos com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica p&lt;0,05).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Admite-se que o tratamento com os AHCO dos dist&#250;rbios reprodutivos na idade f&#233;rtil exerce efeito protetor do sistema CV. Essa concep&#231;&#227;o vem ao encontro de diversas evid&#234;ncias que mostram que ciclos anovulat&#243;rios causados por hipoestrogenismo e disfun&#231;&#227;o hipotal&#226;mica aumentam o risco de aterosclerose coronariana e eventos CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B215">215</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.4. S&#237;ndrome do Ov&#225;rio Polic&#237;stico</title>
        <p>A infertilidade &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o que acomete 9-18% da popula&#231;&#227;o em idade reprodutiva e &#233; reconhecidamente um FRCV para mulheres na faixa et&#225;ria do climat&#233;rio. Uma de suas causas mais comuns &#233; a SOP que pode causar a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos horm&#244;nios androg&#234;nicos e SM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B216">216</xref></sup> A SOP afeta 6-10% das mulheres em idade reprodutiva globalmente e &#233; definida como a presen&#231;a de dois dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: excesso de androg&#234;nios, presen&#231;a de cistos ovarianos e oligoanovula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B217">217</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As mulheres portadoras de SOP t&#234;m risco aumentado de dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos reconhecidamente relacionados &#224; aterosclerose e DCV, como obesidade, HAS, intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, DLP e apneia obstrutiva do sono. A DLP &#233; a anormalidade metab&#243;lica mais frequente na SOP e, em geral, apresenta-se com baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-c e altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de TG, podendo tamb&#233;m cursar com aumento do LDL-c.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os mecanismos biol&#243;gicos que ligam a SOP ao aumento do RCV s&#227;o multifatoriais. A resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, altamente prevalente em mulheres com SOP, tanto magras quanto obesas, aumenta a lip&#243;lise do tecido adiposo, levando a DLP e vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o, que &#233; mediada pela redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de NO no endot&#233;lio vascular. A hiperinsulinemia pode levar &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica com consequente aumento da reten&#231;&#227;o renal de &#225;gua e da PA, enquanto os defeitos na secre&#231;&#227;o e na a&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica da insulina contribuem para um risco aumentado de DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o de SOP com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica j&#225; foi demonstrada em 2014 no estudo CARDIA (<italic>Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults</italic>)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B220">220</xref></sup> que avaliou a presen&#231;a de hiperandrogenismo e anovula&#231;&#227;o e correlacionou com o desenvolvimento de calcifica&#231;&#245;es de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e aumento da EMI carot&#237;dea, classificando essas mulheres como portadoras de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica subcl&#237;nica (OR 2,70; IC 95%, 1,31-5,60).</p>
        <p>Em uma meta-an&#225;lise mais recente com 10 estudos e 166.682 mulheres inclu&#237;das, houve um aumento do risco de IM, DIC e AVC (OR 1,66; IC 95%, 1,32-2,08), mas n&#227;o de mortalidade CV ou por todas as causas nas pacientes portadoras de SOP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B221">221</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Uma meta-an&#225;lise de 32 estudos mostrou que mulheres com SOP tiveram risco 1,3 vez maior de desenvolver um composto de DCV e esse risco aumentado foi mantido quando avaliados DIC e AVC em separado, mas, novamente, n&#227;o se comprovou aumento da mortalidade CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B222">222</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para mulheres que se encontram no climat&#233;rio, &#233; necess&#225;rio que seus m&#233;dicos conhe&#231;am seu passado de fertilidade, porque a presen&#231;a de SOP pode modificar seu RCV. Esse dado deve constar na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos FRCV, assim como os antecedentes obst&#233;tricos, menopausa precoce, depress&#227;o, doen&#231;as autoimunes, entre outros FR emergentes para uma determina&#231;&#227;o de risco precisa e individualizada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.5. Uso de Testosterona em Mulheres</title>
        <p>Testosterona &#233; um importante esteroide sexual que atua de forma direta como andr&#243;geno ou indireta como precursor de estrog&#234;nio em mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B223">223</xref></sup> As DCV s&#227;o a principal causa de morte no mundo e, embora mulheres sejam menos afetadas que homens durante a fase reprodutiva, o RCV aumenta na fase de TM devido &#224; perda da prote&#231;&#227;o dos estrog&#234;nios ovarianos e circula&#231;&#227;o de andr&#243;genos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B224">224</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ainda &#233; inconclusivo se o uso de testosterona ex&#243;gena traz risco ou dano de DCV em mulheres, pois n&#227;o foram realizados ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados direcionados para avaliar esses efeitos. Dados observacionais em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; testosterona end&#243;gena e morbimortalidade em mulheres por DCV s&#227;o inconsistentes, sendo alguns positivos, outros negativos e outros sem associa&#231;&#227;o, talvez por diferen&#231;as entre os desenhos dos estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref></sup> At&#233; recentemente, o uso de androg&#234;nios em mulheres vem sendo considerado com ceticismo. O hiperandrogenismo &#233; t&#237;pico de mulheres com hirsutismo e SOP, sendo associado a RCV aumentado e dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos.</p>
        <p>No <italic>Women's Health Study,</italic> observou-se que um alto &#237;ndice de androg&#234;nios livres estava relacionado a aumento do risco de DIC em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa, embora essa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o fosse independente de outros FRCV. Tamb&#233;m no <italic>Cardiovascular Health Study</italic>, encontrou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o de altos n&#237;veis de testosterona com risco de DAC. No entanto, um estado hipoandrog&#234;nico tamb&#233;m &#233; prejudicial &#224; sa&#250;de CV. Baixos n&#237;veis de androg&#234;nios est&#227;o associados a aterosclerose e DAC, al&#233;m de dano em parede arterial em idosos de ambos os sexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref></sup> Foi proposto que n&#237;vel baixo de testosterona s&#233;rica em mulheres &#233; prejudicial &#224; sa&#250;de CV, dado que a testosterona em concentra&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas tem efeitos favor&#225;veis sobre t&#244;nus vasomotor, fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227">227</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Um subestudo do Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE), estudo (Sex Hormones in Older Women), realizado em mulheres australianas com idade m&#237;nima de 70 anos e que n&#227;o usavam nenhum tipo de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal ou esteroide, comparou concentra&#231;&#245;es mais baixas de horm&#244;nios sexuais <italic>versus</italic> mais altas e avaliou como desfechos prim&#225;rios os eventos CV adversos maiores e mortalidade por todas as causas. N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de testosterona e DHEA acima do quartil mais baixo em mulheres mais velhas foram associados a um risco reduzido de um primeiro evento CV adverso maior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B228">228</xref></sup> Lopez <italic>et al.</italic>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B229">229</xref></sup> em estudo observacional, avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o de terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de testosterona e desfechos CV em mulheres cisg&#234;nero e popula&#231;&#227;o transg&#234;nero, al&#233;m de determinar se essa associa&#231;&#227;o varia com o <italic>status</italic> da menopausa. Nesse estudo, o uso de terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de testosterona aumentou o risco de DCV, DAC e AVC entre mulheres cisg&#234;nero, mas n&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o transg&#234;nero do estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B229">229</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Atualmente, apenas uma indica&#231;&#227;o para suplementa&#231;&#227;o de testosterona &#233; baseada em evid&#234;ncias: tratamento do transtorno do desejo sexual hipoativo em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa. Nesse cen&#225;rio, n&#227;o deve-se utilizar via oral por estar associada a efeitos adversos do metabolismo lip&#237;dico, devendo a dose prescrita resultar em n&#237;veis fisiol&#243;gicos de testosterona sangu&#237;nea pr&#243;ximos aos da pr&#233;-menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227">227</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de testosterona n&#227;o est&#225; indicada e nem deve ser usada para a melhora de sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica ou musculoesquel&#233;tica, SVM ou altera&#231;&#245;es de humor, pois n&#227;o temos evid&#234;ncias para seu uso em mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa. Nas mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa, a reposi&#231;&#227;o de testosterona dentro dos n&#237;veis fisiol&#243;gicos pode melhorar o bem-estar geral, mas os dados s&#227;o ainda inconclusivos e n&#227;o temos estudos suficientes sobre o impacto dos andr&#243;genos na sa&#250;de CV em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa, nem se podem ser utilizados para tratamento CV. Ainda temos uma grande lacuna do conhecimento cient&#237;fico em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de testosterona, necessitando estudos robustos randomizados e com avalia&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para os grupos populacionais nos diversos cen&#225;rios atuais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.6. Terapia Hormonal e Transexualidade</title>
        <p>Transg&#234;nero ou incongru&#234;ncia de g&#234;nero descreve situac&#227;o onde o g&#234;nero individual difere do sexo atribu&#237;do ao nascimento. Cerca de 0,6-1,1% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial e 2,7% dos adolescentes s&#227;o transg&#234;nero. A disforia de g&#234;nero seria o desconforto entre identidade de g&#234;nero e seu sexo registrado ao nascimento. A identidade de g&#234;nero seria o cuidado afirmativo, podendo incluir terapia hormonal para afirma&#231;&#227;o de g&#234;nero (THAG) e cirurgias, al&#233;m de outros procedimentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B230">230</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A OMS reclassifica a incongru&#234;ncia de g&#234;nero do cap&#237;tulo de sa&#250;de mental para um novo e estabelecido "cap&#237;tulo de sa&#250;de sexual", refletindo a compreens&#227;o atual de identidade de g&#234;nero. Essa reclassifica&#231;&#227;o visa diminuir estigma e facilitar cuidados de sa&#250;de afirmativos de g&#234;nero.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B231">231</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A THAG ajuda a melhorar a disforia de g&#234;nero e promover bem-estar. &#201; dif&#237;cil avaliar os efeitos CV desses tratamentos devido &#224; variabilidade de esquemas hormonais, escassez de estudos longitudinais centrados nos resultados CV e fatores de confus&#227;o que sabidamente aumentam RCV nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, como estresse psicol&#243;gico, tabagismo, abuso de &#225;lcool, infec&#231;&#227;o por HIV, discrimina&#231;&#227;o, pobreza, sendo alguns pass&#237;veis de interven&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o existe consenso sobre a comparabilidade do RCV entre um indiv&#237;duo transg&#234;nero e um cisg&#234;nero; ademais, devemos buscar problemas m&#233;dicos anteriores &#224; THAG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B232">232</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Interven&#231;&#245;es afirmativas de g&#234;nero incluem supress&#227;o da puberdade, hormonioterapia e cirurgia afirmativa de g&#234;nero. Neste cap&#237;tulo vamos nos ater &#224; THAG e seus efeitos sobre FRCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B233">233</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.6.1. Terapia Hormonal para Afirma&#231;&#227;o de G&#234;nero</title>
          <p>Terapia hormonal em indiv&#237;duo transg&#234;nero visa diminuir n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nios end&#243;genos e manter n&#237;veis hormonais compat&#237;veis com aqueles do g&#234;nero oposto, principalmente para obten&#231;&#227;o de caracteres sexuais secund&#225;rios do g&#234;nero desejado, amenizando os do sexo biol&#243;gico. Essas mudan&#231;as visam proporcionar bem-estar f&#237;sico, mental e emocional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B234">234</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 6.2</xref>, encontramos os principais horm&#244;nios envolvidos na THAG, efeitos desejados e adversos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 6.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Principais horm&#244;nios envolvidos na terapia hormonal para afirma&#231;&#227;o de g&#234;nero, efeitos desejados e adversos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">HORM&#212;NIO</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">VIA DE USO</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">DOSE</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">EFEITOS DESEJADOS</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">EFEITOS ADVERSOS GERAIS</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                    <bold>MULHER TRANSG&#202;NERO</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Valerato de estradiol</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Oral</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2-6 mg/dia</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Horm&#244;nio adequado para as mudan&#231;as: suprime gonadotrofinas e, consequentemente, produ&#231;&#227;o dos andr&#243;genos <break/>Essas mudan&#231;as podem ser definitivas e devem ser esclarecidas com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fertilidade</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Terapia com estrog&#234;nios em geral: <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo hep&#225;tico</p></list-item><list-item><p>Altera&#231;&#245;es no colesterol t&#234;m resultados conflitantes</p></list-item><list-item><p>Aumento de triglic&#233;rides</p></list-item><list-item><p>Redu&#231;&#227;o de homociste&#237;na s&#233;rica</p></list-item><list-item><p>Estado protromb&#243;tico dependente da dose e via de administra&#231;&#227;o</p></list-item><list-item><p>Maior incid&#234;ncia de IM vs. mulheres cis</p></list-item><list-item><p>Maior incid&#234;ncia de IM vs. homens cis</p></list-item><list-item><p>Maior incid&#234;ncia de TEV vs. mulheres e homens cis</p></list-item></list> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" style="background-color:#C7DFEC" valign="middle">Estradiol</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#C7DFEC" valign="middle">Transd&#233;rmico</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#C7DFEC" valign="middle">0,025-0,2 mg/dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Estradiol (valerado ou cipionato)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Parenteral</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2-10 mg intramuscular/semana</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#D0D0DC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                    <bold>ANTIANDROG&#202;NIOS</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Espironolactona</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Oral</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">100-300 mg/dia</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#D0D0DC" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4" style="background-color:#D0D0DC" valign="middle">Efeito antimineralocorticoide, podendo alterar n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos <break/>Em doses altas: potencial aumento de meningiomas; depress&#227;o e hiperprolactinemia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#D0D0DC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Acetato de ciproterona</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Oral</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">25 mg/dia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Triptorrelina</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Subcut&#226;neo</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3,75 mg/m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#D0D0DC" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#D0D0DC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Finasterida</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Oral</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                    <bold>HOMENS TRANSG&#202;NEROS</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Testosterona cipionato ou enantato</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Parenteral</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">100-200 mg a cada 4 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4" valign="middle">Terapia com testosterona no geral: <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Altera&#231;&#245;es adversas no metabolismo de colesterol: aumento de LDL, redu&#231;&#227;o de HDL e leve aumento de triglic&#233;rides</p></list-item><list-item><p>Aumento de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina</p></list-item></list> <break/>Aumento da homociste&#237;na s&#233;rica <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Aumento da espessura mediointimal com uso continuado</p></list-item><list-item><p>Apesar dos efeitos adversos descritos, n&#227;o parece aumentar desfecho CV em homens trans na maioria das s&#233;ries.</p></list-item></list> <break/>Entretanto, alguns estudos demonstram aumento de IM em homens trans vs. g&#234;neros cis no geral</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" style="background-color:#C7DFEC" valign="middle">Testosterona decanoato</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#C7DFEC" valign="middle">Parenteral</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#C7DFEC" valign="middle">1000 mg a cada 12 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Testosterona gel 1,6%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Transd&#233;rmico</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">50-100 mg/dia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" style="background-color:#C7DFEC" valign="middle">Testosterona Patch</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#C7DFEC" valign="middle">Transd&#233;rmico</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#C7DFEC" valign="middle">25-75 mg/dia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; CV: cardiovascular; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; TEV: tromboembolismo venoso.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <sec>
            <title>A &#8211; Terapia transexual feminina com estrog&#234;nios</title>
            <p>O estradiol &#233; o horm&#244;nio adequado para as mudan&#231;as, suprimindo gonadotrofinas e, consequentemente, a produ&#231;&#227;o dos andr&#243;genos. Essas mudan&#231;as podem ser definitivas e devem ser esclarecidas com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fertilidade.</p>
            <p>Etinilestradiol &#233; um estrog&#234;nio sint&#233;tico que foi amplamente utilizado. Entretanto, devido ao seu potencial pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico e o seu poss&#237;vel papel na DCV, a maioria dos esquemas atuais usa o valerato de estradiol oral, cut&#226;neo ou intramuscular. Faltam estudos que comparem a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia a longo prazo entre as diferentes formula&#231;&#245;es de estradiol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B230">230</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>B &#8211; Terapia de supress&#227;o de andr&#243;genos</title>
            <p>Espironolactona reduz a s&#237;ntese de testosterona e sua a&#231;&#227;o no receptor androg&#234;nico. Agonistas liberadores de gonadotrofinas, como triptorrelina e acetato de ciproterona, bloqueiam os receptores de androg&#234;nio. Finasterida melhora a alopecia androgen&#233;tica em mulheres transg&#234;nero.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B236">236</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>C &#8211; Terapia transexual masculina com testosteronas</title>
            <p>O principal tratamento hormonal &#233; a testosterona, com objetivo de parar a menstrua&#231;&#227;o e induzir viriliza&#231;&#227;o, altera&#231;&#227;o de voz e aquisi&#231;&#227;o de contornos f&#237;sicos masculinos. Essas mudan&#231;as podem ser definitivas e devem ser esclarecidas com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fertilidade. Deve-se monitorizar peso, n&#237;veis de PA e valor do hemat&#243;crito, pois eritrocitose pode ocorrer com o uso de alguns tipos de testosterona.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B231">231</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B237">237</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.6.2. Transexualidade e Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular</title>
          <p>Em toda a literatura referente a indiv&#237;duos transg&#234;nero e RCV, observa-se preocupa&#231;&#227;o com os FR confundidores presentes em quase 50% dessa popula&#231;&#227;o: tabagismo, estresse, altera&#231;&#245;es do sono e, especialmente, os determinantes psicossociais. Temos de salientar que, muitas vezes, a THAG se inicia na adolesc&#234;ncia, aumentando o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o aos horm&#244;nios e FR psicossociais nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Assim, n&#227;o s&#243; o cardiologista, mas toda a equipe multidisciplinar envolvida nesses cen&#225;rios deve procurar abordar e intervir positivamente nesses pilares da sa&#250;de CV que s&#227;o formados de vari&#225;veis qualitativas de dif&#237;cil an&#225;lise e avalia&#231;&#227;o de impacto, mas de grande import&#226;ncia. As lacunas do conhecimento nesse tema s&#227;o amplas, necessitando futuras pesquisas bem conduzidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181">181</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B231">231</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es Atuais para Terapia Hormonal da Menopausa</title>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos, estudos longitudinais com mulheres na transi&#231;&#227;o para a menopausa enfatizaram o aumento do risco de DCV nesse per&#237;odo. Esse aumento do risco decorre de altera&#231;&#245;es end&#243;genas dos horm&#244;nios sexuais e mudan&#231;as desfavor&#225;veis na distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal, lip&#237;dios e lipoprote&#237;nas, bem como nas medidas funcionais da sa&#250;de vascular na TM, descritas nos cap&#237;tulos anteriores. Esses dados enfatizam a import&#226;ncia da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o para se intervir na sa&#250;de CV das mulheres na TM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por esses motivos, a partir do final da d&#233;cada de 1980, houve uma mudan&#231;a da prescri&#231;&#227;o de terapia de estrog&#234;nio de curto prazo para os sintomas das mulheres na TM, optando-se pela prescri&#231;&#227;o de longo prazo (mais de 5 anos) para preven&#231;&#227;o de DCV, especialmente DAC. Essa estrat&#233;gia de preven&#231;&#227;o foi baseada em mais de 30 estudos observacionais, quase todos demonstrando um efeito protetor do estrog&#234;nio em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref></sup> Al&#233;m dos dados observacionais, estudos angiogr&#225;ficos e de aut&#243;psia sugeriram um efeito antiaterog&#234;nico do estrog&#234;nio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B239">239</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B240">240</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora os estudos observacionais iniciais sugerissem benef&#237;cios da THM para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria da DCV, isso n&#227;o foi confirmado em grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos subsequentes. O estudo WHI foi um conjunto de ensaios cl&#237;nicos, incluindo dois ensaios de terapia com estrog&#234;nio, em mulheres saud&#225;veis na p&#243;s-menopausa com idades entre 50 anos e 79 anos. Um dos ensaios que testou o regime combinado cont&#237;nuo de estrog&#234;nio-progestag&#234;nio [estrog&#234;nio conjugado 0,625 mg e acetato de medroxiprogesterona 2,5 mg/dia] <italic>versus</italic> placebo em mais de 16 mil mulheres foi descontinuado devido a um risco aumentado de c&#226;ncer de mama, AVC, DAC e TEV durante um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 5,2 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Outro estudo com estrog&#234;nio conjugado 0,625 mg <italic>versus</italic> placebo em cerca de 11 mil mulheres submetidas a histerectomia tamb&#233;m foi descontinuado, devido a risco aumentado de AVC e aus&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cio para a sa&#250;de CV das mulheres na menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B241">241</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Fatores incluindo a idade avan&#231;ada dos participantes da popula&#231;&#227;o do WHI, bem como o tipo de estrog&#234;nio, a via de administra&#231;&#227;o e a dose empregada foram hip&#243;teses elencadas para explicar os resultados discordantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B242">242</xref></sup> Outros fatores propostos para os resultados adversos observados foram IMC elevado, comorbidades associadas, como diabetes, hist&#243;ria familiar e tabagismo, e o tempo de TM at&#233; o in&#237;cio da THM. Estudos subsequentes demonstraram que o risco absoluto de qualquer evento adverso (c&#226;ncer de mama, DAC, AVC ou TEV) foi baixo, 19 eventos adicionais por ano por 10 mil mulheres em uso de THM <italic>versus</italic> placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B243">243</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sabidamente, o estrog&#234;nio &#233; o tratamento mais eficaz dispon&#237;vel para o al&#237;vio dos sintomas da menopausa, principalmente os SVM. A THM, estrog&#234;nio isolado ou combinado com progestag&#234;nio, &#233; atualmente indicada para o tratamento dos sintomas da menopausa. O uso a longo prazo para preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as n&#227;o &#233; mais recomendado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B244">244</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dados de um modelo de primata, estudos observacionais em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa, meta-an&#225;lise de ensaios cl&#237;nicos, estudo de angiografia coronariana e an&#225;lises secund&#225;rias do WHI sugerem que o momento da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; THM &#233; um fator importante na influ&#234;ncia do RCV subsequente. O uso de THM nos primeiros anos da menopausa n&#227;o parece estar associado a um aumento do risco de DCV quando comparado ao de mulheres mais velhas na p&#243;s-menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref></sup> A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo WHI era mais velha (m&#233;dia de idade, 63 anos) do que a da maioria dos estudos observacionais. A idade mais avan&#231;ada no momento do in&#237;cio da THM poderia estar associada com mais aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica no in&#237;cio do estudo, com les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas avan&#231;adas ou complexas que podem ser mais suscet&#237;veis aos efeitos pr&#243;-tromb&#243;ticos e pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios do estrog&#234;nio, em especial quando utilizado pela via oral. Em contraste, iniciar a THM logo ap&#243;s a menopausa pode n&#227;o causar danos (ou possivelmente ser ben&#233;fico).</p>
      <p>Uma meta-an&#225;lise de 19 ensaios de THM oral (incluindo o WHI) com mais de 40 mil mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa, com an&#225;lises de subgrupos em mulheres que iniciaram a THM menos de 10 anos ap&#243;s a menopausa, reportou menor risco de DAC e mortalidade por DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B245">245</xref></sup> Uma meta-an&#225;lise de ensaios semelhantes de 2017 concluiu que os riscos do uso prolongado da THM para preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas superavam quaisquer benef&#237;cios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B246">246</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Devido ao aumento da expectativa de vida das mulheres, estima-se que 40% do seu tempo de vida transcorrer&#225; no per&#237;odo da p&#243;s-menopausa. Considerando-se que:</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Os SVM est&#227;o associados a pior perfil cardiometab&#243;lico e medidas de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Os dist&#250;rbios do sono s&#227;o uma queixa comum durante a TM e est&#227;o associados a um maior risco de DCV subcl&#237;nica e piores &#237;ndices de sa&#250;de CV.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A depress&#227;o ocorre com maior frequ&#234;ncia durante os anos de perimenopausa e p&#243;s-menopausa e est&#225; relacionada com SVM e ocorr&#234;ncia de DCV.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>O aumento da adiposidade central que ocorre na TM est&#225; associado a risco aumentado de mortalidade, mesmo entre aqueles com IMC normal.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Os aumentos de lip&#237;dios (LDL-c e apolipoprote&#237;na B), o risco de SM e o remodelamento o vascular s&#227;o impulsionados mais pela TM do que pelo envelhecimento.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de maior risco de fraturas por perda de massa &#243;ssea associada &#224; TM.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>A SBC, a FEBRASGO e a SOBRAC recomendam a <bold>FAVOR</bold> da ado&#231;&#227;o da THM para as mulheres climat&#233;ricas sintom&#225;ticas sem contraindica&#231;&#245;es. (<bold>For&#231;a da recomenda&#231;&#227;o a FAVOR. Recomenda&#231;&#227;o FORTE. N&#237;vel de certeza ALTO</bold>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B242">242</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B247">247</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B254">254</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Essa terapia consiste na administra&#231;&#227;o de horm&#244;nios sexuais que devem ser individualizados de acordo com os riscos e benef&#237;cios de cada mulher. As v&#225;rias formula&#231;&#245;es, doses e vias de administra&#231;&#227;o de THM t&#234;m alta efic&#225;cia no al&#237;vio de sintomas do climat&#233;rio e foram discutidas nos cap&#237;tulos anteriores. (<bold>For&#231;a da recomenda&#231;&#227;o a FAVOR. Recomenda&#231;&#227;o FORTE. N&#237;vel de certeza ALTO</bold>). N&#227;o h&#225; idade ou dura&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima pr&#233;-estabelecida para uso da THM, devendo a decis&#227;o de continuar ou interromper a THM ser baseada na manuten&#231;&#227;o das indica&#231;&#245;es e na aus&#234;ncia de mudan&#231;as de riscos. (<bold>For&#231;a da recomenda&#231;&#227;o a FAVOR. Recomenda&#231;&#227;o FORTE. N&#237;vel de certeza MODERADO</bold>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B244">244</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B247">247</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B255">255</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B259">259</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de THM sist&#234;mica &#233; o tratamento dos SVM, sendo essa terapia a mais efetiva e considerada padr&#227;o-ouro para al&#237;vio desses sintomas. A terapia estrog&#234;nica vaginal isolada &#233; efetiva somente para tratar os sintomas da s&#237;ndrome geniturin&#225;ria. A THM tamb&#233;m est&#225; indicada para preven&#231;&#227;o de perda de massa &#243;ssea e redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de fraturas. Para mulheres com IOP, a THM deve ser usada no m&#237;nimo at&#233; pr&#243;ximo aos 50 anos, idade m&#233;dia de ocorr&#234;ncia da menopausa. (<bold>For&#231;a da recomenda&#231;&#227;o a FAVOR. Recomenda&#231;&#227;o FORTE. N&#237;vel de certeza ALTO</bold>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143">143</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B260">260</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B273">273</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A literatura que apoia um papel cr&#237;tico para o tempo de in&#237;cio do uso de THM antes dos 60 anos de idade ou dentro de 10 anos ap&#243;s a menopausa, parece ser associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de DCV. As evid&#234;ncias sugerem que os efeitos da THM na progress&#227;o de eventos de aterosclerose e DCV variam de acordo com a idade quando a THM &#233; iniciada ou o tempo desde a menopausa at&#233; o in&#237;cio da THM. Os efeitos ben&#233;ficos nos resultados de DCV e mortalidade por todas as causas podem ocorrer quando a THM &#233; iniciada em mulheres &lt; 60 anos de idade ou &lt; 10 anos desde a menopausa, por&#233;m podem ocorrer efeitos nulos ou prejudiciais quando a THM &#233; iniciada em idades mais avan&#231;adas ou ap&#243;s maior tempo desde a menopausa.</p>
      <p>Numerosos estudos observacionais antes de 1991, que preconizavam o uso de THM pr&#243;ximo ao in&#237;cio da menopausa, reportaram redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de DAC em usu&#225;rias de THM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B273">273</xref></sup> An&#225;lise dos estudos observacionais prospectivos relatou um RR de eventos de DAC de 0,50 (IC 95%, 0,43-0,56).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> An&#225;lises do <italic>Nurses&#8217; Health Study,</italic> com mulheres de 30-55 anos de idade no in&#237;cio do estudo, mostraram menor risco de mortalidade entre as usu&#225;rias atuais em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas que nunca usaram THM (RR, 0,63; IC 95%, 0,56-0,70), sendo a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade maior naquelas com maior risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B274">274</xref></sup> Estudos caso-controle e transversais tamb&#233;m mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade em mulheres em THM com DAC definida angiograficamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B273">273</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B275">275</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B277">277</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A THM deve ser iniciada na "janela de oportunidade", isso &#233;, nos primeiros 10 anos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da menopausa e/ou antes dos 60 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn7">**</xref> A decis&#227;o de iniciar a THM, a dose utilizada, o regime e a dura&#231;&#227;o do seu uso devem ser feitos de forma individualizada ap&#243;s discutir os benef&#237;cios e riscos com cada paciente e ap&#243;s fornecer &#224; paciente folheto informativo do produto selecionado. Isso deve ser considerado no contexto dos benef&#237;cios globais obtidos com o uso de THM, incluindo controle de sintomas e melhora da qualidade de vida, bem como considerando os potenciais benef&#237;cios CV e &#243;sseos associados ao uso da THM. (<bold>For&#231;a da recomenda&#231;&#227;o a FAVOR. Recomenda&#231;&#227;o FORTE. N&#237;vel de certeza ALTO</bold>).</p>
      <p>N&#227;o se recomenda o uso combinado de estrog&#234;nio e progestag&#234;nio para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas em pessoas assintom&#225;ticas na p&#243;s-menopausa. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se recomenda o uso de estrog&#234;nio isolado para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas em pessoas na p&#243;s-menopausa submetidas a histerectomia. Os efeitos da THM no risco de DCV variam dependendo do momento em que &#233; iniciada. Em mulheres saud&#225;veis, quando iniciada na janela de oportunidade, pode apresentar efeitos favor&#225;veis no risco de DCV. Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; indica&#231;&#227;o de se iniciar a THM com o objetivo de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria CV nos m&#250;ltiplos cen&#225;rios. Contrariamente, iniciar a THM ap&#243;s os 60 anos de idade ou mais de 10 anos ap&#243;s a menopausa pode elevar o risco absoluto de DAC, TEV e AVC. (<bold>For&#231;a da recomenda&#231;&#227;o a FAVOR. Recomenda&#231;&#227;o FORTE. N&#237;vel de certeza ALTO</bold>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B255">255</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B283">283</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B290">290</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Com a cessa&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ovariana, ocorre grande impacto sobre os FR cardiometab&#243;licos, onde se incluem o aumento da PA, do colesterol, da massa corporal e da glicose plasm&#225;tica. A obesidade est&#225; fortemente relacionada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA em mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B291">291</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B292">292</xref></sup> Na menopausa, em resposta &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA, a mulher apresenta anormalidades mais intensas da microcircula&#231;&#227;o, maior ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e de altera&#231;&#245;es na microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana, bem como de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda conc&#234;ntrica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B291">291</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B292">292</xref></sup> A HAS na mulher &#233; um FR mais forte para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (mais comum em mulheres) e reduzida, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, AVC e decl&#237;nio cognitivo. Na menopausa mais tardia, tamb&#233;m foi observada acelera&#231;&#227;o significativa da rigidez arterial, o que pode contribuir para um risco CV ainda maior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B293">293</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Doses de reposi&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nio t&#234;m pouco efeito sobre a PA. O ensaio combinado de estrog&#234;nio-progestag&#234;nio WHI observou apenas um pequeno aumento (1,5 mmHg) na PA sist&#243;lica em compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, uma diferen&#231;a semelhante entre os grupos em uso de horm&#244;nio e placebo de 1,1 mmHg foi observada no estudo WHI de estrog&#234;nio isolado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B241">241</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, o estudo Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) reportou que o estrog&#234;nio, isolado ou combinado com progestag&#234;nio, n&#227;o afetou a PA. Esses achados contrastam com a eleva&#231;&#227;o frequente da PA observada quando doses mais altas de estrog&#234;nio sint&#233;tico (EE) s&#227;o administradas como contracep&#231;&#227;o oral.291 Mulheres com HAS controlada e SVM moderados a intensos podem utilizar THM por qualquer via, sendo, por&#233;m, prefer&#237;vel a terapia estrog&#234;nica transd&#233;rmica (atrav&#233;s de gel ou adesivos) na presen&#231;a de obesidade, DLP, DM e SM. (<bold>For&#231;a da recomenda&#231;&#227;o a FAVOR. Recomenda&#231;&#227;o FORTE. N&#237;vel de certeza MODERADO</bold>).</p>
      <p>Todas as mulheres na peri- e p&#243;s-menopausa, incluindo aquelas que usam THM devem realizar mamografia de rastreamento peri&#243;dico de acordo com as diretrizes atuais de rastreamento. A FEBRASGO sugere que antes da prescri&#231;&#227;o da THM seja realizada mamografia. Adicionalmente, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de CT e suas fra&#231;&#245;es, TG e glicemia de jejum auxilia na escolha da melhor via de administra&#231;&#227;o da THM. Outros exames complementares podem ser necess&#225;rios a depender dos achados na anamnese e no exame f&#237;sico e dos FR. Al&#233;m disso, mulheres climat&#233;ricas com estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco intermedi&#225;rio para DCV podem necessitar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o complementar para melhor individualizar a THM.179,294</p>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias observacionais sugeriram que poderia haver um efeito protetor da THM sobre as DCV. No entanto, o WHI e outros estudos n&#227;o corroboraram esses achados. A an&#225;lise de 3 ensaios (n = 18.085) n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa em risco de eventos de DAC em pessoas tratadas com estrog&#234;nio associado a progestag&#234;nio em compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo (2,8% <italic>versus</italic> 2,6%; RR, 1,12; IC 95%, 0,94-1,33) durante um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 4 anos. Da mesma forma, uma an&#225;lise agrupada de 3 ensaios (n = 11.310) n&#227;o encontrou nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa em eventos coron&#225;rios entre pessoas que usaram estrog&#234;nio isolado e aquelas que usaram placebo (RR, 0,95; IC 95%, 0,79-1,14) durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de 4,1 anos. O WHI reportou um risco aumentado de AVC com estrog&#234;nio tanto em terapia isolada quanto em terapia combinada com progestag&#234;nio. O risco de AVC foi significativamente maior em pessoas randomizadas para receber estrog&#234;nio associado a progestag&#234;nio em compara&#231;&#227;o com aquelas randomizadas para placebo (1,9% <italic>versus</italic> 1,3%; HR, 1,37; IC 95%, 1,07-1,76). Igualmente, as mulheres que receberam apenas estrog&#234;nio tiveram um risco estatisticamente maior de AVC em compara&#231;&#227;o com aquelas que receberam placebo (3,2% <italic>versus</italic> 2,4%; HR, 1,35; IC 95%, 1,07-1,70). N&#227;o se recomenda a THM sist&#234;mica em mulheres com DCV manifesta, hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de IAM ou AVC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B279">279</xref></sup> (<bold>For&#231;a da recomenda&#231;&#227;o a FAVOR. Recomenda&#231;&#227;o FORTE. N&#237;vel de certeza ALTO</bold>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B283">283</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref></sup> A terapia estrog&#234;nica por via vaginal para o tratamento da s&#237;ndrome geniturin&#225;ria da menopausa pode ser utilizada em pacientes com FRCV conhecidos ou DCV estabelecida e n&#227;o necessita o acr&#233;scimo de progestag&#234;nio naquelas histerectomizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B255">255</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B284">284</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B290">290</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B294">294</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para mulheres com contraindica&#231;&#227;o ou que n&#227;o desejam usar THM, terapias n&#227;o hormonais com efic&#225;cia comprovada<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn8">***</xref> podem melhorar os SVM. (<bold>For&#231;a da recomenda&#231;&#227;o a FAVOR. Recomenda&#231;&#227;o FORTE. N&#237;vel de certeza ALTO</bold>).</p>
      <p>Cinco ensaios relataram risco de tromboembolismo com o uso da THM oral. No WHI (n = 16.608), mulheres randomizadas para receber estrog&#234;nio conjugado combinado com medroxiprogesterona tiveram um risco aumentado de trombose venosa (1,96% versus 0,94%; HR, 2,06; IC 95%, 1,57-2,70), TVP (1,4% versus 0,8%; HR, 1,87; IC 95%, 1,37-2,54) e EP (1,0% versus 0,5%; HR, 1,98; IC 95%, 1,36-2,87) em compara&#231;&#227;o com aquelas no grupo placebo.132,298 Outros estudos relataram poucos eventos tromboemb&#243;licos ou eram consistentes com os resultados do WHI.283,295 No WHI (n = 10.739), mulheres randomizadas para receber apenas estrog&#234;nio tiveram um risco aumentado de TVP (1,6% versus 1,0%; HR, 1,48; IC 95%, 1,06-2,07). O risco de EP foi maior no grupo estrog&#234;nio do que no grupo placebo, mas os resultados n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativos, embora o IC tenha sido amplo (0,98% versus 0,72%; HR, 1,35; IC 95%, 0,89-2,05).132 Para mulheres com hist&#243;rico de TEV, a THM em geral n&#227;o &#233; recomendada, mas, a depender do fator que ocasionou o evento, se a decis&#227;o for pela indica&#231;&#227;o, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da via transd&#233;rmica seria a de menor risco. (<bold>For&#231;a da recomenda&#231;&#227;o a FAVOR. Recomenda&#231;&#227;o FORTE. N&#237;vel de certeza MODERADO</bold>). Doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica descompensada, sangramento de causa desconhecida e l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico com elevado risco tromb&#243;tico tamb&#233;m s&#227;o contraindica&#231;&#245;es com n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia fraca. <bold>(For&#231;a da recomenda&#231;&#227;o a FAVOR. Recomenda&#231;&#227;o FRACA. N&#237;vel de certeza BAIXO</bold>).</p>
      <p>Os ensaios da THM relataram o risco de c&#226;ncer de mama como um dos principais resultados adversos do tratamento. No WHI, foram randomizadas 16.608 mulheres para receber estrog&#234;nio combinado com progestag&#234;nio ou placebo. Houve aumento significativo do risco de c&#226;ncer de mama no grupo que recebeu a THM em compara&#231;&#227;o com aquelas que receberam placebo (2,4% <italic>versus</italic> 1,9%; HR, 1,24; IC 95%, 1,01-1,53),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref></sup> tendo o risco persistido no seguimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B303">303</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B305">305</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m no WHI, durante 20,3 anos de acompanhamento, a estimativa pontual do risco de mortalidade por c&#226;ncer de mama foi maior para pessoas no grupo estrog&#234;nio combinado com medroxiprogesterona do que para aquelas no grupo placebo, embora a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o tenha alcan&#231;ado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (HR, 1,35; IC 95%, 0,94-1,95).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B304">304</xref></sup> Quatro estudos relataram os efeitos do estrog&#234;nio isolado sobre c&#226;ncer de mama; no entanto, apenas o WHI acompanhou as participantes por mais de 3 anos. Com 20,7 anos de seguimento, o WHI relatou um risco menor de c&#226;ncer de mama invasivo no grupo que recebeu estrog&#234;nio isolado em compara&#231;&#227;o com as mulheres que receberam placebo (HR, 0,78; IC 95%, 0,65-0,93).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Ainda no estudo WHI, no acompanhamento de 20,7 anos, o grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o com estrog&#234;nio teve um risco menor de mortalidade por c&#226;ncer de mama do que no grupo placebo (HR, 0,60; 95% IC, 0,37-0,97).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B304">304</xref></sup> O risco de c&#226;ncer de mama associado &#224; THM &#233; baixo, com menos de um caso adicional por 1.000 mulheres por ano de uso. (<bold>For&#231;a da recomenda&#231;&#227;o a FAVOR. Recomenda&#231;&#227;o FORTE. N&#237;vel de certeza ALTO</bold>).</p>
      <p>Em 16.608 mulheres, a THM foi associada com um pequeno aumento no risco de c&#226;ncer de mama com o uso de 0,625 mg/d de estrog&#234;nio equino conjugado mais 2,5 mg/d de acetato de medroxiprogesterona comparado ao placebo (0,38%/ano para estrog&#234;nio equino conjugado mais acetato de medroxiprogesterona <italic>versus</italic> 0,30%/ano para placebo).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em 10.738 mulheres, o tratamento com 0,625 mg/d de estrog&#234;nio equino conjugado isolado n&#227;o mostrou esse desfecho (0,26%/ano para estrog&#234;nio equino conjugado isolado <italic>versus</italic> 0,33%/ano para placebo).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B306">306</xref></sup> S&#227;o contraindica&#231;&#245;es &#224; THM as neoplasias horm&#244;nio-dependentes, como c&#226;ncer de mama, les&#245;es precursoras para c&#226;ncer de mama, c&#226;ncer de endom&#233;trio, antecedente pessoal de DAC e cerebrovascular. (<bold>For&#231;a da recomenda&#231;&#227;o a FAVOR. Recomenda&#231;&#227;o FORTE. N&#237;vel de certeza ALTO</bold>).</p>
      <p>Horm&#244;nios naturais constitu&#237;dos por prepara&#231;&#245;es de estradiol e progesterona micronizada s&#227;o aprovados pela ag&#234;ncia americana FDA e s&#227;o dispon&#237;veis mediante prescri&#231;&#227;o. Em contrapartida, prepara&#231;&#245;es manipuladas de horm&#244;nios bioid&#234;nticos n&#227;o s&#227;o aprovadas por essa ag&#234;ncia reguladora e devem ser evitadas porque n&#227;o foram avaliadas quanto &#224; seguran&#231;a ou efic&#225;cia e n&#227;o s&#227;o monitoradas quanto &#224; qualidade.307 Em 2020, um relat&#243;rio das Academias Nacionais de Ci&#234;ncias, Engenharia e Medicina concluiu que as prepara&#231;&#245;es de horm&#244;nios bioid&#234;nticos manipulados n&#227;o inclu&#237;am rotulagem adequada sobre instru&#231;&#245;es para uso, contraindica&#231;&#245;es e potenciais efeitos adversos e careciam de informa&#231;&#245;es confi&#225;veis sobre os dados para avaliar seguran&#231;a, efic&#225;cia e rela&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade produto a produto.306,307 A maioria das afirma&#231;&#245;es de marketing sobre a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia de prepara&#231;&#245;es manipuladas de horm&#244;nios bioid&#234;nticos n&#227;o &#233; embasada em estudos devidamente controlados. O uso de prepara&#231;&#245;es de horm&#244;nios bioid&#234;nticos (por exemplo, desidroepiandrosterona, estradiol, cipionato de estradiol, estriol, estrona, pregnenolona, progesterona, testosterona, testosterona cipionato e propionato de testosterona) deve ser restrito a pessoas com alergia documentada a ingredientes farmac&#234;uticos ativos ou excipientes de medicamentos aprovados pelas ag&#234;ncias reguladoras. As pacientes devem ser informadas sobre os riscos inerentes &#224; falta de regulamenta&#231;&#227;o para prepara&#231;&#245;es manipuladas de horm&#244;nios bioid&#234;nticos. Os implantes hormonais manipulados ou outros horm&#244;nios "bioid&#234;nticos" "manipulados" e a chamada "modula&#231;&#227;o hormonal" n&#227;o s&#227;o recomendados pela falta de evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a desses compostos.306,307 A SBC, a FEBRASGO e a SOBRAC <bold>posicionam-se CONTRA a ado&#231;&#227;o dessas terapias. Recomenda&#231;&#227;o FORTE. N&#237;vel de certeza MUITO BAIXO</bold>.</p>
      <p>As pacientes devem ser informadas que acupuntura, terapia de relaxamento, fitoestr&#243;genos, exerc&#237;cios e <italic>black cohosh</italic> n&#227;o s&#227;o significativamente melhores que placebo para aliviar os SVM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B308">308</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B311">311</xref></sup> Em ensaios cl&#237;nicos de terapias para tratar SVM, at&#233; 50% dos participantes responderam ao placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B312">312</xref></sup> Portanto, um controle com grupo placebo &#233; necess&#225;rio para avaliar a efic&#225;cia de potenciais tratamentos para SVM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B306">306</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Aumento absoluto no risco associado &#224; THM s&#227;o menores para mulheres que come&#231;am o tratamento pr&#243;ximo ao in&#237;cio da menopausa. Maior seguran&#231;a das prepara&#231;&#245;es transd&#233;rmicas de estradiol em rela&#231;&#227;o a estrog&#234;nio equino conjugado combinado com acetato de medroxiprogesterona via oral (em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco de AVC ou DAC) &#233; sugerida por grandes estudos observacionais, n&#227;o existindo ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, controlados e multic&#234;ntricos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B306">306</xref></sup> Importante ressaltar que s&#227;o necess&#225;rios novos ensaios cl&#237;nicos que abordem quest&#245;es ainda n&#227;o respondidas, como por exemplo: a idade ou o momento de in&#237;cio da THM afeta diferentemente os resultados de sa&#250;de?; os benef&#237;cios e malef&#237;cios da THM podem variar entre grupos populacionais, raciais e &#233;tnicos?; as barreiras socioecon&#244;micas que implicam em maior risco de certas condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas (DM, AVC, DAC cr&#244;nica) alteram os resultados da THM?; h&#225; benef&#237;cios e malef&#237;cios comparativos de diferentes formula&#231;&#245;es e dura&#231;&#245;es do tratamento da THM?<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B255">255</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais para a THM s&#227;o sumarizadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figura 7.1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f18">
        <label>Figura 7.1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>(continua&#231;&#227;o) &#8211; Recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais para a terapia hormonal da menopausa. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; FEBRASGO: Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; SBC: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia; SOBRAC: Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Climat&#233;rio; SVM: sintomas vasomotores; TEV: tromboelismo venoso; THM: terapia hormonal da menopausa.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf18.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8. Evid&#234;ncias Contempor&#226;neas da Terapia Hormonal em Mulheres</title>
      <sec>
        <title>8.1. O que Deve Ser Utilizado: Tipos, Doses e Vias de Administra&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A THM consiste na administra&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica de esteroides sexuais, especialmente estrog&#234;nios e progestag&#234;nios, a mulheres na TM ou na p&#243;s-menopausa com a finalidade de aliviar sintomas ou prevenir problemas de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A <italic>International Menopause Society</italic> (IMS) alerta para que se evite o termo "efeito de classe", haja vista o grande n&#250;mero de possibilidades devido a diferentes horm&#244;nios, vias de administra&#231;&#227;o, doses e regimes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O esteroide mais importante na THM &#233; o estrog&#234;nio, por ser o respons&#225;vel pelo al&#237;vio dos sintomas climat&#233;ricos e pela prote&#231;&#227;o contra a osteoporose. O papel do progestag&#234;nio &#233; impedir a prolifera&#231;&#227;o endometrial propiciada pelo estrog&#234;nio, evitando assim o aumento do risco de c&#226;ncer de endom&#233;trio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os estrog&#234;nios mais empregados em THM s&#227;o o estradiol, id&#234;ntico ao end&#243;geno do ponto de vista molecular, e os estrog&#234;nios conjugados. O estradiol est&#225; dispon&#237;vel sob a forma de 17-beta-estradiol ou como valerato de estradiol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B314">314</xref></sup> Outra formula&#231;&#227;o utilizada na THM &#233; a tibolona, um progestag&#234;nio sint&#233;tico, apesar de seus metab&#243;litos apresentarem a&#231;&#245;es estrog&#234;nica, androg&#234;nica e progestacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B315">315</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Quanto aos progestag&#234;nios, os mais frequentemente empregados s&#227;o os sint&#233;ticos: noretisterona, didrogesterona, drospirenona, acetato de nomegestrol, acetato de medroxiprogesterona, progesterona micronizada (id&#234;ntica &#224; progesterona natural), entre outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Quando se considera a via de administra&#231;&#227;o da THM, a quest&#227;o central refere-se ao estrog&#234;nio, podendo a via ser oral, transd&#233;rmica ou vaginal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup> A via vaginal destina-se a efeitos locais no sistema genital, sem efeitos sist&#234;micos significativos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B316">316</xref></sup> enquanto as vias oral e transd&#233;rmica conferem efeitos sist&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ao ser absorvido pelo tubo digestivo, o estrog&#234;nio vai ao f&#237;gado pelo sistema porta, exercendo efeitos na s&#237;ntese proteica hep&#225;tica (por exemplo, dos fatores de coagula&#231;&#227;o) e, apenas ap&#243;s essa passagem hep&#225;tica, finalmente chega &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica. Quando o estrog&#234;nio &#233; administrado por via transd&#233;rmica, &#233; distribu&#237;do para a circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica t&#227;o logo absorvido, chegando ao f&#237;gado apenas posteriormente. Por isso, a administra&#231;&#227;o oral do estrog&#234;nio tem maior impacto hep&#225;tico do que a via transd&#233;rmica e, a esse fen&#244;meno, convencionou-se chamar de efeito de primeira passagem hep&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B317">317</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Esse fen&#244;meno explica o fato de o estrog&#234;nio oral favorecer algum incremento dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de TG, mas tamb&#233;m propicia maior acr&#233;scimo do HDL-c associado a maior redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c do que o observado com a via transd&#233;rmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B318">318</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Quanto aos riscos de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, estudos caso-controle revelaram seu aumento associado ao estrog&#234;nio oral, mas sem incremento com a via transd&#233;rmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B319">319</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B321">321</xref></sup> O &#250;ltimo estudo mostrou RR de 1,40 (IC, 1,32-1,48) associado ao estrog&#234;nio por via oral, e RR de 0,96 (IC, 0,88-1,04) por via transd&#233;rmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B321">321</xref></sup></p>
        <p>No que tange &#224; dose hormonal a ser empregada, atualmente preconiza-se as menores doses efetivas, utilizando-se as maiores doses para os casos em que a resposta foi inadequada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref></sup> Um dos estudos que fez avalia&#231;&#227;o de diferentes doses de estradiol oral observou que as doses de 2 mg, 1 mg e 0,5 mg foram superiores ao placebo no al&#237;vio dos SVM, o que n&#227;o ocorreu com a dose de 0,25 mg, concluindo-se, portanto, que a menor dose eficaz de estradiol oral &#233; 0,5 mg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B322">322</xref></sup> O estradiol transd&#233;rmico no Brasil est&#225; dispon&#237;vel sob a forma de adesivos, nas doses de 25 mcg e 50 mcg, e sob a forma de gel, nas doses de 0,5 mg/dia a 3,0 mg/dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B314">314</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.2. Como Prescrever THM</title>
        <p>A IMS, a <italic>North American Menopause Society</italic> (NAMS) e a SOBRAC concordam que o tratamento dos sintomas climat&#233;ricos, bem como a preven&#231;&#227;o da osteoporose, s&#227;o indica&#231;&#227;o primordial da THM. Para a s&#237;ndrome geniturin&#225;ria, h&#225; prefer&#234;ncia por estrog&#234;nios de aplica&#231;&#227;o vaginal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Pacientes com IOP apresentam indica&#231;&#227;o formal de THM na aus&#234;ncia de contraindica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f19">Figura 8.1</xref> mostra as principais contraindica&#231;&#245;es &#224; THM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f19">
          <label>Figura 8.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Principais contraindica&#231;&#245;es &#224; terapia hormonal da menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref></sup></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf19.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Antes da prescri&#231;&#227;o da THM, a SOBRAC considera essencial a realiza&#231;&#227;o de mamografia em um per&#237;odo menor que 12 meses, al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial do perfil lip&#237;dico e glicemia de jejum. Outros exames complementares podem ser necess&#225;rios a depender de achados na anamnese e no exame f&#237;sico. Demais exames de rastreamento ginecol&#243;gico devem ser solicitados conforme as diretrizes espec&#237;ficas e n&#227;o em decorr&#234;ncia da possibilidade de se iniciar a THM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.3. Quando Prescrever e Quanto Tempo Deve Durar a THM</title>
        <p>O WHI foi um grande estudo que randomizou mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa para receberem THM por meio de estrog&#234;nios conjugados isolados ou combinados com acetato de medroxiprogesterona comparados aoplacebo. Esse estudo revelou que a THM se associou a maior risco de eventos CV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> ao contr&#225;rio do que foi reportado no estudo observacional <italic>Nurses&#8217; Health Study</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B324">324</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Entretanto, &#233; importante fazer uma an&#225;lise cr&#237;tica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o estudada: mais de dois ter&#231;os das mulheres tinham idade acima de 60 anos no momento da randomiza&#231;&#227;o, sendo uma propor&#231;&#227;o relevante de mulheres acima de 70 anos. Al&#233;m disso um n&#250;mero menor de mulheres tinha menos de 10 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o da menopausa quando come&#231;aram aTHM, sendo que a grande maioria n&#227;o apresentava SVM moderados ou graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B325">325</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Por outro lado, notou-se que a THM iniciada nos primeiros anos a partir da menopausa poderia diminuir a progress&#227;o da aterosclerose<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B281">281</xref></sup> ou mesmo reduzir desfechos CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B325">325</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Importante notar que no estudo <italic>Nurses&#8217; Health Study</italic>, as mulheres que iniciaram a THM apresentavam, em m&#233;dia, menos tempo de p&#243;s-menopausa e eram mais sintom&#225;ticas do que as do WHI, aproximando-se mais da realidade da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria dos m&#233;dicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B326">326</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B328">328</xref></sup></p>
        <p>No estudo WHI, ao se analisar os subgrupos com menos de 10 anos, entre 10 anos e 20 anos e mais de 20 anos decorridos de menopausa quando do in&#237;cio da THM, os autores notaram aumento de RCV com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica apenas naqueles com mais de 20 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B329">329</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Assim, criou-se o conceito de janela de oportunidade para in&#237;cio da THM, que corresponde ao in&#237;cio nos primeiros anos de p&#243;s-menopausa. A NAMS recomenda o in&#237;cio da THM para mulheres nos primeiros 10 anos de p&#243;s-menopausa ou antes dos 60 anos de idade. Nas mulheres com indica&#231;&#245;es, respeitada a janela de oportunidade e na aus&#234;ncia de contraindica&#231;&#245;es, os benef&#237;cios da THM superam os eventuais riscos, sendo estas orienta&#231;&#245;es corroboradas pela IMS e SOBRAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o conjunta do tempo decorrido de p&#243;s-menopausa e RCV foi proposta por Kaunitz &amp; Manson juntamente com a NAMS. Se o tempo decorrido desde a menopausa for menor do que 10 anos e o RCV calculado por meio de calculadoras de risco classificarem a candidata &#224; THM como baixo risco, a THM est&#225; liberada; se o RCV for intermedi&#225;rio, a THM pode ser prescrita, por&#233;m, a via transd&#233;rmica para o estrog&#234;nio deve ser preferida. Caso o tempo decorrido de p&#243;s-menopausa supere 10 anos ou se o RCV estimado for alto, a THM n&#227;o &#233; recomendada. Em qualquer situa&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante avaliar as contraindica&#231;&#245;es e a anu&#234;ncia da paciente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da THM, nenhuma das mais importantes diretrizes sobre o tema estabelece uma dura&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima mandat&#243;ria ou idade na qual a THM deve ser interrompida. Essa decis&#227;o deve ser realizada a cada consulta de seguimento com base na avalia&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o risco-benef&#237;cio na avalia&#231;&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o individualizada do risco-benef&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.4. Prescri&#231;&#227;o nos Diferentes Cen&#225;rios de Risco Cardiovascular (HAS, DM, DLP)</title>
        <p>As DCV constituem a principal causa de morte no mundo e no Brasil entre as doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, e respondem por um ter&#231;o das mortes por todas as causas, acometendo homens e mulheres em todas as faixas et&#225;rias. Nas mulheres, os FR tradicionais para DCV incluem: DM, HAS, DLP, tabagismo, obesidade e sedentarismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> As indica&#231;&#245;es da THM aprovadas pelas sociedades de menopausa em todo o mundo, incluindo a brasileira (SOBRAC), abrangem o tratamento dos SVM moderados a graves, os sintomas e sinais decorrentes da s&#237;ndrome geniturin&#225;ria da menopausa, preven&#231;&#227;o da perda &#243;ssea e de fraturas osteopor&#243;ticas, al&#233;m do hipoestrogenismo decorrente do hipogonadismo, ooforectomia bilateral e IOP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B330">330</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B331">331</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A prescri&#231;&#227;o da THM pode tornar-se um desafio nas pacientes que apresentam uma ou mais morbidades ou algum dos FRCV conhecidos, e que ser&#227;o abordados abaixo nos pr&#243;ximos par&#225;grafos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>8.4.1. Obesidade</title>
          <p>A obesidade &#233; considerada FR para TEV. O uso de estrog&#234;nio por via oral em pacientes com sobrepeso t&#234;m efeito aditivo no aumento do risco de TEV, como demonstrado em alguns estudos observacionais e em revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas publicadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B319">319</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B332">332</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B333">333</xref></sup> No estudo WHI, mulheres com sobrepeso e obesas randomizadas para uso de THM sist&#234;mica apresentaram aumento do risco de TEV em 3 vezes (HR, 3,80; IC 95%, 2,08&#8211;6,94) e 6 vezes (HR, 5,61; IC 95%, 3,12&#8211;10,11), respectivamente, quando comparadas &#224;quelas em uso de placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref></sup> Na aus&#234;ncia de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e pelos dados consistentes de estudos observacionais mostrando baixo risco de TEV com THM por via transd&#233;rmica, essa via deve ser a preferida para pacientes com sobrepeso ou obesidade, indica&#231;&#227;o endossada pelas principais sociedades de menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B334">334</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.4.2. Dislipidemia</title>
          <p>A TM est&#225; associada a risco aumentado de DCV, atribu&#237;do principalmente &#224; DLP aterog&#234;nica, obesidade central e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, al&#233;m de aumento do risco de HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A AHA afirma que adultos entre 40 anos e 75 anos devem ser submetidos a estimativa de risco de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica CV em 10 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B334">334</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup> A SBC preconiza que, para mulheres com baixo RCV, o LDL-c deve ser inferior a 130 mg/dL e, caso a meta seja atingida, a terapia estrog&#234;nica deve ser preferencialmente utilizada por via transd&#233;rmica para evitar o fen&#244;meno da primeira passagem hep&#225;tica (pela via oral) e, nas pacientes n&#227;o histerectomizadas, associa-se a progesterona micronizada com o objetivo de neutralizar os efeitos proliferativos do estrog&#234;nio sobre o endom&#233;trio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.4.3. Hipertens&#227;o</title>
          <p>A HAS &#233; um FR bem estabelecido para DCV e um agravante do RCV do DM nas mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No estudo WHI, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nios equinos conjugados associados ou n&#227;o ao acetato de medroxiprogesterona demonstrou eleva&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos de 1-1,5 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup> Na parte observacional do estudo WHI, a terapia estrog&#234;nica transd&#233;rmica apresentou baixo risco de desenvolvimento de HAS quando comparada ao uso oral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup> Pacientes com HAS n&#227;o controlada (PA &#8805; 180/110 mmHg) t&#234;m contraindica&#231;&#227;o para iniciar a THM em fun&#231;&#227;o do risco de AVC.</p>
          <p>Dados observacionais e meta-an&#225;lises mostram risco reduzido de DAC em mulheres que iniciam THM em idade inferior a 60 anos ou dentro de 10 anos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da menopausa. Segundo a NAMS, se a HAS estiver controlada e a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de RCV for &lt;5%, a THM oral ou transd&#233;rmica pode ser utilizada. Entretanto, em situa&#231;&#245;es de dif&#237;cil controle da HAS em mulheres com SVM moderados a graves, sugere-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da terapia estrog&#234;nica transd&#233;rmica associada &#224; progesterona micronizada, em mulheres n&#227;o histerectomizadas, por ter menor potencial trombog&#234;nico que outros progestag&#234;nios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B334">334</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.4.4. Diabetes</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DM aumenta com a eleva&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A THM n&#227;o &#233; contraindicada em mulheres saud&#225;veis com DM2 preexistente e pode ser ben&#233;fica no controle glic&#234;mico quando usada para o al&#237;vio dos sintomas da menopausa. A THM reduz significativamente o diagn&#243;stico de DM2 de in&#237;cio recente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B325">325</xref></sup> mas n&#227;o &#233; aprovada para este fim. Para mulheres com DM2 bem controlado (HbA1c &lt; 8%) e SVM moderados a graves, a terapia estrog&#234;nica por via transd&#233;rmica, evitando o fen&#244;meno da primeira passagem hep&#225;tica, associada &#224; progesterona micronizada seria a melhor op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B334">334</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.4.5. S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</title>
          <p>Recente meta-an&#225;lise demonstrou que a THM reduziu m&#250;ltiplos componentes da SM, como obesidade abdominal, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, DLP e HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B336">336</xref></sup> No estudo WHI, mulheres com SM randomizadas para utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nio equino conjugado isolado ou associado a acetato de medroxiprogesterona tiveram risco 2 vezes maior de DCV que o grupo placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup> Apesar da aus&#234;ncia de estudos randomizados comparando as diferentes vias de administra&#231;&#227;o da THM e evento CV em mulheres com SM, recomenda-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da THM transd&#233;rmica para o al&#237;vio dos sintomas em fun&#231;&#227;o da n&#227;o ocorr&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno da primeira passagem hep&#225;tica com essa via de administra&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B334">334</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.5. Prescri&#231;&#227;o para Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular Manifesta</title>
        <p>Dados obtidos de meta-an&#225;lise n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as significativas entre usu&#225;rias de THM e grupo controle em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos prim&#225;rios de IM n&#227;o fatal, morte CV e AVC em mulheres com DCV. A frequ&#234;ncia de angina, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio tamb&#233;m n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos THM e controle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B337">337</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>8.5.1. Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</title>
          <p>No geral, a THM est&#225; contraindicada em mulheres com DAC conhecida, incluindo IAM e doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup> A THM em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa inicial (&lt;10 anos de p&#243;s-menopausa) reduziu ou n&#227;o teve efeito na progress&#227;o da aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica e na calcifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria em ensaios randomizados e controlados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup> Estudo publicado em 2001 demonstrou que nenhuma diferen&#231;a no risco de IAM recorrente ou morte por DCV em mulheres ap&#243;s o primeiro IAM foi observada entre usu&#225;rias e n&#227;o usu&#225;rias de THM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B338">338</xref></sup> O estudo observacional com 14 anos de seguimento, ESPRIT RCT (<italic>Estrogen for the Prevention of Reinfarction Trial</italic>), com mulheres p&#243;s-IAM e randomizadas para 2 anos de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de valerato de estradiol isolado ou placebo n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; morte por DCV, AVC ou DIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B338">338</xref></sup> Os atuais consensos n&#227;o fazem estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco da THM com o subtipo de DCV apresentado pela mulher. O <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> argumenta que, para mulheres com idade de 50-59 anos e hist&#243;ria de IAM sem DAC obstrutiva, dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana ou vasoespasmo coronariano, &#233; necess&#225;ria uma abordagem individualizada para THM. Pela suposta associa&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica entre os horm&#244;nios sexuais femininos e a dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, recomenda-se que a THM via oral seja evitada nesse grupo e que, ap&#243;s controle adequado dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e das fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas, a THM sist&#234;mica possa ser considerada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup> Acrescenta ainda que, para mulheres com estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco DAC &gt; 10%, a THM deve ser evitada independentemente da via de administra&#231;&#227;o dos horm&#244;nios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.5.2. Angina Inst&#225;vel</title>
          <p>Dados provenientes de recente meta-an&#225;lise, que analisou sintomas de angina e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por angina est&#225;vel em 6 estudos, demonstraram que a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ocorreu predominantemente nos primeiros 2 anos ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o, com tend&#234;ncia n&#227;o significativa de ser maior no grupo THM em estudo observacional. E, nos 5 ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na angina entre os grupos THM e controle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B337">337</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A despeito disso, em caso de angina inst&#225;vel sugere-se que a THM por qualquer via de administra&#231;&#227;o seja evitada, j&#225; que &#233; considerada de alto risco em mulheres com DCV preexistente ou risco de DCV em 10 anos &gt;10%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.5.3. Acidente Vascular Cerebral e Acidente Isqu&#234;mico Transit&#243;rio</title>
          <p>O hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de AVC isqu&#234;mico &#233; uma contraindica&#231;&#227;o &#224; THM apesar de o risco absoluto, tanto da terapia estrog&#234;nica isolada quanto associada a progestag&#234;nio, ser considerado baixo (&lt;10/10.000/ano).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B334">334</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.5.4. Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Existem poucos dados na literatura quanto ao uso da THM em mulheres com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Se a paciente tem melhora cl&#237;nica, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o que retorna ao patamar anterior e bom controle de fatores modific&#225;veis, a THM transd&#233;rmica em baixas doses pode ser indicada, caso n&#227;o haja resposta com o tratamento n&#227;o hormonal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B334">334</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.5.5. Tromboembolismo Venoso e Embolia Pulmonar</title>
          <p>Hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de TEV, incluindo TVP e EP, deve ser considerada contraindica&#231;&#227;o &#224; THM sist&#234;mica por via oral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup> Doses mais baixas de THM oral podem conferir menor risco de TEV do que doses mais altas, mas faltam dados comparativos de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados. A progesterona micronizada parece ser menos trombog&#234;nica que outros progestag&#234;nios utilizados em THM. A THM transd&#233;rmica n&#227;o foi associada ao risco de TEV em estudos observacionais, e uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica confirma esses achados, sugerindo menor risco com a THM transd&#233;rmica do que com a oral. No entanto, faltam dados comparativos de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup> Se houver TEV diagnosticado em contexto de aumento de n&#237;veis estrog&#234;nicos como gravidez ou uso de anticoncepcionais orais, a THM deve ser evitada. A ocorr&#234;ncia do evento ap&#243;s imobiliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada ou trauma, como acidente automobil&#237;stico, queda ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, indica que o estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio que ocasionou a trombose pode n&#227;o estar relacionado aos efeitos do estrog&#234;nio. Assim, nessas situa&#231;&#245;es, pode-se utilizar a THM pela via transd&#233;rmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B334">334</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.5.6. Doen&#231;a Card&#237;aca Cong&#234;nita e P&#243;s-transplante Card&#237;aco</title>
          <p>Em fun&#231;&#227;o da aus&#234;ncia de dados na literatura, recomenda-se cautela ao indicar a THM e, preferencialmente, os tratamentos n&#227;o hormonais s&#227;o considerados a melhor op&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.6. Horm&#244;nios Bioid&#234;nticos e Implantes: o que Precisa Ser Informado</title>
        <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, tem-se divulgado muito na m&#237;dia a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal atrav&#233;s do uso de horm&#244;nios bioid&#234;nticos e implantes hormonais, o que tem gerado muitas controv&#233;rsias e debates.</p>
        <p>Horm&#244;nios bioid&#234;nticos s&#227;o mol&#233;culas que apresentam a mesma estrutura qu&#237;mica e molecular dos horm&#244;nios sintetizados pelo corpo humano. S&#227;o c&#243;pias exatas de horm&#244;nios humanos end&#243;genos, como estradiol, estriol e progesterona.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O termo "bioid&#234;ntico" tem sido erroneamente divulgado como se referindo a novas op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas de "horm&#244;nios naturais" feitas de modo personalizado em farm&#225;cias de manipula&#231;&#227;o para tratar os sintomas da menopausa. Entretanto, o primeiro ponto a ser esclarecido &#233; que os horm&#244;nios bioid&#234;nticos mais usados na THM - estradiol, estriol e progesterona - s&#227;o produzidos h&#225; anos pela ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica em diversas doses e formula&#231;&#245;es e s&#227;o vendidos em farm&#225;cias comerciais.</p>
        <p>Na verdade, existe a preocupa&#231;&#227;o de que as terapias hormonais manipuladas possam apresentar inconsist&#234;ncia de dosagens, controle de qualidade e absor&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que formula&#231;&#245;es hormonais manipuladas podem apresentar diferen&#231;as farmacocin&#233;ticas e n&#227;o ter o mesmo controle de qualidade nas diversas farm&#225;cias de manipula&#231;&#227;o do pa&#237;s.</p>
        <p>A prescri&#231;&#227;o de THM atrav&#233;s de implantes hormonais tamb&#233;m se popularizou na m&#237;dia e redes sociais. Os implantes hormonais s&#227;o c&#225;psulas ou "pellets" que s&#227;o inseridos no tecido subcut&#226;neo atrav&#233;s de um trocater, podendo ser absorv&#237;veis ou n&#227;o absorv&#237;veis.</p>
        <p>Os implantes manipulados podem diferir quanto &#224; sua composi&#231;&#227;o de horm&#244;nios (estradiol, testosterona, dihidrotestosterona, androstenediona, ocitocina, oxandrolona, nestorone, gestrinona) liberados na corrente sangu&#237;nea. Esses implantes tamb&#233;m s&#227;o produzidos por farm&#225;cias de manipula&#231;&#227;o e regulamentados por regras menos r&#237;gidas, n&#227;o sendo obrigados a atender ao rigor e &#224;s exig&#234;ncias para medicamentos industrializados aprovados pelas ag&#234;ncias reguladoras de medicamentos. Uma vez que n&#227;o h&#225; exig&#234;ncia de bula para produtos manipulados, a dose e o tipo de horm&#244;nio contido em cada implante n&#227;o est&#227;o preestabelecidos e n&#227;o h&#225; alerta ou descri&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es b&#225;sicas, como indica&#231;&#245;es, estudos de seguran&#231;a e poss&#237;veis efeitos adversos, como &#233; exigido para outros medicamentos industrializados aprovados pela Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria (ANVISA). Isso gera preocupa&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s doses e ao conte&#250;do desses implantes, uma vez que podem expor as pacientes a danos ou riscos decorrentes da superdosagem ou a horm&#244;nios n&#227;o indicados para THM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B339">339</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Uma busca na maior base de dados cient&#237;ficos mantidos pela <italic>National Library of Medicine</italic>, PubMed, mostra que existem poucos estudos cl&#237;nicos sobre implantes hormonais para uso em THM. Os poucos estudos existentes s&#227;o, na maioria, sobre implantes de testosterona e apresentam casu&#237;stica pequena e metodologia com baixo grau de evid&#234;ncia (estudos retrospectivos ou observacionais), o que n&#227;o permite conhecer os efeitos desses implantes sobre in&#250;meras quest&#245;es relevantes em THM, como risco de c&#226;ncer de mama e de endom&#233;trio, efeitos metab&#243;licos e CV a longo prazo, para que possam ser usados com seguran&#231;a em mulheres. Al&#233;m disso, grande parte da farmacocin&#233;tica dos implantes manipulados, como taxas de libera&#231;&#227;o dos horm&#244;nios, a grande variabilidade interindividual<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B340">340</xref></sup> e a dificuldade na reversibilidade dos implantes caso ocorram efeitos adversos, s&#227;o desconhecidos. Apesar de existirem poucos estudos com implantes com a participa&#231;&#227;o de n&#250;mero expressivo de mulheres, as metodologias usadas apresentam limita&#231;&#245;es e vieses..<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B341">341</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B342">342</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Por outro lado, dados do PubMed mostram que todo o conhecimento cient&#237;fico acumulado ao longo de anos atrav&#233;s de in&#250;meras publica&#231;&#245;es sobre os benef&#237;cios e riscos da THM relacionados a dose, vias de administra&#231;&#227;o oral ou transd&#233;rmica, tipo de estrog&#234;nio e progestag&#234;nio vem de horm&#244;nios bioid&#234;nticos industrializados ou horm&#244;nios sint&#233;ticos aprovados por ag&#234;ncias reguladoras. Esses estudos mostram diferen&#231;as entre si e seus resultados certamente n&#227;o podem ser extrapolados para a via de implante at&#233; que estudos desenhados com esse prop&#243;sito sejam publicados.</p>
        <p>Novas alternativas ou vias de utiliza&#231;&#227;o da THM s&#227;o muito bem-vindas para contemplar as necessidades de maior n&#250;mero de mulheres, mas s&#243; poder&#227;o ser recomendadas mediante comprovada efic&#225;cia e, principalmente, seguran&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Assim, frente &#224; falta de estudos cient&#237;ficos que comprovem a seguran&#231;a dos horm&#244;nios bioid&#234;nticos manipulados e dos implantes hormonais e as in&#250;meras d&#250;vidas em rela&#231;&#227;o a seus efeitos cl&#237;nicos e riscos potenciais, essas formas de terapia hormonal n&#227;o s&#227;o recomendadas por sociedades m&#233;dicas nacionais, como FEBRASGO,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B343">343</xref></sup> SOBRAC e Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia, nem por sociedades m&#233;dicas internacionais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.7. Terapias Adicionais</title>
        <p>Existem algumas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em que &#233; necess&#225;rio o controle dos SVM com terapias n&#227;o hormonais. Isso se aplica &#224;s mulheres sintom&#225;ticas com contraindica&#231;&#245;es ou aquelas que, por prefer&#234;ncias pessoais, n&#227;o querem fazer uso de THM.</p>
        <p>Essas terapias podem ser divididas em farmacol&#243;gicas, farmacol&#243;gicas alternativas (fitoter&#225;picos) e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas ou comportamentais.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>8.7.1. Terapias Farmacol&#243;gicas</title>
          <p>Entre as terapias n&#227;o hormonais para al&#237;vio das ondas de calor, os inibidores seletivos da recapta&#231;&#227;o da serotonina e inibidores seletivos da recapta&#231;&#227;o da serotonina-norepinefrina atuam atrav&#233;s da regula&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de serotonina e norepinefrina no centro termorregulador do hipot&#225;lamo, reduzindo as ondas de calor.</p>
          <p>Paroxetina 7,5-25 mg, citalopram 10-20 mg, escitalopram 20 mg, venlafaxina 37,5-75 mg e desvenlafaxina 50-100 mg s&#227;o os antidepressivos mais estudados, e ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados controlados por placebo mostram que s&#227;o efetivos em reduzir a frequ&#234;ncia e a gravidade dos SVM leves a moderados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B344">344</xref></sup> Resultados menos consistentes foram obtidos com sertralina e fluoxetina e, por isso, n&#227;o s&#227;o recomendados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B345">345</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A gabapentina &#233; um anticonvulsivante an&#225;logo ao &#225;cido gama-aminobut&#237;rico capaz de atravessar a barreira hematoencef&#225;lica e atuar diretamente no centro termorregulador do hipot&#225;lamo. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e controlados mostram efic&#225;cia em reduzir os SVM em doses que variam de 900 mg a 2.400 mg divididas em tr&#234;s tomadas. Os eventos adversos incluem sonol&#234;ncia, tontura e altera&#231;&#245;es do equil&#237;brio, podendo ser uma boa escolha para mulheres com altera&#231;&#245;es do sono associadas a SVM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B346">346</xref></sup> J&#225; a pregabalina, um derivado do &#225;cido aminobut&#237;rico relacionado &#224; gabapentina, tem sido avaliada na dose de 75-150 mg; entretanto, devido a poucos estudos e aos potenciais efeitos adversos, n&#227;o tem sido recomendada para controle das ondas de calor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B347">347</xref></sup> A oxibutinina, um anticolin&#233;rgico usado para tratamento da incontin&#234;ncia urin&#225;ria de urg&#234;ncia na dose de 5-15 mg/dia, tamb&#233;m foi avaliada em alguns poucos ensaios cl&#237;nicos, mostrando melhora dos SVM; entretanto, deve ser usada com cautela em pessoas idosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B347">347</xref></sup></p>
          <p>O novo medicamento fezolinetante, um antagonista da neuroquinina B que atua diretamente no centro termorregulador do hipot&#225;lamo, foi recentemente aprovado pela ag&#234;ncia FDA para al&#237;vio dos SVM. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos mostram que a dose de 45 mg por dia &#233; eficaz em reduzir os SVM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref></sup> Essa medica&#231;&#227;o em breve estar&#225; dispon&#237;vel no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.7.2. Terapias Farmacol&#243;gicas Alternativas</title>
          <p>Terapias farmacol&#243;gicas alternativas, como o emprego de fitoter&#225;picos, tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido avaliadas para tratamento dos SVM. Isoflavonas s&#227;o compostos n&#227;o esteroides, encontrados em plantas e vegetais, com um anel fen&#243;lico e estrutura semelhante ao estradiol, apresentando alta afinidade e ades&#227;o aos receptores hormonais, agindo como agonista ou antagonista estrog&#234;nico. Estudos com isoflavonas de soja, como glicina max e <italic>Trifolium pratense</italic> (<italic>red clover</italic>) t&#234;m mostrado resultados conflitantes, alguns com benef&#237;cios e outros sem benef&#237;cios quanto &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos SVM em rela&#231;&#227;o a placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B348">348</xref></sup> A cimicifuga ou <italic>Actae racemosa</italic> L. (<italic>black cohosh</italic>) &#233; um fitoter&#225;pico cujo mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o est&#225; totalmente esclarecido e cujos resultados tamb&#233;m s&#227;o conflitantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B349">349</xref></sup> Outros compostos, como a erva-de-s&#227;o-jo&#227;o, ginkgo biloba e ginseng, n&#227;o t&#234;m efic&#225;cia comprovada, n&#227;o sendo recomendados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B347">347</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.7.3 Terapias Comportamentais</title>
          <p>Terapias comportamentais, incluindo mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, ioga e <italic>mindfulness</italic>, n&#227;o t&#234;m se mostrado eficazes em reduzir os SVM. Terapias cognitivo-comportamentais, incluindo psicoeduca&#231;&#227;o, entendimento de como as emo&#231;&#245;es afetam a percep&#231;&#227;o das sensa&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas e modifica&#231;&#227;o dos gatilhos dos SVM parecem reduzir o desconforto associado aos mesmos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B347">347</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f20">Figura 8.2</xref> descreve um fluxograma para a implementa&#231;&#227;o das recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais para a THM. O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Quadro 8.1</xref> descreve os tipos, doses e vias de administra&#231;&#227;o dos estrog&#234;nios e progestag&#234;nios utilizados na THM.</p>
          <fig id="f20">
            <label>Figura 8.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma para a implementa&#231;&#227;o das recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais de terapia hormonal da menopausa. THM: terapia hormonal da menopausa; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; TEV: tromboembolismo venoso; LES: l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf20.tif"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Quadro 8.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tipos, doses e vias de administra&#231;&#227;o dos estrog&#234;nios e progestag&#234;nios utilizados na terapia hormonal da menopausa (THM).</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="box" rules="none">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>TIPOS, DOSES E VIAS DE ADMINISTRA&#199;&#195;O DOS ESTROG&#202;NIOS UTILIZADOS EM THM</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>VIA ORAL</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">17 &#946; estradiol</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,5 - 1,0 - 2,0 mg/dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Valerato de estradiol</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0 - 2,0 mg/dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>VIA TRANSD&#201;RMICA</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">17 &#946; estradiol gel</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,5 - 0,75 - 1,0 - 1,5 a 3mg/dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">17 &#946; estradiol adesivo</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">25 - 50 mcg/dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>VIA VAGINAL</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Estriol creme</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0 mg/g</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Estradiol</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10 mcg por comprimido</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Promestrieno</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10 mg/g</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>TIPOS, DOSES E VISAS DE ADMINISTRA&#199;&#195;O DOS PROSTAG&#202;NIOS UTILIZADOS EM THM</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>VIA ORAL</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Acetato de medroxiprogesterona</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2,5 a 10 mg/dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Acetato de ciproterona</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1 - 2 mg/dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Acetato de noretisterona</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,1 a 1 mg/dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Acetato de nomegestrol</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2,5 - 5 mg/dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Didrogesterona</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5 - 10 mg/dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Drospirenona</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2 mg/dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Progesterona micronizada</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">100 - 200 mg/dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>VIA TRANSD&#201;RMICA</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Acetato de noretisterona</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">140 - 170 mcg/dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>VIA VAGINAL</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Progesterona micronizada c&#225;psulas moles</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">100 - 200 mg/dia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>VIA INTRAUTERINA</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">DIU-levonorgestrel</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">20 mcg/dia</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>9. Menopausa e a Mulher no Mercado de Trabalho &#8211; Dificuldades e Oportunidades de Melhorias</title>
      <sec>
        <title>9.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Virtualmente, todas as mulheres passar&#227;o pela menopausa e, na TM, a grande maioria apresentar&#225; in&#250;meros sinais e sintomas, muitos dos quais comprometem a qualidade de vida.</p>
        <p>Em 2020, estat&#237;sticas globais detectavam 657 milh&#245;es de mulheres com idade entre 45 anos e 59 anos, sendo que 47% se encontravam no mercado de trabalho. Como a m&#233;dia da idade da menopausa se situa em torno de 51 anos, pode-se prever um grande contingente de mulheres trabalhadoras nessa etapa da vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B350">350</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Na economia atual, os rendimentos do trabalho das mulheres tornaram-se uma necessidade para elas e seus familiares, de forma que permanecer trabalhando durante a menopausa faz parte de sua realidade. Com o aumento da expectativa de vida e da idade ativa das mulheres, muitas passam um ter&#231;o de suas exist&#234;ncias na menopausa e na p&#243;s-menopausa, com uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa de anos de vida profissional nessa etapa.</p>
        <p>O ato de trabalhar, al&#233;m da &#243;bvia necessidade financeira, est&#225; relacionado com maior autoestima, melhor sa&#250;de e menos estresse psicol&#243;gico.</p>
        <p>O impacto dos sintomas da menopausa e das doen&#231;as a ela relacionadas no ambiente de trabalho merece maior aten&#231;&#227;o profissional do que ocorre na atualidade. &#201; necess&#225;rio observar o efeito negativo dos sintomas da menopausa na capacidade para o trabalho das mulheres nessa etapa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B351">351</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B352">352</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Existe uma diversidade de experi&#234;ncias de mulheres menopausadas no local de trabalho, moldada n&#227;o apenas pelos sintomas e contexto da menopausa, mas tamb&#233;m pelas caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas e psicossociais do ambiente de trabalho. Esses fatores podem afetar n&#227;o apenas a qualidade de vida, mas tamb&#233;m a motiva&#231;&#227;o e o envolvimento com as atividades profissionais, o desempenho cotidiano e as rela&#231;&#245;es com os empregadores.</p>
        <p>Em sociedades ou ambientes nos quais a menopausa &#233; considerada um assunto tabu, a falta de discuss&#227;o e o estigma sobre ela aumentam o fardo dos sintomas para as mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Estudos mostram que os sintomas que mais perturbam as mulheres no trabalho s&#227;o os urin&#225;rios, fadiga, dificuldade para dormir, falta de concentra&#231;&#227;o e de mem&#243;ria, sensa&#231;&#227;o de des&#226;nimo/depress&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o da autoconfian&#231;a.</p>
        <p>As mulheres com sintomas graves da menopausa podem abandonar o emprego ou reduzir seu hor&#225;rio de trabalho, o que afeta negativamente o rendimento e a seguran&#231;a futura na vida. Para os empregadores, isso significa a perda de pessoal experiente com compet&#234;ncias e talentos valiosos.</p>
        <p>Ao longo da &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, tem havido um aumento na conscientiza&#231;&#227;o entre os empregadores sobre a menopausa como um potencial problema de sa&#250;de ocupacional e sobre a necessidade de apoio adequado no local de trabalho. A sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o dos gestores em rela&#231;&#227;o a hor&#225;rios flex&#237;veis foi considerada um apoio ben&#233;fico &#224;s trabalhadoras.</p>
        <p>Faz-se necess&#225;rio reconhecer que os sintomas da menopausa podem afetar negativamente a capacidade laboral e que as condi&#231;&#245;es de trabalho podem afetar os sintomas da menopausa. Por isso, &#233; fundamental a cria&#231;&#227;o de um ambiente de trabalho aberto &#224;s necessidades espec&#237;ficas de sa&#250;de das mulheres, com cultura inclusiva e de apoio, sem discrimina&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas que passam por e/ou padecem nesse per&#237;odo dif&#237;cil e fisiol&#243;gico da vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B350">350</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9.2. Impacto dos Sintomas da Menopausa na Vida Profissional e como as Mulheres Lidam com as Mudan&#231;as Biol&#243;gicas nessa Etapa</title>
        <sec>
          <title>9.2.1. Sinais e Sintomas e Vida Profissional na Menopausa</title>
          <p>Um dos grupos de trabalho que mais cresce na atualidade &#233; o de mulheres com idade acima de 50 anos, com as taxas de emprego entre as pessoas com idades de 50-64 anos variando entre 55% e 67% na Europa, Austr&#225;lia e EUA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B350">350</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Os sintomas da menopausa afetam negativamente as mulheres que trabalham, comprometendo seu desempenho e reduzindo a satisfa&#231;&#227;o no trabalho, al&#233;m de prejudicar o bem-estar profissional individual, o que pode resultar em custos diretos e indiretos para o empregador e para o Estado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Figura 9.1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f21">
            <label>Figura 9.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sintomas da menopausa com impacto negativo no desempenho profissional.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf21.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Como apontado anteriormente, a perda do efeito protetor do estrog&#234;nio e as consequentes mudan&#231;as relacionadas levam a um aumento do RCV nos anos p&#243;s-menopausa, tendo sido demonstrado que mais da metade das mulheres desenvolve HAS. Aumento dos n&#237;veis de colesterol, do peso corporal e da incid&#234;ncia de DM2 tamb&#233;m &#233; frequente e contribui para elevar o RCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B351">351</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A menopausa &#233; considerada de forma diversa nas diferentes culturas, sendo vista mais positivamente nas que valorizam a experi&#234;ncia e a sabedoria do envelhecimento. Isso tem efeitos pr&#225;ticos, pois mulheres que encaram a menopausa como algo negativo ir&#227;o apresentar mais sintomas.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, a menopausa, por vezes, ocorre em uma fase da vida dif&#237;cil, em que os filhos "abandonaram o ninho", em que muitas perdem seus pais ou t&#234;m que se dedicar a cuidar de pais ou outros parentes idosos, al&#233;m da ocorr&#234;ncia de problemas de sa&#250;de associados &#224; pr&#243;pria idade. Essas situa&#231;&#245;es aumentam a possibilidade do desenvolvimento de depress&#227;o, ansiedade, estresse cr&#244;nico e s&#237;ndrome de "<italic>burnout</italic>".</p>
          <p>&#201; importante observar que algumas queixas de sa&#250;de associadas ao "<italic>burnout</italic>", como fadiga, dist&#250;rbios do sono, problemas cognitivos, como dificuldade de concentra&#231;&#227;o e de mem&#243;ria, irritabilidade e dist&#250;rbios emocionais, podem se assemelhar aos sintomas da menopausa e diferenci&#225;-los nem sempre &#233; f&#225;cil para as mulheres ou mesmo para o profissional de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B351">351</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Os sintomas mais frequentes em resposta &#224;s mudan&#231;as hormonais da menopausa s&#227;o ondas de calor, sudorese noturna, dist&#250;rbio do sono, fadiga, dores musculares, ressecamento vaginal, dist&#250;rbios urin&#225;rios, mudan&#231;a do humor, cefaleia, problemas de concentra&#231;&#227;o e mem&#243;ria. Ins&#244;nia e depress&#227;o na peri- e p&#243;s-menopausa associam-se a perda da produtividade e a custos elevados para o empregador.</p>
          <p>As t&#237;picas ondas de calor geralmente aparecem de forma s&#250;bita e se espalham do t&#243;rax para pesco&#231;o, cabe&#231;a e bra&#231;os, sendo secund&#225;rias ao aumento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo para a pele, acompanhado de aumento da FC, e seguidas por suor na parte superior do corpo. O aumento da FC secund&#225;ria ao maior fluxo perif&#233;rico visa manter o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco adequado para manter a PA. O efeito dos calores sobre a FC &#233; ainda maior durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de trabalhos pesados ou em temperaturas elevadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B354">354</xref></sup> Podem ocorrer sintomas objetivos ocasionais, como fluxo menstrual aumentado e incontin&#234;ncia urin&#225;ria, al&#233;m de queixas menos espec&#237;ficas, como sintomas cognitivos e psicol&#243;gicos.</p>
          <p>Em um estudo no qual 407 mulheres que trabalham nas &#225;reas da sa&#250;de e de servi&#231;os sociais responderam a um amplo question&#225;rio acerca da menopausa, observou-se que o in&#237;cio dos sintomas ocorreu entre 46 anos e 52 anos em 43% das mulheres e entre 41 anos e 45 anos em 35% delas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup> H&#225; de se considerar tamb&#233;m os efeitos f&#237;sicos e psicol&#243;gicos da menopausa cir&#250;rgica, observados geralmente em mulheres mais jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>9.2.2. Menopausa e o Ambiente de Trabalho</title>
          <p>Em geral, o trabalho melhora a sa&#250;de mental das mulheres, j&#225; que afeta positivamente sua autoestima e sua sa&#250;de e diminui o estresse psicol&#243;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B351">351</xref></sup> Mulheres que relatam boa sa&#250;de apresentam menor influ&#234;ncia dos sintomas da menopausa no trabalho.</p>
          <p>Os sintomas podem come&#231;ar 4 anos antes e durar por mais 4-8 anos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da menopausa. Assim, o contingente de trabalhadoras sintom&#225;ticas, especialmente em &#225;reas de trabalho onde h&#225; preval&#234;ncia de mulheres, &#233; muito expressivo, o que tem levado, nos &#250;ltimos anos, a uma maior conscientiza&#231;&#227;o dos empregadores sobre a menopausa como uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de ocupacional e consequente necessidade de apoio a essas mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A menopausa raras vezes &#233; discutida no local de trabalho, possivelmente por tabus, o que contribui para a falta de conhecimento sobre essa fase de vida entre as pr&#243;prias mulheres, os profissionais de sa&#250;de e os empregadores. Em ambientes de trabalho onde as mulheres s&#227;o minoria (pol&#237;cia, militar, ind&#250;stria etc.), essas dificuldades de abordagem da menopausa podem ser ainda mais limitantes. Assim, apesar da realidade apresentada, os estudos que avaliam o impacto da menopausa no trabalho e na carreira das mulheres s&#227;o ainda muito escassos.</p>
          <p>Um estudo realizado na Holanda demonstrou que mulheres com sintomas graves da menopausa apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de trabalho 8,4 vezes maior que aquelas pareadas para a idade, por&#233;m sem esses sintomas. Al&#233;m do mais, houve maior risco de absente&#237;smo, com maiores preju&#237;zos financeiros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B355">355</xref></sup></p>
          <p>O efeito agudo dos calores da menopausa pode gerar um impacto negativo no desempenho profissional, afetando a capacidade de se concentrar e de completar tarefas cognitivas complexas durante a onda de calor e de suores desconfort&#225;veis.</p>
          <p>Mulheres que apresentam suores noturnos t&#234;m o ciclo natural de sono afetado, &#224;s vezes com graves consequ&#234;ncias cr&#244;nicas. A priva&#231;&#227;o do sono adequado leva a maiores dist&#250;rbios do sono e consequente ins&#244;nia e fadiga durante o dia. Assim, dentro do ambiente de trabalho, o impacto latente dos suores noturnos pode se manifestar como uma capacidade reduzida de trabalhar e produzir, com maiores chances de erros e consequentes acidentes de trabalho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B354">354</xref></sup></p>
          <p>O estudo de O&#8217;Neill, que avaliou o impacto dos sintomas da menopausa na vida laborativa de 407 mulheres, mostrou que 65% das participantes relataram que os sintomas afetam sua capacidade de trabalhar, 35% afirmaram que eles influenciaram na decis&#227;o da progress&#227;o de suas carreiras, 18% descreveram faltas ocasionais do trabalho devido a seus sintomas, 8% diminu&#237;ram sua carga hor&#225;ria, 7% mudaram de fun&#231;&#227;o, 6% pararam de trabalhar no turno da noite e 2% pararam completamente de trabalhar devido aos sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Essa realidade do importante impacto negativo dos sintomas da menopausa na vida profissional de um grande contingente de mulheres aponta para a necessidade premente de mudan&#231;as nos seus locais de trabalho. Essas mudan&#231;as visam mitigar os problemas de diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade laborativa e do absente&#237;smo relacionados a esses sintomas.</p>
          <p>Quando perguntadas sobre o que precisa mudar no local de trabalho para amenizar o impacto dos sintomas da menopausa sobre sua capacidade laborativa, um ter&#231;o das mulheres no estudo de O&#8217;Neill mencionou que a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o de seus empregadores seria o fator mais importante, seguida de hor&#225;rios de trabalho flex&#237;veis. Foi tamb&#233;m mencionado que controle de temperatura e ventila&#231;&#227;o, acesso f&#225;cil a banheiros e fontes de &#225;gua pot&#225;vel, al&#233;m do uso de uniformes leves, tamb&#233;m seriam de grande ajuda. Em termos de oferta de tratamentos, os recursos mais mencionados por essas mulheres em seu ambiente de trabalho foram a consulta com cl&#237;nicos gerais, uso de terapia hormonal e antidepressivos. Um achado interessante desse estudo foi que os sintomas neurocognitivos e psicol&#243;gicos tiveram maior impacto, enquanto os SVM tiveram menos influ&#234;ncia no trabalho dessas mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Assim, &#233; importante que profissionais da sa&#250;de e empregadores sejam capazes de reconhecer que os sintomas da menopausa podem afetar drasticamente o bem-estar das mulheres que trabalham e, consequentemente, a qualidade de suas vidas e capacidade laboral, o que ir&#225; levar &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o das horas trabalhadas, com subemprego ou mesmo desemprego e suas consequ&#234;ncias financeiras nefastas na vida das mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B350">350</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9.3. Empregadores e Menopausa &#8211; Oportunidades de Melhoria</title>
        <p>Na Gr&#227;-Bretanha, em 1971, havia 3 milh&#245;es de mulheres empregadas com idades de 45-59 anos, um n&#250;mero que subiu para 3,9 milh&#245;es em 2001, representando agora 45% da for&#231;a de trabalho com mais de 50 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B356">356</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A menopausa n&#227;o &#233; uma experi&#234;ncia uniforme entre as mulheres trabalhadoras e h&#225; grande variabilidade na preval&#234;ncia de sintomas que geram dificuldades no trabalho (de 25% a 65%), de acordo com diferentes estudos.</p>
        <p>Mulheres sintom&#225;ticas apresentam maiores n&#237;veis de absente&#237;smo (licen&#231;a m&#233;dica) e maior frequ&#234;ncia de consultas ambulatoriais. Os custos por incapacidade para o trabalho aumentam significativamente naquelas com sintomas graves em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas com sintomas leves, observando-se que SVM, ins&#244;nia ou dist&#250;rbios do sono e sintomas psicossociais t&#234;m o maior impacto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B357">357</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os resultados do rec&#233;m-publicado <italic>Health and Employment after Fifty Study (HEAF)</italic> mostraram que, enquanto os sintomas mais frequentemente mencionados por mulheres que trabalham na peri- e p&#243;s-menopausa foram os vasomotores (91,7%), dificuldade para dormir (68,2%), psicol&#243;gicos (63,6%) e urin&#225;rios (49,1%), os sintomas que mais comprometeram a capacidade laboral foram os psicol&#243;gicos (depress&#227;o, irritabilidade, ansiedade, choro), cefaleia grave e dores articulares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B358">358</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nesse estudo, os FR identificados para a ocorr&#234;ncia de maiores dificuldades de enfrentamento dos sintomas da menopausa no trabalho foram a priva&#231;&#227;o financeira, pior autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, depress&#227;o e fatores psicossociais ocupacionais adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B358">358</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os autores conclu&#237;ram que a desigualdade tamb&#233;m afeta as trabalhadoras na menopausa e que &#233; necess&#225;ria uma maior conscientiza&#231;&#227;o entre os empregadores de todos os setores, mas aten&#231;&#227;o especial deve ser dada &#224;s mulheres vulner&#225;veis (com dificuldades econ&#244;micas, com empregos nos quais se sentem inseguras, desvalorizadas ou insatisfeitas), pois encontram-se sob maior risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B358">358</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Problemas com supervisores ou colegas, como a percep&#231;&#227;o de falta de apoio ou a probabilidade percebida de que a men&#231;&#227;o &#224; menopausa provocar&#225; respostas constrangedoras, irrelevantes ou discriminat&#243;rias, tamb&#233;m foram relatados como causadores de dificuldades e levam a uma falta de vontade por parte da mulher em revelar a condi&#231;&#227;o menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B359">359</xref></sup></p>
        <p>De acordo com o estudo de Reynolds, as mulheres sofrem por SVM no trabalho, com acentua&#231;&#227;o do desconforto durante reuni&#245;es formais, espa&#231;os fechados e quentes e na presen&#231;a de homens. A abordagem desse problema tem sido vista em grande parte como uma responsabilidade individual e n&#227;o da organiza&#231;&#227;o. Reynolds sugere que os conselheiros e agentes de sa&#250;de ocupacional nas organiza&#231;&#245;es devam aumentar a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre as necessidades das mulheres no n&#237;vel da gest&#227;o, com sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o para o impacto potencial das ondas de calor nas experi&#234;ncias de trabalho e preparando-se para oferecer apoio e aconselhamento. O simples fornecimento de ventiladores e sistemas de aquecimento control&#225;veis &#233; uma ajuda pr&#225;tica para os problemas mais comuns dessa etapa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B360">360</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Se o problema &#233; visto como pessoal, a revela&#231;&#227;o &#233; permitida quando as pr&#243;prias mulheres t&#234;m atitudes positivas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao envelhecimento ou t&#234;m colegas que consideram emp&#225;ticos. Por outro lado, ao enquadrar o problema como organizacional, discutir e negociar as necessidades subjacentes pode levar &#224; gera&#231;&#227;o de alternativas para resolver os problemas, como hor&#225;rios flex&#237;veis, mudan&#231;a para meio per&#237;odo por um determinado tempo, trabalho remoto ocasional, ajuste de termostatos, discuss&#227;o de f&#233;rias anuais, mudan&#231;a de localiza&#231;&#227;o dos escrit&#243;rios (&#225;reas mais ventiladas e iluminadas, mais pr&#243;ximas a banheiros) e conversas com supervisores em busca de solu&#231;&#245;es criativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B359">359</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os membros das organiza&#231;&#245;es muitas vezes se conscientizam da idade de uma mulher atrav&#233;s da constela&#231;&#227;o de sintomas da menopausa. Os empregadores t&#234;m demorado a reconhecer que as mulheres em idade de menopausa podem precisar de considera&#231;&#245;es especiais. As organiza&#231;&#245;es devem buscar reduzir o estigma relacionado &#224; menopausa e apresent&#225;-lo como um ativo e n&#227;o um passivo.</p>
        <p>A revis&#227;o de Jack <italic>et al.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B357">357</xref></sup> sugere quatro recomenda&#231;&#245;es:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Os empregadores devem rever o &#226;mbito e o quadro das pol&#237;ticas, pr&#225;ticas e atividades relevantes em mat&#233;ria de sa&#250;de e seguran&#231;a no trabalho, bem como dos recursos humanos, tendo em conta os requisitos legais nacionais para proporcionar um ambiente de trabalho seguro, saud&#225;vel e livre de discrimina&#231;&#227;o para as trabalhadoras na perimenopausa, adotando uma abordagem hol&#237;stica que depender&#225; do setor empresarial;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Como parte de suas responsabilidades em seguran&#231;a e sa&#250;de no trabalho, os empregadores devem realizar avalia&#231;&#245;es de risco com mulheres sintom&#225;ticas para identificar as adapta&#231;&#245;es razo&#225;veis necess&#225;rias que podem ser feitas em seu ambiente de trabalho f&#237;sico (e psicossocial). Isso vai depender do tipo/fun&#231;&#227;o do trabalho e da ind&#250;stria;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Os empregadores devem desenvolver programas de promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de que incluam informa&#231;&#245;es sobre menopausa, envelhecimento e sa&#250;de, permitindo &#224;s mulheres autogerenciarem os sintomas (por exemplo, atrav&#233;s de mudan&#231;as alimentares, gest&#227;o do estresse, desenvolvimento de atitudes positivas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao envelhecimento e &#224; menopausa), bem como oferecer apoio social formal e informal (por exemplo, atrav&#233;s de uma rede de mulheres ou atrav&#233;s de reuni&#245;es &#224; hora do almo&#231;o);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Uma variedade de pol&#237;ticas e atividades de treinamento e desenvolvimento organizacional e de recursos humanos deve ser implementada para gerar ambientes de trabalho mais hospitaleiros e rela&#231;&#245;es supervisoras/subordinadas positivas e de apoio para mulheres na menopausa.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9.4. Como Melhorar as Condi&#231;&#245;es de Trabalho</title>
        <p>Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, houve um aumento na conscientiza&#231;&#227;o entre os empregadores sobre a menopausa como um potencial problema de sa&#250;de ocupacional, assim como sobre a necessidade da oferta de apoio adequado no local de trabalho. No entanto, ainda s&#227;o escassas as a&#231;&#245;es nesse sentido, com quase nenhum di&#225;logo entre empregador/gerente e funcion&#225;rias, na maioria das organiza&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante que os empregadores promovam uma cultura institucional onde seja aceit&#225;vel discutir os sintomas da menopausa e que os gestores e supervisores recebam informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a menopausa e sejam educados sobre como ter conversas de apoio com as funcion&#225;rias.</p>
        <p>Estudo realizado na Cl&#237;nica Mayo mostrou que os dias perdidos de trabalho atribu&#237;dos a sintomas da menopausa representam um custo anual aproximado de 1,8 bilh&#227;o de d&#243;lares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B361">361</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Controle de temperatura (72%), hor&#225;rios de trabalho flex&#237;veis, incluindo compartilhamento de trabalho, folga para consultas m&#233;dicas, intervalos regulares (58%), semin&#225;rios sobre envelhecimento saud&#225;vel (50%), espa&#231;os de trabalho flex&#237;veis, como trabalho em casa, mudar para um escrit&#243;rio diferente (50%), programas de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos (46%) e ventiladores de mesa (45%) seriam as medidas mais popularmente indicadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A menopausa pode ser considerada um assunto tabu, que n&#227;o &#233; discutido no ambiente de trabalho, embora possa haver muitas colaboradoras afetadas nas institui&#231;&#245;es. Ser capaz de ter conversas apropriadas e ajustar o ambiente de trabalho &#224;s necessidades das mulheres perimenop&#225;usicas afetar&#225; positivamente sua qualidade de vida, seu envolvimento, seu desempenho e sua motiva&#231;&#227;o profissional. Algumas a&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas no local de trabalho a serem utilizadas por gerentes e supervisores est&#227;o dispostas no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f22">Quadro 9.1</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B350">350</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f22">
          <label>Quadro 9.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas sobre a menopausa no ambiente de trabalho sugeridas aos empregadores.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf22.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9.5. Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os estudos j&#225; realizados avaliam a frequ&#234;ncia dos sintomas da menopausa, ao inv&#233;s do impacto de sintomas espec&#237;ficos no trabalho, ou centram-se em resultados agrupados como a qualidade de vida ou estrat&#233;gias de sobreviv&#234;ncia, esquecendo-se dos efeitos na carreira e no bem-estar profissional.</p>
        <p>As mulheres constituem uma grande parte da for&#231;a de trabalho global. &#201; preciso avan&#231;ar nesse cen&#225;rio, tornando o ambiente de trabalho mais favor&#225;vel &#224;s mulheres na menopausa, para melhorar seu bem-estar, bem como sua capacidade de permanecer no trabalho, garantindo assim que mais pessoas atinjam a aposentadoria com possibilidade de manter as contribui&#231;&#245;es para pens&#245;es e poupan&#231;as, suficientes para um rendimento e seguran&#231;a adequados na vida.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>10. Menopausa e Climat&#233;rio na Am&#233;rica Latina &#8211; Situa&#231;&#227;o Atual, Desafios e Oportunidades de Interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>10.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Am&#233;rica Latina (AL) estende-se por mais de 20 milh&#245;es de km<sup>2</sup> e engloba 20 pa&#237;ses desde o M&#233;xico at&#233; o sul da Am&#233;rica do Sul: Argentina, Bol&#237;via, Brasil, Chile, Col&#244;mbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Equador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, M&#233;xico, Nicar&#225;gua, Panam&#225;, Paraguai, Peru, Rep&#250;blica Dominicana, Uruguai e Venezuela.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B362">362</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref></sup></p>
        <p>&#201; uma regi&#227;o que possui muitas e diversas culturas em fun&#231;&#227;o da multiplicidade de idiomas (espanhol que &#233; predominante, portugu&#234;s, franc&#234;s, ingl&#234;s, holand&#234;s e in&#250;meras l&#237;nguas nativas), etnias (branca, negra, ind&#237;gena), relevo, clima, religi&#245;es e costumes. Cada pa&#237;s apresenta grande variabilidade dessas caracter&#237;sticas, o que os torna &#250;nicos, a despeito de compartilharem uma mesma regi&#227;o geogr&#225;fica e possu&#237;rem elementos hist&#243;ricos em comum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B362">362</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A regi&#227;o passou por um processo de industrializa&#231;&#227;o tardia e urbaniza&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e acelerada, e a economia de seus pa&#237;ses &#233; baseada na explora&#231;&#227;o e exporta&#231;&#227;o de recursos naturais, com papel importante tamb&#233;m do setor terci&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B362">362</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A AL possui uma popula&#231;&#227;o estimada em 659.744.000 habitantes (ONU, 2022), dos quais aproximadamente 80% vivem em cidades, sendo as maiores delas S&#227;o Paulo (Brasil), Cidade do M&#233;xico (M&#233;xico) e Buenos Aires (Argentina).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B362">362</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref></sup> As mulheres representam 51% da popula&#231;&#227;o total da regi&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise do perfil de expectativa de vida e das causas de morte de 363 cidades, de nove pa&#237;ses da AL, demonstrou uma grande variabilidade desses indicadores entre os pa&#237;ses e dentro de cada um.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B365">365</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Observou-se que a expectativa de vida ao nascer na AL varia de 74 anos a 83 anos e de 63 anos a 77 anos, em mulheres e homens, respectivamente. Existem pa&#237;ses com n&#237;veis mais elevados de expectativa de vida, como Panam&#225;, Costa Rica e Chile, mas h&#225; grande variabilidade entre as cidades dentro de cada pa&#237;s, podendo atingir 7-10 anos, como &#233; o caso do M&#233;xico, Brasil, Col&#244;mbia e Peru.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B365">365</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas (CV e outras) s&#227;o a principal causa de morte, representando, em m&#233;dia, 57,7% da mortalidade total. Na AL, o c&#226;ncer determina, em m&#233;dia, 16,2% da mortalidade geral; as causas transmiss&#237;veis, maternas, neonatais e nutricionais respondem, em m&#233;dia, por 14,4%, e as causas externas, em m&#233;dia, por 11,6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B365">365</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os resultados desse estudo tamb&#233;m demonstraram que um maior n&#237;vel de escolaridade, acesso a &#225;gua e saneamento e viver em cidades menos populosas s&#227;o preditores de maior expectativa de vida, de uma propor&#231;&#227;o relativamente menor de mortes por doen&#231;as transmiss&#237;veis, maternas, neonatais e nutricionais e uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de mortes por DCV, c&#226;ncer e outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, em homens e mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B365">365</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os estudos demonstram que algumas mulheres percebem a menopausa como mais uma etapa natural da vida, sem implica&#231;&#245;es negativas associadas; entretanto, em muitas outras, as altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais do per&#237;odo podem gerar sintomas que afetam o bem-estar f&#237;sico, emocional, mental e social.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B366">366</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B368">368</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As modifica&#231;&#245;es hormonais respons&#225;veis pela menopausa determinam, assim, in&#250;meras altera&#231;&#245;es na sa&#250;de feminina, como aumento da perda &#243;ssea e perda da cogni&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de eleva&#231;&#227;o do RCV no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-menopausa, gra&#231;as &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de DIC, AVC, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos, FA e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bem como da mortalidade CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B366">366</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B368">368</xref></sup> Tais riscos n&#227;o s&#227;o reduzidos com a THM com estrog&#234;nios/progestag&#234;nios sint&#233;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B255">255</xref></sup></p>
        <p>&#201; importante tamb&#233;m mencionar que h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia secular de aumento na m&#233;dia de idade da menopausa em mulheres que vivem em pa&#237;ses de alta renda. No entanto, observa-se, em pa&#237;ses de baixa/m&#233;dia renda, um claro aumento na preval&#234;ncia de IOP (antes dos 40 anos) e menopausa precoce (entre 40 anos e 44 anos),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup> ambas consideradas na atualidade como FR para DCV e mortalidade CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B368">368</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.2. Mulher e Menopausa na Am&#233;rica Latina</title>
        <sec>
          <title>10.2.1. Menopausa Natural, Insufici&#234;ncia Ovariana Prematura e Menopausa Precoce</title>
          <p>Castelo-Branco <italic>et al</italic>.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B370">370</xref></sup> em 2006, analisando 17.150 mulheres saud&#225;veis com idades entre 40 anos e 59 anos, em 47 cidades de 15 pa&#237;ses latino-americanos, identificaram que a mediana de idade da menopausa para toda a amostra foi de 48,6 anos (43,8 anos a 53 anos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Observaram que mulheres com 49 anos, de menor escolaridade, que vivem em pa&#237;ses com menor renda e em cidades a 2000 metros ou mais acima do n&#237;vel do mar eram mais propensas a in&#237;cio mais precoce da menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B370">370</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Uma meta-an&#225;lise publicada por Schoenaker <italic>et al.,</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B371">371</xref></sup> em 2014, que incluiu a investiga&#231;&#227;o de Castelo-Branco <italic>et al.</italic>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B370">370</xref></sup> demonstrou que a m&#233;dia de idade da menopausa natural na AL era 47,24 anos (45,9 anos a 48,6 anos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B371">371</xref></sup> No estudo, realizado a partir de publica&#231;&#245;es que envolviam 24 pa&#237;ses de seis continentes, os autores conclu&#237;ram que a m&#233;dia de idade da menopausa natural era mais baixa nos pa&#237;ses africanos (48,38 anos), latino-americanos (47,24 anos), asi&#225;ticos (48,75 anos) e do Oriente M&#233;dio (47,37 anos) e mais elevada na Europa (50,54 anos), na Austr&#225;lia (51,25 anos) e nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica (49,11 anos), observando-se uma m&#233;dia de 48,8 anos (46 anos a 52 anos) para o conjunto dos seis continentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B371">371</xref></sup> Essa meta-an&#225;lise tamb&#233;m demonstrou que tabagismo e n&#237;veis mais baixos de escolaridade e ocupa&#231;&#227;o encontram-se associados a idade mais precoce da menopausa natural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B371">371</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Leone, Brown e Gemmill<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup> conduziram estudo utilizando 302 pesquisas domiciliares padronizadas, realizadas de 1986 a 2019, com mulheres de 15-49 anos, em 76 pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, em cinco regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas (&#193;sia Central; AL e Caribe; Norte da &#193;frica/Oeste da &#193;sia/Europa; Sul e Sudeste Asi&#225;tico; e &#193;frica Subsaariana). Aqueles autores observaram preval&#234;ncia crescente de IOP e menopausa precoce em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, em particular na &#193;frica Subsaariana e Sul/Sudeste Asi&#225;tico e que essas regi&#245;es tamb&#233;m apresentavam uma redu&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia de idade da menopausa, havendo grande varia&#231;&#227;o entre os continentes. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 10.1</xref> mostra os resultados dessas vari&#225;veis para as regi&#245;es estudadas.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 10.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia ovariana prematura e menopausa precoce e m&#233;dia da idade da menopausa em diferentes regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas, em mulheres de 15-49 anos (modificada a partir de Leone, Brown e Gemmill<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup>)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">REGI&#213;ES</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">INSUFICI&#202;NCIA OVARIANA PREMATURA (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">MENOPAUSA PRECOCE (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#201;DIA DA IDADE DA MENOPAUSA (ANOS)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#193;sia Central</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">45,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Am&#233;rica Latina e Caribe</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">44,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Norte da &#193;frica/Oeste da &#193;sia/Europa</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">44,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sul e Sudeste Asi&#225;tico</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2,7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4,5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">43,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#193;frica Subsaariana</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0,9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2,4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">44,1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o com estudos pr&#233;vios, apenas a regi&#227;o conjunta do Norte da &#193;frica/Oeste da &#193;sia/Europa apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o na preval&#234;ncia da IOP/menopausa precoce e eleva&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia de idade da menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup></p>
          <p>O conjunto dessas informa&#231;&#245;es chama a aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato de que a AL se apresenta entre as regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas com m&#233;dia de idade mais baixa para in&#237;cio da menopausa e com maior preval&#234;ncia de IOP e menopausa precoce, quando comparada a regi&#245;es do mundo com maior desenvolvimento e maior renda.</p>
          <p>Considerando que a menopausa (natural, IOP ou menopausa precoce) se constitui na atualidade em um FRCV, esse perfil mencionado pode contribuir, juntamente com os demais FR, para elevar o RCV das mulheres latino-americanas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.2.2. Sintomas e Qualidade de Vida na Transi&#231;&#227;o Menop&#225;usica em Mulheres da Am&#233;rica Latina</title>
          <p>A TM determina o aparecimento de in&#250;meros sintomas que comprometem a qualidade de vida da mulher, dentre os quais podem ser citados os vasomotores (ondas de calor e suores, geralmente noturnos), ins&#244;nia, altera&#231;&#245;es do humor (com maior propens&#227;o &#224; depress&#227;o), irritabilidade, confus&#227;o mental, altera&#231;&#245;es genitais (secura vaginal, dor durante a atividade sexual, diminui&#231;&#227;o da libido), sintomas do trato urin&#225;rio, dores musculares/articulares e palpita&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B372">372</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B373">373</xref></sup> Os SVM podem durar 7-9 anos ou mais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B372">372</xref></sup></p>
          <sec>
            <title>A &#8211; Sintomas vasomotores</title>
            <p>Em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de estudos realizados na Europa, Am&#233;rica do Norte, AL e &#193;sia, publicados entre 1966 e 2009, Palacios <italic>et al</italic>. relataram que, al&#233;m das diferen&#231;as geogr&#225;ficas observadas na m&#233;dia da idade de in&#237;cio da menopausa, existem diferen&#231;as quanto &#224; frequ&#234;ncia da sintomatologia mencionada pelas mulheres, mas os SVM est&#227;o entre os de maior preval&#234;ncia em todas as regi&#245;es estudadas (Europa 74%; Am&#233;rica do Norte 36-50%; AL 45-69%; &#193;sia 22-63%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B373">373</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Utilizando a Escala de Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Menopausa e um question&#225;rio para informa&#231;&#245;es sociodemogr&#225;ficas, Bl&#252;mel <italic>et al.</italic> avaliaram 8.373 mulheres, com idades entre 40 anos e 59 anos, de 22 centros de sa&#250;de, em 18 cidades de 12 pa&#237;ses da AL e identificaram SVM em 55% da amostra, sendo que, em 9,6%, os sintomas se apresentaram com maior gravidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B374">374</xref></sup> A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica demonstrou que a presen&#231;a de sintomas psicol&#243;gicos/urogenitais graves, menor escolaridade, peri- e p&#243;s-menopausa natural, nuliparidade, menopausa cir&#250;rgica e morar em grandes altitudes foram FR significantes para SVM mais graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B374">374</xref></sup></p>
            <p>S&#225;nchez-Zarza <italic>et al</italic>. publicaram estudo transversal recente no qual 216 mulheres residentes em &#225;reas urbanas de Assun&#231;&#227;o-Paraguai (40-60 anos) foram avaliadas com a Escala Cervantes de 10 itens e um question&#225;rio geral (dados pessoais e do parceiro). De acordo com a Escala Cervantes de 10 itens, os tr&#234;s sintomas mais prevalentes foram: dores musculares e/ou articulares (70,8%), ansiedade e nervosismo (70,8%) e SVM (54,2%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B375">375</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Em estudo de base populacional, com 1.500 mulheres brasileiras, com idades de 45-65 anos, Pompei <italic>et al.</italic> identificaram que a mediana da idade de in&#237;cio da menopausa foi 48 anos (de 45 anos a 51 anos), sem diferen&#231;a entre as classes econ&#244;micas. Sintomas relacionados com a menopausa estavam presentes em 87,9% daquelas que se encontravam em TM, sendo os SVM os que apareceram mais precocemente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B376">376</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Com o objetivo de avaliar a preval&#234;ncia e o impacto de SVM moderados a graves na p&#243;s-menopausa, foi realizado estudo transversal em 12.268 mulheres de 40-65 anos no Brasil, Canad&#225;, M&#233;xico e quatro pa&#237;ses n&#243;rdicos (Dinamarca, Finl&#226;ndia, Noruega e Su&#233;cia). Observou-se que a preval&#234;ncia de SVM moderados a graves foi de 15,6%, sendo mais elevada no Brasil (36,2%) e mais baixa na Europa n&#243;rdica (11,6%). Os SVM afetaram a qualidade de vida em todos os dom&#237;nios avaliados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B377">377</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>B &#8211; Dist&#250;rbios do sono</title>
            <p>Avaliando 6.079 mulheres com idades entre 40 anos e 59 anos, de 11 pa&#237;ses latino-americanos, utilizando in&#250;meros instrumentos de investiga&#231;&#227;o, Bl&#252;mel <italic>et al.</italic> observaram que 56,6% da amostra sofria de ins&#244;nia, m&#225; qualidade do sono ou ambos, al&#233;m de que a preval&#234;ncia da ins&#244;nia aumentou com a idade e da pr&#233;- para a p&#243;s-menopausa tardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B378">378</xref></sup> A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica identificou que idade, doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, consumo abusivo de &#225;lcool, ansiedade, depress&#227;o, SVM, uso de medicamentos (hipn&#243;ticos e THM) contribu&#237;ram positivamente para a ocorr&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios do sono, enquanto maior n&#237;vel de escolaridade associou-se a menos ins&#244;nia e melhor qualidade de sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B378">378</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>C &#8211; Dores musculares/articulares</title>
            <p>Bl&#252;mel <italic>et al</italic>.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B374">374</xref></sup> utilizando a mesma amostra de mulheres latino-americanas anteriormente mencionada, avaliaram a rela&#231;&#227;o de dores musculares/articulares com outras queixas da menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B379">379</xref></sup> Observou-se que 63% da amostra apresentava tais sintomas, sendo classificados como graves/muito graves em 15,6%. A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica identificou que idade, tabagismo, menor escolaridade, SVM, IOP, p&#243;s-menopausa, acompanhamento psiqui&#225;trico e uso de psicotr&#243;picos foram significantemente relacionados a maior gravidade de sintomas, enquanto autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, acesso privado &#224; assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de e uso de THM foram significantemente relacionados a sintomas menos graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B379">379</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>D &#8211; Disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual</title>
            <p>Atrav&#233;s do question&#225;rio &#205;ndice de Fun&#231;&#227;o Sexual Feminina para investiga&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual em 7.243 mulheres saud&#225;veis com idade entre 40 anos e 59 anos, usu&#225;rias de 19 sistemas de sa&#250;de de 11 pa&#237;ses latino-americanos, Bl&#252;mel <italic>et al.</italic> demonstraram a ocorr&#234;ncia desse dist&#250;rbio em 56,8% da amostra.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B380">380</xref></sup> A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica demonstrou que os FR para a disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual s&#227;o diminui&#231;&#227;o da lubrifica&#231;&#227;o vaginal (mais importante), uso de terapias alternativas para a menopausa e disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual do parceiro. Maior escolaridade (das mulheres), fidelidade do parceiro e acesso &#224; sa&#250;de privada s&#227;o identificados como protetores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B380">380</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Utilizando o mesmo instrumento (&#205;ndice de Fun&#231;&#227;o Sexual Feminina), Cruz, Nina &amp; Figuer&#234;do investigaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual e a intensidade dos sintomas do climat&#233;rio (avaliada pelo &#205;ndice de Kupperman) em mulheres brasileiras de 40-65 anos, acompanhadas em hospital p&#250;blico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B381">381</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual foi de 58,73%, identificada em 100% das mulheres que apresentavam sintomas climat&#233;ricos graves, em 70,59% daquelas com sintomas moderados e apenas em 9,09% daquelas com sintomas leves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B381">381</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>E &#8211; Outros sintomas</title>
            <p>Bl&#252;mel <italic>et al</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B374">374</xref></sup> demonstraram que, em mulheres com SVM, h&#225; cinco vezes mais chance de ocorrer desconforto tor&#225;cico, quatro vezes mais chance de humor depressivo, altera&#231;&#245;es do sono, disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual, ansiedade, exaust&#227;o f&#237;sica e mental e secura vaginal e tr&#234;s vezes mais chance de irritabilidade, dores musculares/articulares e disfun&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B374">374</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>F &#8211; Qualidade de vida</title>
            <p>Utilizando a mesma amostra,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B374">374</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B378">378</xref></sup> Bl&#252;mel <italic>et al</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B380">380</xref></sup> avaliaram a qualidade de vida e os fatores que interferem negativamente nessa vari&#225;vel. A preval&#234;ncia de mulheres com sintomas moderados a graves, comprometendo a qualidade de vida, esteve acima de 50% em todos os pa&#237;ses, por&#233;m Chile e Uruguai apresentaram as maiores pontua&#231;&#245;es (80,88% e 67,4%, respectivamente). A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica identificou que a qualidade de vida prejudicada em latino-americanas na menopausa foi associada ao uso de terapias alternativas para a menopausa, uso de drogas psiqui&#225;tricas, estar na p&#243;s-menopausa, ter 49 anos ou mais, viver em grandes altitudes e ter parceiro com disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til ou ejacula&#231;&#227;o precoce. Melhor qualidade de vida associou-se a viver em um pa&#237;s com renda mais baixa, usar THM e praticar h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B382">382</xref></sup></p>
            <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 10.2</xref> apresenta a preval&#234;ncia e os FR ou de prote&#231;&#227;o para os principais sintomas da menopausa em mulheres da AL.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t6">
              <label>Tabela 10.2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fatores contribuintes ou de piora e fatores protetores para o aparecimento e maior gravidade de sintomas da menopausa em mulheres da Am&#233;rica Latina<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B373">373</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B374">374</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B378">378</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B380">380</xref>,382.</sup></title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">SINTOMAS/QUALIDADE DE VIDA</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">PREVAL&#202;NCIA</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">FATORES CONTRIBUINTES OU DE PIORA</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">FATORES PROTETORES</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Sintomas vasomotores</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">45% a 69%; 55%</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Graves sintomas psicol&#243;gicos/urogenitais, menor escolaridade, peri e p&#243;s-menopausa natural, nuliparidade, menopausa cir&#250;rgica; morar em grandes altitudes</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Uso de THM</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Dist&#250;rbios do sono</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">56,6%</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Maior idade, doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, consumo abusivo de &#225;lcool, ansiedade, depress&#227;o, SVM, uso de medicamentos (hipn&#243;ticos e terapia hormonal)</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Maior n&#237;vel de escolaridade associou-se a menos ins&#244;nia e melhor qualidade de sono</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Dores musculares/articulares</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">63%</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Maior idade, tabagismo, menor escolaridade, SVM, menopausa prematura, p&#243;s-menopausa, acompanhamento psiqui&#225;trico e uso de psicotr&#243;picos</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, acesso privado &#224; assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de e uso de THM associam-se a sintomas menos graves</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">56,8%</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Diminui&#231;&#227;o da lubrifica&#231;&#227;o vaginal (mais importante), uso de terapias alternativas para a menopausa e disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual do parceiro</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Maior n&#237;vel de escolaridade, fidelidade do parceiro, acesso &#224; sa&#250;de privada s&#227;o identificados como protetores</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Qualidade de vida</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">50% com comprometimento grave</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Uso de terapias alternativas para a menopausa, uso de drogas psiqui&#225;tricas, estar na p&#243;s-menopausa, ter 49 anos ou mais, viver em grande altitudes, parceiro com disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til ou ejacula&#231;&#227;o precoce</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Viver em um pa&#237;s com renda mais baixa, usar THM e praticar h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis associam-se a melhor qualidade de vida</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3">
                  <p>SMV: sintomas vasomotores; THM: terapia hormonal da menopausa.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.3. Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular</title>
        <p>Os estudos realizados pelo grupo REDLINC desde 2004 at&#233; o momento, resultando em 7 projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o e 18 publica&#231;&#245;es sobre v&#225;rios aspectos da menopausa em mulheres latino-americanas, evidenciaram que os FRCV tradicionais e emergentes apresentam a preval&#234;ncia observada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 10.3</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B383">383</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B386">386</xref></sup></p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 10.3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco cardiovascular em mulheres latino-americanas na menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B383">383</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B386">386</xref></sup></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">FATOR DE RISCO CARDIOVASCULAR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PREVAL&#202;NCIA (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ansiedade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Depress&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Menopausa precoce</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Insufici&#234;ncia ovariana prematura</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A elevada preval&#234;ncia dos FRCV demonstrada exp&#245;e as mulheres peri- e p&#243;s-menop&#225;usicas latino-americanas a um maior RCV, o que por um lado deve contribuir para a elevada mortalidade CV atualmente observada nessa regi&#227;o geogr&#225;fica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> mas, por outro lado, apresenta in&#250;meras oportunidades de interven&#231;&#227;o para o controle dos FR e para a redu&#231;&#227;o do RCV nessa etapa da vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B387">387</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B389">389</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.4. Tratamento Medicamentoso e N&#227;o Medicamentoso</title>
        <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a prescri&#231;&#227;o da THM na AL ocorre em 12,5% das mulheres que se encontram nessa etapa da vida, sendo principalmente por via oral (43,7%), seguida da transd&#233;rmica (17,7%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B347">347</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B390">390</xref></sup> Nessa investiga&#231;&#227;o, o uso de THM associou-se ao fato de a paciente ter uma percep&#231;&#227;o positiva sobre essa terapia, estar na p&#243;s-menopausa e possuir n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico mais elevado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B390">390</xref></sup></p>
        <p>No grupo que nunca usou THM, 28% relataram a falta de prescri&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica como principal motivo, seguida pela aus&#234;ncia de sintomas (27,8%). Entre aquelas que relataram a falta de prescri&#231;&#227;o como principal motivo para n&#227;o usar THM, 30,6% apresentavam sintomas graves de menopausa (escore total da Escala de Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Menopausa &gt; 16).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B390">390</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O uso de terapias alternativas foi mencionado por 19,5% das mulheres investigadas, 35,1% das quais mencionaram apresentar sintomas graves da menopausa em compara&#231;&#227;o a 22,5% das usu&#225;rias de THM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B390">390</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Um inqu&#233;rito (atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rio autoaplic&#225;vel e an&#244;nimo) realizado com um total de 2.154 ginecologistas (55,5% do sexo masculino, 20,3% docentes e 85% tinham companheiro) em 11 pa&#237;ses da AL,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B391">391</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B392">392</xref></sup> 85,3% dos quais responderam &#224; pesquisa (n = 1.837), demonstrou que:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>85,4% dos ginecologistas responderam que usariam a THM se tivessem sintomas de menopausa (81,8% no caso de ginecologistas do sexo feminino) ou prescreveriam para a sua parceira (88,2% no caso de ginecologistas do sexo masculino).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A percep&#231;&#227;o do risco relacionado ao uso da THM (em uma escala de 0 a 10) foi maior entre ginecologistas do sexo feminino do que entre ginecologistas do sexo masculino (4,06 &#177; 2,09 <italic>versus</italic> 3,83 &#177; 2,11, respectivamente); os dois principais riscos relatados foram tromboembolismo (mulheres 33,6% <italic>versus</italic> homens 41,4%, respectivamente) e c&#226;ncer de mama (mulheres 38,5% <italic>versus</italic> homens 33,9%, respectivamente).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>No geral, os ginecologistas relataram prescrever THM para 48,9% de suas pacientes sintom&#225;ticas (mulheres 47,3% <italic>versus</italic> homens 50,2%, respectivamente); 86,8% mencionaram terapia n&#227;o hormonal e 83,8% indicam terapias alternativas para o manejo da menopausa.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Ginecologistas mais velhos e profissionais acad&#234;micos prescreveram THM com maior frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Os autores conclu&#237;ram que, apesar dos ginecologistas da AL terem se mostrado defensores da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da THM (para si ou para suas parceiras), isso n&#227;o se reflete necessariamente em sua pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B391">391</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B392">392</xref></sup> N&#227;o h&#225; ensaios cl&#237;nicos sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de outros medicamentos para o controle de sintomas climat&#233;ricos na AL como um todo.</p>
        <p>In&#250;meras interven&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; medicina complementar e alternativa, como as pr&#225;ticas corpo-mente (hipnose, terapias cognitivo-comportamentais, relaxamento, <italic>biofeedback</italic>, medita&#231;&#227;o, aromaterapia), a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de produtos naturais (ervas, vitaminas, minerais, suplementos diet&#233;ticos) e outras abordagens (medicina tradicional chinesa, reflexologia, acupuntura, homeopatia) t&#234;m sido utilizadas para o controle dos sintomas da menopausa e muitos foram avaliados em ensaios cl&#237;nicos em outros locais, mas n&#227;o h&#225; estudos espec&#237;ficos para a AL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B393">393</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B394">394</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10.5. Desafios e Oportunidades de Interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o do aumento da expectativa de vida ao nascer, a redu&#231;&#227;o na m&#233;dia da idade da menopausa natural e o aumento na preval&#234;ncia da IOP/menopausa precoce contribui progressivamente para que mais mulheres latino-americanas (51% da popula&#231;&#227;o) vivam a experi&#234;ncia da TM e do impacto negativo da mesma em sua qualidade de vida (em todos os dom&#237;nios), com perdas expressivas no &#226;mbito pessoal, social e econ&#244;mico, bem como da eleva&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade CV (principal causa de morte no mundo atual).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B365">365</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B371">371</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Segundo Faubion e Schufelt,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> ap&#243;s a lacuna no tratamento da menopausa deixada pelos resultados de estudos como Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) e WHI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B395">395</xref></sup> h&#225; uma aten&#231;&#227;o atual crescente sobre o assunto por parte de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, da m&#237;dia (jornais, <italic>blogs</italic> e outros) e at&#233; de celebridades, por m&#250;ltiplas raz&#245;es, que incluem a proje&#231;&#227;o de um mercado de $ 600 bilh&#245;es envolvendo produtos diversos e a chegada de novas gera&#231;&#245;es de mulheres (Y, <italic>millennials</italic>) que escolhem n&#227;o sofrer em sil&#234;ncio as consequ&#234;ncias nefastas da menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considerando o cen&#225;rio mundial e da AL acerca da menopausa, a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f23">Figura 10.1</xref> lista as in&#250;meras oportunidades de interven&#231;&#227;o para a melhoria da situa&#231;&#227;o atualmente observada.</p>
        <fig id="f23">
          <label>Figura 10.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Interven&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis para a melhoria da situa&#231;&#227;o relacionada &#224; menopausa. AL: Am&#233;rica Latina; CV: cardiovascular; FRCV: fatores de risco cardiovascular; RCV: risco cardiovascular; THM: terapia hormonal da menopausa; TNH: terapia n&#227;o hormonal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf23.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f24">Figura 10.2</xref> resume alguns dados demogr&#225;ficos e sobre a menopausa na Am&#233;rica Latina.</p>
        <fig id="f24">
          <label>Figura 10.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos e sobre a menopausa na Am&#233;rica Latina. AL: Am&#233;rica Latina; THM: terapia hormonal da menopausa.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf24.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Realiza&#231;&#227;o:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Departamento de Cardiologia da Mulher da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DCM/SBC), Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia (FEBRASGO) e Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiolog&#237;a (SIAC)</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Coordenadores:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira e Maria Cristina Costa de Almeida</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Comiss&#227;o de reda&#231;&#227;o:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira, Maria Cristina Costa de Almeida, Maria Celeste Osorio Wender, Lucia Helena Sim&#245;es da Costa-Paiva, Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a Rivera, Carolina Mar&#237;a Artucio Arcelus, Larissa Neto Esp&#237;ndola</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p>
          <bold>Conselho de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes respons&#225;vel:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Carisi Anne Polanczyk (Coordenadora), Humberto Graner Moreira, M&#225;rio de Seixas Rocha, Jose Airton de Arruda, Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva &#8211; Gest&#227;o 2022-2023</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
        <p>
          <bold>Nota:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Estas Diretrizes se prestam a informar e n&#227;o a substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do m&#233;dico que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Nota: A idade de 60 anos deve ser considerada quando a data da &#250;ltima menstrua&#231;&#227;o &#233; desconhecida.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
        <label>**</label>
        <p>Nota: A idade de 60 anos deve ser considerada quando a data da &#250;ltima menstrua&#231;&#227;o &#233; desconhecida.245,278-282</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
        <label>***</label>
        <p>Nota: antidepressivos (paroxetina, venlafaxina, desvenlafaxina, escitalopram, citalopram), gabapentina e fezolinetante.296-302</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Errata</label>
        <p>Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024; 121(7):e20240478</p>
        <p>Na &#8220;Diretriz Brasileira sobre a Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular no Climat&#233;rio e na Menopausa &#8211; 2024&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240478, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024; 121(7):e20240478, na p&#225;gina 24, Figura 4.1, no quadro verde &#8220;RISCO BAIXO&#8221;, corrigir &#8220;METAS: LDL-c &lt; 100 mg/dL, n&#227;o HDL-c &lt; 130 mg/dL&#8221; por &#8220;METAS: LDL-c &lt; 130 mg/dL, n&#227;o HDL-c &lt; 160 mg/dL&#8221;. Ver figura corrigida abaixo:</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/fpRqtqpRp6YXLJmQTYSBggG/a943d161f1b225605f351b0773d918f3c241a770.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/fpRqtqpRp6YXLJmQTYSBggG/59a90026df28628a08d2206e72aad5cf8629275e.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/fpRqtqpRp6YXLJmQTYSBggG/9ac33ddc38aec8f39792ce647899c9321dc43519.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <glossary>
      <def-list>
        <title>Siglas</title>
        <def-item>
          <term>A&#946;</term>
          <def>
            <p>prote&#237;na amiloide &#946;</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>AHA</term>
          <def>
            <p>American Heart Association</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>AHCO</term>
          <def>
            <p>anticoncepcional hormonal combinado oral</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>AL</term>
          <def>
            <p>Am&#233;rica Latina</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>AMH</term>
          <def>
            <p>horm&#244;nio antim&#252;lleriano</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>angio-TC</term>
          <def>
            <p>angiotomografia coronariana</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>anti-TPO</term>
          <def>
            <p>anticorpos anti-peroxidase tireoidiana</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>ANVISA</term>
          <def>
            <p>Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>ARIC</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>ASPREE</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>ATAC</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>AVC</term>
          <def>
            <p>acidente vascular cerebral</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>CAC</term>
          <def>
            <p>escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>CARDIA</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>CT</term>
          <def>
            <p>colesterol total</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>CV</term>
          <def>
            <p>cardiovascular</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>DAC</term>
          <def>
            <p>doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>DALYs</term>
          <def>
            <p>anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (do ingl&#234;s, <italic>Disability-Adjusted Life Years</italic>)</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>DCV</term>
          <def>
            <p>doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>DHEA</term>
          <def>
            <p>dehidroepiandrosterona</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>DHEAS</term>
          <def>
            <p>sulfato de dehidroepiandrosterona</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>DIC</term>
          <def>
            <p>doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>DIUH</term>
          <def>
            <p>dispositivo intrauterino hormonal</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>DLP</term>
          <def>
            <p>dislipidemia</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>DM</term>
          <def>
            <p>diabetes mellitus</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>DM2</term>
          <def>
            <p>diabetes tipo 2</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>EE</term>
          <def>
            <p>etinilestradiol</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>EMI</term>
          <def>
            <p>espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>EP</term>
          <def>
            <p>embolia pulmonar</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>ERG</term>
          <def>
            <p>escore de risco global</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>ESPRIT RCT</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>Estrogen for the Prevention of Reinfarction Trial</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>FA</term>
          <def>
            <p>fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>FC</term>
          <def>
            <p>frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>FEBRASGO</term>
          <def>
            <p>Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>FPR</term>
          <def>
            <p>fatores potencializadores de risco</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>FR</term>
          <def>
            <p>fatores de risco</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>FRCV</term>
          <def>
            <p>fatores de risco cardiovascular</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>FSH</term>
          <def>
            <p>horm&#244;nio fol&#237;culo-estimulante</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>GBD</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>Global Burden of Disease</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>HAS</term>
          <def>
            <p>hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>HEAF</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>Health and Employment after Fifty Study</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>HERS</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>HDL-c</term>
          <def>
            <p>HDL colesterol</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>HiperSC</term>
          <def>
            <p>hipertireoidismo subcl&#237;nico</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>HipoSC</term>
          <def>
            <p>hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>IAM</term>
          <def>
            <p>infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>IC</term>
          <def>
            <p>intervalo de confian&#231;a</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>IL</term>
          <def>
            <p>interleucina</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>IM</term>
          <def>
            <p>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>IMC</term>
          <def>
            <p>&#237;ndice de massa corporal</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>IMS</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>International Menopause Society</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>IOP</term>
          <def>
            <p>insufici&#234;ncia ovariana prematura</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>ITB</term>
          <def>
            <p>&#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>LDL-c</term>
          <def>
            <p>LDL colesterol</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>Lp(a)</term>
          <def>
            <p>lipoprote&#237;na (a)</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>NAMS</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>North American Menopause Society</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>MESA</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>NO</term>
          <def>
            <p>&#243;xido n&#237;trico</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>OMS</term>
          <def>
            <p>Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>OR</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>odds ratio</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>PA</term>
          <def>
            <p>press&#227;o arterial</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>PEPI</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>POP</term>
          <def>
            <p>p&#237;lulas orais de progesterona</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>Qt</term>
          <def>
            <p>quimioterapia</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>RCV</term>
          <def>
            <p>risco cardiovascular</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>RR</term>
          <def>
            <p>risco relativo</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>SBC</term>
          <def>
            <p>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>SCA</term>
          <def>
            <p>s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>SIAC</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiolog&#237;a</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>SM</term>
          <def>
            <p>s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>SOBRAC</term>
          <def>
            <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Climat&#233;rio</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>SOP</term>
          <def>
            <p>s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>SRAA</term>
          <def>
            <p>sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>STRAW</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>SVM</term>
          <def>
            <p>sintomas vasomotores</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>SWAN</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>Women's Health Across the Nation</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>TEV</term>
          <def>
            <p>tromboembolismo venoso</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>TFGe</term>
          <def>
            <p>taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>TG</term>
          <def>
            <p>triglicer&#237;deos</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>THAG</term>
          <def>
            <p>terapia hormonal para afirma&#231;&#227;o de g&#234;nero</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>THM</term>
          <def>
            <p>terapia hormonal da menopausa</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>TM</term>
          <def>
            <p>transi&#231;&#227;o menop&#225;usica</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>TVP</term>
          <def>
            <p>trombose venosa profunda</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>VE</term>
          <def>
            <p>ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>VLDL-c</term>
          <def>
            <p>VLDL colesterol</p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>WISE</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
        <def-item>
          <term>WHI</term>
          <def>
            <p>
              <italic>Women's Health Initiative</italic>
            </p>
          </def>
        </def-item>
      </def-list>
    </glossary>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <label>Ap&#234;ndice</label>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo 1</title>
          <p>A presente revis&#227;o tem como quest&#227;o norteadora: Quais os benef&#237;cios, os danos, as indica&#231;&#245;es e as contraindica&#231;&#245;es da THM, quanto aos sinais e sintomas do climat&#233;rio/menopausa em mulheres com fatores de risco cardiovascular ou doen&#231;as cardiovasculares? Usando o acr&#244;nimo Popula&#231;&#227;o, Interven&#231;&#227;o, Compara&#231;&#227;o e Desfecho (<italic>Outcomes</italic>) (PICO), tem-se P &#8211; mulheres com fatores de risco cardiovascular ou doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, Interven&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Terapia de Reposi&#231;&#227;o Hormonal, Compara&#231;&#227;o &#8211; n&#227;o se aplica, <italic>Outcomes</italic> &#8211; benef&#237;cios, danos, indica&#231;&#245;es e contraindica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          <p>A estrat&#233;gia de busca orientou-se pelo acr&#244;nimo e os termos padronizados e as palavras-chave da pesquisa foram identificados nos vocabul&#225;rios controlados: Descritores em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (DECS) via Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de, Medical Subject Heading (MESH) por meio do PubMed e Emtree (Embase subject headings) da base de dados EMBASE (Elsevier). Realizou-se uma busca preliminar para identificar termos adicionais nos t&#237;tulos, resumos e palavras-chaves dos artigos e, em seguida, uma estrat&#233;gia de busca definitiva foi aplicada em todas as bases.</p>
          <p>A estrat&#233;gia de busca foi aplicada e adaptada no dia 23 de dezembro de 2023 nas bases de dados: LILACS, BDENF, WPRIM, CUMED OR LIPECS OR BINACIS do Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de, MEDLINE/PubMed da National Library of Medicine (NLM). No Portal de Peri&#243;dicos da Capes: EMBASE e SCOPUS (Elsevier), CINAHL, Academic Search Premier (Ebsco), Web of Science (Clarivate). Acrescentou-se a Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo). Apresentam-se as estrat&#233;gias de busca da Cochrane Library e Pubmed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">2</xref>)</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cochrane Library</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane Library</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#186;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#1 MeSH descriptor: [Women] explode all trees 1236</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="20" valign="middle">35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#2 female* OR woman OR women OR female 993875</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#3 #1 OR #2 993875</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#4 MeSH descriptor: [Heart Failure] explode all trees 14720</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#5 MeSH descriptor: [Cardiovascular Diseases] explode all trees 152906</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#6 MeSH descriptor: [Heart Diseases] explode all trees 72792</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#7 MeSH descriptor: [Coronary Disease] explode all trees 18548</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#8 MeSH descriptor: [Coronary Artery Disease] explode all trees 9532</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#9 MeSH descriptor: [Arrhythmias, Cardiac] explode all trees 14339</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#10 MeSH descriptor: [Arrhythmias, Cardiac] explode all trees 14339</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#11 "Heart Failure" OR "Cardiac Failure" OR "Heart Decompensation" OR "Myocardial Failure" OR "cardiac backward failure" OR "cardiac decompensation" OR "cardiac incompetence" OR "cardiac insufficiency" OR "cardiac stand still" OR "cardial decompensation" OR "cardial insufficiency" OR "heart insufficiency" OR "decompensation cordis" OR "heart backward failure" OR "heart decompensation" OR "heart incompetence" OR "insufficientia cardis" OR "myocardial insufficiency" OR "Cardiovascular Diseases" OR "Cardiac Event" OR "Cardiac Events" OR "Cardiovascular Disease" OR "Heart Diseases" OR "Cardiac Disease" OR "Cardiac Diseases" OR "Cardiac Disorder" OR "Cardiac Disorders" OR "Heart Disease" OR "Heart Disorder" OR "Heart Disorders" OR "Coronary Disease" OR "Coronary Diseases" OR "Coronary Heart Disease" OR "Coronary Heart Diseases" OR "Coronary Artery Disease" OR "Arterioscleroses, Coronary" OR "Coronary Arterioscleroses" OR "Coronary Arteriosclerosis" OR "Coronary Artery Diseases" OR "Coronary Atheroscleroses" OR "Coronary Atherosclerosis" OR "Arrhythmias, Cardiac" OR Arrhythmia OR Arrythmia OR "Cardiac Arrhythmia" OR "Cardiac Arrhythmias" OR "Cardiac Dysrhythmia" OR "Myocardial Infarction" OR "Cardiovascular Stroke" OR "Cardiovascular Strokes" OR "Heart Attack" OR "Heart Attacks" OR "Myocardial Infarct" OR "Myocardial Infarctions" OR "Myocardial Infarcts" 142558</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#12 #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 #11 152906</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#13 MeSH descriptor: [Hormone Replacement Therapy] explode all trees 3536</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#14 MeSH descriptor: [Estrogen Replacement Therapy] explode all trees 2485</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#15 "Hormone Replacement Therapy" OR "Hormone Replacement Therapies" OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy" OR "Estrogen Progestin Combination Therapy" OR "Estrogen Progestin Replacement Therapy" OR "Estrogen Replacement" OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapies" OR "Estrogen Replacements" OR "Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy" OR Estrogen 17111</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#16 #13 OR #14 OR #15 17111</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#17 MeSH descriptor: [Primary Prevention] explode all trees 6617</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#18 "Primary Prevention" OR "Primary Disease Prevention" OR "Primordial Prevention" OR "Primary Prevention" 5378</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#19 #17 OR #18 10597</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#20 #3 AND #12 AND #16 AND #19 35</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Fonte: Cochrane Library</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Medline/PubMed</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Search</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Query</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Results</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: "Women"[mh] OR Woman OR Women</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Women%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Woman+OR+Women&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">1,717,025</ext-link>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: Menopause[mh] OR Menopause</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Menopause%5Bmh%5D+OR+Menopause&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">96,061</ext-link>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: "Hormone Replacement Therapy"[mh] OR Hormone Replacement Therap* OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy"[mh] OR Estrogen Progestin Combination Therapy OR Estrogen Progestin Replacement Therapy OR Estrogen Replacement OR Estrogen Replacement Therapies OR Estrogen Replacement* OR Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy OR Estrogen</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hormone+Replacement+Therapy%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Hormone+Replacement+Therap%2A+OR+%22Estrogen+Replacement+Therapy%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Estrogen+Progestin+Combination+Therapy+OR+Estrogen+Progestin+Replacement+Therapy+OR+Estrogen+Replacement+OR+Estrogen+Replacement+Therapies+OR+Estrogen+Replacement%2A+OR+Postmenopausal+Hormone+Replacement+Therapy+OR+Estrogen&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">312,110</ext-link>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: "Primary Prevention"[mh] OR Primary Disease Prevention* OR Primordial Prevention* OR Primary Prevention</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Primary+Prevention%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Primary+Disease+Prevention%2A+OR+Primordial+Prevention%2A+OR+Primary+Prevention&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">377,833</ext-link>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: "Heart Failure"[mh] OR Heart Failure OR Cardiac Failure OR Heart Decompensation OR Myocardial Failure OR cardiac backward failure OR cardiac decompensation OR cardiac incompetence OR cardiac insufficiency OR cardiac stand still OR cardial decompensation OR cardial insufficiency OR heart insufficiency OR decompensatio cordis OR heart backward failure OR heart decompensation OR heart incompetence OR insufficientia cardis OR myocardial insufficiency OR "Cardiovascular Diseases"[mh] OR Cardiac Event* OR Cardiovascular Disease* OR "Heart Diseases"[mh] OR Cardiac Disease* OR Cardiac Disorder* OR Heart Disease* OR Heart Disorder* OR Cardiac OR "Coronary Disease"[mh] OR Coronary Heart Disease* OR Coronary Artery Disease* OR Coronary Arterioscleros* OR Coronary Atheroscleros* OR "Arrhythmias, Cardiac"[mh] OR Arrhythmia* OR Arrythmia OR Cardiac Arrhythmia* OR "Cardiac Dysrhythmia" OR Atheroscleros* OR "Myocardial Infarction"[mh] OR Cardiovascular Stroke* OR Heart Attack* OR Myocardial Infarct* OR Cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Heart+Failure%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Heart+Failure+OR+Cardiac+Failure+OR+Heart+Decompensation+OR+Myocardial+Failure+OR+cardiac+backward+failure+OR+cardiac+decompensation+OR+cardiac+incompetence+OR+cardiac+insufficiency+OR+cardiac+stand+still+OR+cardial+decompensation+OR+cardial+insufficiency+OR+heart+insufficiency+OR+decompensatio+cordis+OR+heart+backward+failure+OR+heart+decompensation+OR+heart+incompetence+OR+insufficientia+cardis+OR+myocardial+insufficiency+OR+%22Cardiovascular+Diseases%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Cardiac+Event%2A+OR+Cardiovascular+Disease%2A+OR+%22Heart+Diseases%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Cardiac+Disease%2A+OR+Cardiac+Disorder%2A+OR+Heart+Disease%2A+OR+Heart+Disorder%2A+OR+Cardiac+OR+%22Coronary+Disease%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Coronary+Heart+Disease%2A+OR+Coronary+Artery+Disease%2A+OR+Coronary+Arterioscleros%2A+OR+Coronary+Atheroscleros%2A+OR+%22Arrhythmias%2C+Cardiac%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Arrhythmia%2A+OR+Arrythmia+OR+Cardiac+Arrhythmia%2A+OR+%22Cardiac+Dysrhythmia%22+OR+Atheroscleros%2A+OR+%22Myocardial+Infarction%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Cardiovascular+Stroke%2A+OR+Heart+Attack%2A+OR+Myocardial+Infarct%2A+OR+Cardiovascular&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">4,429,382</ext-link>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: #1 AND #2 AND #3 AND #4 AND #5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%231+AND+%232+AND+%233+AND+%234+AND+%235&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">422</ext-link>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Fonte: MEDLINE/Pubmed</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>As refer&#234;ncias recuperadas nas buscas foram agrupadas por base no EndNote (Clarivate Analytics, PA, USA), <italic>software</italic> gerenciador de refer&#234;ncias e as duplicatas removidas. Em seguida, as refer&#234;ncias foram importadas no <italic>software</italic> Intelligent Systematic Review (Rayyan) para sele&#231;&#227;o de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. As fontes selecionadas na primeira triagem de t&#237;tulo e resumo foram recuperadas na &#237;ntegra. As refer&#234;ncias potencialmente relevantes foram avaliadas por meio de leitura para confirma&#231;&#227;o da inclus&#227;o ou exclus&#227;o. Os resultados do processo de busca, identifica&#231;&#227;o, sele&#231;&#227;o e inclus&#227;o ser&#227;o descritos no <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic> (PRISMA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo 2</title>
          <p>A presente revis&#227;o tem como quest&#227;o norteadora: Quais os benef&#237;cios, os danos, as indica&#231;&#245;es e as contraindica&#231;&#245;es da THM em mulheres? Usando o acr&#244;nimo Popula&#231;&#227;o, Interven&#231;&#227;o, Compara&#231;&#227;o e Desfecho (<italic>Outcomes</italic>) (PICO), tem-se P &#8211; mulheres, Interven&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Terapia de Reposi&#231;&#227;o Hormonal, Compara&#231;&#227;o &#8211; n&#227;o se aplica, <italic>Outcomes</italic> &#8211; benef&#237;cios, danos, indica&#231;&#245;es e contraindica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          <p>A estrat&#233;gia de busca orientou-se pelo acr&#244;nimo e os termos padronizados e as palavras-chave da pesquisa foram identificadas nos vocabul&#225;rios controlados: Descritores em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (DECS) via Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de, Medical Subject Heading (MESH) por meio do PubMed e Emtree (Embase subject headings) da base de dados EMBASE (Elsevier). Realizou-se uma busca preliminar para identificar termos adicionais nos t&#237;tulos, resumos e palavras-chaves dos artigos e, em seguida, uma estrat&#233;gia de busca definitiva foi aplicada em todas as bases.</p>
          <p>A estrat&#233;gia de busca foi aplicada e adaptada no dia 1 de janeiro de 2024 nas bases de dados: LILACS, IBECS, WPRIM e BIGG do Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de, MEDLINE/PubMed da National Library of Medicine (NLM). No Portal de Peri&#243;dicos da Capes: EMBASE e SCOPUS (Elsevier), CINAHL, Academic Search Premier (Ebsco), Web of Science (Clarivate). Acrescentaram-se Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) e Epistemonikos. Apresentam-se as estrat&#233;gias de busca da Cochrane Library e PubMed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cochrane Library</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane Library</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#186;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">ID Search Hits</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="5" valign="middle">109</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#1 MeSH descriptor: [Women] explode all trees 1242</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#2 female* OR woman OR women OR female 996379</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#3 #1 OR #2 996379</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#4 MeSH descriptor: [Hormone Replacement Therapy] explode all trees 3537</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#5 MeSH descriptor: [Estrogen Replacement Therapy] explode all trees 2486</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="15" valign="middle">109</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#6 "Hormone Replacement Therapy" OR "Hormone Replacement Therapies" OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy" OR "Estrogen Progestin Combination Therapy" OR "Estrogen Progestin Replacement Therapy" OR "Estrogen Replacement" OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapies" OR "Estrogen Replacements" OR "Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy" OR Estrogen 17128</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#7 #4 OR #5 OR #6 17128</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#8 MeSH descriptor: [Clinical Protocols] explode all trees 23966</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#9 MeSH descriptor: [Consensus] explode all trees 566</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#10 MeSH descriptor: [Guideline] explode all trees 1015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#11 MeSH descriptor: [Meta-Analysis] explode all trees 0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#12 MeSH descriptor: [Systematic Review] explode all trees 426</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#13 MeSH descriptor: [Health Planning Guidelines] explode all trees 28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#14 MeSH descriptor: [Practice Guidelines as Topic] explode all trees 2750</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#15 "Clinical protocols" OR Consensus OR "Critical pathways" OR "Guidelines as topic" OR "Practice guidelines as topic" OR "Health planning guidelines" OR "Clinical Decision Rules" OR guideline* OR "practice guideline" OR "consensus development conference" OR "position statement" OR "policy statement" OR "practice parameter" OR "best practice" OR standards OR recommendat* OR "treatment guideline" OR "clinical guideline" OR "guideline recommendation" OR "systematic" OR "meta-analysis" OR "meta-analysis as topic" OR "meta analy" OR metanaly OR metaanaly OR "met analy" OR "integrative research" OR "integrative review" OR "integrative overview" OR "research integration" OR "research overview" OR "collaborative review" OR "collaborative overview" OR "systematic review" OR "systematic reviews as topic" OR "systematic review" 155064</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#16 #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 172718</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#17 #3 AND #7 AND #16 2077</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#18 "Breast Neoplasms" OR "Breast cancer" OR "Breast tumor" OR "breast neoplasm" OR animal*OR "In Vitro" OR mice OR mouse OR rat OR rats OR murine OR rodent* OR beagle 63541</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#19 #3 AND #7 AND #16 NOT #18 566</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Fonte: Cochrane Library</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Medline/PubMed</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Search</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Query</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Results</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: "Women"[mh] OR Woman OR Women</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Women%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Woman+OR+Women&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">1,717,025</ext-link>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: "Hormone Replacement Therapy/adverse effects"[Majr] OR "Hormone Replacement Therapy/instrumentation"[Majr] OR "Hormone Replacement Therapy/methods"[Majr] OR "Hormone Replacement Therapy/trends"[Majr] OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy/adverse effects"[Mesh] OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy/classification"[Mesh] OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy/instrumentation"[Mesh] OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy/methods"[Mesh] OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy/standards"[Mesh] OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy/trends"[Mesh] OR "Hormone Replacement Therapy"[mh] OR Hormone Replacement Therap* OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy"[mh] OR Estrogen Progestin Combination Therapy OR Estrogen Progestin Replacement Therapy OR Estrogen Replacement OR Estrogen Replacement Therapies OR Estrogen Replacement* OR Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy OR Estrogen</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hormone+Replacement+Therapy%2Fadverse+effects%22%5BMajr%5D+OR+%22Hormone+Replacement+Therapy%2Finstrumentation%22%5BMajr%5D+OR+%22Hormone+Replacement+Therapy%2Fmethods%22%5BMajr%5D+OR+%22Hormone+Replacement+Therapy%2Ftrends%22%5BMajr%5D+OR+%22Estrogen+Replacement+Therapy%2Fadverse+effects%22%5BMesh%5D+OR+%22Estrogen+Replacement+Therapy%2Fclassification%22%5BMesh%5D+OR+%22Estrogen+Replacement+Therapy%2Finstrumentation%22%5BMesh%5D+OR+%22Estrogen+Replacement+Therapy%2Fmethods%22%5BMesh%5D+OR+%22Estrogen+Replacement+Therapy%2Fstandards%22%5BMesh%5D+OR+%22Estrogen+Replacement+Therapy%2Ftrends%22%5BMesh%5D+OR+%22Hormone+Replacement+Therapy%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Hormone+Replacement+Therap%2A+OR+%22Estrogen+Replacement+Therapy%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Estrogen+Progestin+Combination+Therapy+OR+Estrogen+Progestin+Replacement+Therapy+OR+Estrogen+Replacement+OR+Estrogen+Replacement+Therapies+OR+Estrogen+Replacement%2A+OR+Postmenopausal+Hormone+Replacement+Therapy+OR+Estrogen&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">312,110</ext-link>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: "Clinical protocols"[mh] OR "Consensus"[mh] OR "Consensus development conferences as topic"[mh] OR "Critical pathways"[mh] OR "Guidelines as topic" [Mesh:NoExp] OR "Practice guidelines as topic"[mh] OR "Health planning guidelines"[mh] OR "Clinical Decision Rules"[mh] OR "guideline"[pt] OR "practice guideline"[pt] OR "consensus development conference"[pt] OR "consensus development conference, NIH"[pt] OR "position statement*"[tiab] OR "policy statement*"[tiab] OR "practice parameter*"[tiab] OR "best practice*"[tiab] OR standards[TI] OR guideline[TI] OR guidelines[TI] OR standards[ot] OR guideline[ot] OR guidelines[ot] OR guideline*[cn] OR standards[cn] OR consensus*[cn] OR recommendat*[cn] OR "practice guideline*"[tiab] OR "treatment guideline*"[tiab] OR CPG[tiab] OR CPGs[tiab] OR "clinical guideline*"[tiab] OR "guideline recommendation*"[tiab] OR consensus*[tiab] OR "systematic"[filter] OR "meta-analysis"[pt] OR "meta-analysis as topic"[mh] OR "meta analy*"[tw] OR metanaly*[tw] OR metaanaly*[tw] OR "met analy*"[tw] OR "integrative research"[tiab] OR "integrative review*"[tiab] OR "integrative overview*"[tiab] OR "research integration*"[tiab] OR "research overview*"[tiab] OR "collaborative review*"[tiab] OR "collaborative overview*"[tiab] OR "systematic review"[pt] OR "systematic reviews as topic"[mh] OR "systematic review*"[tiab]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Clinical+protocols%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+%22Consensus%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+%22Consensus+development+conferences+as+topic%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+%22Critical+pathways%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+%22Guidelines+as+topic%22+%5BMesh%3ANoExp%5D+OR+%22Practice+guidelines+as+topic%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+%22Health+planning+guidelines%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+%22Clinical+Decision+Rules%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+%22guideline%22%5Bpt%5D+OR+%22practice+guideline%22%5Bpt%5D+OR+%22consensus+development+conference%22%5Bpt%5D+OR+%22consensus+development+conference%2C+NIH%22%5Bpt%5D+OR+%22position+statement%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22policy+statement%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22practice+parameter%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22best+practice%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+standards%5BTI%5D+OR+guideline%5BTI%5D+OR+guidelines%5BTI%5D+OR+standards%5Bot%5D+OR+guideline%5Bot%5D+OR+guidelines%5Bot%5D+OR+guideline%2A%5Bcn%5D+OR+standards%5Bcn%5D+OR+consensus%2A%5Bcn%5D+OR+recommendat%2A%5Bcn%5D+OR+%22practice+guideline%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22treatment+guideline%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+CPG%5Btiab%5D+OR+CPGs%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22clinical+guideline%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22guideline+recommendation%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+consensus%2A%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22systematic%22%5Bfilter%5D+OR+%22meta-analysis%22%5Bpt%5D+OR+%22meta-analysis+as+topic%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+%22meta+analy%2A%22%5Btw%5D+OR+metanaly%2A%5Btw%5D+OR+metaanaly%2A%5Btw%5D+OR+%22met+analy%2A%22%5Btw%5D+OR+%22integrative+research%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22integrative+review%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22integrative+overview%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22research+integration%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22research+overview%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22collaborative+review%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22collaborative+overview%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22systematic+review%22%5Bpt%5D+OR+%22systematic+reviews+as+topic%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+%22systematic+review%2A%22%5Btiab%5D&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">1,256,669</ext-link>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: english[Filter] OR portuguese[Filter] OR spanish[Filter]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=english%5BFilter%5D+OR+portuguese%5BFilter%5D+OR+spanish%5BFilter%5D&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">32,382,331</ext-link>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: 2019:2024[pdat]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=2019%3A2024%5Bpdat%5D&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">7,580,602</ext-link>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: "Breast Neoplasms"[majr] OR animals[mh] OR animal*[tiab] OR "In Vitro Techniques"[mh] OR mice[tw] OR mouse[tw] OR rat[tiab] OR rats[tiab] OR murine[tw] OR rodent*[tw] OR beagle[tw]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Breast+Neoplasms%22%5Bmajr%5D+OR+animals%5Bmh%5D+OR+animal%2A%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22In+Vitro+Techniques%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+mice%5Btw%5D+OR+mouse%5Btw%5D+OR+rat%5Btiab%5D+OR+rats%5Btiab%5D+OR+murine%5Btw%5D+OR+rodent%2A%5Btw%5D+OR+beagle%5Btw%5D&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">27,333,977</ext-link>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">#7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: #1 AND #2 AND #3 AND #4 AND #5 AND #6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%231+AND+%232+AND+%233+AND+%234+AND+%235+AND+%236&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">1,035</ext-link>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Fonte: MEDLINE/Pubmed</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os limites da busca foram idioma portugu&#234;s, ingl&#234;s e espanhol, ano de publica&#231;&#227;o a partir de 2019, tipo de estudo consensos, revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas, protocolos cl&#237;nicos, <italic>guidelines</italic>, meta-an&#225;lise, recomenda&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          <p>As refer&#234;ncias recuperadas nas buscas foram agrupadas por base no EndNote (Clarivate Analytics, PA, USA), <italic>software</italic> gerenciador de refer&#234;ncias e as duplicatas removidas. Em seguida, as refer&#234;ncias foram importadas no <italic>software</italic> Intelligent Systematic Review (Rayyan) para sele&#231;&#227;o de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. As fontes selecionadas na primeira triagem de t&#237;tulo e resumo foram recuperadas na &#237;ntegra. As refer&#234;ncias potencialmente relevantes foram avaliadas por meio de leitura para confirma&#231;&#227;o da inclus&#227;o ou exclus&#227;o. Os resultados do processo de busca, identifica&#231;&#227;o, sele&#231;&#227;o e inclus&#227;o ser&#227;o descritos no <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic> (PRISMA).</p>
        </sec>
      </app>
    </app-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rossouw</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prentice</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>LaCroix</surname>
              <given-names>AZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kooperberg</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stefanick</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results from the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>288</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>321</fpage>
          <lpage>333</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.288.3.321</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, et al. Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results from the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321-33. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.3.321.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Haas</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaplan</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerstenberger</surname>
              <given-names>EP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kerlikowske</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Changes in the Use of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy after the Publication of Clinical Trial Results</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>140</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>184</fpage>
          <lpage>188</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7326/0003-4819-140-3-200402030-00009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Haas JS, Kaplan CP, Gerstenberger EP, Kerlikowske K. Changes in the Use of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy after the Publication of Clinical Trial Results. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(3):184-8. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-140-3-200402030-00009.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kelly</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaufman</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenberg</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kelley</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy Since the Women's Health Initiative Findings</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>837</fpage>
          <lpage>842</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/pds.1103</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Kelly JP, Kaufman DW, Rosenberg L, Kelley K, Cooper SG, Mitchell AA. Use of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy Since the Women's Health Initiative Findings. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2005;14(12):837-42. doi: 10.1002/pds.1103.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Clarke</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glaser</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uratsu</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Selby</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kushi</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herrinton</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recent Declines in Hormone Therapy Utilization and Breast Cancer Incidence: Clinical and Population-based Evidence</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Oncol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>33</issue>
          <fpage>49</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1200/JCO.2006.08.6504</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Clarke CA, Glaser SL, Uratsu CS, Selby JV, Kushi LH, Herrinton LJ. Recent Declines in Hormone Therapy Utilization and Breast Cancer Incidence: Clinical and Population-based Evidence. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(33):49-50. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.08.6504.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hemminki</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kennedy</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baum</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McKinlay</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prescribing of Noncontraceptive Estrogens and Progestins in the United States, 1974-86</article-title>
          <source>Am J Public Health</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1479</fpage>
          <lpage>1481</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2105/ajph.78.11.1479</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Hemminki E, Kennedy DL, Baum C, McKinlay SM. Prescribing of Noncontraceptive Estrogens and Progestins in the United States, 1974-86. Am J Public Health. 1988;78(11):1479-81. doi: 10.2105/ajph.78.11.1479.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wysowski</surname>
              <given-names>DK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Golden</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burke</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of Menopausal Estrogens and Medroxyprogesterone in the United States, 1982-1992</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>6</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0029-7844(94)00339-f</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Wysowski DK, Golden L, Burke L. Use of Menopausal Estrogens and Medroxyprogesterone in the United States, 1982-1992. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;85(1):6-10. doi: 10.1016/0029-7844(94)00339-f.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hersh</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stefanick</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stafford</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>National Use of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy: Annual Trends and Response to Recent Evidence</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>291</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>47</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.291.1.47</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Hersh AL, Stefanick ML, Stafford RS. National Use of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy: Annual Trends and Response to Recent Evidence. JAMA. 2004;291(1):47-53. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.1.47.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hsu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Card</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>SX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mota</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carrasquillo</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moran</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Changes in Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Use among Women with High Cardiovascular Risk</article-title>
          <source>Am J Public Health</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2184</fpage>
          <lpage>2187</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2105/AJPH.2009.159889</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Hsu A, Card A, Lin SX, Mota S, Carrasquillo O, Moran A. Changes in Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Use among Women with High Cardiovascular Risk. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(12):2184-7. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159889.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sprague</surname>
              <given-names>BL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trentham-Dietz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cronin</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Sustained Decline in Postmenopausal Hormone Use: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2010</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>595</fpage>
          <lpage>603</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/AOG.0b013e318265df42</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Sprague BL, Trentham-Dietz A, Cronin KA. A Sustained Decline in Postmenopausal Hormone Use: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2010. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120(3):595-603. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318265df42.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Faubion</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shufelt</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Why is Everyone Talking about Menopause?</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>177</volume>
          <fpage>107777</fpage>
          <lpage>107777</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.05.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Faubion SS, Shufelt CL. Why is Everyone Talking about Menopause? Maturitas. 2023;177:107777. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.05.001.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Worldometer</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Current World Population [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Worldometer</publisher-name>
          <year>2024</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2024 Jan 27</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/">https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Worldometer. Current World Population [Internet]. New York: Worldometer; 2024 [cited 2024 Jan 27]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/">https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Del-Sueldo</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mendon&#231;a-Rivera</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;nchez-Zambrano</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zilberman</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#250;nera-Echeverri</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paniagua</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Practice Guideline of the Interamerican Society of Cardiology on Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women</article-title>
          <source>Arch Cardiol Mex</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <issue>Supl 2</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>68</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24875/ACM.22000071</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Del-Sueldo MA, Mendon&#231;a-Rivera MA, S&#225;nchez-Zambrano MB, Zilberman J, M&#250;nera-Echeverri AG, Paniagua M, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline of the Interamerican Society of Cardiology on Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women. Arch Cardiol Mex. 2022;92(Supl 2):1-68. doi: 10.24875/ACM.22000071.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>MCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marques-Santos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>MENC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>RCM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freire</surname>
              <given-names>CMV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Position Statement on Women's Cardiovascular Health - 2022</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>815</fpage>
          <lpage>882</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220734</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Oliveira GMM, Almeida MCC, Marques-Santos C, Costa MENC, Carvalho RCM, Freire CMV, et al. Position Statement on Women's Cardiovascular Health - 2022. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;119(5):815-82. doi: 10.36660/abc.20220734.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>WHO Mortality Database. Interactive Platform Visualizing Mortality Data [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name>
          <year>2024</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2024 Jan 27</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://platform.who.int/mortality/themes/theme-details/topics/topic-details/MDB/cardiovascular-diseases">https://platform.who.int/mortality/themes/theme-details/topics/topic-details/MDB/cardiovascular-diseases</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 World Health Organization. WHO Mortality Database. Interactive Platform Visualizing Mortality Data [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024 [cited 2024 Jan 27]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://platform.who.int/mortality/themes/theme-details/topics/topic-details/MDB/cardiovascular-diseases">https://platform.who.int/mortality/themes/theme-details/topics/topic-details/MDB/cardiovascular-diseases</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Almonte</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mendon&#231;a-Rivera</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Artucio</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Toma de la Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiolog&#237;a Sobre el Riesgo Cardiovascular en la Transici&#243;n Menop&#225;usica y en Otras situaciones relacionadas con las hormonas sexuales</article-title>
          <source>Rev Costarric Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>5</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 Almonte C, Mendon&#231;a-Rivera MA, Artucio C. Toma de la Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiolog&#237;a Sobre el Riesgo Cardiovascular en la Transici&#243;n Menop&#225;usica y en Otras situaciones relacionadas con las hormonas sexuales. Rev Costarric Cardiol. 2023;25(1):5-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moore</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Persaud</surname>
              <given-names>TVN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torchia</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Embriologia Cl&#237;nica</source>
          <edition>10th ed.</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Amsterdam</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name>
          <year>2016</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16 Moore KL, Persaud TVN, Torchia MG. Embriologia Cl&#237;nica. 10th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2016.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Speroff</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glass</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kase</surname>
              <given-names>NG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility</source>
          <edition>6th ed.</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Philadelphia</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins</publisher-name>
          <year>1999</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17 Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase NG. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins; 1999.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sultan</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Genazzani</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Frontiers in Gynecological Endocrinology &#8211; Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecological Endocrinology</source>
          <publisher-loc>Berlin</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name>
          <year>2017</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18 Sultan C, Genazzani AR. Frontiers in Gynecological Endocrinology &#8211; Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecological Endocrinology. Berlin: Springer; 2017.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Androgen Synthesis in Adrenarche</article-title>
          <source>Rev Endocr Metab Disord</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>3</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11154-008-9102-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19 Miller WL. Androgen Synthesis in Adrenarche. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2009;10(1):3-17. doi: 10.1007/s11154-008-9102-4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wright</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwarz</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dean</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCarthy</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cellular Mechanisms of Estradiol-mediated Sexual Differentiation of the Brain</article-title>
          <source>Trends Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>553</fpage>
          <lpage>561</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tem.2010.05.004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20 Wright CL, Schwarz JS, Dean SL, McCarthy MM. Cellular Mechanisms of Estradiol-mediated Sexual Differentiation of the Brain. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2010;21(9):553-61. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.05.004.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rupprecht</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holsboer</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Neuropsychopharmacological Properties of Neuroactive Steroids</article-title>
          <source>Steroids</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <fpage>83</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0039-128x(98)00101-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>21 Rupprecht R, Holsboer F. Neuropsychopharmacological Properties of Neuroactive Steroids. Steroids. 1999;64(1-2):83-91. doi: 10.1016/s0039-128x(98)00101-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mendelsohn</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Protective Effects of Estrogen on the Cardiovascular System</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>12</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0002-9149(02)02405-0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>22 Mendelsohn ME. Protective Effects of Estrogen on the Cardiovascular System. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89(12):12-7. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(02)02405-0.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reckelhoff</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sex Steroids, Cardiovascular Disease, and Hypertension: Unanswered Questions and Some Speculations</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>170</fpage>
          <lpage>174</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.HYP.0000151825.36598.36</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>23 Reckelhoff JF. Sex Steroids, Cardiovascular Disease, and Hypertension: Unanswered Questions and Some Speculations. Hypertension. 2005;45(2):170-4. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000151825.36598.36.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dubey</surname>
              <given-names>RK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Imthurn</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barton</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jackson</surname>
              <given-names>EK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vascular Consequences of Menopause and Hormone Therapy: Importance of Timing of Treatment and Type of Estrogen</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>295</fpage>
          <lpage>306</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.12.012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>24 Dubey RK, Imthurn B, Barton M, Jackson EK. Vascular Consequences of Menopause and Hormone Therapy: Importance of Timing of Treatment and Type of Estrogen. Cardiovasc Res. 2005;66(2):295-306. doi: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.12.012.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Walker</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shane</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Postmenopausal Osteoporosis</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>389</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>1979</fpage>
          <lpage>1991</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMcp2307353</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>25 Walker MD, Shane E. Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(21):1979-91. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp2307353.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Takahashi</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopause</article-title>
          <source>Med Clin North Am</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>521</fpage>
          <lpage>534</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>26 Takahashi TA, Johnson KM. Menopause. Med Clin North Am. 2015;99(3):521-34. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Utian</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ovarian Function, Therapy-oriented Definition of Menopause and Climacteric</article-title>
          <source>Exp Gerontol</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>3-4</issue>
          <fpage>245</fpage>
          <lpage>251</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0531-5565(94)90003-5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>27 Utian WH. Ovarian Function, Therapy-oriented Definition of Menopause and Climacteric. Exp Gerontol. 1994;29(3-4):245-51. doi: 10.1016/0531-5565(94)90003-5.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Welt</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Ovarian Development and Failure (Menopause) in Normal Women</source>
          <publisher-loc>Waltham</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>UpToDate</publisher-name>
          <year>2023</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>28 Welt CK. Ovarian Development and Failure (Menopause) in Normal Women. Waltham: UpToDate; 2023.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shifren</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gass</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>NAMS Recommendations for Clinical Care of Midlife Women Working Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The North American Menopause Society Recommendations for Clinical Care of Midlife Women</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1038</fpage>
          <lpage>1062</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0000000000000319</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>29 Shifren JL, Gass ML; NAMS Recommendations for Clinical Care of Midlife Women Working Group. The North American Menopause Society Recommendations for Clinical Care of Midlife Women. Menopause. 2014;21(10):1038-62. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000319.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Insufici&#234;ncia Ovariana Prematura</source>
          <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia</publisher-name>
          <year>2021</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>30 Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia. Insufici&#234;ncia Ovariana Prematura. S&#227;o Paulo: Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia; 2021.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Coulam</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adamson</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Annegers</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidence of Premature Ovarian Failure</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>1986</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>604</fpage>
          <lpage>606</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>31 Coulam CB, Adamson SC, Annegers JF. Incidence of Premature Ovarian Failure. Obstet Gynecol. 1986;67(4):604-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harlow</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gass</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lobo</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maki</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rebar</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Executive Summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10: Addressing the Unfinished Agenda of Staging Reproductive Aging</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1159</fpage>
          <lpage>1168</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/jc.2011-3362</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>32 Harlow SD, Gass M, Hall JE, Lobo R, Maki P, Rebar RW, et al. Executive Summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10: Addressing the Unfinished Agenda of Staging Reproductive Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(4):1159-68. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-3362.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Casper</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of Menopause</source>
          <publisher-loc>Waltham</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>UpToDate</publisher-name>
          <year>2023</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>33 Casper RF. Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of Menopause. Waltham: UpToDate; 2023.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Voda</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Climacteric Hot Flash</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>1981</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0378-5122(81)90022-0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>34 Voda AM. Climacteric Hot Flash. Maturitas. 1981;3(1):73-90. doi: 10.1016/0378-5122(81)90022-0.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kaunitz</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of Menopausal Symptoms</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>126</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>859</fpage>
          <lpage>876</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/AOG.0000000000001058</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>35 Kaunitz AM, Manson JE. Management of Menopausal Symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(4):859-76. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001058.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Freeman</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sammel</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanders</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk of Long-term Hot Flashes after Natural Menopause: Evidence from the Penn Ovarian Aging Study Cohort</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>924</fpage>
          <lpage>932</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0000000000000196</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>36 Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Sanders RJ. Risk of Long-term Hot Flashes after Natural Menopause: Evidence from the Penn Ovarian Aging Study Cohort. Menopause. 2014;21(9):924-32. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000196.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thurston</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joffe</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vasomotor Symptoms and Menopause: Findings from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>489</fpage>
          <lpage>501</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ogc.2011.05.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>37 Thurston RC, Joffe H. Vasomotor Symptoms and Menopause: Findings from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2011;38(3):489-501. doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2011.05.006.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baccaro</surname>
              <given-names>LFC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paiva</surname>
              <given-names>LHSDC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nasser</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valadares</surname>
              <given-names>ALR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>CRD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nahas</surname>
              <given-names>EAP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Initial Evaluation in the Climacteric</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>548</fpage>
          <lpage>556</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1055/s-0042-1750282</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>38 Baccaro LFC, Paiva LHSDC, Nasser EJ, Valadares ALR, Silva CRD, Nahas EAP, et al. Initial Evaluation in the Climacteric. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2022;44(5):548-56. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1750282.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Faculty of Sexual &amp; Reproductive Healthcare</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Contraception for Women Aged Over 40 Years [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>Londres</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Faculty of Sexual &amp; Reproductive Healthcare</publisher-name>
          <year>2017</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2023 Dec 11</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.fsrh.org/documents/fsrh-guidance-contraception-for-women-aged-over-40-years-2017/">https://www.fsrh.org/documents/fsrh-guidance-contraception-for-women-aged-over-40-years-2017/</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>39 Faculty of Sexual &amp; Reproductive Healthcare. Contraception for Women Aged Over 40 Years [Internet]. Londres: Faculty of Sexual &amp; Reproductive Healthcare; 2017 [cited 2023 Dec 11]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.fsrh.org/documents/fsrh-guidance-contraception-for-women-aged-over-40-years-2017/">https://www.fsrh.org/documents/fsrh-guidance-contraception-for-women-aged-over-40-years-2017/</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beksinska</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smit</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleinschmidt</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rees</surname>
              <given-names>HV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farley</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guidozzi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Detection of Raised FSH Levels among Older Women Using Depomedroxyprogesterone Acetate and Norethisterone Enanthate</article-title>
          <source>Contraception</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>339</fpage>
          <lpage>343</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.contraception.2003.08.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>40 Beksinska ME, Smit JA, Kleinschmidt I, Rees HV, Farley TM, Guidozzi F. Detection of Raised FSH Levels among Older Women Using Depomedroxyprogesterone Acetate and Norethisterone Enanthate. Contraception. 2003;68(5):339-43. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2003.08.003.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mosca</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hammond</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mochari-Greenberger</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Towfighi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albert</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>American Heart Association Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke in Women and Special Populations Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on High Bloo. Fifteen-Year Trends in Awareness of Heart Disease in Women: Results of a 2012 American Heart Association National Survey</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>127</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1254</fpage>
          <lpage>1263</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0b013e318287cf2f</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>41 Mosca L, Hammond G, Mochari-Greenberger H, Towfighi A, Albert MA; American Heart Association Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke in Women and Special Populations Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on High Bloo. Fifteen-Year Trends in Awareness of Heart Disease in Women: Results of a 2012 American Heart Association National Survey. Circulation. 2013;127(11):1254-63. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e318287cf2f.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stampfer</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colditz</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Coronary Heart Disease: A Quantitative Assessment of the Epidemiologic Evidence</article-title>
          <source>Prev Med</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>47</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0091-7435(91)90006-p</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>42 Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA. Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Coronary Heart Disease: A Quantitative Assessment of the Epidemiologic Evidence. Prev Med. 1991;20(1):47-63. doi: 10.1016/0091-7435(91)90006-p.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <label>43</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lakatta</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Arterial and Cardiac Aging: Major Shareholders in Cardiovascular Disease Enterprises: Part I: Aging Arteries: A "Set up" for Vascular Disease</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>139</fpage>
          <lpage>146</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.0000048892.83521.58</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>43 Lakatta EG, Levy D. Arterial and Cardiac Aging: Major Shareholders in Cardiovascular Disease Enterprises: Part I: Aging Arteries: A "Set up" for Vascular Disease. Circulation. 2003;107(1):139-46. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000048892.83521.58.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <label>44</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rossi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nuzzo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Origliani</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Modena</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Role of Flow-Mediated Dilation and Cardiac Risk Factors in Post-Menopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>997</fpage>
          <lpage>1002</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.044</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>44 Rossi R, Nuzzo A, Origliani G, Modena MG. Prognostic Role of Flow-Mediated Dilation and Cardiac Risk Factors in Post-Menopausal Women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(10):997-1002. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.044.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B45">
        <label>45</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Taddei</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Virdis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghiadoni</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mattei</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sudano</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernini</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopause is Associated with Endothelial Dysfunction in Women</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>576</fpage>
          <lpage>582</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.hyp.28.4.576</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>45 Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Mattei P, Sudano I, Bernini G, et al. Menopause is Associated with Endothelial Dysfunction in Women. Hypertension. 1996;28(4):576-82. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.28.4.576.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B46">
        <label>46</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sumino</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ichikawa</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kasama</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takahashi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kumakura</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takayama</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Different Effects of Oral Conjugated Estrogen and Transdermal Estradiol on Arterial Stiffness and Vascular Inflammatory Markers in Postmenopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>189</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>436</fpage>
          <lpage>442</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.12.030</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>46 Sumino H, Ichikawa S, Kasama S, Takahashi T, Kumakura H, Takayama Y, et al. Different Effects of Oral Conjugated Estrogen and Transdermal Estradiol on Arterial Stiffness and Vascular Inflammatory Markers in Postmenopausal Women. Atherosclerosis. 2006;189(2):436-42. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.12.030.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B47">
        <label>47</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stanhewicz</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wenner</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stachenfeld</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sex Differences in Endothelial Function Important to Vascular Health and Overall Cardiovascular Disease Risk Across the Lifespan</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>315</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1569</fpage>
          <lpage>1588</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/ajpheart.00396.2018</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>47 Stanhewicz AE, Wenner MM, Stachenfeld NS. Sex Differences in Endothelial Function Important to Vascular Health and Overall Cardiovascular Disease Risk Across the Lifespan. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2018;315(6):1569-88. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00396.2018.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B48">
        <label>48</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Matthews</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chae</surname>
              <given-names>CU</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Everson-Rose</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sowers</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sternfeld</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Are Changes in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Midlife Women due to Chronological Aging or to the Menopausal Transition?</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>2366</fpage>
          <lpage>2373</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2009.10.009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>48 Matthews KA, Crawford SL, Chae CU, Everson-Rose SA, Sowers MF, Sternfeld B, et al. Are Changes in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Midlife Women due to Chronological Aging or to the Menopausal Transition? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(25):2366-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.10.009.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B49">
        <label>49</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Matthews</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El Khoudary</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brooks</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Derby</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harlow</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barinas-Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lipid Changes Around the Final Menstrual Period Predict Carotid Subclinical Disease in Postmenopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>70</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.014743</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>49 Matthews KA, El Khoudary SR, Brooks MM, Derby CA, Harlow SD, Barinas-Mitchell EJ, et al. Lipid Changes Around the Final Menstrual Period Predict Carotid Subclinical Disease in Postmenopausal Women. Stroke. 2017;48(1):70-6. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.014743.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B50">
        <label>50</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Samargandy</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matthews</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Janssen</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brooks</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barinas-Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magnani</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Central Arterial Stiffness Increases within One-year Interval of the Final Menstrual Period in Midlife Women: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Heart</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>137</volume>
          <fpage>362</fpage>
          <lpage>362</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/circ.137.suppl_1.p362</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>50 Samargandy S, Matthews K, Janssen I, Brooks MM, Barinas-Mitchell EJ, Magnani J, et al. Central Arterial Stiffness Increases within One-year Interval of the Final Menstrual Period in Midlife Women: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Heart. Circulation 2018;137:362. doi: 10.1161/circ.137.suppl_1.p362.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B51">
        <label>51</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lovejoy</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Champagne</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Jonge</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xie</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased Visceral Fat and Decreased Energy Expenditure During the Menopausal Transition</article-title>
          <source>Int J Obes</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>949</fpage>
          <lpage>958</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ijo.2008.25</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>51 Lovejoy JC, Champagne CM, de Jonge L, Xie H, Smith SR. Increased Visceral Fat and Decreased Energy Expenditure During the Menopausal Transition. Int J Obes. 2008;32(6):949-58. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2008.25.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B52">
        <label>52</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Matthews</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abrams</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miles</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Powell</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Body Mass Index in Mid-Life Women: Relative Influence of Menopause, Hormone Use, and Ethnicity</article-title>
          <source>Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>863</fpage>
          <lpage>873</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/sj.ijo.0801618</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>52 Matthews KA, Abrams B, Crawford S, Miles T, Neer R, Powell LH, et al. Body Mass Index in Mid-Life Women: Relative Influence of Menopause, Hormone Use, and Ethnicity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(6):863-73. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801618.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B53">
        <label>53</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abdulnour</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doucet</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brochu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lavoie</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strychar</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rabasa-Lhoret</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Effect of the Menopausal Transition on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Montreal-Ottawa New Emerging Team Group Study</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>760</fpage>
          <lpage>767</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/gme.0b013e318240f6f3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>53 Abdulnour J, Doucet E, Brochu M, Lavoie JM, Strychar I, Rabasa-Lhoret R, et al. The Effect of the Menopausal Transition on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Montreal-Ottawa New Emerging Team Group Study. Menopause. 2012;19(7):760-7. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318240f6f3.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B54">
        <label>54</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>El Khoudary</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nasr</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Does Menopause Matter?</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <fpage>100419</fpage>
          <lpage>100419</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.coemr.2022.100419</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>54 El Khoudary SR, Nasr A. Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Does Menopause Matter? Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res. 2022;27:100419. doi: 10.1016/j.coemr.2022.100419.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B55">
        <label>55</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>El Khoudary</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aggarwal</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beckie</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hodis</surname>
              <given-names>HN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Langer</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopause Transition and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Implications for Timing of Early Prevention: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>142</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>506</fpage>
          <lpage>532</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000912</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>55 El Khoudary SR, Aggarwal B, Beckie TM, Hodis HN, Johnson AE, Langer RD, et al. Menopause Transition and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Implications for Timing of Early Prevention: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;142(25):506-32. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000912.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B56">
        <label>56</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tadic</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cuspidi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grassi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ivanovic</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Gender-specific Therapeutic Approach in Arterial Hypertension - Challenges Ahead</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacol Res</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <fpage>181</fpage>
          <lpage>188</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.phrs.2018.12.021</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>56 Tadic M, Cuspidi C, Grassi G, Ivanovic B. Gender-specific Therapeutic Approach in Arterial Hypertension - Challenges Ahead. Pharmacol Res. 2019;141:181-8. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.12.021.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B57">
        <label>57</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wenger</surname>
              <given-names>NK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arnold</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bairey Merz</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper-DeHoff</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferdinand</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fleg</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypertension Across a Woman's Life Cycle</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1797</fpage>
          <lpage>1813</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.033</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>57 Wenger NK, Arnold A, Bairey Merz CN, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Ferdinand KC, Fleg JL, et al. Hypertension Across a Woman's Life Cycle. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(16):1797-813. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.033.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B58">
        <label>58</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Brasil. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Secretaria de Vigil&#226;ncia em Sa&#250;de</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Vigil&#226;ncia de Fatores de Risco e Prote&#231;&#227;o para Doen&#231;as Cr&#244;nicas por Inqu&#233;rito Telef&#244;nico: Estimativas sobre Frequ&#234;ncia e Distribui&#231;&#227;o Sociodemogr&#225;fica de Fatores de Risco e Prote&#231;&#227;o para Doen&#231;as Cr&#244;nicas nas Capitais dos 26 Estados Brasileiros e no Distrito Federal em 2021</source>
          <publisher-loc>Bras&#237;lia</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</publisher-name>
          <year>2021</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>58 Brasil. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Secretaria de Vigil&#226;ncia em Sa&#250;de. Vigil&#226;ncia de Fatores de Risco e Prote&#231;&#227;o para Doen&#231;as Cr&#244;nicas por Inqu&#233;rito Telef&#244;nico: Estimativas sobre Frequ&#234;ncia e Distribui&#231;&#227;o Sociodemogr&#225;fica de Fatores de Risco e Prote&#231;&#227;o para Doen&#231;as Cr&#244;nicas nas Capitais dos 26 Estados Brasileiros e no Distrito Federal em 2021. Bras&#237;lia: Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de; 2021.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B59">
        <label>59</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mancia</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kreutz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brunstr&#246;m</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burnier</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grassi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Januszewicz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2023 ESH Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA)</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1874</fpage>
          <lpage>2071</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>59 Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunstr&#246;m M, Burnier M, Grassi G, Januszewicz A, et al. 2023 ESH Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA). J Hypertens. 2023;41(12):1874-2071. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B60">
        <label>60</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tasi&#263;</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tadi&#263;</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lozi&#263;</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypertension in Women</article-title>
          <source>Front Cardiovasc Med</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <fpage>905504</fpage>
          <lpage>905504</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcvm.2022.905504</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>60 Tasi&#263; T, Tadi&#263; M, Lozi&#263; M. Hypertension in Women. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:905504. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.905504.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B61">
        <label>61</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moretti</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lanzolla</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moretti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gnessi</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carmina</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Androgens and Hypertension in Men and Women: A Unifying View</article-title>
          <source>Curr Hypertens Rep</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>44</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11906-017-0740-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>61 Moretti C, Lanzolla G, Moretti M, Gnessi L, Carmina E. Androgens and Hypertension in Men and Women: A Unifying View. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2017;19(5):44. doi: 10.1007/s11906-017-0740-3.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B62">
        <label>62</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gerdts</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sudano</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brouwers</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borghi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bruno</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ceconi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sex Differences in Arterial Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>46</issue>
          <fpage>4777</fpage>
          <lpage>4788</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehac470</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>62 Gerdts E, Sudano I, Brouwers S, Borghi C, Bruno RM, Ceconi C, et al. Sex Differences in Arterial Hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(46):4777-88. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac470.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B63">
        <label>63</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Opoku</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abushama</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Konje</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obesity and Menopause</article-title>
          <source>Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <fpage>102348</fpage>
          <lpage>102348</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2023.102348</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>63 Opoku AA, Abushama M, Konje JC. Obesity and Menopause. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2023;88:102348. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2023.102348.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B64">
        <label>64</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>El Khoudary</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greendale</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avis</surname>
              <given-names>NE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brooks</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thurston</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Menopause Transition and Women's Health at Midlife: A Progress Report from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN)</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1213</fpage>
          <lpage>1227</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0000000000001424</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>64 El Khoudary SR, Greendale G, Crawford SL, Avis NE, Brooks MM, Thurston RC, et al. The Menopause Transition and Women's Health at Midlife: A Progress Report from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Menopause. 2019;26(10):1213-27. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001424.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B65">
        <label>65</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paramsothy</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harlow</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nan</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greendale</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santoro</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Duration of the Menopausal Transition is Longer in Women with Young Age at Onset: The Multiethnic Study of Women's Health Across the Nation</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>142</fpage>
          <lpage>149</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0000000000000736</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>65 Paramsothy P, Harlow SD, Nan B, Greendale GA, Santoro N, Crawford SL, et al. Duration of the Menopausal Transition is Longer in Women with Young Age at Onset: The Multiethnic Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Menopause. 2017;24(2):142-9. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000736.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B66">
        <label>66</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Naufel</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frange</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andersen</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gir&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>MJBC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tufik</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between Obesity and Sleep Disorders in Postmenopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>139</fpage>
          <lpage>144</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0000000000000962</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>66 Naufel MF, Frange C, Andersen ML, Gir&#227;o MJBC, Tufik S, Ribeiro EB, et al. Association between Obesity and Sleep Disorders in Postmenopausal Women. Menopause. 2018;25(2):139-44. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000962.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B67">
        <label>67</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nappi</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chedraui</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lambrinoudaki</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simoncini</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopause: A Cardiometabolic Transition</article-title>
          <source>Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>442</fpage>
          <lpage>456</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00076-6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>67 Nappi RE, Chedraui P, Lambrinoudaki I, Simoncini T. Menopause: A Cardiometabolic Transition. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(6):442-56. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00076-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B68">
        <label>68</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Caretto</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giannini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simoncini</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Genazzani</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Obesity, Menopause, and Hormone Replacement Therapy</source>
          <publisher-loc>Amsterdam</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name>
          <year>2020</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>68 Caretto M, Giannini A, Simoncini T, Genazzani AR. Obesity, Menopause, and Hormone Replacement Therapy. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2020.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B69">
        <label>69</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hallajzadeh</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khoramdad</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izadi</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karamzad</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almasi-Hashiani</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ayubi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Metabolic Syndrome and its Components in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on Observational Studies</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1155</fpage>
          <lpage>1164</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0000000000001136</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>69 Hallajzadeh J, Khoramdad M, Izadi N, Karamzad N, Almasi-Hashiani A, Ayubi E, et al. Metabolic Syndrome and its Components in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on Observational Studies. Menopause. 2018;25(10):1155-64. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001136.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B70">
        <label>70</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Meloni</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cadeddu</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cugusi</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donataccio</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deidda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sciomer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Gender Differences and Cardiometabolic Risk: The Importance of the Risk Factors</article-title>
          <source>Int J Mol Sci</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>1588</fpage>
          <lpage>1588</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms24021588</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>70 Meloni A, Cadeddu C, Cugusi L, Donataccio MP, Deidda M, Sciomer S, et al. Gender Differences and Cardiometabolic Risk: The Importance of the Risk Factors. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(2):1588. doi: 10.3390/ijms24021588.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B71">
        <label>71</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gurka</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vishnu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santen</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Boer</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Progression of Metabolic Syndrome Severity During the Menopausal Transition</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <elocation-id>e003609</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.116.003609</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>71 Gurka MJ, Vishnu A, Santen RJ, De Boer MD. Progression of Metabolic Syndrome Severity During the Menopausal Transition. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(8):e003609. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.003609.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B72">
        <label>72</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mumusoglu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yildiz</surname>
              <given-names>BO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Metabolic Syndrome During Menopause</article-title>
          <source>Curr Vasc Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>595</fpage>
          <lpage>603</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/1570161116666180904094149</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>72 Mumusoglu S, Yildiz BO. Metabolic Syndrome During Menopause. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2019;17(6):595-603. doi: 10.2174/1570161116666180904094149.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B73">
        <label>73</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ekelund</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tarp</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steene-Johannessen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jefferis</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fagerland</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dose-response Associations between Accelerometry Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time and All Cause Mortality: Systematic Review and Harmonised Meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>366</volume>
          <fpage>l4570</fpage>
          <lpage>l4570</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.l4570</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>73 Ekelund U, Tarp J, Steene-Johannessen J, Hansen BH, Jefferis B, Fagerland MW, et al. Dose-response Associations between Accelerometry Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time and All Cause Mortality: Systematic Review and Harmonised Meta-analysis. BMJ. 2019;366:l4570. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l4570.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B74">
        <label>74</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Patterson</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNamara</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tainio</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de S&#225;</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharp</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sedentary Behaviour and Risk of All-cause, Cardiovascular and Cancer Mortality, and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Dose Response Meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>811</fpage>
          <lpage>829</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10654-018-0380-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>74 Patterson R, McNamara E, Tainio M, de S&#225; TH, Smith AD, Sharp SJ, et al. Sedentary Behaviour and Risk of All-cause, Cardiovascular and Cancer Mortality, and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Dose Response Meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33(9):811-29. doi: 10.1007/s10654-018-0380-1.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B75">
        <label>75</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of Exercise on Cardiovascular Risk in Sedentary Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Ann Palliat Med</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>150</fpage>
          <lpage>162</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21037/apm-22-1395</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>75 Li T, Zhang L. Effect of Exercise on Cardiovascular Risk in Sedentary Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Palliat Med. 2023;12(1):150-62. doi: 10.21037/apm-22-1395.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B76">
        <label>76</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lloyd-Jones</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allen</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>CAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Black</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brewer</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foraker</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Life's Essential 8: Updating and Enhancing the American Heart Association's Construct of Cardiovascular Health: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>146</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>18</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000001078</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>76 Lloyd-Jones DM, Allen NB, Anderson CAM, Black T, Brewer LC, Foraker RE, et al. Life's Essential 8: Updating and Enhancing the American Heart Association's Construct of Cardiovascular Health: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022;146(5):18-43. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001078.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B77">
        <label>77</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Creasy</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crane</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>DO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomson</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kohler</surname>
              <given-names>LN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wertheim</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Higher Amounts of Sedentary Time are Associated with Short Sleep Duration and Poor Sleep Quality in Postmenopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>Sleep</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>zsz093</fpage>
          <lpage>zsz093</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/sleep/zsz093</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>77 Creasy SA, Crane TE, Garcia DO, Thomson CA, Kohler LN, Wertheim BC, et al. Higher Amounts of Sedentary Time are Associated with Short Sleep Duration and Poor Sleep Quality in Postmenopausal Women. Sleep. 2019;42(7):zsz093. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsz093.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B78">
        <label>78</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>LaMonte</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellettiere</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lewis</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>LaCroix</surname>
              <given-names>AZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Sedentary Time and Incident Heart Failure Hospitalization in Postmenopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <elocation-id>e007508</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007508</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>78 LaMonte MJ, Larson JC, Manson JE, Bellettiere J, Lewis CE, LaCroix AZ, et al. Association of Sedentary Time and Incident Heart Failure Hospitalization in Postmenopausal Women. Circ Heart Fail. 2020;13(12):e007508. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007508.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B79">
        <label>79</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Rev. Soc. Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>26</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>79 Marin-Neto JA, Sim&#245;es MV. The Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Heart Failure. Rev. Soc. Cardiol. 2014;24(2):26-33.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B80">
        <label>80</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kanis</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rizzoli</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reginster</surname>
              <given-names>JY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>European Guidance for the Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>Osteoporos Int</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>3</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00198-018-4704-5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>80 Kanis JA, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Reginster JY. European Guidance for the Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women. Osteoporos Int. 2019;30(1):3-44. doi: 10.1007/s00198-018-4704-5.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B81">
        <label>81</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dixon-Suen</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lewis</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>English</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boyle</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giles</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Physical Activity, Sedentary Time and Breast Cancer Risk: A Mendelian Randomisation Study</article-title>
          <source>Br J Sports Med</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>1157</fpage>
          <lpage>1170</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bjsports-2021-105132</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>81 Dixon-Suen SC, Lewis SJ, Martin RM, English DR, Boyle T, Giles GG, et al. Physical Activity, Sedentary Time and Breast Cancer Risk: A Mendelian Randomisation Study. Br J Sports Med. 2022;56(20):1157-70. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-105132.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B82">
        <label>82</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Brasil. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Guia de Atividade F&#237;sica para a Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira</source>
          <publisher-loc>Bras&#237;lia</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</publisher-name>
          <year>2021</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>82 Brasil. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Guia de Atividade F&#237;sica para a Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira. Bras&#237;lia: Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de; 2021.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B83">
        <label>83</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bull</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Ansari</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biddle</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borodulin</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buman</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardon</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>World Health Organization 2020 Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour</article-title>
          <source>Br J Sports Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>1451</fpage>
          <lpage>1462</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>83 Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, et al. World Health Organization 2020 Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(24):1451-62. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B84">
        <label>84</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chung</surname>
              <given-names>HF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pandeya</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dobson</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cade</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenwood</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationships between Intensity, Duration, Cumulative Dose, and Timing of Smoking with Age at Menopause: A Pooled Analysis of Individual Data from 17 Observational Studies</article-title>
          <source>PLoS Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <elocation-id>e1002704</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pmed.1002704</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>84 Zhu D, Chung HF, Pandeya N, Dobson AJ, Cade JE, Greenwood DC, et al. Relationships between Intensity, Duration, Cumulative Dose, and Timing of Smoking with Age at Menopause: A Pooled Analysis of Individual Data from 17 Observational Studies. PLoS Med. 2018;15(11):e1002704. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002704.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B85">
        <label>85</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stewart</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barinas-Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matthews</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El Khoudary</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magnani</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jackson</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Social Role-Related Stress and Social Role-Related Reward as Related to Subsequent Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in a Longitudinal Study of Midlife Women: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation</article-title>
          <source>Psychosom Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>821</fpage>
          <lpage>832</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/PSY.0000000000000733</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>85 Stewart AL, Barinas-Mitchell E, Matthews KA, El Khoudary SR, Magnani JW, Jackson EA, et al. Social Role-Related Stress and Social Role-Related Reward as Related to Subsequent Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in a Longitudinal Study of Midlife Women: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Psychosom Med. 2019;81(9):821-32. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000733.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B86">
        <label>86</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Janssen</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Powell</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matthews</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jasielec</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hollenberg</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bromberger</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relation of Persistent Depressive Symptoms to Coronary Artery Calcification in Women Aged 46 to 59 Years</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1884</fpage>
          <lpage>1889</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.03.035</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>86 Janssen I, Powell LH, Matthews KA, Jasielec MS, Hollenberg SM, Bromberger JT, et al. Relation of Persistent Depressive Symptoms to Coronary Artery Calcification in Women Aged 46 to 59 Years. Am J Cardiol. 2016;117(12):1884-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.03.035.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B87">
        <label>87</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wassertheil-Smoller</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shumaker</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ockene</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Talavera</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenland</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cochrane</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Depression and Cardiovascular Sequelae in Postmenopausal Women. The Women's Health Initiative (WHI)</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>164</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>289</fpage>
          <lpage>298</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/archinte.164.3.289</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>87 Wassertheil-Smoller S, Shumaker S, Ockene J, Talavera GA, Greenland P, Cochrane B, et al. Depression and Cardiovascular Sequelae in Postmenopausal Women. The Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(3):289-98. doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.3.289.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B88">
        <label>88</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Herson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kulkarni</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hormonal Agents for the Treatment of Depression Associated with the Menopause</article-title>
          <source>Drugs Aging</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>607</fpage>
          <lpage>618</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s40266-022-00962-x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>88 Herson M, Kulkarni J. Hormonal Agents for the Treatment of Depression Associated with the Menopause. Drugs Aging. 2022;39(8):607-18. doi: 10.1007/s40266-022-00962-x.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B89">
        <label>89</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koudouovoh-Tripp</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>H&#252;fner</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Egeter</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kandler</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giesinger</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sopper</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Stress Enhances Proinflammatory Platelet Activity: The Impact of Acute and Chronic Mental Stress</article-title>
          <source>J Neuroimmune Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>500</fpage>
          <lpage>512</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11481-020-09945-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>89 Koudouovoh-Tripp P, H&#252;fner K, Egeter J, Kandler C, Giesinger JM, Sopper S, et al. Stress Enhances Proinflammatory Platelet Activity: The Impact of Acute and Chronic Mental Stress. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2021;16(2):500-12. doi: 10.1007/s11481-020-09945-4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B90">
        <label>90</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Assad</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Femia</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pender</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badie</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rajaratnam</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Takotsubo Syndrome: A Review of Presentation, Diagnosis and Management</article-title>
          <source>Clin Med Insights Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <fpage>11795468211065782</fpage>
          <lpage>11795468211065782</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/11795468211065782</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>90 Assad J, Femia G, Pender P, Badie T, Rajaratnam R. Takotsubo Syndrome: A Review of Presentation, Diagnosis and Management. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2022;16:11795468211065782. doi: 10.1177/11795468211065782.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B91">
        <label>91</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ko</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopause-Associated Lipid Metabolic Disorders and Foods Beneficial for Postmenopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>Nutrients</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>202</fpage>
          <lpage>202</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/nu12010202</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>91 Ko SH, Kim HS. Menopause-Associated Lipid Metabolic Disorders and Foods Beneficial for Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients. 2020;12(1):202. doi: 10.3390/nu12010202.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B92">
        <label>92</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Izar</surname>
              <given-names>MCO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>FAH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk Factors in Women: Classical and Specific</article-title>
          <source>Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>264</fpage>
          <lpage>270</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29381/0103-8559/20233302264-70</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>92 Izar MCO, Fonseca FAH. Risk Factors in Women: Classical and Specific. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de S&#227;o Paulo. 2023;33(2):264-70. doi: 10.29381/0103-8559/20233302264-70.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B93">
        <label>93</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kok</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Asselt</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Schouw</surname>
              <given-names>YT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Tweel</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peeters</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Disease Risk Determines Menopausal Age Rather Than the Reverse</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1976</fpage>
          <lpage>1983</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2005.12.066</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>93 Kok HS, van Asselt KM, van der Schouw YT, van der Tweel I, Peeters PH, Wilson PW, et al. Heart Disease Risk Determines Menopausal Age Rather Than the Reverse. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(10):1976-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.12.066.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B94">
        <label>94</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chung</surname>
              <given-names>HF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pandeya</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dobson</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hardy</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuh</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Premenopausal Cardiovascular Disease and Age at Natural Menopause: A Pooled Analysis of Over 170,000 Women</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>235</fpage>
          <lpage>246</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10654-019-00490-w</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>94 Zhu D, Chung HF, Pandeya N, Dobson AJ, Hardy R, Kuh D, et al. Premenopausal Cardiovascular Disease and Age at Natural Menopause: A Pooled Analysis of Over 170,000 Women. Eur J Epidemiol. 2019;34(3):235-46. doi: 10.1007/s10654-019-00490-w.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B95">
        <label>95</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenson</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brewer</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chapman</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fazio</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hussain</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kontush</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>HDL Measures, Particle Heterogeneity, Proposed Nomenclature, and Relation to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Events</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chem</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>392</fpage>
          <lpage>410</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1373/clinchem.2010.155333</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>95 Rosenson RS, Brewer HB Jr, Chapman MJ, Fazio S, Hussain MM, Kontush A, et al. HDL Measures, Particle Heterogeneity, Proposed Nomenclature, and Relation to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Events. Clin Chem. 2011;57(3):392-410. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.155333.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B96">
        <label>96</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van Lennep</surname>
              <given-names>JER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tokg&#246;zo&#287;lu</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badimon</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dumanski</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gulati</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hess</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Women, Lipids, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Call to Action from the European Atherosclerosis Society</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>39</issue>
          <fpage>4157</fpage>
          <lpage>4173</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehad472</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>96 van Lennep JER, Tokg&#246;zo&#287;lu LS, Badimon L, Dumanski SM, Gulati M, Hess CN, et al. Women, Lipids, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Call to Action from the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(39):4157-73. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad472.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B97">
        <label>97</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paschou</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Papanas</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Menopausal Hormone Therapy: An Update</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Ther</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>2313</fpage>
          <lpage>2320</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s13300-019-00695-y</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>97 Paschou SA, Papanas N. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Menopausal Hormone Therapy: An Update. Diabetes Ther. 2019;10(6):2313-20. doi: 10.1007/s13300-019-00695-y.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B98">
        <label>98</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshida</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baudier</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krousel-Wood</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Women with or without Type 2 Diabetes: A Pooled Analysis of 9,374 Postmenopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>2564</fpage>
          <lpage>2572</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2337/dc21-1107</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>98 Yoshida Y, Chen Z, Baudier RL, Krousel-Wood M, Anderson AH, Fonseca VA, et al. Early Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Women with or without Type 2 Diabetes: A Pooled Analysis of 9,374 Postmenopausal Women. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(11):2564-72. doi: 10.2337/dc21-1107.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B99">
        <label>99</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brandt</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tobb</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cambron</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferdinand</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Douglass</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nguyen</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessing and Addressing Social Determinants of Cardiovascular Health: JACC State-of-the-Art Review</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1368</fpage>
          <lpage>1385</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2023.01.042</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>99 Brandt EJ, Tobb K, Cambron JC, Ferdinand K, Douglass P, Nguyen PK, et al. Assessing and Addressing Social Determinants of Cardiovascular Health: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(14):1368-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.01.042.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B100">
        <label>100</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mirhaghjou</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niknami</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moridi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pakseresht</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kazemnejad</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Quality of Life and its Determinants in Postmenopausal Women: A Population-based Study</article-title>
          <source>Appl Nurs Res</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <fpage>252</fpage>
          <lpage>256</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.apnr.2015.10.004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>100 Mirhaghjou SN, Niknami M, Moridi M, Pakseresht S, Kazemnejad E. Quality of Life and its Determinants in Postmenopausal Women: A Population-based Study. Appl Nurs Res. 2016;30:252-6. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2015.10.004.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B101">
        <label>101</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Namazi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sadeghi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Behboodi Moghadam</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Social Determinants of Health in Menopause: An Integrative Review</article-title>
          <source>Int J Womens Health</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <fpage>637</fpage>
          <lpage>647</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/IJWH.S228594</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>101 Namazi M, Sadeghi R, Behboodi Moghadam Z. Social Determinants of Health in Menopause: An Integrative Review. Int J Womens Health. 2019;11:637-47. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S228594.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B102">
        <label>102</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Triebner</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Markevych</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hustad</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benediktsd&#243;ttir</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forsberg</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franklin</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Residential Surrounding Greenspace and Age at Menopause: A 20-year European Study (ECRHS)</article-title>
          <source>Environ Int</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>132</volume>
          <fpage>105088</fpage>
          <lpage>105088</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.envint.2019.105088</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>102 Triebner K, Markevych I, Hustad S, Benediktsd&#243;ttir B, Forsberg B, Franklin KA, et al. Residential Surrounding Greenspace and Age at Menopause: A 20-year European Study (ECRHS). Environ Int. 2019;132:105088. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105088.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B103">
        <label>103</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mulvagh</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merz</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buring</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Clinical Perspectives</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1273</fpage>
          <lpage>1293</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.307547</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>103 Garcia M, Mulvagh SL, Merz CN, Buring JE, Manson JE. Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Clinical Perspectives. Circ Res. 2016;118(8):1273-93. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.307547.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B104">
        <label>104</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woodruff</surname>
              <given-names>TK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reproductive Health as a Marker of Subsequent Cardiovascular Disease: The Role of Estrogen</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>776</fpage>
          <lpage>777</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2016.2662</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>104 Manson JE, Woodruff TK. Reproductive Health as a Marker of Subsequent Cardiovascular Disease: The Role of Estrogen. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(7):776-77. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2016.2662.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B105">
        <label>105</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hjortland</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNamara</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gordon</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopause and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Framingham Study</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>1976</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>447</fpage>
          <lpage>452</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7326/0003-4819-85-4-447</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>105 Kannel WB, Hjortland MC, McNamara PM, Gordon T. Menopause and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med. 1976;85(4):447-52. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-85-4-447.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B106">
        <label>106</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kami&#324;ska</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider-Matyka</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rachubi&#324;ska</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Panczyk</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grochans</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cybulska</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopause Predisposes Women to Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Med</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>7058</fpage>
          <lpage>7058</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/jcm12227058</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>106 Kami&#324;ska MS, Schneider-Matyka D, Rachubi&#324;ska K, Panczyk M, Grochans E, Cybulska AM. Menopause Predisposes Women to Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. J Clin Med. 2023;12(22):7058. doi: 10.3390/jcm12227058.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B107">
        <label>107</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Freaney</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lloyd-Jones</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stone</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Role of Sex-Specific Risk Factors in the Risk Assessment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease for Primary Prevention in Women</article-title>
          <source>Curr Atheroscler Rep</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>46</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11883-020-00864-6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>107 Freaney PM, Khan SS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Stone NJ. The Role of Sex-Specific Risk Factors in the Risk Assessment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease for Primary Prevention in Women. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2020;22(9):46. doi: 10.1007/s11883-020-00864-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B108">
        <label>108</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chu</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michos</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ouyang</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaidya</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blumenthal</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Budoff</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Artery Calcium and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Women with Early Menopause: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)</article-title>
          <source>Am J Prev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <fpage>100362</fpage>
          <lpage>100362</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100362</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>108 Chu JH, Michos ED, Ouyang P, Vaidya D, Blumenthal RS, Budoff MJ, et al. Coronary Artery Calcium and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Women with Early Menopause: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Am J Prev Cardiol. 2022;11:100362. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100362.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B109">
        <label>109</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johnston</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schenck-Gustafsson</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lagerqvist</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Are We Using Cardiovascular Medications and Coronary Angiography Appropriately in Men and Women with Chest Pain?</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1331</fpage>
          <lpage>1336</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehr009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>109 Johnston N, Schenck-Gustafsson K, Lagerqvist B. Are We Using Cardiovascular Medications and Coronary Angiography Appropriately in Men and Women with Chest Pain? Eur Heart J. 2011;32(11):1331-6. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr009.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B110">
        <label>110</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Krentz</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>von M&#252;hlen</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barrett-Connor</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Searching for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women: Evidence of a Dose-effect Association with Prevalent Cardiovascular Disease</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>284</fpage>
          <lpage>292</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0b013e31802cc7ab</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>110 Krentz AJ, von M&#252;hlen D, Barrett-Connor E. Searching for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women: Evidence of a Dose-effect Association with Prevalent Cardiovascular Disease. Menopause. 2007;14(2):284-92. doi: 10.1097/GME.0b013e31802cc7ab.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B111">
        <label>111</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kalantaridou</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naka</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bechlioulis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Makrigiannakis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michalis</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chrousos</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Premature Ovarian Failure, Endothelial Dysfunction and Estrogen-progestogen Replacement</article-title>
          <source>Trends Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>101</fpage>
          <lpage>109</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tem.2006.02.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>111 Kalantaridou SN, Naka KK, Bechlioulis A, Makrigiannakis A, Michalis L, Chrousos GP. Premature Ovarian Failure, Endothelial Dysfunction and Estrogen-progestogen Replacement. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2006;17(3):101-9. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2006.02.003.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B112">
        <label>112</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobsen</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nilssen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heuch</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kv&#229;le</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Does Age at Natural Menopause Affect Mortality from Ischemic Heart Disease?</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Epidemiol</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>475</fpage>
          <lpage>479</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0895-4356(96)00425-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>112 Jacobsen BK, Nilssen S, Heuch I, Kv&#229;le G. Does Age at Natural Menopause Affect Mortality from Ischemic Heart Disease? J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50(4):475-9. doi: 10.1016/s0895-4356(96)00425-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B113">
        <label>113</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kartsonaki</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bian</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopause Characteristics, Total Reproductive Years, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease among Chinese Women</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <elocation-id>e004235</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.117.004235</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>113 Yang L, Lin L, Kartsonaki C, Guo Y, Chen Y, Bian Z, et al. Menopause Characteristics, Total Reproductive Years, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease among Chinese Women. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10(11):e004235. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.117.004235.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B114">
        <label>114</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hochman</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tamis</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weaver</surname>
              <given-names>WD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>HD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van de Werf</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sex, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes. Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes IIb Investigators</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>341</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>226</fpage>
          <lpage>232</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM199907223410402</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>114 Hochman JS, Tamis JE, Thompson TD, Weaver WD, White HD, Van de Werf F, et al. Sex, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes. Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes IIb Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(4):226-32. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199907223410402.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B115">
        <label>115</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thygesen</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alpert</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaffe</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simoons</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaitman</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>HD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>126</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>2020</fpage>
          <lpage>2035</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0b013e31826e1058</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>115 Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD, et al. Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2012;126(16):2020-35. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31826e1058.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B116">
        <label>116</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tweet</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayes</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pitta</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simari</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lerman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lennon</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Features, Management, and Prognosis of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>126</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>579</fpage>
          <lpage>588</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.105718</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>116 Tweet MS, Hayes SN, Pitta SR, Simari RD, Lerman A, Lennon RJ, et al. Clinical Features, Management, and Prognosis of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection. Circulation. 2012;126(5):579-88. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.105718.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B117">
        <label>117</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Szmuilowicz</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossouw</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Howard</surname>
              <given-names>BV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Margolis</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greep</surname>
              <given-names>NC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vasomotor Symptoms and Cardiovascular Events in Postmenopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>603</fpage>
          <lpage>610</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/gme.0b013e3182014849</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>117 Szmuilowicz ED, Manson JE, Rossouw JE, Howard BV, Margolis KL, Greep NC, et al. Vasomotor Symptoms and Cardiovascular Events in Postmenopausal Women. Menopause. 2011;18(6):603-10. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182014849.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B118">
        <label>118</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wei</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehta</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Samuels</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Safety of Coronary Reactivity Testing in Women with no Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: Results from the NHLBI-sponsored WISE (Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation) Study</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>646</fpage>
          <lpage>653</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2012.01.023</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>118 Wei J, Mehta PK, Johnson BD, Samuels B, Kar S, Anderson RD, et al. Safety of Coronary Reactivity Testing in Women with no Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: Results from the NHLBI-sponsored WISE (Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation) Study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5(6):646-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2012.01.023.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B119">
        <label>119</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Merz</surname>
              <given-names>CNB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shufelt</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azziz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braunstein</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reproductive Hormone Exposure Timing and Ischemic Heart Disease: Complicated Answers to a Simple Question</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>297</fpage>
          <lpage>298</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.01.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>119 Merz CNB, Shufelt C, Johnson BD, Azziz R, Braunstein GD. Reproductive Hormone Exposure Timing and Ischemic Heart Disease: Complicated Answers to a Simple Question. Maturitas. 2010;65(4):297-8. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.01.003.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B120">
        <label>120</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shufelt</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waldman</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merz</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Female-specific Factors for IHD: Across the Reproductive Lifespan</article-title>
          <source>Curr Atheroscler Rep</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>481</fpage>
          <lpage>481</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11883-014-0481-6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>120 Shufelt C, Waldman T, Wang E, Merz CN. Female-specific Factors for IHD: Across the Reproductive Lifespan. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2015;17(2):481. doi: 10.1007/s11883-014-0481-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B121">
        <label>121</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Elias-Smale</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#252;nal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maas</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Gynecardiology: Distinct Patterns of Ischemic Heart Disease in Middle-aged Women</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>348</fpage>
          <lpage>352</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.04.012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>121 Elias-Smale SE, G&#252;nal A, Maas AH. Gynecardiology: Distinct Patterns of Ischemic Heart Disease in Middle-aged Women. Maturitas. 2015;81(3):348-52. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.04.012.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B122">
        <label>122</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yoon</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bushnell</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Stroke in Women: A Review Focused on Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Outcomes</article-title>
          <source>J Stroke</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>2</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5853/jos.2022.03468</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>122 Yoon CW, Bushnell CD. Stroke in Women: A Review Focused on Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Outcomes. J Stroke. 2023;25(1):2-15. doi: 10.5853/jos.2022.03468.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B123">
        <label>123</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Stroke Organization</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2022</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>World Stroke Organization</publisher-name>
          <year>2022</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>123 World Stroke Organization. Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2022. Geneva: World Stroke Organization; 2022.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B124">
        <label>124</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Amarenco</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lavall&#233;e</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Labreuche</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albers</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abboud</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Five-Year Risk of Stroke after TIA or Minor Ischemic Stroke</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>378</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2182</fpage>
          <lpage>2190</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1802712</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>124 Amarenco P, Lavall&#233;e PC, Tavares LM, Labreuche J, Albers GW, Abboud H, et al. Five-Year Risk of Stroke after TIA or Minor Ischemic Stroke. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(23):2182-90. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1802712.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B125">
        <label>125</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vallejo</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cantalapiedra Calvete</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rudd</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolfe</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Connell</surname>
              <given-names>MDL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Douiri</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Stroke Outcomes in Women: A Population-Based Cohort Study</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>3072</fpage>
          <lpage>3081</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.037829</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>125 Xu M, Vallejo AA, Cantalapiedra Calvete C, Rudd A, Wolfe C, O&#8217;Connell MDL, Douiri A. Stroke Outcomes in Women: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Stroke. 2022;53(10):3072-81. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.037829.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B126">
        <label>126</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Donnell</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chin</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rangarajan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xavier</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global and Regional Effects of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Acute Stroke in 32 Countries (INTERSTROKE): A Case-control Study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>388</volume>
          <issue>10046</issue>
          <fpage>761</fpage>
          <lpage>775</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30506-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>126 O&#8217;Donnell MJ, Chin SL, Rangarajan S, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, et al. Global and Regional Effects of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Acute Stroke in 32 Countries (INTERSTROKE): A Case-control Study. Lancet. 2016;388(10046):761-75. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30506-2.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B127">
        <label>127</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reeves</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bushnell</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Howard</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gargano</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duncan</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lynch</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sex Differences in Stroke: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Medical Care, and Outcomes</article-title>
          <source>Lancet Neurol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>915</fpage>
          <lpage>926</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70193-5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>127 Reeves MJ, Bushnell CD, Howard G, Gargano JW, Duncan PW, Lynch G, et al. Sex Differences in Stroke: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Medical Care, and Outcomes. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(10):915-26. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70193-5.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B128">
        <label>128</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D&#252;zenli</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozdemir</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sokmen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soylu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aygul</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gezginc</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Menopause on the Myocardial Velocities and Myocardial Performance Index</article-title>
          <source>Circ J</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1728</fpage>
          <lpage>1733</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1253/circj.71.1728</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>128 D&#252;zenli MA, Ozdemir K, Sokmen A, Soylu A, Aygul N, Gezginc K, et al. Effects of Menopause on the Myocardial Velocities and Myocardial Performance Index. Circ J. 2007;71(11):1728-33. doi: 10.1253/circj.71.1728.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B129">
        <label>129</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jung</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huh</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Age at Menopause and Risk of Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation: A Nationwide Cohort Study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>40</issue>
          <fpage>4148</fpage>
          <lpage>4157</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehac364</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>129 Shin J, Han K, Jung JH, Park HJ, Kim W, Huh Y, et al. Age at Menopause and Risk of Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(40):4148-57. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac364.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B130">
        <label>130</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hsich</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pi&#241;a</surname>
              <given-names>IL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Failure in Women: A Need for Prospective Data</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>491</fpage>
          <lpage>498</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.066</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>130 Hsich EM, Pi&#241;a IL. Heart Failure in Women: A Need for Prospective Data. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(6):491-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.066.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B131">
        <label>131</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Torbati</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shufelt</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wei</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merz</surname>
              <given-names>CNB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Premature Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease: Can We Blame Estrogen?</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>40</issue>
          <fpage>4158</fpage>
          <lpage>4160</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehac321</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>131 Torbati T, Shufelt C, Wei J, Merz CNB. Premature Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease: Can We Blame Estrogen? Eur Heart J. 2022;43(40):4158-60. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac321.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B132">
        <label>132</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Muka</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliver-Williams</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kunutsor</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laven</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fauser</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chowdhury</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Age at Onset of Menopause and Time Since Onset of Menopause with Cardiovascular Outcomes, Intermediate Vascular Traits, and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>767</fpage>
          <lpage>776</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2016.2415</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>132 Muka T, Oliver-Williams C, Kunutsor S, Laven JS, Fauser BC, Chowdhury R, et al. Association of Age at Onset of Menopause and Time Since Onset of Menopause with Cardiovascular Outcomes, Intermediate Vascular Traits, and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(7):767-76. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2016.2415.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B133">
        <label>133</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Scott</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Understanding Hormones, Menopause, and Heart Failure: Still a Work in Progress</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2527</fpage>
          <lpage>2529</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.561</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>133 Scott NS. Understanding Hormones, Menopause, and Heart Failure: Still a Work in Progress. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(20):2527-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.561.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B134">
        <label>134</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nah</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Howard</surname>
              <given-names>BV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lewis</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allison</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sarto</surname>
              <given-names>GE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reproductive Factors and Incidence of Heart Failure Hospitalization in the Women's Health Initiative</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2517</fpage>
          <lpage>2526</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.557</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>134 Hall PS, Nah G, Howard BV, Lewis CE, Allison MA, Sarto GE, et al. Reproductive Factors and Incidence of Heart Failure Hospitalization in the Women's Health Initiative. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(20):2517-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.557.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B135">
        <label>135</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Canonico</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plu-Bureau</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Sullivan</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stefanick</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cochrane</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scarabin</surname>
              <given-names>PY</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Age at Menopause, Reproductive History, and Venous Thromboembolism Risk among Postmenopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative Hormone Therapy Clinical Trials</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>214</fpage>
          <lpage>220</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0b013e31829752e0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>135 Canonico M, Plu-Bureau G, O&#8217;Sullivan MJ, Stefanick ML, Cochrane B, Scarabin PY, et al. Age at Menopause, Reproductive History, and Venous Thromboembolism Risk among Postmenopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative Hormone Therapy Clinical Trials. Menopause. 2014;21(3):214-20. doi: 10.1097/GME.0b013e31829752e0.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B136">
        <label>136</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliver-Williams</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glisic</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shahzad</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baena</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chadni</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Route of Administration, Timing, Duration and Dose of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Women: A Systematic Review</article-title>
          <source>Hum Reprod Update</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>257</fpage>
          <lpage>271</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/humupd/dmy039</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>136 Oliver-Williams C, Glisic M, Shahzad S, Brown E, Baena CP, Chadni M, et al. The Route of Administration, Timing, Duration and Dose of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Women: A Systematic Review. Hum Reprod Update. 2019;25(2):257-71. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmy039.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B137">
        <label>137</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jeong</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choi</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baek</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Effects of Menopausal Hormone Therapy on Cardiovascular Diseases</article-title>
          <source>Sci Rep</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>20631</fpage>
          <lpage>20631</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-020-77534-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>137 Kim JE, Chang JH, Jeong MJ, Choi J, Park J, Baek C, et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Effects of Menopausal Hormone Therapy on Cardiovascular Diseases. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):20631. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77534-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B138">
        <label>138</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kapoor</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kling</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lobo</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faubion</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopausal Hormone Therapy in Women with Medical Conditions</article-title>
          <source>Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>101578</fpage>
          <lpage>101578</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.beem.2021.101578</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>138 Kapoor E, Kling JM, Lobo AS, Faubion SS. Menopausal Hormone Therapy in Women with Medical Conditions. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;35(6):101578. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101578.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B139">
        <label>139</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ardissino</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Slob</surname>
              <given-names>EAW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carter</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rogne</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Girling</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burgess</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sex-Specific Reproductive Factors Augment Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Women: A Mendelian Randomization Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <elocation-id>e027933</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.122.027933</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>139 Ardissino M, Slob EAW, Carter P, Rogne T, Girling J, Burgess S, et al. Sex-Specific Reproductive Factors Augment Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Women: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(5):e027933. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.122.027933.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B140">
        <label>140</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Global Burden of Disease</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) Results</source>
          <publisher-loc>Seattle</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation</publisher-name>
          <year>2020</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>140 Global Burden of Disease. Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) Results. Seattle: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; 2020.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B141">
        <label>141</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>MCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>DDC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bragan&#231;a</surname>
              <given-names>&#201;OV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moura</surname>
              <given-names>LZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arrais</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Position Statement on Ischemic Heart Disease - Women-Centered Health Care - 2023</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20230303</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230303</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>141 Oliveira GMM, Almeida MCC, Rassi DDC, Bragan&#231;a &#201;OV, Moura LZ, Arrais M, et al. Position Statement on Ischemic Heart Disease - Women-Centered Health Care - 2023. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(7):e20230303. doi: 10.36660/abc.20230303.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B142">
        <label>142</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rexrode</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sandhu</surname>
              <given-names>RK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moorthy</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conen</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albert</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopausal Age, Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Incident Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>1954</fpage>
          <lpage>1961</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/heartjnl-2016-311002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>142 Wong JA, Rexrode KM, Sandhu RK, Moorthy MV, Conen D, Albert CM. Menopausal Age, Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Incident Atrial Fibrillation. Heart. 2017;103(24):1954-61. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-311002.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B143">
        <label>143</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jin</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feng</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early Menopause is Associated with Increased Risk of Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>176</volume>
          <fpage>107784</fpage>
          <lpage>107784</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.107784</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>143 Liu J, Jin X, Chen W, Wang L, Feng Z, Huang J. Early Menopause is Associated with Increased Risk of Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2023;176:107784. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.107784.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B144">
        <label>144</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gomez</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parizo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ermakov</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wallace</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assimes</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of the Association between Circulating IL-1&#946; and Other Inflammatory Cytokines And Incident Atrial Fibrillation In A Cohort Of Postmenopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>258</volume>
          <fpage>157</fpage>
          <lpage>167</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ahj.2023.01.010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>144 Gomez SE, Parizo J, Ermakov S, Larson J, Wallace R, Assimes T, et al. Evaluation of the Association between Circulating IL-1&#946; and Other Inflammatory Cytokines And Incident Atrial Fibrillation In A Cohort Of Postmenopausal Women. Am Heart J. 2023;258:157-67. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2023.01.010.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B145">
        <label>145</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>SX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tindle</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woods</surname>
              <given-names>NF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoover</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between Insomnia, Stress Events, and Other Psychosocial Factors and Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Postmenopausal Women: Insights from the Women's Health Initiative</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <elocation-id>e030030</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.123.030030</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>145 Zhao SX, Tindle HA, Larson JC, Woods NF, Crawford MH, Hoover V, et al. Association between Insomnia, Stress Events, and Other Psychosocial Factors and Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Postmenopausal Women: Insights from the Women's Health Initiative. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(17):e030030. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.123.030030.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B146">
        <label>146</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Raychaudhuri</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dieli-Conwright</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheng</surname>
              <given-names>RK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barac</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reding</surname>
              <given-names>KW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vasbinder</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Review of Research on the Intersection between Breast Cancer and Cardiovascular Research in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI)</article-title>
          <source>Front Oncol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <fpage>1039246</fpage>
          <lpage>1039246</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fonc.2022.1039246</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>146 Raychaudhuri S, Dieli-Conwright CM, Cheng RK, Barac A, Reding KW, Vasbinder A, et al. A Review of Research on the Intersection between Breast Cancer and Cardiovascular Research in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Front Oncol. 2023;12:1039246. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1039246.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B147">
        <label>147</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Buttros</surname>
              <given-names>DAB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Branco</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orsatti</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>BS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nahas-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nahas</surname>
              <given-names>EAP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>High Risk for Cardiovascular Disease in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Survivors</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1024</fpage>
          <lpage>1030</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0000000000001348</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>147 Buttros DAB, Branco MT, Orsatti CL, Almeida-Filho BS, Nahas-Neto J, Nahas EAP. High Risk for Cardiovascular Disease in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Survivors. Menopause. 2019;26(9):1024-30. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001348.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B148">
        <label>148</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mehta</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Watson</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barac</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beckie</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittner</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cruz-Flores</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Disease and Breast Cancer: Where These Entities Intersect: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>137</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>30</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000556</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>148 Mehta LS, Watson KE, Barac A, Beckie TM, Bittner V, Cruz-Flores S, et al. Cardiovascular Disease and Breast Cancer: Where These Entities Intersect: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;137(8):30-66. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000556.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B149">
        <label>149</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Epstein</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tailored to a Woman's Heart: Gender Cardio-Oncology Across the Lifespan</article-title>
          <source>Curr Cardiol Rep</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1461</fpage>
          <lpage>1474</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11886-023-01967-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>149 Chen MH, Epstein SF. Tailored to a Woman's Heart: Gender Cardio-Oncology Across the Lifespan. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2023;25(11):1461-74. doi: 10.1007/s11886-023-01967-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B150">
        <label>150</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kingsberg</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larkin</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Effects of Early or Surgical Menopause</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>135</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>853</fpage>
          <lpage>868</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/AOG.0000000000003729</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>150 Kingsberg SA, Larkin LC, Liu JH. Clinical Effects of Early or Surgical Menopause. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135(4):853-68. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003729.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B151">
        <label>151</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Haavisto</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wettergren</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lampic</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#228;hteenm&#228;ki</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jahnukainen</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Premature Ovarian Insufficiency and Chance of Pregnancy after Childhood Cancer: A Population-based Study (The Fex-Can Study)</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cancer</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>153</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>644</fpage>
          <lpage>653</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ijc.34541</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>151 Haavisto A, Wettergren L, Lampic C, L&#228;hteenm&#228;ki PM, Jahnukainen K. Premature Ovarian Insufficiency and Chance of Pregnancy after Childhood Cancer: A Population-based Study (The Fex-Can Study). Int J Cancer. 2023;153(3):644-53. doi: 10.1002/ijc.34541.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B152">
        <label>152</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Parashar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akhter</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paplomata</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elgendy</surname>
              <given-names>IY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Upadhyaya</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scherrer-Crosbie</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cancer Treatment-Related Cardiovascular Toxicity in Gynecologic Malignancies: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review</article-title>
          <source>JACC CardioOncol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>159</fpage>
          <lpage>173</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jaccao.2023.02.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>152 Parashar S, Akhter N, Paplomata E, Elgendy IY, Upadhyaya D, Scherrer-Crosbie M, et al. Cancer Treatment-Related Cardiovascular Toxicity in Gynecologic Malignancies: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review. JACC CardioOncol. 2023;5(2):159-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2023.02.002.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B153">
        <label>153</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Parashar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reid</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spertus</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaccarino</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early Menopause Predicts Angina after Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>938</fpage>
          <lpage>945</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/gme.0b013e3181e41f54</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>153 Parashar S, Reid KJ, Spertus JA, Shaw LJ, Vaccarino V. Early Menopause Predicts Angina after Myocardial Infarction. Menopause. 2010;17(5):938-45. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181e41f54.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B154">
        <label>154</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Atsma</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bartelink</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grobbee</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Schouw</surname>
              <given-names>YT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Postmenopausal Status and Early Menopause as Independent Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>265</fpage>
          <lpage>279</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.gme.0000218683.97338.ea</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>154 Atsma F, Bartelink ML, Grobbee DE, van der Schouw YT. Postmenopausal Status and Early Menopause as Independent Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-analysis. Menopause. 2006;13(2):265-79. doi: 10.1097/01.gme.0000218683.97338.ea.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B155">
        <label>155</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Curigliano</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lenihan</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fradley</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ganatra</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barac</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blaes</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of Cardiac Disease in Cancer Patients Throughout Oncological Treatment: ESMO Consensus Recommendations</article-title>
          <source>Ann Oncol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>171</fpage>
          <lpage>190</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.annonc.2019.10.023</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>155 Curigliano G, Lenihan D, Fradley M, Ganatra S, Barac A, Blaes A, et al. Management of Cardiac Disease in Cancer Patients Throughout Oncological Treatment: ESMO Consensus Recommendations. Ann Oncol. 2020;31(2):171-90. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2019.10.023.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B156">
        <label>156</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Okwuosa</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morgans</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rhee</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reding</surname>
              <given-names>KW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maliski</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plana</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Hormonal Therapies for Treatment of Hormone-Dependent Cancers (Breast and Prostate) on the Cardiovascular System: Effects and Modifications: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circ Genom Precis Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>e000082</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/HCG.0000000000000082</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>156 Okwuosa TM, Morgans A, Rhee JW, Reding KW, Maliski S, Plana JC, et al. Impact of Hormonal Therapies for Treatment of Hormone-Dependent Cancers (Breast and Prostate) on the Cardiovascular System: Effects and Modifications: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2021;14(3):e000082. doi: 10.1161/HCG.0000000000000082.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B157">
        <label>157</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baum</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Budzar</surname>
              <given-names>AU</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cuzick</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forbes</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Houghton</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klijn</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anastrozole Alone or in Combination with Tamoxifen Versus Tamoxifen Alone for Adjuvant Treatment of Postmenopausal Women with Early Breast Cancer: First Results of the ATAC Randomised Trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>359</volume>
          <issue>9324</issue>
          <fpage>2131</fpage>
          <lpage>2139</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09088-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>157 Baum M, Budzar AU, Cuzick J, Forbes J, Houghton JH, Klijn JG, et al. Anastrozole Alone or in Combination with Tamoxifen Versus Tamoxifen Alone for Adjuvant Treatment of Postmenopausal Women with Early Breast Cancer: First Results of the ATAC Randomised Trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9324):2131-9. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09088-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B158">
        <label>158</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lyon</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Couch</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asteggiano</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aznar</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergler-Klein</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2022 ESC Guidelines on Cardio-oncology Developed in Collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>41</issue>
          <fpage>4229</fpage>
          <lpage>4361</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehac244</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>158 Lyon AR, L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez T, Couch LS, Asteggiano R, Aznar MC, Bergler-Klein J, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on Cardio-oncology Developed in Collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS). Eur Heart J. 2022;43(41):4229-361. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac244.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B159">
        <label>159</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Smid</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Studart-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>C&#233;sar-Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>KG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dourado</surname>
              <given-names>MCN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kochhann</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>BJAP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Subjective Cognitive Decline, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia - Syndromic Approach: Recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology</article-title>
          <source>Dement Neuropsychol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>3 Suppl 1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>24</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1980-5764-DN-2022-S101PT</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>159 Smid J, Studart-Neto A, C&#233;sar-Freitas KG, Dourado MCN, Kochhann R, Barbosa BJAP, et al. Subjective Cognitive Decline, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia - Syndromic Approach: Recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology. Dement Neuropsychol. 2022;16(3 Suppl 1):1-24. doi: 10.1590/1980-5764-DN-2022-S101PT.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B160">
        <label>160</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gale</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Acar</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daffner</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dementia</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1161</fpage>
          <lpage>1169</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.01.022</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>160 Gale SA, Acar D, Daffner KR. Dementia. Am J Med. 2018;131(10):1161-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.01.022.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B161">
        <label>161</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Prince</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wimo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guerchet</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ali</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>YT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prina</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>World Alzheimer Report 2015</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>The Global Impact of Dementia: An Analysis of Prevalence, Incidence, Cost and Trends</source>
          <publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Alzheimer's Disease International</publisher-name>
          <year>2015</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>161 Prince M, Wimo A, Guerchet G, Ali GC, Wu YT, Prina M. World Alzheimer Report 2015. The Global Impact of Dementia: An Analysis of Prevalence, Incidence, Cost and Trends. London: Alzheimer's Disease International; 2015.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B162">
        <label>162</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estimation of the Global Prevalence of Dementia in 2019 and Forecasted Prevalence in 2050: an Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019</article-title>
          <source>Lancet Public Health</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>e105</fpage>
          <lpage>e125</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00249-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>162 GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators. Estimation of the Global Prevalence of Dementia in 2019 and Forecasted Prevalence in 2050: an Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7(2):e105-25. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00249-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B163">
        <label>163</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mosconi</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berti</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dyke</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schelbaum</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jett</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loughlin</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopause Impacts Human Brain Structure, Connectivity, Energy Metabolism, and Amyloid-beta Deposition</article-title>
          <source>Sci Rep</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>10867</fpage>
          <lpage>10867</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-021-90084-y</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>163 Mosconi L, Berti V, Dyke J, Schelbaum E, Jett S, Loughlin L, et al. Menopause Impacts Human Brain Structure, Connectivity, Energy Metabolism, and Amyloid-beta Deposition. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):10867. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90084-y.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B164">
        <label>164</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Frank-Raue</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raue</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thyroid Dysfunction in Periand Postmenopausal Women-Cumulative Risks</article-title>
          <source>Dtsch Arztebl Int</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>311</fpage>
          <lpage>316</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0069</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>164 Frank-Raue K, Raue F. Thyroid Dysfunction in Periand Postmenopausal Women-Cumulative Risks. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2023;120(18):311-6. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0069.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B165">
        <label>165</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shaikh</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Noor</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ali</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sajjad</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypothyroidism Screening in Menopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>Pakistan Journal of Medical &amp; Health Sciences</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>14</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>165 Shaikh S, Noor F, Ali S, Sajjad S. Hypothyroidism Screening in Menopausal Women. Pakistan Journal of Medical &amp; Health Sciences. 2017;11(1):14-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B166">
        <label>166</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Uygur</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoldemir</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yavuz</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thyroid Disease in the Perimenopause and Postmenopause Period</article-title>
          <source>Climacteric</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>542</fpage>
          <lpage>548</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/13697137.2018.1514004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>166 Uygur MM, Yoldemir T, Yavuz DG. Thyroid Disease in the Perimenopause and Postmenopause Period. Climacteric. 2018;21(6):542-48. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2018.1514004.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B167">
        <label>167</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Slopien</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Owecki</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Slopien</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bala</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meczekalski</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Climacteric Symptoms are Related to Thyroid Status in Euthyroid Menopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>J Endocrinol Invest</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>75</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s40618-019-01078-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>167 Slopien R, Owecki M, Slopien A, Bala G, Meczekalski B. Climacteric Symptoms are Related to Thyroid Status in Euthyroid Menopausal Women. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(1):75-80. doi: 10.1007/s40618-019-01078-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B168">
        <label>168</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Panda</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Das</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Analyzing Thyroid Dysfunction in the Climacteric</article-title>
          <source>J Midlife Health</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>113</fpage>
          <lpage>116</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/jmh.JMH_21_18</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>168 Panda S, Das A. Analyzing Thyroid Dysfunction in the Climacteric. J Midlife Health. 2018;9(3):113-6. doi: 10.4103/jmh.JMH_21_18.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B169">
        <label>169</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sgarbi</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teixeira</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maciel</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mazeto</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaisman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montenegro</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Brazilian Consensus for the Clinical Approach and Treatment of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Adults: Recommendations of the Thyroid Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>166</fpage>
          <lpage>183</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0004-27302013000300003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>169 Sgarbi JA, Teixeira PF, Maciel LM, Mazeto GM, Vaisman M, Montenegro RM Jr, et al. The Brazilian Consensus for the Clinical Approach and Treatment of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Adults: Recommendations of the Thyroid Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2013;57(3):166-83. doi: 10.1590/s0004-27302013000300003.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B170">
        <label>170</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brenta</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaisman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sgarbi</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergoglio</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrada</surname>
              <given-names>NC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bravo</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hypothyroidism</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>265</fpage>
          <lpage>291</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0004-27302013000400003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>170 Brenta G, Vaisman M, Sgarbi JA, Bergoglio LM, Andrada NC, Bravo PP, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hypothyroidism. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2013;57(4):265-91. doi: 10.1590/s0004-27302013000400003.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B171">
        <label>171</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Razvi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weaver</surname>
              <given-names>JU</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vanderpump</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pearce</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Incidence of Ischemic Heart Disease and Mortality in People with Subclinical Hypothyroidism: Reanalysis of the Whickham Survey Cohort</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1734</fpage>
          <lpage>1740</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/jc.2009-1749</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>171 Razvi S, Weaver JU, Vanderpump MP, Pearce SH. The Incidence of Ischemic Heart Disease and Mortality in People with Subclinical Hypothyroidism: Reanalysis of the Whickham Survey Cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(4):1734-40. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-1749.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B172">
        <label>172</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rodondi</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>den Elzen</surname>
              <given-names>WP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bauer</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cappola</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Razvi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walsh</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Subclinical Hypothyroidism and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>304</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1365</fpage>
          <lpage>1374</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2010.1361</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>172 Rodondi N, den Elzen WP, Bauer DC, Cappola AR, Razvi S, Walsh JP, et al. Subclinical Hypothyroidism and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality. JAMA. 2010;304(12):1365-74. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.1361.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B173">
        <label>173</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Avila</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rivera</surname>
              <given-names>MAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rivera</surname>
              <given-names>IR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Depression, Cardiovascular Disease, and Female Gender: An Underestimated Triad</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20220858</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220858</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>173 Avila WS, Rivera MAM, Rivera IR. Depression, Cardiovascular Disease, and Female Gender: An Underestimated Triad. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(7):e20220858. doi: 10.36660/abc.20220858.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B174">
        <label>174</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Borgi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biondi-Zoccai</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frati</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peruzzi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Disease and Mental Health: A Dangerous Duo?</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Prev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1686</fpage>
          <lpage>1688</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurjpc/zwad199</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>174 Borgi M, Biondi-Zoccai G, Frati G, Peruzzi M. Cardiovascular Disease and Mental Health: A Dangerous Duo? Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023;30(15):1686-8. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad199.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B175">
        <label>175</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Riahi</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yousefi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saeedi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Associations of Emotional Social Support, Depressive Symptoms, Chronic Stress, and Anxiety with Hard Cardiovascular Disease Events in the United States: the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)</article-title>
          <source>BMC Cardiovasc Disord</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>236</fpage>
          <lpage>236</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12872-023-03195-x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>175 Riahi SM, Yousefi A, Saeedi F, Martin SS. Associations of Emotional Social Support, Depressive Symptoms, Chronic Stress, and Anxiety with Hard Cardiovascular Disease Events in the United States: the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2023;23(1):236. doi: 10.1186/s12872-023-03195-x.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B176">
        <label>176</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vaccarino</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sullivan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hammadah</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilmot</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al Mheid</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramadan</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mental Stress-Induced-Myocardial Ischemia in Young Patients with Recent Myocardial Infarction: Sex Differences and Mechanisms</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>137</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>794</fpage>
          <lpage>805</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030849</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>176 Vaccarino V, Sullivan S, Hammadah M, Wilmot K, Al Mheid I, Ramadan R, et al. Mental Stress-Induced-Myocardial Ischemia in Young Patients with Recent Myocardial Infarction: Sex Differences and Mechanisms. Circulation. 2018;137(8):794-805. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030849.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B177">
        <label>177</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nash</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Wattar</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davies</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Bone and Heart Health in Menopause</article-title>
          <source>Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <fpage>61</fpage>
          <lpage>68</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2022.03.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>177 Nash Z, Al-Wattar BH, Davies M. Bone and Heart Health in Menopause. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2022;81:61-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2022.03.002.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B178">
        <label>178</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laurent</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dubois</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Claessens</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Brien</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bouillon</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estrogens and Androgens in Skeletal Physiology and Pathophysiology</article-title>
          <source>Physiol Rev</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>135</fpage>
          <lpage>187</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/physrev.00033.2015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>178 Almeida M, Laurent MR, Dubois V, Claessens F, O&#8217;Brien CA, Bouillon R, et al. Estrogens and Androgens in Skeletal Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev. 2017;97(1):135-87. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2015.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B179">
        <label>179</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>North American Menopause Society</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>767</fpage>
          <lpage>794</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0000000000002028</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>179 North American Menopause Society. The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2022;29(7):767-94. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000002028.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B180">
        <label>180</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rajendran</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minhas</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kazzi</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Varma</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thakkar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sex-specific Differences in Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>384</volume>
          <fpage>117269</fpage>
          <lpage>117269</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117269</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>180 Rajendran A, Minhas AS, Kazzi B, Varma B, Choi E, Thakkar A, et al. Sex-specific Differences in Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women. Atherosclerosis. 2023;384:117269. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117269.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B181">
        <label>181</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Streed</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beach</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caceres</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dowshen</surname>
              <given-names>NL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreau</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mukherjee</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessing and Addressing Cardiovascular Health in People Who Are Transgender and Gender Diverse: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>144</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>136</fpage>
          <lpage>148</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000001003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>181 Streed CG Jr, Beach LB, Caceres BA, Dowshen NL, Moreau KL, Mukherjee M, et al. Assessing and Addressing Cardiovascular Health in People Who Are Transgender and Gender Diverse: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;144(6):136-48. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001003.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B182">
        <label>182</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barros</surname>
              <given-names>BS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuschnir</surname>
              <given-names>MCMC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bloch</surname>
              <given-names>KV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>TLND</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ERICA: Age at Menarche and its Association with Nutritional Status</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>106</fpage>
          <lpage>111</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jped.2017.12.004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>182 Barros BS, Kuschnir MCMC, Bloch KV, Silva TLND. ERICA: Age at Menarche and its Association with Nutritional Status. J Pediatr. 2019;95(1):106-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2017.12.004.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B183">
        <label>183</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Catov</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schreiner</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Appiah</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wellons</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siscovick</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Women's Reproductive Milestones and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Review of Reports and Opportunities from the CARDIA Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <elocation-id>e028132</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.122.028132</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>183 Kim C, Catov J, Schreiner PJ, Appiah D, Wellons MF, Siscovick D, et al. Women's Reproductive Milestones and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Review of Reports and Opportunities from the CARDIA Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(5):e028132. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.122.028132.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B184">
        <label>184</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lakshman</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forouhi</surname>
              <given-names>NG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharp</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luben</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bingham</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khaw</surname>
              <given-names>KT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early Age at Menarche Associated with Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>4953</fpage>
          <lpage>4960</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/jc.2009-1789</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>184 Lakshman R, Forouhi NG, Sharp SJ, Luben R, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, et al. Early Age at Menarche Associated with Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(12):4953-60. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-1789.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B185">
        <label>185</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Feng</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hong</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilker</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jin</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Age at Menarche, Reproductive Years, and Menopause on Metabolic Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>196</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>590</fpage>
          <lpage>597</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.06.016</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>185 Feng Y, Hong X, Wilker E, Li Z, Zhang W, Jin D, et al. Effects of Age at Menarche, Reproductive Years, and Menopause on Metabolic Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases. Atherosclerosis. 2008;196(2):590-7. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.06.016.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B186">
        <label>186</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Kelly</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michos</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shufelt</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vermunt</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minissian</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quesada</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pregnancy and Reproductive Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Women</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>130</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>652</fpage>
          <lpage>672</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319895</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>186 O&#8217;Kelly AC, Michos ED, Shufelt CL, Vermunt JV, Minissian MB, Quesada O, et al. Pregnancy and Reproductive Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Women. Circ Res. 2022;130(4):652-72. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319895.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B187">
        <label>187</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Remsberg</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demerath</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schubert</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chumlea</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siervogel</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early Menarche and the Development of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Adolescent Girls: the Fels Longitudinal Study</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>2718</fpage>
          <lpage>2724</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/jc.2004-1991</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>187 Remsberg KE, Demerath EW, Schubert CM, Chumlea WC, Sun SS, Siervogel RM. Early Menarche and the Development of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Adolescent Girls: the Fels Longitudinal Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(5):2718-24. doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-1991.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B188">
        <label>188</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mueller</surname>
              <given-names>NT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Odegaard</surname>
              <given-names>AO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gross</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koh</surname>
              <given-names>WP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yuan</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Age at Menarche and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Singaporean Chinese Women: The Singapore Chinese Health Study</article-title>
          <source>Ann Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>717</fpage>
          <lpage>722</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.08.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>188 Mueller NT, Odegaard AO, Gross MD, Koh WP, Yuan JM, Pereira MA. Age at Menarche and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Singaporean Chinese Women: The Singapore Chinese Health Study. Ann Epidemiol. 2012;22(10):717-22. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.08.002.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B189">
        <label>189</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Charalampopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McLoughlin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elks</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ong</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Age at Menarche and Risks of All-cause and Cardiovascular Death: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>180</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>29</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/aje/kwu113</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>189 Charalampopoulos D, McLoughlin A, Elks CE, Ong KK. Age at Menarche and Risks of All-cause and Cardiovascular Death: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;180(1):29-40. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwu113.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B190">
        <label>190</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cook-Wiens</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braunstein</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berga</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stanczyk</surname>
              <given-names>FZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Age at Menarche and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes: Findings from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <elocation-id>e012406</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.119.012406</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>190 Lee JJ, Cook-Wiens G, Johnson BD, Braunstein GD, Berga SL, Stanczyk FZ, et al. Age at Menarche and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes: Findings from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(12):e012406. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.012406.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B191">
        <label>191</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Canoy</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beral</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balkwill</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wright</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kroll</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reeves</surname>
              <given-names>GK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Age at Menarche and Risks of Coronary Heart and Other Vascular Diseases in a Large UK Cohort</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>237</fpage>
          <lpage>244</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010070</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>191 Canoy D, Beral V, Balkwill A, Wright FL, Kroll ME, Reeves GK, et al. Age at Menarche and Risks of Coronary Heart and Other Vascular Diseases in a Large UK Cohort. Circulation. 2015;131(3):237-44. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010070.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B192">
        <label>192</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vessey</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mant</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yeates</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oral Contraceptives and Venous Thromboembolism: Findings in a Large Prospective Study</article-title>
          <source>Br Med J</source>
          <year>1986</year>
          <volume>292</volume>
          <issue>6519</issue>
          <fpage>526</fpage>
          <lpage>526</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.292.6519.526</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>192 Vessey M, Mant D, Smith A, Yeates D. Oral Contraceptives and Venous Thromboembolism: Findings in a Large Prospective Study. Br Med J. 1986;292(6519):526. doi: 10.1136/bmj.292.6519.526.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B193">
        <label>193</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sitruk-Ware</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nath</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Metabolic Effects of Contraceptive Steroids</article-title>
          <source>Rev Endocr Metab Disord</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>63</fpage>
          <lpage>75</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11154-011-9182-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>193 Sitruk-Ware R, Nath A. Metabolic Effects of Contraceptive Steroids. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2011;12(2):63-75. doi: 10.1007/s11154-011-9182-4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B194">
        <label>194</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sitruk-Ware</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nath</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Characteristics and Metabolic Effects of Estrogen and Progestins Contained in Oral Contraceptive Pills</article-title>
          <source>Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>13</fpage>
          <lpage>24</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.beem.2012.09.004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>194 Sitruk-Ware R, Nath A. Characteristics and Metabolic Effects of Estrogen and Progestins Contained in Oral Contraceptive Pills. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27(1):13-24. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2012.09.004.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B195">
        <label>195</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dragoman</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill &#8211; Recent Developments, Risks and Benefits</article-title>
          <source>Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>825</fpage>
          <lpage>834</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.06.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>195 Dragoman MV. The Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill -- Recent Developments, Risks and Benefits. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28(6):825-34. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.06.003.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B196">
        <label>196</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nelson</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Drospirenone and Estetrol: Evaluation of a Newly Approved Novel Oral Contraceptive</article-title>
          <source>Expert Opin Pharmacother</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1757</fpage>
          <lpage>1764</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/14656566.2023.2247979</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>196 Nelson AL. Drospirenone and Estetrol: Evaluation of a Newly Approved Novel Oral Contraceptive. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023;24(16):1757-64. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2023.2247979.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B197">
        <label>197</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Junge</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mellinger</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parke</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serrani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Metabolic and Haemostatic Effects of Estradiol Valerate/Dienogest, a Novel Oral Contraceptive: A Randomized, Open-label, Single-centre Study</article-title>
          <source>Clin Drug Investig</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>573</fpage>
          <lpage>584</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2165/11590220-000000000-00000</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>197 Junge W, Mellinger U, Parke S, Serrani M. Metabolic and Haemostatic Effects of Estradiol Valerate/Dienogest, a Novel Oral Contraceptive: A Randomized, Open-label, Single-centre Study. Clin Drug Investig. 2011;31(8):573-84. doi: 10.2165/11590220-000000000-00000.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B198">
        <label>198</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brabaharan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veettil</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaiser</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rao</surname>
              <given-names>VRR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wattanayingcharoenchai</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maharajan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Hormonal Contraceptive Use with Adverse Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses of Randomized Clinical Trials and Cohort Studies</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Netw Open</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e2143730</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.43730</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>198 Brabaharan S, Veettil SK, Kaiser JE, Rao VRR, Wattanayingcharoenchai R, Maharajan M, et al. Association of Hormonal Contraceptive Use with Adverse Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses of Randomized Clinical Trials and Cohort Studies. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(1):e2143730. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.43730.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B199">
        <label>199</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roach</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Helmerhorst</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lijfering</surname>
              <given-names>WM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stijnen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Algra</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dekkers</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Combined Oral Contraceptives: The Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke</article-title>
          <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>2015</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <elocation-id>CD011054</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/14651858.CD011054.pub2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>199 Roach RE, Helmerhorst FM, Lijfering WM, Stijnen T, Algra A, Dekkers OM. Combined Oral Contraceptives: The Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(8):CD011054. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011054.pub2.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B200">
        <label>200</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lidegaard</surname>
              <given-names>&#216;</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#248;kkegaard</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skovlund</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Keiding N. Thrombotic Stroke and Myocardial Infarction with Hormonal Contraception</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>366</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2257</fpage>
          <lpage>2266</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1111840</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>200 Lidegaard &#216;, L&#248;kkegaard E, Jensen A, Skovlund CW, Keiding N. Thrombotic Stroke and Myocardial Infarction with Hormonal Contraception. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(24):2257-66. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1111840.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B201">
        <label>201</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weill</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dalichampt</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raguideau</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ricordeau</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bloti&#232;re</surname>
              <given-names>PO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rudant</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Low Dose Oestrogen Combined Oral Contraception and Risk of Pulmonary Embolism, Stroke, and Myocardial Infarction in Five Million French Women: Cohort Study</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>353</volume>
          <fpage>2002</fpage>
          <lpage>2002</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.i2002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>201 Weill A, Dalichampt M, Raguideau F, Ricordeau P, Bloti&#232;re PO, Rudant J, et al. Low Dose Oestrogen Combined Oral Contraception and Risk of Pulmonary Embolism, Stroke, and Myocardial Infarction in Five Million French Women: Cohort Study. BMJ. 2016;353:2002. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i2002.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B202">
        <label>202</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yao</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between Duration of Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk of Hypertension: A Meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Hypertens</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <month>10</month>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1032</fpage>
          <lpage>1041</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jch.13042</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>202 Liu H, Yao J, Wang W, Zhang D. Association between Duration of Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk of Hypertension: A Meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens. 2017 Oct;19(10):1032-41. doi: 10.1111/jch.13042.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B203">
        <label>203</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petto</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diogo</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>ACN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sacramento</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ladeia</surname>
              <given-names>AMT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Plasma Renin in Women Using and Not Using Combined Oral Contraceptive</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiovasc Sci</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>208</fpage>
          <lpage>214</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/ijcs.20180021</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>203 Oliveira SS, Petto J, Diogo DP, Santos ACN, Sacramento MS, Ladeia AMT. Plasma Renin in Women Using and Not Using Combined Oral Contraceptive. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020;33(3):208-14. doi: 10.36660/ijcs.20180021.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B204">
        <label>204</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qin</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheng</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oral Contraceptive Use and Increased Risk of Stroke: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies</article-title>
          <source>Front Neurol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <fpage>993</fpage>
          <lpage>993</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fneur.2019.00993</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>204 Li F, Zhu L, Zhang J, He H, Qin Y, Cheng Y, et al. Oral Contraceptive Use and Increased Risk of Stroke: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Front Neurol. 2019;10:993. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00993.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B205">
        <label>205</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tepper</surname>
              <given-names>NK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whiteman</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marchbanks</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>James</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curtis</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Progestin-only Contraception and Thromboembolism: A Systematic Review</article-title>
          <source>Contraception</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>678</fpage>
          <lpage>700</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.014</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>205 Tepper NK, Whiteman MK, Marchbanks PA, James AH, Curtis KM. Progestin-only Contraception and Thromboembolism: A Systematic Review. Contraception. 2016;94(6):678-700. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.014.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B206">
        <label>206</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Combined Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism: A Guideline</article-title>
          <source>Fertil Steril</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>43</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.09.027</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>206 Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Combined Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism: A Guideline. Fertil Steril. 2017;107(1):43-51. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.09.027.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B207">
        <label>207</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dragoman</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tepper</surname>
              <given-names>NK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fu</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curtis</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chou</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaffield</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Venous Thrombosis Risk among Users of Combined Oral Contraception</article-title>
          <source>Int J Gynaecol Obstet</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>287</fpage>
          <lpage>294</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ijgo.12455</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>207 Dragoman MV, Tepper NK, Fu R, Curtis KM, Chou R, Gaffield ME. A systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Venous Thrombosis Risk among Users of Combined Oral Contraception. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2018;141(3):287-94. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.12455.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B208">
        <label>208</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oedingen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scholz</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Razum</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Association of Combined Oral Contraceptives on the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism: The Role of the Progestogen Type and Estrogen Dose</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Res</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>165</volume>
          <fpage>68</fpage>
          <lpage>78</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.thromres.2018.03.005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>208 Oedingen C, Scholz S, Razum O. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Association of Combined Oral Contraceptives on the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism: The Role of the Progestogen Type and Estrogen Dose. Thromb Res. 2018;165:68-78. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.03.005.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B209">
        <label>209</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Timmer</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mulders</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pharmacokinetics of Etonogestrel and Ethinylestradiol Released from a Combined Contraceptive Vaginal Ring</article-title>
          <source>Clin Pharmacokinet</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>233</fpage>
          <lpage>242</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2165/00003088-200039030-00005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>209 Timmer CJ, Mulders TM. Pharmacokinetics of Etonogestrel and Ethinylestradiol Released from a Combined Contraceptive Vaginal Ring. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000;39(3):233-42. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200039030-00005.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B210">
        <label>210</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Serfaty</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Update on the Contraceptive Contraindications</article-title>
          <source>J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>297</fpage>
          <lpage>307</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jogoh.2019.02.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>210 Serfaty D. Update on the Contraceptive Contraindications. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2019;48(5):297-307. doi: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2019.02.006.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B211">
        <label>211</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Avila</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grinberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melo</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinotti</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pileggi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Contraceptive Use in Women with Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>205</fpage>
          <lpage>211</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>211 Avila WS, Grinberg M, Melo NR, Pinotti JA, Pileggi F. Contraceptive Use in Women with Heart Disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1996;66(4):205-11.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B212">
        <label>212</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dou</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Associations of Oral Contraceptive Use with Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Death: Evidence from the UK Biobank Cohort Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <elocation-id>e030105</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.123.030105</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>212 Dou W, Huang Y, Liu X, Huang C, Huang J, Xu B, et al. Associations of Oral Contraceptive Use with Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Death: Evidence from the UK Biobank Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(16):e030105. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.123.030105.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B213">
        <label>213</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barsky</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shufelt</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lauzon</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berga</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braunstein</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prior Oral Contraceptive Use and Longer Term Mortality Outcomes in Women with Suspected Ischemic Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>J Womens Health</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>384</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1089/jwh.2020.8743</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>213 Barsky L, Shufelt C, Lauzon M, Johnson BD, Berga SL, Braunstein G, et al. Prior Oral Contraceptive Use and Longer Term Mortality Outcomes in Women with Suspected Ischemic Heart Disease. J Womens Health. 2021;30(3):377-84. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8743.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B214">
        <label>214</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spitzer</surname>
              <given-names>WO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oral Contraceptives and Cardiovascular Outcomes: Cause or Bias?</article-title>
          <source>Contraception</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>2 Suppl</issue>
          <fpage>3</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0010-7824(00)00149-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>214 Spitzer WO. Oral Contraceptives and Cardiovascular Outcomes: Cause or Bias? Contraception. 2000;62(2 Suppl):3-9. doi: 10.1016/s0010-7824(00)00149-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B215">
        <label>215</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Merz</surname>
              <given-names>CNB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharaf</surname>
              <given-names>BL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittner</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berga</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braunstein</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypoestrogenemia of Hypothalamic Origin and Coronary Artery Disease in Premenopausal Women: A Report from the NHLBI-sponsored WISE Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>413</fpage>
          <lpage>419</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02763-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>215 Merz CNB, Johnson BD, Sharaf BL, Bittner V, Berga SL, Braunstein GD, et al. Hypoestrogenemia of Hypothalamic Origin and Coronary Artery Disease in Premenopausal Women: A Report from the NHLBI-sponsored WISE Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(3):413-9. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02763-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B216">
        <label>216</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hanson</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnstone</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dorais</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silver</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peterson</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hotaling</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Female Infertility, Infertility-Associated Diagnoses, and Comorbidities: A Review</article-title>
          <source>J Assist Reprod Genet</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>167</fpage>
          <lpage>177</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10815-016-0836-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>216 Hanson B, Johnstone E, Dorais J, Silver B, Peterson CM, Hotaling J. Female Infertility, Infertility-Associated Diagnoses, and Comorbidities: A Review. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2017;34(2):167-77. doi: 10.1007/s10815-016-0836-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B217">
        <label>217</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vogel</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Acevedo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Appelman</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merz</surname>
              <given-names>CNB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chieffo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figtree</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Lancet Women and Cardiovascular Disease Commission: Reducing the Global Burden by 2030</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>397</volume>
          <issue>10292</issue>
          <fpage>2385</fpage>
          <lpage>2438</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00684-X</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>217 Vogel B, Acevedo M, Appelman Y, Merz CNB, Chieffo A, Figtree GA, et al. The Lancet Women and Cardiovascular Disease Commission: Reducing the Global Burden by 2030. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2385-438. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00684-X.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B218">
        <label>218</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Malachias</surname>
              <given-names>MVB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Cardiovascular Diseases: Still an Open Door</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>430</fpage>
          <lpage>431</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190062</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>218 Malachias MVB. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Cardiovascular Diseases: Still an Open Door. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019;112(4):430-1. doi: 10.5935/abc.20190062.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B219">
        <label>219</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berni</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morgan</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rees</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Have an Increased Risk of Major Cardiovascular Events: a Population Study</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>3369</fpage>
          <lpage>3380</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/clinem/dgab392</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>219 Berni TR, Morgan CL, Rees DA. Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Have an Increased Risk of Major Cardiovascular Events: a Population Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(9):3369-80. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab392.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B220">
        <label>220</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Calderon-Margalit</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siscovick</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merkin</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daviglus</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schreiner</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prospective Association of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome with Coronary Artery Calcification and Carotid-Intima-Media Thickness: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Women's Study</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2688</fpage>
          <lpage>2694</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.304136</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>220 Calderon-Margalit R, Siscovick D, Merkin SS, Wang E, Daviglus ML, Schreiner PJ, et al. Prospective Association of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome with Coronary Artery Calcification and Carotid-Intima-Media Thickness: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Women's Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34(12):2688-94. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.304136.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B221">
        <label>221</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qu</surname>
              <given-names>QQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhong</surname>
              <given-names>GQ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Women: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies</article-title>
          <source>Front Cardiovasc Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <fpage>552421</fpage>
          <lpage>552421</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcvm.2020.552421</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>221 Zhang J, Xu JH, Qu QQ, Zhong GQ. Risk of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Women: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:552421. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.552421.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B222">
        <label>222</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Okoth</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chandan</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marshall</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thangaratinam</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>GN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nirantharakumar</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between the Reproductive Health of Young Women and Cardiovascular Disease in Later Life: Umbrella Review</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>371</volume>
          <elocation-id>m3502</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.m3502</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>222 Okoth K, Chandan JS, Marshall T, Thangaratinam S, Thomas GN, Nirantharakumar K, et al. Association between the Reproductive Health of Young Women and Cardiovascular Disease in Later Life: Umbrella Review. BMJ. 2020;371:m3502. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3502.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B223">
        <label>223</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Davis</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of Testosterone in Postmenopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>113</fpage>
          <lpage>124</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ecl.2020.11.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>223 Davis SR. Use of Testosterone in Postmenopausal Women. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2021;50(1):113-24. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2020.11.002.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B224">
        <label>224</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Armeni</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lambrinoudaki</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopause, Androgens, and Cardiovascular Ageing: A Narrative Review</article-title>
          <source>Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <fpage>20420188221129946</fpage>
          <lpage>20420188221129946</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/20420188221129946</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>224 Armeni E, Lambrinoudaki I. Menopause, Androgens, and Cardiovascular Ageing: A Narrative Review. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2022;13:20420188221129946. doi: 10.1177/20420188221129946.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B225">
        <label>225</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moreau</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Babcock</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hildreth</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sex Differences in Vascular Aging in Response to Testosterone</article-title>
          <source>Biol Sex Differ</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>18</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13293-020-00294-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>225 Moreau KL, Babcock MC, Hildreth KL. Sex Differences in Vascular Aging in Response to Testosterone. Biol Sex Differ. 2020;11(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s13293-020-00294-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B226">
        <label>226</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spoletini</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vitale</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pelliccia</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fossati</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosano</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Androgens and Cardiovascular Disease in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review</article-title>
          <source>Climacteric</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>625</fpage>
          <lpage>634</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/13697137.2014.887669</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>226 Spoletini I, Vitale C, Pelliccia F, Fossati C, Rosano GM. Androgens and Cardiovascular Disease in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review. Climacteric. 2014;17(6):625-34. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2014.887669.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B227">
        <label>227</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Davis</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baber</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Panay</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bitzer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perez</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Islam</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global Consensus Position Statement on the Use of Testosterone Therapy for Women</article-title>
          <source>Climacteric</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>429</fpage>
          <lpage>434</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/13697137.2019.1637079</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>227 Davis SR, Baber R, Panay N, Bitzer J, Perez SC, Islam RM, et al. Global Consensus Position Statement on the Use of Testosterone Therapy for Women. Climacteric. 2019;22(5):429-34. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2019.1637079.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B228">
        <label>228</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Islam</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bell</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Handelsman</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNeil</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nelson</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reid</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Associations between Blood Sex Steroid Concentrations and Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Healthy Older Women in Australia: A Prospective Cohort Substudy of the ASPREE Trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet Healthy Longev</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>109</fpage>
          <lpage>118</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S2666-7568(22)00001-0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>228 Islam RM, Bell RJ, Handelsman DJ, McNeil JJ, Nelson MR, Reid CM, et al. Associations between Blood Sex Steroid Concentrations and Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Healthy Older Women in Australia: A Prospective Cohort Substudy of the ASPREE Trial. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2022;3(2):109-18. doi: 10.1016/S2666-7568(22)00001-0.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B229">
        <label>229</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopez</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mulla</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El Haddad</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tahashilder</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polychronopolou</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baillargeon</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Relation with Cardiovascular Disease in Cisgender Women and Transgender People</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1515</fpage>
          <lpage>1523</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/clinem/dgad388</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>229 Lopez DS, Mulla JS, El Haddad D, Tahashilder MI, Polychronopolou E, Baillargeon J, et al. Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Relation with Cardiovascular Disease in Cisgender Women and Transgender People. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108(12):1515-23. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgad388.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B230">
        <label>230</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Connelly</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freel</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perry</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ewan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Touyz</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Currie</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy, Vascular Health and Cardiovascular Disease in Transgender Adults</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1266</fpage>
          <lpage>1274</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13080</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>230 Connelly PJ, Freel EM, Perry C, Ewan J, Touyz RM, Currie G, et al. Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy, Vascular Health and Cardiovascular Disease in Transgender Adults. Hypertension. 2019;74(6):1266-74. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13080.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B231">
        <label>231</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D'hoore</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>T'Sjoen</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Gender-affirming Hormone Therapy: An Updated Literature Review with an Eye on the Future</article-title>
          <source>J Intern Med</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>291</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>574</fpage>
          <lpage>592</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/joim.13441</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>231 D'hoore L, T'Sjoen G. Gender-affirming Hormone Therapy: An Updated Literature Review with an Eye on the Future. J Intern Med. 2022;291(5):574-92. doi: 10.1111/joim.13441.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B232">
        <label>232</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delles</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davies</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Connelly</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Disease in Transgender Individuals</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>384</volume>
          <fpage>117282</fpage>
          <lpage>117282</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117282</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>232 Murphy CN, Delles C, Davies E, Connelly PJ. Cardiovascular Disease in Transgender Individuals. Atherosclerosis. 2023;384:117282. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117282.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B233">
        <label>233</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Coleman</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Radix</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bouman</surname>
              <given-names>WP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Vries</surname>
              <given-names>ALC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deutsch</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8</article-title>
          <source>Int J Transgend Health</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>Suppl 1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>259</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>233 Coleman E, Radix AE, Bouman WP, Brown GR, de Vries ALC, Deutsch MB, et al. Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8. Int J Transgend Health. 2022;23(Suppl 1):1-259. doi: 10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B234">
        <label>234</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Cl&#237;nica</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Medicina Diagn&#243;stica Inclusiva: Cuidando de Pacientes Transg&#234;nero</source>
          <publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Cl&#237;nica</publisher-name>
          <year>2019</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>234 Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Cl&#237;nica. Medicina Diagn&#243;stica Inclusiva: Cuidando de Pacientes Transg&#234;nero. Rio de Janeiro: Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Cl&#237;nica; 2019.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B235">
        <label>235</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aranda</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halperin</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomez-Gil</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanzu</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Segu&#237;</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guillamon</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Risk Associated with Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy in Transgender Population</article-title>
          <source>Front Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <fpage>718200</fpage>
          <lpage>718200</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fendo.2021.718200</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>235 Aranda G, Halperin I, Gomez-Gil E, Hanzu FA, Segu&#237; N, Guillamon A, et al. Cardiovascular Risk Associated with Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy in Transgender Population. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:718200. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.718200.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B236">
        <label>236</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Connell</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nguyen</surname>
              <given-names>TP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahler</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skinner</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pang</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Approach to the Patient: Pharmacological Management of Trans and Gender-Diverse Adolescents</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>241</fpage>
          <lpage>257</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/clinem/dgab634</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>236 O&#8217;Connell MA, Nguyen TP, Ahler A, Skinner SR, Pang KC. Approach to the Patient: Pharmacological Management of Trans and Gender-Diverse Adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(1):241-57. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab634.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B237">
        <label>237</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cheung</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nolan</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Zwickl S. Transgender Health and the Impact of Aging and Menopause</article-title>
          <source>Climacteric</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>256</fpage>
          <lpage>262</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/13697137.2023.2176217</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>237 Cheung AS, Nolan BJ, Zwickl S. Transgender Health and the Impact of Aging and Menopause. Climacteric. 2023;26(3):256-62. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2023.2176217.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B238">
        <label>238</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hodis</surname>
              <given-names>HN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy and Reduction of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease: It Is About Time and Timing</article-title>
          <source>Cancer J</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>208</fpage>
          <lpage>223</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/PPO.0000000000000591</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>238 Hodis HN, Mack WJ. Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy and Reduction of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease: It Is About Time and Timing. Cancer J. 2022;28(3):208-23. doi: 10.1097/PPO.0000000000000591.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B239">
        <label>239</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hodis</surname>
              <given-names>HN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lobo</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shoupe</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sevanian</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahrer</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>135</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>939</fpage>
          <lpage>953</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7326/0003-4819-135-11-200112040-00005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>239 Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Lobo RA, Shoupe D, Sevanian A, Mahrer PR, et al. Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135(11):939-53. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-135-11-200112040-00005.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B240">
        <label>240</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Christian</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harrington</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edwards</surname>
              <given-names>WD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oberg</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fitzpatrick</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estrogen Status Correlates with the Calcium Content of Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaques in Women</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>1062</fpage>
          <lpage>1067</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/jcem.87.3.8354</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>240 Christian RC, Harrington S, Edwards WD, Oberg AL, Fitzpatrick LA. Estrogen Status Correlates with the Calcium Content of Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaques in Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(3):1062-7. doi: 10.1210/jcem.87.3.8354.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B241">
        <label>241</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Limacher</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assaf</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bassford</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beresford</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Black</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogen in Postmenopausal Women with Hysterectomy: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>291</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1701</fpage>
          <lpage>1712</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.291.14.1701</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>241 Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black H, et al. Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogen in Postmenopausal Women with Hysterectomy: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 2004;291(14):1701-12. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.14.1701.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B242">
        <label>242</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Madsen</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sobel</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Negash</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allen</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stefanick</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Review of Hormone and Non-Hormonal Therapy Options for the Treatment of Menopause</article-title>
          <source>Int J Womens Health</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <fpage>825</fpage>
          <lpage>836</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/IJWH.S379808</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>242 Madsen TE, Sobel T, Negash S, Allen TS, Stefanick ML, Manson JE, et al. A Review of Hormone and Non-Hormonal Therapy Options for the Treatment of Menopause. Int J Womens Health. 2023;15:825-36. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S379808.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B243">
        <label>243</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Glynne</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newson</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reisel</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hormone Therapy for the Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Persons</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>329</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>940</fpage>
          <lpage>941</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2023.0180</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>243 Glynne S, Newson L, Reisel D. Hormone Therapy for the Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Persons. JAMA. 2023;329(11):940-1. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.0180.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B244">
        <label>244</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Davis</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hemachandra</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magraith</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ebeling</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jane</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The 2023 Practitioner's Toolkit for Managing Menopause</article-title>
          <source>Climacteric</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>517</fpage>
          <lpage>536</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/13697137.2023.2258783</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>244 Davis SR, Taylor S, Hemachandra C, Magraith K, Ebeling PR, Jane F, et al. The 2023 Practitioner's Toolkit for Managing Menopause. Climacteric. 2023;26(6):517-36. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2023.2258783.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B245">
        <label>245</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Boardman</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hartley</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eisinga</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Main</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roqu&#233; i Figuls</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hormone Therapy for Preventing Cardiovascular Disease in Post-Menopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>2015</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>CD002229</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/14651858.CD002229.pub4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>245 Boardman HM, Hartley L, Eisinga A, Main C, Roqu&#233; i Figuls M, et al. Hormone Therapy for Preventing Cardiovascular Disease in Post-Menopausal Women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(3):CD002229. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002229.pub4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B246">
        <label>246</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marjoribanks</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farquhar</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roberts</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lethaby</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-Term Hormone Therapy for Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>CD004143</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/14651858.CD004143.pub5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>246 Marjoribanks J, Farquhar C, Roberts H, Lethaby A, Lee J. Long-Term Hormone Therapy for Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;1(1):CD004143. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004143.pub5.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B247">
        <label>247</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santoro</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El Khoudary</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sokalska</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szmuilowicz</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolfman</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Menopause</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <collab>The North American Menopause Society</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Menopause Practice: A Clinician's Guide</source>
          <publisher-loc>Denver</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>The North American Menopause Society</publisher-name>
          <year>2019</year>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>247 Santoro N, El Khoudary SR, Sokalska A, Szmuilowicz ED, Wolfman W. Menopause. In: The North American Menopause Society. Menopause Practice: A Clinician's Guide. Denver: The North American Menopause Society; 2019: p. 1-21.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B248">
        <label>248</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>El Khoudary</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thurston</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Implications of the Menopause Transition: Endogenous Sex Hormones and Vasomotor Symptoms</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>641</fpage>
          <lpage>661</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ogc.2018.07.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>248 El Khoudary SR, Thurston RC. Cardiovascular Implications of the Menopause Transition: Endogenous Sex Hormones and Vasomotor Symptoms. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2018;45(4):641-61. doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2018.07.006.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B249">
        <label>249</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kravitz</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kazlauskaite</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joffe</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sleep, Health, and Metabolism in Midlife Women and Menopause: Food for Thought</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>679</fpage>
          <lpage>694</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ogc.2018.07.008</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>249 Kravitz HM, Kazlauskaite R, Joffe H. Sleep, Health, and Metabolism in Midlife Women and Menopause: Food for Thought. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2018;45(4):679-94. doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2018.07.008.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B250">
        <label>250</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bromberger</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Epperson</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Depression During and after the Perimenopause: Impact of Hormones, Genetics, and Environmental Determinants of Disease</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>663</fpage>
          <lpage>678</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ogc.2018.07.007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>250 Bromberger JT, Epperson CN. Depression During and after the Perimenopause: Impact of Hormones, Genetics, and Environmental Determinants of Disease. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2018;45(4):663-78. doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2018.07.007.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B251">
        <label>251</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Szegda</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whitcomb</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Purdue-Smithe</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boutot</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hankinson</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adult Adiposity and Risk of Early Menopause</article-title>
          <source>Hum Reprod</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2522</fpage>
          <lpage>2531</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/humrep/dex304</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>251 Szegda KL, Whitcomb BW, Purdue-Smithe AC, Boutot ME, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, et al. Adult Adiposity and Risk of Early Menopause. Hum Reprod. 2017;32(12):2522-31. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dex304.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B252">
        <label>252</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ley</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tobias</surname>
              <given-names>DK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosner</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>FB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Duration of Reproductive Life Span, Age at Menarche, and Age at Menopause are Associated with Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Women</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <elocation-id>e006713</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.117.006713</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>252 Ley SH, Li Y, Tobias DK, Manson JE, Rosner B, Hu FB, et al. Duration of Reproductive Life Span, Age at Menarche, and Age at Menopause are Associated with Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Women. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(11):e006713. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.006713.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B253">
        <label>253</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Appiah</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schreiner</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demerath</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loehr</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Folsom</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Age at Menopause with Incident Heart Failure: A Prospective Cohort Study and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <elocation-id>e003769</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.116.003769</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>253 Appiah D, Schreiner PJ, Demerath EW, Loehr LR, Chang PP, Folsom AR. Association of Age at Menopause with Incident Heart Failure: A Prospective Cohort Study and Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(8):e003769. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.003769.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B254">
        <label>254</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dam</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Schouw</surname>
              <given-names>YT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Onland-Moret</surname>
              <given-names>NC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Groenwold</surname>
              <given-names>RHH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peters</surname>
              <given-names>SAE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burgess</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Menopausal Characteristics and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A pan-European Case-Cohort Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1275</fpage>
          <lpage>1285</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ije/dyz016</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>254 Dam V, van der Schouw YT, Onland-Moret NC, Groenwold RHH, Peters SAE, Burgess S, et al. Association of Menopausal Characteristics and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A pan-European Case-Cohort Analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2019;48(4):1275-85. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyz016.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B255">
        <label>255</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mangione</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barry</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicholson</surname>
              <given-names>WK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cabana</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caughey</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chelmow</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Persons: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>328</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1740</fpage>
          <lpage>1746</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2022.18625</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>255 Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, Cabana M, Caughey AB, Chelmow D, et al. Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Persons: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2022;328(17):1740-1746. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.18625.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B256">
        <label>256</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johansen</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thinggaard</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hallas</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Osler</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christensen</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Mortality Before and after the Women's Health Initiative study</article-title>
          <source>Sci Rep</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>539</fpage>
          <lpage>539</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-023-27731-z</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>256 Johansen LL, Thinggaard M, Hallas J, Osler M, Christensen K. Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Mortality Before and after the Women's Health Initiative study. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):539. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-27731-z.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B257">
        <label>257</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lu</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>SY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>LZ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between Hormone Replacement Therapy and Sex Hormones in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>5264</fpage>
          <lpage>5279</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26355/eurrev_202306_32646</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>257 Lu DH, Zhou SY, Xu LZ. Association between Hormone Replacement Therapy and Sex Hormones in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27(11):5264-79. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202306_32646.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B258">
        <label>258</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vigneswaran</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamoda</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hormone Replacement Therapy - Current Recommendations</article-title>
          <source>Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <fpage>8</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2021.12.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>258 Vigneswaran K, Hamoda H. Hormone Replacement Therapy - Current Recommendations. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2022;81:8-21. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2021.12.001.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B259">
        <label>259</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tr&#233;mollieres</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chabbert-Buffet</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plu-Bureau</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rousset-Jablonski</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lecerf</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duclos</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of Postmenopausal Women: Coll&#232;ge National des Gyn&#233;cologues et Obst&#233;triciens Fran&#231;ais (CNGOF) and Groupe d'Etude sur la M&#233;nopause et le Vieillissement (GEMVi) Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>163</volume>
          <fpage>62</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.05.008</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>259 Tr&#233;mollieres FA, Chabbert-Buffet N, Plu-Bureau G, Rousset-Jablonski C, Lecerf JM, Duclos M, et al. Management of Postmenopausal Women: Coll&#232;ge National des Gyn&#233;cologues et Obst&#233;triciens Fran&#231;ais (CNGOF) and Groupe d&#8217;Etude sur la M&#233;nopause et le Vieillissement (GEMVi) Clinical Practice Guidelines. Maturitas. 2022;163:62-81. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.05.008.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B260">
        <label>260</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Avis</surname>
              <given-names>NE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Green</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vasomotor Symptoms Across the Menopause Transition: Differences among Women</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>629</fpage>
          <lpage>640</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ogc.2018.07.005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>260 Avis NE, Crawford SL, Green R. Vasomotor Symptoms Across the Menopause Transition: Differences among Women. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2018;45(4):629-40. doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2018.07.005.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B261">
        <label>261</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estimation of Placebo Effect in Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials for Moderate or Severe Vasomotor Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>5</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0000000000002094</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>261 Zhou T. Estimation of Placebo Effect in Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials for Moderate or Severe Vasomotor Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis. Menopause. 2023;30(1):5-10. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000002094.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B262">
        <label>262</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grygorieva</surname>
              <given-names>NV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kovalenko</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>K&#1086;rzh</surname>
              <given-names>M&#1054;</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tatarchuk</surname>
              <given-names>TF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dedukh</surname>
              <given-names>NV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strafun</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guideline for Diagnostic, Prevention and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis</article-title>
          <source>Pain, Joints, Spine</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>128</fpage>
          <lpage>154</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22141/pjs.13.3.2023.378</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>262 Grygorieva NV, Kovalenko VM, K&#1086;rzh M&#1054;, Tatarchuk TF, Dedukh NV, Strafun SS. Guideline for Diagnostic, Prevention and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Pain, Joints, Spine. 2023;13(3):128-54. 10.22141/pjs.13.3.2023.378.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B263">
        <label>263</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jin</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feng</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Risk of Long-Term Cardiometabolic Disease in Women with Premature or Early Menopause: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Front Cardiovasc Med</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <fpage>1131251</fpage>
          <lpage>1131251</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcvm.2023.1131251</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>263 Liu J, Jin X, Liu W, Chen W, Wang L, Feng Z, et al. The Risk of Long-Term Cardiometabolic Disease in Women with Premature or Early Menopause: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1131251. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1131251.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B264">
        <label>264</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hussain</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Talaulikar</surname>
              <given-names>VS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Systematic Review of Randomised Clinical Trials - The Safety of Vaginal Hormones and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators for the Treatment of Genitourinary Menopausal Symptoms in Breast Cancer Survivors</article-title>
          <source>Post Reprod Health</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>222</fpage>
          <lpage>231</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/20533691231208473</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>264 Hussain I, Talaulikar VS. A Systematic Review of Randomised Clinical Trials - The Safety of Vaginal Hormones and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators for the Treatment of Genitourinary Menopausal Symptoms in Breast Cancer Survivors. Post Reprod Health. 2023;29(4):222-31. doi: 10.1177/20533691231208473.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B265">
        <label>265</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Divaris</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anagnostis</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gkekas</surname>
              <given-names>NK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kouidi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goulis</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early Menopause and Premature Ovarian Insufficiency May Increase the Risk of Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>175</volume>
          <fpage>107782</fpage>
          <lpage>107782</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.05.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>265 Divaris E, Anagnostis P, Gkekas NK, Kouidi E, Goulis DG. Early Menopause and Premature Ovarian Insufficiency May Increase the Risk of Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Maturitas. 2023;175:107782. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.05.006.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B266">
        <label>266</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Simon</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferenczy</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Black</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castonguay</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Royer</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marouf</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy, Tolerability, and Endometrial Safety of Ospemifene Compared with Current Therapies for the Treatment of Vulvovaginal Atrophy: A Systematic Literature Review and Network Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>855</fpage>
          <lpage>866</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0000000000002211</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>266 Simon JA, Ferenczy A, Black D, Castonguay A, Royer C, Marouf R, et al. Efficacy, Tolerability, and Endometrial Safety of Ospemifene Compared with Current Therapies for the Treatment of Vulvovaginal Atrophy: A Systematic Literature Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Menopause. 2023;30(8):855-66. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000002211.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B267">
        <label>267</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kapoor</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faubion</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kling</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vasomotor Symptoms During Menopause: A Practical Guide on Current Treatments and Future Perspectives</article-title>
          <source>Int J Womens Health</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <fpage>273</fpage>
          <lpage>287</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/IJWH.S365808</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>267 Khan SJ, Kapoor E, Faubion SS, Kling JM. Vasomotor Symptoms During Menopause: A Practical Guide on Current Treatments and Future Perspectives. Int J Womens Health. 2023;15:273-87. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S365808.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B268">
        <label>268</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>H&#228;ndel</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>von B&#252;low</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ussing</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nielsen</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fracture Risk Reduction and Safety by Osteoporosis Treatment Compared with Placebo or Active Comparator in Postmenopausal Women: Systematic Review, Network Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>381</volume>
          <elocation-id>e068033</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj-2021-068033</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>268 H&#228;ndel MN, Cardoso I, von B&#252;low C, Rohde JF, Ussing A, Nielsen SM, et al. Fracture Risk Reduction and Safety by Osteoporosis Treatment Compared with Placebo or Active Comparator in Postmenopausal Women: Systematic Review, Network Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials. BMJ. 2023;381:e068033. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-068033.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B269">
        <label>269</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Long</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liang</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qin</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhan</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictors of Osteoporotic Fracture in Postmenopausal Women: A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Orthop Surg Res</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>574</fpage>
          <lpage>574</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13018-023-04051-6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>269 Long G, Liu C, Liang T, Zhang Z, Qin Z, Zhan X. Predictors of Osteoporotic Fracture in Postmenopausal Women: A Meta-Analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2023;18(1):574. doi: 10.1186/s13018-023-04051-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B270">
        <label>270</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gold&#353;tajn</surname>
              <given-names>M&#352;</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miku&#353;</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrari</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bosco</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uccella</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Noventa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Transdermal versus Oral Hormone Replacement Therapy in Postmenopause: A Systematic Review</article-title>
          <source>Arch Gynecol Obstet</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>307</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1727</fpage>
          <lpage>1745</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00404-022-06647-5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>270 Gold&#353;tajn M&#352;, Miku&#353; M, Ferrari FA, Bosco M, Uccella S, Noventa M, et al. Effects of Transdermal versus Oral Hormone Replacement Therapy in Postmenopause: A Systematic Review. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2023;307(6):1727-45. doi: 10.1007/s00404-022-06647-5.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B271">
        <label>271</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Eastell</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosen</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Black</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheung</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murad</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shoback</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pharmacological Management of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1595</fpage>
          <lpage>1522</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/jc.2019-00221</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>271 Eastell R, Rosen CJ, Black DM, Cheung AM, Murad MH, Shoback D. Pharmacological Management of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(5):1595-22. doi: 10.1210/jc.2019-00221.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B272">
        <label>272</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duan</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and Safety of Current Therapies for Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: A Bayesian Network Analysis of 29 Randomized Trials and 8311 Patients</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacol Res</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>164</volume>
          <fpage>105360</fpage>
          <lpage>105360</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105360</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>272 Li B, Duan H, Chang Y, Wang S. Efficacy and Safety of Current Therapies for Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: A Bayesian Network Analysis of 29 Randomized Trials and 8311 Patients. Pharmacol Res. 2021;164:105360. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105360.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B273">
        <label>273</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aragaki</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bassuk</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chlebowski</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossouw</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopausal Estrogen-Alone Therapy and Health Outcomes in Women with and without Bilateral Oophorectomy: A Randomized Trial</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>171</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>406</fpage>
          <lpage>414</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7326/M19-0274</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>273 Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Bassuk SS, Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL, Rossouw JE, et al. Menopausal Estrogen-Alone Therapy and Health Outcomes in Women with and without Bilateral Oophorectomy: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171(6):406-14. doi: 10.7326/M19-0274.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B274">
        <label>274</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grodstein</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stampfer</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colditz</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Willett</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joffe</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Mortality</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>336</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>1769</fpage>
          <lpage>1775</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM199706193362501</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>274 Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Manson JE, Joffe M, et al. Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Mortality. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(25):1769-75. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199706193362501.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B275">
        <label>275</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sullivan</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zwaag</surname>
              <given-names>RV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemp</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hughes</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maddock</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kroetz</surname>
              <given-names>FW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Postmenopausal Estrogen Use and Coronary Atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>358</fpage>
          <lpage>363</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7326/0003-4819-108-3-358</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>275 Sullivan JM, Zwaag RV, Lemp GF, Hughes JP, Maddock V, Kroetz FW, et al. Postmenopausal Estrogen Use and Coronary Atherosclerosis. Ann Intern Med. 1988;108(3):358-63. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-108-3-358.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B276">
        <label>276</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gruchow</surname>
              <given-names>HW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barboriak</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sobocinski</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Postmenopausal Use of Estrogen and Occlusion of Coronary Arteries</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>954</fpage>
          <lpage>963</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0002-8703(88)90063-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>276 Gruchow HW, Anderson AJ, Barboriak JJ, Sobocinski KA. Postmenopausal Use of Estrogen and Occlusion of Coronary Arteries. Am Heart J. 1988;115(5):954-63. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(88)90063-4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B277">
        <label>277</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McFarland</surname>
              <given-names>KF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boniface</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hornung</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Earnhardt</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Humphries</surname>
              <given-names>JO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk Factors and Noncontraceptive Estrogen Use in Women with and without Coronary Disease</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>1989</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1209</fpage>
          <lpage>1214</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0002-8703(89)90398-0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>277 McFarland KF, Boniface ME, Hornung CA, Earnhardt W, Humphries JO. Risk Factors and Noncontraceptive Estrogen Use in Women with and without Coronary Disease. Am Heart J. 1989;117(6):1209-14. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(89)90398-0.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B278">
        <label>278</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hamoda</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moger</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morris</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baldeweg</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kasliwal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gabbay</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopause Practice Standards</article-title>
          <source>Clin Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>50</fpage>
          <lpage>55</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/cen.14789</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>278 Hamoda H, Moger S, Morris E, Baldeweg SE, Kasliwal A, Gabbay F. Menopause Practice Standards. Clin Endocrinol. 2024;100(1):50-5. doi: 10.1111/cen.14789.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B279">
        <label>279</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aragaki</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossouw</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prentice</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>LaCroix</surname>
              <given-names>AZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Long-Term All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>318</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>927</fpage>
          <lpage>938</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2017.11217</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>279 Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, et al. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Long-Term All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials. JAMA. 2017;318(10):927-38. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.11217.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B280">
        <label>280</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mikkola</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tuomikoski</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lyytinen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Korhonen</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vattulainen</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estradiol-Based Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>976</fpage>
          <lpage>983</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0000000000000450</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>280 Mikkola TS, Tuomikoski P, Lyytinen H, Korhonen P, Hoti F, Vattulainen P, et al. Estradiol-Based Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality. Menopause. 2015;22(9):976-83. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000450.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B281">
        <label>281</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hodis</surname>
              <given-names>HN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henderson</surname>
              <given-names>VW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shoupe</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Budoff</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hwang-Levine</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vascular Effects of Early versus Late Postmenopausal Treatment with Estradiol</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>374</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1221</fpage>
          <lpage>1231</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1505241</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>281 Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Henderson VW, Shoupe D, Budoff MJ, Hwang-Levine J, et al. Vascular Effects of Early versus Late Postmenopausal Treatment with Estradiol. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(13):1221-31. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1505241.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B282">
        <label>282</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shufelt</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merz</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prentice</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pettinger</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossouw</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aroda</surname>
              <given-names>VR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hormone Therapy Dose, Formulation, Route of Delivery, and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Women: Findings from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>260</fpage>
          <lpage>266</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0b013e31829a64f9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>282 Shufelt CL, Merz CN, Prentice RL, Pettinger MB, Rossouw JE, Aroda VR, et al. Hormone Therapy Dose, Formulation, Route of Delivery, and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Women: Findings from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Menopause. 2014;21(3):260-6. doi: 10.1097/GME.0b013e31829a64f9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B283">
        <label>283</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gartlehner</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reddy</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rains</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwimmer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kahwati</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Persons: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>328</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1747</fpage>
          <lpage>1765</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2022.18324</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>283 Gartlehner G, Patel SV, Reddy S, Rains C, Schwimmer M, Kahwati L. Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Persons: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2022;328(17):1747-65. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.18324.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B284">
        <label>284</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Prentice</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aragaki</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chlebowski</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossouw</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stefanick</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Randomized Trial Evaluation of the Benefits and Risks of Menopausal Hormone Therapy among Women 50-59 Years of Age</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>190</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>365</fpage>
          <lpage>375</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/aje/kwaa210</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>284 Prentice RL, Aragaki AK, Chlebowski RT, Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Stefanick ML, et al. Randomized Trial Evaluation of the Benefits and Risks of Menopausal Hormone Therapy among Women 50-59 Years of Age. Am J Epidemiol. 2021;190(3):365-75. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwaa210.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B285">
        <label>285</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Henderson</surname>
              <given-names>VW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>St John</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hodis</surname>
              <given-names>HN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCleary</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stanczyk</surname>
              <given-names>FZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shoupe</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cognitive Effects of Estradiol after Menopause: A Randomized Trial of the Timing Hypothesis</article-title>
          <source>Neurology</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>699</fpage>
          <lpage>708</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1212/WNL.0000000000002980</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>285 Henderson VW, St John JA, Hodis HN, McCleary CA, Stanczyk FZ, Shoupe D, et al. Cognitive Effects of Estradiol after Menopause: A Randomized Trial of the Timing Hypothesis. Neurology. 2016;87(7):699-708. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002980.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B286">
        <label>286</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Espeland</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rapp</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goveas</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shumaker</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayden</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term Effects on Cognitive Trajectories of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy in Two Age Groups</article-title>
          <source>J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>838</fpage>
          <lpage>845</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/gerona/glw156</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>286 Espeland MA, Rapp SR, Manson JE, Goveas JS, Shumaker SA, Hayden KM, et al. Long-term Effects on Cognitive Trajectories of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy in Two Age Groups. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017;72(6):838-45. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glw156.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B287">
        <label>287</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kantarci</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tosakulwong</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lesnick</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zuk</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gunter</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gleason</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Hormone Therapy on Brain Structure: A randomized Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>Neurology</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>887</fpage>
          <lpage>896</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1212/WNL.0000000000002970</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>287 Kantarci K, Tosakulwong N, Lesnick TG, Zuk SM, Gunter JL, Gleason CE, et al. Effects of Hormone Therapy on Brain Structure: A randomized Controlled Trial. Neurology. 2016;87(9):887-96. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002970.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B288">
        <label>288</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ACOG Committee Opinion No. 565: Hormone therapy and heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1407</fpage>
          <lpage>1410</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.AOG.0000431053.33593.2d</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>288 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 565: Hormone therapy and heart disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(6):1407-10. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000431053.33593.2d.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B289">
        <label>289</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cobin</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goodman</surname>
              <given-names>NF</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>AACE Reproductive Endocrinology Scientific Committee</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Position Statement on Menopause&#8212;2017 Update</article-title>
          <source>Endocr Pract</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>869</fpage>
          <lpage>880</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>289 Cobin RH, Goodman NF; AACE Reproductive Endocrinology Scientific Committee. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Position Statement on Menopause&#8212;2017 Update. Endocr Pract. 2017;23(7):869-880.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B290">
        <label>290</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>US Food and Drug Administration</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Menopause: Medicines to Help You [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>Maryland</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Food and Drug Administration</publisher-name>
          <year>2019</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2024 Jan 30</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.fda.gov/consumers/free-publications-women/menopause-medicineshelp-you">https://www.fda.gov/consumers/free-publications-women/menopause-medicineshelp-you</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>290 US Food and Drug Administration. Menopause: Medicines to Help You [Internet]. Maryland: Food and Drug Administration; 2019 [cited 2024 Jan 30]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.fda.gov/consumers/free-publications-women/menopause-medicineshelp-you">https://www.fda.gov/consumers/free-publications-women/menopause-medicineshelp-you</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B291">
        <label>291</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of Estrogen or Estrogen/Progestin Regimens on Heart Disease Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>273</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>199</fpage>
          <lpage>208</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.1995.03520270033028</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>291 Effects of Estrogen or Estrogen/Progestin Regimens on Heart Disease Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. JAMA. 1995;273(3):199-208. doi: 10.1001/jama.1995.03520270033028.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B292">
        <label>292</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chapman</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ching</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Konradi</surname>
              <given-names>AO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nuyt</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Twumasi-Ankrah</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Arterial Hypertension in Women: State of the Art and Knowledge Gaps</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1140</fpage>
          <lpage>1149</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20448</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>292 Chapman N, Ching SM, Konradi AO, Nuyt AM, Khan T, Twumasi-Ankrah B, et al. Arterial Hypertension in Women: State of the Art and Knowledge Gaps. Hypertension. 2023;80(6):1140-9. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20448.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B293">
        <label>293</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D'Ignazio</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grand'Maison</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#233;rub&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forcillo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pacheco</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypertension Across a Woman's lifespan</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>168</volume>
          <fpage>84</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.11.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>293 D&#8217;Ignazio T, Grand&#8217;Maison S, B&#233;rub&#233; L, Forcillo J, Pacheco C. Hypertension Across a Woman's lifespan. Maturitas. 2023;168:84-91. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.11.006.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B294">
        <label>294</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Urban</surname>
              <given-names>LABD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chala</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paula</surname>
              <given-names>IB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bauab</surname>
              <given-names>SDP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaefer</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>ALK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for Breast Cancer Screening in Brazil, from the Brazilian College of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, the Brazilian Society of Mastology, and the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations</article-title>
          <source>Radiol Bras</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>207</fpage>
          <lpage>214</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0100-3984.2023.0064-en</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>294 Urban LABD, Chala LF, Paula IB, Bauab SDP, Schaefer MB, Oliveira ALK, et al. Recommendations for Breast Cancer Screening in Brazil, from the Brazilian College of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, the Brazilian Society of Mastology, and the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations. Radiol Bras. 2023;56(4):207-14. doi: 10.1590/0100-3984.2023.0064-en.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B295">
        <label>295</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gartlehner</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reddy</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rains</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coker-Schwimmer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kahwati</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Persons: An Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force</source>
          <publisher-loc>Rockville</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)</publisher-name>
          <year>2022</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>295 Gartlehner G, Patel SV, Reddy S, Rains C, Coker-Schwimmer M, Kahwati L. Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Persons: An Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2022.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B296">
        <label>296</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guthrie</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>LaCroix</surname>
              <given-names>AZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ensrud</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joffe</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newton</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reed</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pooled Analysis of Six Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Vasomotor Symptoms</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>126</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>413</fpage>
          <lpage>422</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/AOG.0000000000000927</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>296 Guthrie KA, LaCroix AZ, Ensrud KE, Joffe H, Newton KM, Reed SD, et al. Pooled Analysis of Six Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Vasomotor Symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(2):413-22. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000927.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B297">
        <label>297</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Handley</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Efficacy and Tolerability of SSRI/SNRIs in the Treatment of Vasomotor Symptoms in Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review</article-title>
          <source>J Am Assoc Nurse Pract</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>54</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/2327-6924.12137</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>297 Handley AP, Williams M. The Efficacy and Tolerability of SSRI/SNRIs in the Treatment of Vasomotor Symptoms in Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2015;27(1):54-61. doi: 10.1002/2327-6924.12137.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B298">
        <label>298</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cushman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuller</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prentice</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodabough</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Psaty</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stafford</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estrogen Plus Progestin and Risk of Venous Thrombosis</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>292</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1573</fpage>
          <lpage>1580</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.292.13.1573</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>298 Cushman M, Kuller LH, Prentice R, Rodabough RJ, Psaty BM, Stafford RS, et al. Estrogen Plus Progestin and Risk of Venous Thrombosis. JAMA. 2004;292(13):1573-80. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.13.1573.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B299">
        <label>299</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Joffe</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guthrie</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>LaCroix</surname>
              <given-names>AZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reed</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ensrud</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Low-Dose Estradiol and the Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Venlafaxine for Vasomotor Symptoms: A Randomized Clinical Trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Intern Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>174</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1058</fpage>
          <lpage>1066</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.1891</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>299 Joffe H, Guthrie KA, LaCroix AZ, Reed SD, Ensrud KE, Manson JE, et al. Low-Dose Estradiol and the Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Venlafaxine for Vasomotor Symptoms: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(7):1058-66. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.1891.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B300">
        <label>300</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nappi</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neal-Perry</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shapiro</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stute</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and Safety of Fezolinetant in Moderate to Severe Vasomotor Symptoms Associated with Menopause: A Phase 3 RCT</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1981</fpage>
          <lpage>1997</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/clinem/dgad058</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>300 Johnson KA, Martin N, Nappi RE, Neal-Perry G, Shapiro M, Stute P, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Fezolinetant in Moderate to Severe Vasomotor Symptoms Associated with Menopause: A Phase 3 RCT. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108(8):1981-97. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgad058.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B301">
        <label>301</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lederman</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ottery</surname>
              <given-names>FD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cano</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santoro</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shapiro</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stute</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fezolinetant for Treatment of Moderate-To-Severe Vasomotor Symptoms Associated with Menopause (SKYLIGHT 1): A Phase 3 Randomised Controlled Study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>401</volume>
          <issue>10382</issue>
          <fpage>1091</fpage>
          <lpage>1102</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00085-5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>301 Lederman S, Ottery FD, Cano A, Santoro N, Shapiro M, Stute P, et al. Fezolinetant for Treatment of Moderate-To-Severe Vasomotor Symptoms Associated with Menopause (SKYLIGHT 1): A Phase 3 Randomised Controlled Study. Lancet. 2023;401(10382):1091-102. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00085-5.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B302">
        <label>302</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pinkerton</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Constantine</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hwang</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheng</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>Study 3353 Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Desvenlafaxine Compared with Placebo for Treatment of Menopausal Vasomotor Symptoms: A 12-Week, Multicenter, Parallel-Group, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Efficacy Trial</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>28</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/gme.0b013e31826421a8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>302 Pinkerton JV, Constantine G, Hwang E, Cheng RF; Study 3353 Investigators. Desvenlafaxine Compared with Placebo for Treatment of Menopausal Vasomotor Symptoms: A 12-Week, Multicenter, Parallel-Group, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Efficacy Trial. Menopause. 2013;20(1):28-37. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31826421a8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B303">
        <label>303</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pinkerton</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kagan</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Portman</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sathyanarayana</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sweeney</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Breeze 3 Investigators. Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Study of Gastroretentive Gabapentin for the Treatment of Moderate-To-Severe Hot Flashes in Menopause</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>567</fpage>
          <lpage>573</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0b013e3182a7c073</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>303 Pinkerton JV, Kagan R, Portman D, Sathyanarayana R, Sweeney M; Breeze 3 Investigators. Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Study of Gastroretentive Gabapentin for the Treatment of Moderate-To-Severe Hot Flashes in Menopause. Menopause. 2014;21(6):567-73. doi: 10.1097/GME.0b013e3182a7c073.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B304">
        <label>304</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chlebowski</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aragaki</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stefanick</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pan</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Menopausal Hormone Therapy with Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality During Long-term Follow-up of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trials</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>324</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>369</fpage>
          <lpage>380</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2020.9482</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>304 Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL, Aragaki AK, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Pan K, et al. Association of Menopausal Hormone Therapy with Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality During Long-term Follow-up of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA. 2020;324(4):369-380. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.9482.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B305">
        <label>305</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Prentice</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aragaki</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chlebowski</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossouw</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dual-Outcome Intention-to-Treat Analyses in the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Hormone Therapy Trials</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>189</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>972</fpage>
          <lpage>981</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/aje/kwaa033</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>305 Prentice RL, Aragaki AK, Chlebowski RT, Zhao S, Anderson GL, Rossouw JE, et al. Dual-Outcome Intention-to-Treat Analyses in the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Hormone Therapy Trials. Am J Epidemiol. 2020;189(9):972-81. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwaa033.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B306">
        <label>306</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Crandall</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehta</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of Menopausal Symptoms: A Review</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>329</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>405</fpage>
          <lpage>420</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2022.24140</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>306 Crandall CJ, Mehta JM, Manson JE. Management of Menopausal Symptoms: A Review. JAMA. 2023;329(5):405-20. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.24140.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B307">
        <label>307</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Committee on the Clinical Utility of Treating Patients with Compounded Bioidentical Hormone Replacement Therapy</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>The Clinical Utility of Compounded Bioidentical Hormone Therapy: A Review of Safety, Effectiveness, and Use</source>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Jackson</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parker</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mattison</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <publisher-loc>Washington</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>National Academies Press</publisher-name>
          <year>2020</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>307 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Committee on the Clinical Utility of Treating Patients with Compounded Bioidentical Hormone Replacement Therapy. The Clinical Utility of Compounded Bioidentical Hormone Therapy: A Review of Safety, Effectiveness, and Use. Jackson LM, Parker RM, Mattison DR, editors. Washington: National Academies Press; 2020.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B308">
        <label>308</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dodin</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blanchet</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marc</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ernst</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaillancourt</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acupuncture for Menopausal Hot Flushes</article-title>
          <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>2013</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>CD007410</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/14651858.CD007410.pub2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>308 Dodin S, Blanchet C, Marc I, Ernst E, Wu T, Vaillancourt C, et al. Acupuncture for Menopausal Hot Flushes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(7):CD007410. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007410.pub2.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B309">
        <label>309</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Saensak</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vutyavanich</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Somboonporn</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Srisurapanont</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relaxation for Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Symptoms</article-title>
          <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>CD008582</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/14651858.CD008582.pub2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>309 Saensak S, Vutyavanich T, Somboonporn W, Srisurapanont M. Relaxation for Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(7):CD008582. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008582.pub2.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B310">
        <label>310</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lethaby</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marjoribanks</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kronenberg</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roberts</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eden</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Phytoestrogens for Menopausal Vasomotor Symptoms</article-title>
          <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>2013</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <elocation-id>CD001395</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/14651858.CD001395.pub4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>310 Lethaby A, Marjoribanks J, Kronenberg F, Roberts H, Eden J, Brown J. Phytoestrogens for Menopausal Vasomotor Symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(12):CD001395. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001395.pub4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B311">
        <label>311</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Daley</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stokes-Lampard</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>MacArthur</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise for Vasomotor Menopausal Symptoms</article-title>
          <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>2014</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <elocation-id>CD006108</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/14651858.CD006108.pub4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>311 Daley A, Stokes-Lampard H, Thomas A, MacArthur C. Exercise for Vasomotor Menopausal Symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(11):CD006108. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006108.pub4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B312">
        <label>312</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maclennan</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Broadbent</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lester</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moore</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oral Oestrogen and Combined Oestrogen/Progestogen Therapy versus Placebo for Hot Flushes</article-title>
          <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>2004</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <elocation-id>CD002978</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/14651858.CD002978.pub2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>312 Maclennan AH, Broadbent JL, Lester S, Moore V. Oral Oestrogen and Combined Oestrogen/Progestogen Therapy versus Placebo for Hot Flushes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;2004(4):CD002978. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002978.pub2.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B313">
        <label>313</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baber</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Panay</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fenton</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>IMS Writing Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2016 IMS Recommendations on Women's Midlife Health and Menopause Hormone Therapy</article-title>
          <source>Climacteric</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>109</fpage>
          <lpage>150</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/13697137.2015.1129166</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>313 Baber RJ, Panay N, Fenton A; IMS Writing Group. 2016 IMS Recommendations on Women's Midlife Health and Menopause Hormone Therapy. Climacteric. 2016;19(2):109-50. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2015.1129166.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B314">
        <label>314</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nahas</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nahas</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hormonal Therapy: Benefits, Risks and Therapeutic Regimens</article-title>
          <source>Femina</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>443</fpage>
          <lpage>448</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>314 Nahas E, Nahas J Neto. Hormonal Therapy: Benefits, Risks and Therapeutic Regimens. Femina. 2019;47(7):443-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B315">
        <label>315</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kenemans</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Speroff</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>International Tibolone Consensus Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tibolone: Clinical Recommendations and Practical Guidelines. A Report of the International Tibolone Consensus Group</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>21</fpage>
          <lpage>28</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.02.011</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>315 Kenemans P, Speroff L; International Tibolone Consensus Group. Tibolone: Clinical Recommendations and Practical Guidelines. A Report of the International Tibolone Consensus Group. Maturitas. 2005;51(1):21-8. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.02.011.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B316">
        <label>316</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cox</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nasseri</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rubin</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santiago-Lastra</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause</article-title>
          <source>Med Clin North Am</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>357</fpage>
          <lpage>369</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.mcna.2022.10.017</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>316 Cox S, Nasseri R, Rubin RS, Santiago-Lastra Y. Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause. Med Clin North Am. 2023;107(2):357-69. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2022.10.017.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B317">
        <label>317</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goodman</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Are All Estrogens Created Equal? A Review Of oral vs. Transdermal Therapy</article-title>
          <source>J Womens Health</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>161</fpage>
          <lpage>169</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1089/jwh.2011.2839</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>317 Goodman MP. Are All Estrogens Created Equal? A Review Of oral vs. Transdermal Therapy. J Womens Health. 2012;21(2):161-9. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2011.2839.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B318">
        <label>318</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Godsland</surname>
              <given-names>IF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy on Lipid, Lipoprotein, and Apolipoprotein (a) Concentrations: Analysis of Studies Published from 1974-2000</article-title>
          <source>Fertil Steril</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>898</fpage>
          <lpage>915</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0015-0282(01)01699-5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>318 Godsland IF. Effects of Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy on Lipid, Lipoprotein, and Apolipoprotein (a) Concentrations: Analysis of Studies Published from 1974-2000. Fertil Steril. 2001;75(5):898-915. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(01)01699-5.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B319">
        <label>319</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Canonico</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oger</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plu-Bureau</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conard</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meyer</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#233;vesque</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hormone Therapy and Venous Thromboembolism among Postmenopausal Women: Impact of the Route of Estrogen Administration and Progestogens: The ESTHER Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>840</fpage>
          <lpage>845</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.642280</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>319 Canonico M, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G, Conard J, Meyer G, L&#233;vesque H, et al. Hormone Therapy and Venous Thromboembolism among Postmenopausal Women: Impact of the Route of Estrogen Administration and Progestogens: The ESTHER Study. Circulation. 2007;115(7):840-5. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.642280.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B320">
        <label>320</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Renoux</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dell'Aniello</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suissa</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hormone Replacement Therapy and the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism: A Population-Based Study</article-title>
          <source>J Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>979</fpage>
          <lpage>986</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03839.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>320 Renoux C, Dell&#8217;Aniello S, Suissa S. Hormone Replacement Therapy and the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism: A Population-Based Study. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8(5):979-86. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03839.x.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B321">
        <label>321</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vinogradova</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coupland</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hippisley-Cox</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism: Nested Case-Control Studies Using the QResearch and CPRD Databases</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>364</volume>
          <elocation-id>k4810</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.k4810</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>321 Vinogradova Y, Coupland C, Hippisley-Cox J. Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism: Nested Case-Control Studies Using the QResearch and CPRD Databases. BMJ. 2019;364:k4810. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k4810.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B322">
        <label>322</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Notelovitz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lenihan</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McDermott</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kerber</surname>
              <given-names>IJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nanavati</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arce</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Initial 17beta-Estradiol Dose for Treating Vasomotor Symptoms</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>726</fpage>
          <lpage>731</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00643-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>322 Notelovitz M, Lenihan JP, McDermott M, Kerber IJ, Nanavati N, Arce J. Initial 17beta-Estradiol Dose for Treating Vasomotor Symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;95(5):726-31. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00643-2.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B323">
        <label>323</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pompei</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wender</surname>
              <given-names>COM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Consenso Brasileiro de Terap&#234;utica Hormonal da Menopausa</source>
          <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Leitura M&#233;dica</publisher-name>
          <year>2018</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>323 Pompei LM, Machado RB, Wender COM, Fernandes CE, editors. Consenso Brasileiro de Terap&#234;utica Hormonal da Menopausa. S&#227;o Paulo: Leitura M&#233;dica; 2018.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B324">
        <label>324</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grodstein</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colditz</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Willett</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Speizer</surname>
              <given-names>FE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stampfer</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Prospective Observational Study of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>133</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>933</fpage>
          <lpage>941</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7326/0003-4819-133-12-200012190-00008</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>324 Grodstein F, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. A Prospective, Observational Study of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(12):933-41. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-133-12-200012190-00008.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B325">
        <label>325</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chlebowski</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stefanick</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aragaki</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossouw</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prentice</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Health Outcomes During the Intervention and Extended Poststopping Phases of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>310</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1353</fpage>
          <lpage>1368</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2013.278040</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>325 Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, Aragaki AK, Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, et al. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Health Outcomes During the Intervention and Extended Poststopping Phases of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials. JAMA. 2013;310(13):1353-68. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.278040.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B326">
        <label>326</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schierbeck</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rejnmark</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tofteng</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stilgren</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eiken</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mosekilde</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Cardiovascular Events in Recently Postmenopausal Women: Randomised Trial</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>345</volume>
          <elocation-id>e6409</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.e6409</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>326 Schierbeck LL, Rejnmark L, Tofteng CL, Stilgren L, Eiken P, Mosekilde L, et al. Effect of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Cardiovascular Events in Recently Postmenopausal Women: Randomised Trial. BMJ. 2012;345:e6409. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e6409.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B327">
        <label>327</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rossouw</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Heart Disease in Menopausal Women: Implications of Primary and Secondary Prevention Trials of Hormones</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>51</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.02.015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>327 Rossouw JE. Coronary Heart Disease in Menopausal Women: Implications of Primary and Secondary Prevention Trials of Hormones. Maturitas. 2005;51(1):51-63. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.02.015.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B328">
        <label>328</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grodstein</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stampfer</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Willett</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Discrepancy between Observational Studies and Randomized Trials of Menopausal Hormone Therapy</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>140</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>764</fpage>
          <lpage>765</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7326/0003-4819-140-9-200405040-00026</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>328 Grodstein F, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. The Discrepancy between Observational Studies and Randomized Trials of Menopausal Hormone Therapy. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(9):764-5. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-140-9-200405040-00026.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B329">
        <label>329</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rossouw</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prentice</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barad</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barnabei</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease by Age and Years Since Menopause</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>297</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1465</fpage>
          <lpage>1477</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.297.13.1465</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>329 Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE, Wu L, Barad D, Barnabei VM, et al. Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease by Age and Years Since Menopause. JAMA. 2007;297(13):1465-77. doi: 10.1001/jama.297.13.1465.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B330">
        <label>330</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Davis</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baber</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Treating Menopause - MHT and Beyond</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>490</fpage>
          <lpage>502</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41574-022-00685-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>330 Davis SR, Baber RJ. Treating Menopause - MHT and Beyond. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022;18(8):490-502. doi: 10.1038/s41574-022-00685-4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B331">
        <label>331</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Flores</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pal</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hormone Therapy in Menopause: Concepts, Controversies, and Approach to Treatment</article-title>
          <source>Endocr Rev</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>720</fpage>
          <lpage>752</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/endrev/bnab011</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>331 Flores VA, Pal L, Manson JE. Hormone Therapy in Menopause: Concepts, Controversies, and Approach to Treatment. Endocr Rev. 2021;42(6):720-52. doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnab011.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B332">
        <label>332</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Canonico</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plu-Bureau</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lowe</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scarabin</surname>
              <given-names>PY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hormone Replacement Therapy and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Postmenopausal Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>336</volume>
          <issue>7655</issue>
          <fpage>1227</fpage>
          <lpage>1231</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.39555.441944.BE</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>332 Canonico M, Plu-Bureau G, Lowe GD, Scarabin PY. Hormone Replacement Therapy and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Postmenopausal Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMJ. 2008;336(7655):1227-31. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39555.441944.BE.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B333">
        <label>333</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mohammed</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abu Dabrh</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benkhadra</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al Nofal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leon</surname>
              <given-names>BGC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prokop</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oral vs Transdermal Estrogen Therapy and Vascular Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>4012</fpage>
          <lpage>4020</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/jc.2015-2237</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>333 Mohammed K, Abu Dabrh AM, Benkhadra K, Al Nofal A, Leon BGC, Prokop LJ, et al. Oral vs Transdermal Estrogen Therapy and Vascular Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(11):4012-20. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-2237.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B334">
        <label>334</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hirsch</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopausal Symptom Management in Women with Cardiovascular Disease or Vascular Risk Factors</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>161</volume>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.01.016</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>334 Hirsch H, Manson JE. Menopausal Symptom Management in Women with Cardiovascular Disease or Vascular Risk Factors. Maturitas. 2022;161:1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.01.016.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B335">
        <label>335</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cho</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaunitz</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faubion</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayes</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lau</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pristera</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rethinking Menopausal Hormone Therapy: For Whom, What, When, and How Long?</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>147</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>597</fpage>
          <lpage>610</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061559</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>335 Cho L, Kaunitz AM, Faubion SS, Hayes SN, Lau ES, Pristera N, et al. Rethinking Menopausal Hormone Therapy: For Whom, What, When, and How Long? Circulation. 2023;147(7):597-610. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061559.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B336">
        <label>336</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salpeter</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walsh</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ormiston</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greyber</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buckley</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salpeter</surname>
              <given-names>EE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Meta-Analysis: Effect of Hormone-Replacement Therapy on Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Obes Metab</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>538</fpage>
          <lpage>554</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1463-1326.2005.00545.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>336 Salpeter SR, Walsh JM, Ormiston TM, Greyber E, Buckley NS, Salpeter EE. Meta-Analysis: Effect of Hormone-Replacement Therapy on Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2006;8(5):538-54. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2005.00545.x.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B337">
        <label>337</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bontempo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yeganeh</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giri</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vincent</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of MHT in Women with Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Climacteric</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>93</fpage>
          <lpage>103</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/13697137.2023.2273524</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>337 Bontempo S, Yeganeh L, Giri R, Vincent AJ. Use of MHT in Women with Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Climacteric. 2024;27(1):93-103. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2023.2273524.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B338">
        <label>338</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cherry</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNamee</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heagerty</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kitchener</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hannaford</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-Term Safety of Unopposed Estrogen Used by Women Surviving Myocardial Infarction: 14-Year Follow-Up of the ESPRIT Randomised Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>BJOG</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>700</fpage>
          <lpage>705</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/1471-0528.12598</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>338 Cherry N, McNamee R, Heagerty A, Kitchener H, Hannaford P. Long-Term Safety of Unopposed Estrogen Used by Women Surviving Myocardial Infarction: 14-Year Follow-Up of the ESPRIT Randomised Controlled Trial. BJOG. 2014;121(6):700-5. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.12598.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B339">
        <label>339</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bossert</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parthasarathy</surname>
              <given-names>KN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leaman</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minassian</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schnatz</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Safety Assessment of Compounded Non-FDA-Approved Hormonal Therapy versus FDA-Approved Hormonal Therapy in Treating Postmenopausal Women</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>867</fpage>
          <lpage>874</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0000000000001782</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>339 Jiang X, Bossert A, Parthasarathy KN, Leaman K, Minassian SS, Schnatz PF, et al. Safety Assessment of Compounded Non-FDA-Approved Hormonal Therapy versus FDA-Approved Hormonal Therapy in Treating Postmenopausal Women. Menopause. 2021;28(8):867-74. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001782.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B340">
        <label>340</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Glaser</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalantaridou</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dimitrakakis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Testosterone Implants in Women: Pharmacological Dosing for a Physiologic Effect</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>179</fpage>
          <lpage>184</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.11.004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>340 Glaser R, Kalantaridou S, Dimitrakakis C. Testosterone Implants in Women: Pharmacological Dosing for a Physiologic Effect. Maturitas. 2013;74(2):179-84. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.11.004.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B341">
        <label>341</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Glaser</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>York</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dimitrakakis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidence of Invasive Breast Cancer in Women Treated with Testosterone Implants: A Prospective 10-Year Cohort Study</article-title>
          <source>BMC Cancer</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1271</fpage>
          <lpage>1271</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12885-019-6457-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>341 Glaser RL, York AE, Dimitrakakis C. Incidence of Invasive Breast Cancer in Women Treated with Testosterone Implants: A Prospective 10-Year Cohort Study. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):1271. doi: 10.1186/s12885-019-6457-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B342">
        <label>342</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Donovitz</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Low Complication Rates of Testosterone and Estradiol Implants for Androgen and Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Over 1 Million Procedures</article-title>
          <source>Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <fpage>20420188211015238</fpage>
          <lpage>20420188211015238</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/20420188211015238</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>342 Donovitz GS. Low Complication Rates of Testosterone and Estradiol Implants for Androgen and Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Over 1 Million Procedures. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2021;12:20420188211015238. doi: 10.1177/20420188211015238.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B343">
        <label>343</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Posi&#231;&#227;o das Comiss&#245;es Nacionais Especializadas de Anticoncep&#231;&#227;o e Climat&#233;rio da Febrasgo sobre Implantes Hormonais [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia</publisher-name>
          <year>2021</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2024 Jan 30</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.febrasgo.org.br/pt/noticias/item/1312-posicao-das-comissoes-nacionais-especializadas-de-anticoncepcao-e-climaterio-da-febrasgo-sobre-implantes-hormonais%2021.3">https://www.febrasgo.org.br/pt/noticias/item/1312-posicao-das-comissoes-nacionais-especializadas-de-anticoncepcao-e-climaterio-da-febrasgo-sobre-implantes-hormonais%2021.3</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>343 Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia. Posi&#231;&#227;o das Comiss&#245;es Nacionais Especializadas de Anticoncep&#231;&#227;o e Climat&#233;rio da Febrasgo sobre Implantes Hormonais [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia; 2021 [cited 2024 Jan 30]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.febrasgo.org.br/pt/noticias/item/1312-posicao-das-comissoes-nacionais-especializadas-de-anticoncepcao-e-climaterio-da-febrasgo-sobre-implantes-hormonais%2021.3">https://www.febrasgo.org.br/pt/noticias/item/1312-posicao-das-comissoes-nacionais-especializadas-de-anticoncepcao-e-climaterio-da-febrasgo-sobre-implantes-hormonais%2021.3</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B344">
        <label>344</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nelson</surname>
              <given-names>HD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vesco</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haney</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fu</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nedrow</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nonhormonal Therapies for Menopausal Hot Flashes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>295</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>2057</fpage>
          <lpage>2071</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.295.17.2057</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>344 Nelson HD, Vesco KK, Haney E, Fu R, Nedrow A, Miller J, et al. Nonhormonal Therapies for Menopausal Hot Flashes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA. 2006;295(17):2057-71. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.17.2057.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B345">
        <label>345</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Azizi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamali</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elyasi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Efficacy and Safety of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors in the Treatment of Menopausal Hot Flashes: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials</article-title>
          <source>Iran J Med Sci</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>173</fpage>
          <lpage>193</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30476/ijms.2020.87687.1817</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>345 Azizi M, Khani S, Kamali M, Elyasi F. The Efficacy and Safety of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors in the Treatment of Menopausal Hot Flashes: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Iran J Med Sci. 2022;47(3):173-93. doi: 10.30476/ijms.2020.87687.1817.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B346">
        <label>346</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yoon</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>JY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Gabapentin for the Treatment of Hot Flushes in Menopause: A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>485</fpage>
          <lpage>493</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0000000000001491</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>346 Yoon SH, Lee JY, Lee C, Lee H, Kim SN. Gabapentin for the Treatment of Hot Flushes in Menopause: A Meta-Analysis. Menopause. 2020;27(4):485-93. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001491.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B347">
        <label>347</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>North American Menopause Society</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The 2023 Nonhormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>573</fpage>
          <lpage>590</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0000000000002200</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>347 North American Menopause Society. The 2023 Nonhormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2023;30(6):573-90. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000002200.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B348">
        <label>348</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>hen</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy of phytoestrogens for Menopausal Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review</article-title>
          <source>Climacteric</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>260</fpage>
          <lpage>269</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/13697137.2014.966241</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>348 hen MN, Lin CC, Liu CF. Efficacy of phytoestrogens for Menopausal Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Climacteric. 2015;18(2):260-9. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2014.966241.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B349">
        <label>349</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sarri</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedder</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lumsden</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vasomotor Symptoms Resulting from Natural Menopause: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Treatment Effects from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Guideline on Menopause</article-title>
          <source>BJOG</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1514</fpage>
          <lpage>1523</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/1471-0528.14619</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>349 Sarri G, Pedder H, Dias S, Guo Y, Lumsden MA. Vasomotor Symptoms Resulting from Natural Menopause: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Treatment Effects from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Guideline on Menopause. BJOG. 2017;124(10):1514-523. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.14619.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B350">
        <label>350</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rees</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bitzer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cano</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ceausu</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chedraui</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Durmusoglu</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global Consensus Recommendations on Menopause in the Workplace: A European Menopause and Andropause Society (EMAS) Position Statement</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>151</volume>
          <fpage>55</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.06.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>350 Rees M, Bitzer J, Cano A, Ceausu I, Chedraui P, Durmusoglu F, et al. Global Consensus Recommendations on Menopause in the Workplace: A European Menopause and Andropause Society (EMAS) Position Statement. Maturitas. 2021;151:55-62. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.06.006.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B351">
        <label>351</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Verdonk</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bendien</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Appelman</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopause and Work: A Narrative Literature Review about Menopause, Work and Health</article-title>
          <source>Work</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>483</fpage>
          <lpage>496</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3233/WOR-205214</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>351 Verdonk P, Bendien E, Appelman Y. Menopause and Work: A Narrative Literature Review about Menopause, Work and Health. Work. 2022;72(2):483-96. doi: 10.3233/WOR-205214.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B352">
        <label>352</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sarrel</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Women, Work, and Menopause</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>250</fpage>
          <lpage>252</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/gme.0b013e3182434e0c</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>352 Sarrel PM. Women, Work, and Menopause. Menopause. 2012;19(3):250-2. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182434e0c.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B353">
        <label>353</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Neill</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reid</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Menopausal Symptoms on Work and Careers: A Cross-Sectional Study</article-title>
          <source>Occup Med</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>332</fpage>
          <lpage>338</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/occmed/kqad078</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>353 O&#8217;Neill MT, Jones V, Reid A. Impact of Menopausal Symptoms on Work and Careers: A Cross-Sectional Study. Occup Med. 2023;73(6):332-8. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqad078.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B354">
        <label>354</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carter</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jay</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Black</surname>
              <given-names>KI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Talking about Menopause in the Workplace</article-title>
          <source>Case Rep Womens Health</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <elocation-id>e00306</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.crwh.2021.e00306</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>354 Carter S, Jay O, Black KI. Talking about Menopause in the Workplace. Case Rep Womens Health. 2021;30:e00306. doi: 10.1016/j.crwh.2021.e00306.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B355">
        <label>355</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Geukes</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Aalst</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robroek</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laven</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oosterhof</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Impact of Menopause on Work Ability in Women with Severe Menopausal Symptoms</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <fpage>3</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.05.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>355 Geukes M, van Aalst MP, Robroek SJ, Laven JS, Oosterhof H. The Impact of Menopause on Work Ability in Women with Severe Menopausal Symptoms. Maturitas. 2016;90:3-8. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.05.001.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B356">
        <label>356</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kopenhager</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guidozzi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Working Women and the Menopause</article-title>
          <source>Climacteric</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>372</fpage>
          <lpage>375</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/13697137.2015.1020483</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>356 Kopenhager T, Guidozzi F. Working Women and the Menopause. Climacteric. 2015;18(3):372-5. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2015.1020483.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B357">
        <label>357</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jack</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Riach</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bariola</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pitts</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schapper</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sarrel</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopause in the Workplace: What Employers Should be Doing</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <fpage>88</fpage>
          <lpage>95</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.12.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>357 Jack G, Riach K, Bariola E, Pitts M, Schapper J, Sarrel P. Menopause in the Workplace: What Employers Should be Doing. Maturitas. 2016;85:88-95. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.12.006.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B358">
        <label>358</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D'Angelo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bevilacqua</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hammond</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zaballa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dennison</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walker-Bone</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Menopausal Symptoms on Work: Findings from Women in the Health and Employment after Fifty (HEAF) Study</article-title>
          <source>Int J Environ Res Public Health</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>295</fpage>
          <lpage>295</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijerph20010295</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>358 D&#8217;Angelo S, Bevilacqua G, Hammond J, Zaballa E, Dennison EM, Walker-Bone K. Impact of Menopausal Symptoms on Work: Findings from Women in the Health and Employment after Fifty (HEAF) Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;20(1):295. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20010295.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B359">
        <label>359</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Putnam</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bochanti</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Gendered Bodies: Negotiating Normalcy and Support</article-title>
          <source>Negot Confl Manag Res</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>57</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.34891/kye3-2d02</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>359 Putnam L, Bochanti J. Gendered Bodies: Negotiating Normalcy and Support. Negot Confl Manag Res. 2009;2(1):57-73. doi: 10.34891/kye3-2d02.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B360">
        <label>360</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reynolds</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Distress and Coping with Hot Flushes at Work: Implications for Counsellors in Occupational Settings</article-title>
          <source>Couns Psychol Q</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>353</fpage>
          <lpage>361</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>360 Reynolds F. Distress and Coping with Hot Flushes at Work: Implications for Counsellors in Occupational Settings. Couns Psychol Q. 1999;12(4):353-61.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B361">
        <label>361</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Faubion</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Enders</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hedges</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaudhry</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kling</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shufelt</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Menopause Symptoms on Women in the Workplace</article-title>
          <source>Mayo Clin Proc</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>833</fpage>
          <lpage>845</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.02.025</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>361 Faubion SS, Enders F, Hedges MS, Chaudhry R, Kling JM, Shufelt CL, et al. Impact of Menopause Symptoms on Women in the Workplace. Mayo Clin Proc. 2023;98(6):833-45. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.02.025.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B362">
        <label>362</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guitarrara</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Am&#233;rica Latina [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Brasil Escola</publisher-name>
          <year>2023</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2023 Dec 11</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/geografia/america-latina.htm">https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/geografia/america-latina.htm</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>362 Guitarrara P. Am&#233;rica Latina [Internet]. S&#227;o Paulo: Brasil Escola; 2023 [cited 2023 Dec 11]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/geografia/america-latina.htm">https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/geografia/america-latina.htm</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B363">
        <label>363</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Wikip&#233;dia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Am&#233;rica Latina [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Francisco</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Wikiip&#233;dia</publisher-name>
          <year>2023</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2023 Dec 11</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Latina">https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Latina</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>363 Wikip&#233;dia. Am&#233;rica Latina [Internet]. S&#227;o Francisco: Wikiip&#233;dia; 2023 [cited 2023 Dec 11]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Latina">https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Latina</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B364">
        <label>364</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Statista Inc</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Total Population in Latin America and the Caribbean from 2008 to 2022, by Gender (In Million Inhabitants) [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Statista Inc</publisher-name>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2023 Dec 11</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/788405/population-total-gender-latin-america/.">https://www.statista.com/statistics/788405/population-total-gender-latin-america/.</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>364 Statista Inc. Total Population in Latin America and the Caribbean from 2008 to 2022, by Gender (In Million Inhabitants) [Internet]. New York: Statista Inc. [cited 2023 Dec 11]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/788405/population-total-gender-latin-america/.">https://www.statista.com/statistics/788405/population-total-gender-latin-america/.</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B365">
        <label>365</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bilal</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hessel</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perez-Ferrer</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michael</surname>
              <given-names>YL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alfaro</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tenorio-Mucha</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Life Expectancy and Mortality in 363 Cities of Latin America</article-title>
          <source>Nat Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>463</fpage>
          <lpage>470</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41591-020-01214-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>365 Bilal U, Hessel P, Perez-Ferrer C, Michael YL, Alfaro T, Tenorio-Mucha J, et al. Life Expectancy and Mortality in 363 Cities of Latin America. Nat Med. 2021;27(3):463-70. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-01214-4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B366">
        <label>366</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Menopause [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>WHO</publisher-name>
          <year>2023</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2023 Dec 11</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/menopause">https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/menopause</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>366 World Health Organization. Menopause [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2023 [cited 2023 Dec 11]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/menopause">https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/menopause</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B367">
        <label>367</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carter</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merriam</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopause</article-title>
          <source>Med Clin North Am</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>199</fpage>
          <lpage>212</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.mcna.2022.10.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>367 Carter AE, Merriam S. Menopause. Med Clin North Am. 2023;107(2):199-212. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2022.10.003.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B368">
        <label>368</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maas</surname>
              <given-names>AHEM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosano</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cifkova</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chieffo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Dijken</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamoda</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Health after Menopause Transition, Pregnancy Disorders, and Other Gynaecologic Conditions: A Consensus Document from European Cardiologists, Gynaecologists, and Endocrinologists</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>967</fpage>
          <lpage>984</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1044</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>368 Maas AHEM, Rosano G, Cifkova R, Chieffo A, van Dijken D, Hamoda H, et al. Cardiovascular Health after Menopause Transition, Pregnancy Disorders, and Other Gynaecologic Conditions: A Consensus Document from European Cardiologists, Gynaecologists, and Endocrinologists. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(10):967-84. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1044.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B369">
        <label>369</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leone</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gemmill</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Secular Trends in Premature and Early Menopause in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries</article-title>
          <source>BMJ Glob Health</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e012312</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012312</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>369 Leone T, Brown L, Gemmill A. Secular Trends in Premature and Early Menopause in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries. BMJ Glob Health. 2023;8(6):e012312. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012312.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B370">
        <label>370</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Castelo-Branco</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bl&#252;mel</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chedraui</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calle</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bocanera</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Depiano</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Age at Menopause in Latin America</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>706</fpage>
          <lpage>712</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.gme.0000227338.73738.2d</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>370 Castelo-Branco C, Bl&#252;mel JE, Chedraui P, Calle A, Bocanera R, Depiano E, et al. Age at Menopause in Latin America. Menopause. 2006;13(4):706-12. doi: 10.1097/01.gme.0000227338.73738.2d.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B371">
        <label>371</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schoenaker</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jackson</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rowlands</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mishra</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Socioeconomic Position, Lifestyle Factors and Age at Natural Menopause: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Studies Across Six Continents</article-title>
          <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1542</fpage>
          <lpage>1562</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ije/dyu094</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>371 13. Schoenaker DA, Jackson CA, Rowlands JV, Mishra GD. Socioeconomic Position, Lifestyle Factors and Age at Natural Menopause: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Studies Across Six Continents. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(5):1542-62. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyu094.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B372">
        <label>372</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS), American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR), Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Society of Europe (CIRSE), Canadian Interventional Radiology Association (CIRA), Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS), European Society of Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy (ESMINT)</collab>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Multisociety Consensus Quality Improvement Revised Consensus Statement for Endovascular Therapy of Acute Ischemic Stroke</article-title>
          <source>Int J Stroke</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>612</fpage>
          <lpage>632</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1747493018778713</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>372 American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS), American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR), Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Society of Europe (CIRSE), Canadian Interventional Radiology Association (CIRA), Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS), European Society of Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy (ESMINT), et al. Multisociety Consensus Quality Improvement Revised Consensus Statement for Endovascular Therapy of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Int J Stroke. 2018;13(6):612-32. doi: 10.1177/1747493018778713.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B373">
        <label>373</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Palacios</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henderson</surname>
              <given-names>VW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siseles</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villaseca</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Age of Menopause and Impact of Climacteric Symptoms by Geographical Region</article-title>
          <source>Climacteric</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>419</fpage>
          <lpage>428</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/13697137.2010.507886</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>373 Palacios S, Henderson VW, Siseles N, Tan D, Villaseca P. Age of Menopause and Impact of Climacteric Symptoms by Geographical Region. Climacteric. 2010;13(5):419-28. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2010.507886.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B374">
        <label>374</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bl&#252;mel</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chedraui</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baron</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belzares</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bencosme</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calle</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Large Multinational Study of Vasomotor Symptom Prevalence, Duration, and Impact on Quality of Life in Middle-Aged Women</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>778</fpage>
          <lpage>785</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/gme.0b013e318207851d</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>374 Bl&#252;mel JE, Chedraui P, Baron G, Belzares E, Bencosme A, Calle A, et al. A Large Multinational Study of Vasomotor Symptom Prevalence, Duration, and Impact on Quality of Life in Middle-Aged Women. Menopause. 2011;18(7):778-85. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318207851d.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B375">
        <label>375</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;nchez-Zarza</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armeni</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chedraui</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>P&#233;rez-L&#243;pez</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gavilanes</surname>
              <given-names>AWD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of Menopausal Symptoms and Severity Related Factors among Mid-Aged Paraguayan Women as Measured with the 10-item Cervantes Scale</article-title>
          <source>Gynecol Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>2235427</fpage>
          <lpage>2235427</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/09513590.2023.2235427</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>375 S&#225;nchez-Zarza SC, Armeni AK, Chedraui P, P&#233;rez-L&#243;pez FR, Gavilanes AWD. Prevalence of Menopausal Symptoms and Severity Related Factors among Mid-Aged Paraguayan Women as Measured with the 10-item Cervantes Scale. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2023;39(1):2235427. doi: 10.1080/09513590.2023.2235427.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B376">
        <label>376</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pompei</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonassi-Machado</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steiner</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pompei</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melo</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nappi</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Profile of Brazilian Climacteric Women: Results from the Brazilian Menopause Study</article-title>
          <source>Climacteric</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>523</fpage>
          <lpage>529</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/13697137.2022.2088276</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>376 Pompei LM, Bonassi-Machado R, Steiner ML, Pompei IM, Melo NR, Nappi RE, et al. Profile of Brazilian Climacteric Women: Results from the Brazilian Menopause Study. Climacteric. 2022;25(5):523-9. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2022.2088276.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B377">
        <label>377</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Todorova</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonassi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carre&#241;o</surname>
              <given-names>FJG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hirschberg</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yuksel</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rea</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence and Impact of Vasomotor Symptoms due to Menopause among Women in Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and Nordic Europe: A Cross-Sectional Survey</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1179</fpage>
          <lpage>1189</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0000000000002265</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>377 Todorova L, Bonassi R, Carre&#241;o FJG, Hirschberg AL, Yuksel N, Rea C, et al. Prevalence and Impact of Vasomotor Symptoms due to Menopause among Women in Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and Nordic Europe: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Menopause. 2023;30(12):1179-89. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000002265.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B378">
        <label>378</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bl&#252;mel</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cano</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mezones-Holgu&#237;n</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bar&#243;n</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bencosme</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ben&#237;tez</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Multinational Study of Sleep Disorders during Female Mid-Life</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>359</fpage>
          <lpage>366</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.05.011</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>378 Bl&#252;mel JE, Cano A, Mezones-Holgu&#237;n E, Bar&#243;n G, Bencosme A, Ben&#237;tez Z, et al. A Multinational Study of Sleep Disorders during Female Mid-Life. Maturitas. 2012;72(4):359-66. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.05.011.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B379">
        <label>379</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bl&#252;mel</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chedraui</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baron</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belzares</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bencosme</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calle</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopause Could be Involved in the Pathogenesis of Muscle and Joint Aches in Mid-Aged Women</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>94</fpage>
          <lpage>100</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.02.012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>379 Bl&#252;mel JE, Chedraui P, Baron G, Belzares E, Bencosme A, Calle A, et al. Menopause Could be Involved in the Pathogenesis of Muscle and Joint Aches in Mid-Aged Women. Maturitas. 2013;75(1):94-100. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.02.012.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B380">
        <label>380</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bl&#252;mel</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chedraui</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baron</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belzares</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bencosme</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calle</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sexual Dysfunction in Middle-Aged Women: A Multicenter Latin American Study Using the Female Sexual Function Index</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1139</fpage>
          <lpage>1148</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/gme.0b013e3181a4e317</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>380 Bl&#252;mel JE, Chedraui P, Baron G, Belzares E, Bencosme A, Calle A, et al. Sexual Dysfunction in Middle-Aged Women: A Multicenter Latin American Study Using the Female Sexual Function Index. Menopause. 2009;16(6):1139-48. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181a4e317.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B381">
        <label>381</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cruz</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nina</surname>
              <given-names>VJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figuer&#234;do</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Climacteric Symptoms and Sexual Dysfunction: Association between the Blatt-Kupperman Index and the Female Sexual Function Index</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>66</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1055/s-0037-1598603</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>381 Cruz EF, Nina VJ, Figuer&#234;do ED. Climacteric Symptoms and Sexual Dysfunction: Association between the Blatt-Kupperman Index and the Female Sexual Function Index. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2017;39(2):66-71. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1598603.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B382">
        <label>382</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chedraui</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bl&#252;mel</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baron</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belzares</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bencosme</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calle</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impaired Quality of Life among Middle Aged Women: A Multicentre Latin American Study</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>323</fpage>
          <lpage>329</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.09.026</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>382 Chedraui P, Bl&#252;mel JE, Baron G, Belzares E, Bencosme A, Calle A, et al. Impaired Quality of Life among Middle Aged Women: A Multicentre Latin American Study. Maturitas. 2008;61(4):323-9. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.09.026.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B383">
        <label>383</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tserotas</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bl&#252;mel</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopause Research in Latin America</article-title>
          <source>Climacteric</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>17</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/13697137.2018.1540565</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>383 Tserotas K, Bl&#252;mel JE. Menopause Research in Latin America. Climacteric. 2019;22(1):17-21. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2018.1540565.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B384">
        <label>384</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bl&#252;mel</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fica</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chedraui</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mezones-Holgu&#237;n</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zu&#241;iga</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Witis</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sedentary Lifestyle in Middle-Aged Women is Associated with Severe Menopausal Symptoms and Obesity</article-title>
          <source>Menopause</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>488</fpage>
          <lpage>493</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/GME.0000000000000575</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>384 Bl&#252;mel JE, Fica J, Chedraui P, Mezones-Holgu&#237;n E, Zu&#241;iga MC, Witis S, et al. Sedentary Lifestyle in Middle-Aged Women is Associated with Severe Menopausal Symptoms and Obesity. Menopause. 2016;23(5):488-93. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000575.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B385">
        <label>385</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bl&#252;mel</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chedraui</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aedo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fica</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mezones-Holgu&#237;n</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bar&#243;n</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obesity and its Relation to Depressive Symptoms and Sedentary Lifestyle in Middle-Aged Women</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>100</fpage>
          <lpage>105</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.10.007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>385 Bl&#252;mel JE, Chedraui P, Aedo S, Fica J, Mezones-Holgu&#237;n E, Bar&#243;n G, et al. Obesity and its Relation to Depressive Symptoms and Sedentary Lifestyle in Middle-Aged Women. Maturitas. 2015;80(1):100-5. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.10.007.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B386">
        <label>386</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Royer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castelo-Branco</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bl&#252;mel</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chedraui</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danckers</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bencosme</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The US National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III): Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Latin American Women</article-title>
          <source>Climacteric</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>164</fpage>
          <lpage>170</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/13697130701258895</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>386 Royer M, Castelo-Branco C, Bl&#252;mel JE, Chedraui PA, Danckers L, Bencosme A, et al. The US National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III): Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Latin American Women. Climacteric. 2007;10(2):164-70. doi: 10.1080/13697130701258895.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B387">
        <label>387</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Del Sueldo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mendon&#231;a-Rivera</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;nchez-Zambrano</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zilberman</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#250;nera-Echevveri</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paniagua</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Gu&#237;a de Pr&#225;ctica Cl&#237;nica de la Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiolog&#237;a Sobre Prevenci&#243;n Primaria de Enfermedad Cardiovascular en la Mujer</article-title>
          <source>Arch Cardiol Mex</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <issue>Supl 2</issue>
          <fpage>1665</fpage>
          <lpage>1731</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24875/acm.22000071</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>387 Del Sueldo M, Mendon&#231;a-Rivera MA, S&#225;nchez-Zambrano MB, Zilberman J, M&#250;nera-Echevveri A. Paniagua M et.al. Gu&#237;a de Pr&#225;ctica Cl&#237;nica de la Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiolog&#237;a Sobre Prevenci&#243;n Primaria de Enfermedad Cardiovascular en la Mujer. Arch Cardiol Mex. 2022;92(Supl 2):1665-731. doi: 10.24875/acm.22000071.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B388">
        <label>388</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rivera</surname>
              <given-names>MAM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Por que se faz necess&#225;rio o reconhecimento de uma "Cardiologia da Mulher?"</article-title>
          <source>Rev Norte Nordeste Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>3</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>388 Rivera MAM. Por que se faz necess&#225;rio o reconhecimento de uma "Cardiologia da Mulher?". Rev Norte Nordeste Cardiol. 2023;12(1):3-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B389">
        <label>389</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rivera</surname>
              <given-names>MAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rivera</surname>
              <given-names>IR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marques-Santos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferro</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Depression and Cardiovascular Disease in Women</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiovasc Sci</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>537</fpage>
          <lpage>545</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/ijcs.20200416</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>389 Rivera MAM, Rivera IR, &#193;vila W, Marques-Santos C, Costa FA, Ferro CR, et al. Depression and Cardiovascular Disease in Women. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2022;35(4):537-45. doi: 10.36660/ijcs.20200416.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B390">
        <label>390</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bl&#252;mel</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chedraui</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bar&#243;n</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ben&#237;tez</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flores</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Espinoza</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Multicentric Study Regarding the Use of Hormone Therapy During Female Mid-Age (REDLINC VI)</article-title>
          <source>Climacteric</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>433</fpage>
          <lpage>441</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/13697137.2014.882305</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>390 Bl&#252;mel JE, Chedraui P, Bar&#243;n G, Ben&#237;tez Z, Flores D, Espinoza MT, et al. A Multicentric Study Regarding the Use of Hormone Therapy During Female Mid-Age (REDLINC VI). Climacteric. 2014;17(4):433-41. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2014.882305.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B391">
        <label>391</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Danckers</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bl&#252;mel</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Witis</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vallejo</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tserotas</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;nchez</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Personal and Professional Use of Menopausal Hormone Therapy among Gynecologists: A Multinational Study (REDLINC VII)</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <fpage>67</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.02.015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>391 Danckers L, Bl&#252;mel JE, Witis S, Vallejo MS, Tserotas K, S&#225;nchez H, et al. Personal and Professional Use of Menopausal Hormone Therapy among Gynecologists: A Multinational Study (REDLINC VII). Maturitas. 2016;87:67-71. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.02.015.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B392">
        <label>392</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vallejo</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Witis</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ojeda</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mostajo</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morera</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meruvia</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Does the Menopausal Status of Female Gynecologists affect their Prescription of Menopausal Hormone Therapy?</article-title>
          <source>Climacteric</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>387</fpage>
          <lpage>392</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/13697137.2016.1191460</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>392 Vallejo MS, Witis S, Ojeda E, Mostajo D, Morera F, Meruvia N, et al. Does the Menopausal Status of Female Gynecologists affect their Prescription of Menopausal Hormone Therapy? Climacteric. 2016;19(4):387-92. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2016.1191460.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B393">
        <label>393</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roberts</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elkins</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Menopause</article-title>
          <source>J Evid Based Integr Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <elocation-id>2515690&#215;19829380</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/2515690&#215;19829380</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>393 Johnson A, Roberts L, Elkins G. Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Menopause. J Evid Based Integr Med. 2019;24:2515690X19829380. doi: 10.1177/2515690X19829380.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B394">
        <label>394</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Locklear</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doyle</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perez</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wicks</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahady</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Menopause in Latin America: Symptoms, attitudes, treatments and future directions in Costa Rica</article-title>
          <source>Maturitas</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <fpage>84</fpage>
          <lpage>89</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.07.008</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>394 Locklear TD, Doyle BJ, Perez AL, Wicks SM, Mahady GB. Menopause in Latin America: Symptoms, attitudes, treatments and future directions in Costa Rica. Maturitas. 2017;104:84-9. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.07.008.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B395">
        <label>395</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hulley</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grady</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bush</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furberg</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herrington</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Riggs</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Randomized Trial of Estrogen Plus Progestin for Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women. Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>280</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>605</fpage>
          <lpage>613</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.280.7.605</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>395 Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, et al. Randomized Trial of Estrogen Plus Progestin for Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women. Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA. 1998;280(7):605-13. doi: 10.1001/jama.280.7.605.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240478i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Guidelines</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Brazilian Guideline on Menopausal Cardiovascular Health &#8211; 2024</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff47">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8471-5745</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Costa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff48">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9945-7171</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Arcelus</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Mar&#237;a Artucio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff49">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7377-2808</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Esp&#237;ndola</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Neto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff50">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff51">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3322-0459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff52">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8486-7861</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Agnaldo Lopes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff53">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2406-8184</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Celi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff54">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff55">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7796-6386</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff56">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8161-9400</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Japhet da Matta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff57">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff58">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff59">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1222-7734</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Maria Vilas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff53">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff60">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1336-6517</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Elizabeth Navegantes Caetano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff61">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9938-8425</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Marildes Luiza de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff62">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0732-9920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lemke</surname>
            <given-names>Viviana de Mello Guzzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff63">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2455-5612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lucena</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Jorge Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff64">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff65">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3453-8488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff66">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2447-2577</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff67">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9826-9152</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lantieri</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Janice Baister</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff56">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0803-8535</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nahas</surname>
            <given-names>Eliana Petri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff60">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5210-2848</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alexandre</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth Regina Giunco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff68">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6352-3330</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campana</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff65">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9168-5513</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bragan&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;rika Olivier Vilela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff76">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3220-019X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Marciano Consolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff69">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1090-0443</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Imara Correia de Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff70">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9473-132X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff71">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8588-8074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kulak</surname>
            <given-names>Jaime</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff72">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-322X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Lidia Ana Zytynski</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff73">
            <sup>28</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7084-037X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pompei</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff56">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8837-8061</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baccaro</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Francisco Cintra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff74">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9663-2966</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff75">
            <sup>30</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0969-4614</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Alexandre Hip&#243;lito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff53">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1323-9590</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albernaz</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aurelio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff77">
            <sup>31</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9096-2259</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Decoud</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Sotera Paniagua de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff78">
            <sup>32</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6457-3217</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Sanali Moura de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff79">
            <sup>33</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6087-0970</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sanchez-Zambrano</surname>
            <given-names>Martha Beatriz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff80">
            <sup>34</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4254-1609</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Milena dos Santos Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff81">
            <sup>35</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7989-6633</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Acevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Monica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff82">
            <sup>36</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-1975-0778</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramirez</surname>
            <given-names>Monica Susana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff83">
            <sup>37</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff84">
            <sup>38</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8722-7504</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Olga Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff85">
            <sup>39</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-6726-1722</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando Ot&#225;vio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff86">
            <sup>40</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4075-3704</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Coeli Marques de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff87">
            <sup>41</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff88">
            <sup>42</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9361-0905</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio Bonassi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff89">
            <sup>43</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6839-1541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Sheyla Cristina Tonheiro Ferro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff90">
            <sup>44</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7136-3536</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Thais de Carvalho Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff81">
            <sup>35</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff91">
            <sup>45</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5686-7058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Walkiria Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff69">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9088-6700</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa-Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Helena Sim&#245;es da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff74">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9085-4605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wender</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Celeste Osorio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff92">
            <sup>46</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff47">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff48">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff49">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Montevideo</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="UY">Uruguay</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Cardiovascular de Sanatorio Galicia, Montevideo &#8211; Uruguay</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff50">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff51">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Municipal de Salvador, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff52">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff53">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff54">
          <label>8</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff55">
          <label>9</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luis, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff56">
          <label>10</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santo Andr&#233;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo Andr&#233;, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff57">
          <label>11</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Joana Recife, Recife PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff58">
          <label>12</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">EMCOR &#8211; Diagn&#243;sticos do Cora&#231;&#227;o LTDA, Recife PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff59">
          <label>13</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Bar&#227;o de Lucena, Recife PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff60">
          <label>14</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff61">
          <label>15</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bel&#233;m</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio do Estado Par&#225; (CESUPA), Bel&#233;m PA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff62">
          <label>16</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade IPEMED de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Belo Horizonte MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff63">
          <label>17</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiocare Cl&#237;nica Cardiol&#243;gica, Curitiba PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff64">
          <label>18</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agamenom Magalh&#227;es, Recife PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff65">
          <label>19</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff66">
          <label>20</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff67">
          <label>21</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRS), Porto Alegre RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff68">
          <label>22</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff69">
          <label>23</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">RitmoCheck, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff70">
          <label>24</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff71">
          <label>25</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff72">
          <label>26</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff73">
          <label>27</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Macei&#243; AL &#8211; BrazilUniversidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR), Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff74">
          <label>28</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (PUC-PR), Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff75">
          <label>29</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff76">
          <label>30</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Socor, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff77">
          <label>31</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Estadual da Mulher, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff78">
          <label>32</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Assun&#231;&#227;o</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PY">Paraguay</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sanatorio Italiano, Assun&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Paraguay</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff79">
          <label>33</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Natal</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RN</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff80">
          <label>34</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Caracas</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="VE">Venezuela</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Comit&#233; de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares de la Mujer, Sociedad Venezolana de Cardiolog&#237;a, Caracas &#8211; Venezuela</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff81">
          <label>35</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff82">
          <label>36</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santiago</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CL">Chile</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontificia Universidad Cat&#243;lica de Chile, Santiago &#8211; Chile</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff83">
          <label>37</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rosario</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Privado Rosario, Rosario &#8211; Argentina</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff84">
          <label>38</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Fe</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Universitario Rosario (IUNIR), Santa Fe &#8211; Argentina</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff85">
          <label>39</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Rede D&#8217;Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff86">
          <label>40</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff87">
          <label>41</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff88">
          <label>42</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff89">
          <label>43</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jundia&#237;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Jundia&#237;, Jundia&#237;, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff90">
          <label>44</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CEMISE Oncocl&#237;nicas, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff91">
          <label>45</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff92">
          <label>46</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondence:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil &#8211; Postal Code <postal-code>20020-907</postal-code>. E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <related-article related-article-type="correction-forward" id="r01_en" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20240681i" ext-link-type="doi"/>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <table-wrap id="t12">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Brazilian Guideline on Menopausal Cardiovascular Health &#8211; 2024</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">The report below lists declarations of interest as reported to the SBC by the experts during the period of the development of these statement, 2023-2024.</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Expert</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Type of relationship with industry</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Agnaldo Lopes da Silva-Filho</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Other relationships <break/>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Bayer and Vifor.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Alexandre Jorge Gomes de Lucena</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Andr&#233;a Araujo Brand&#227;o</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli Macedo</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Bayer: anticoagulation and heart failure; Pfizer: anticoagulation and amyloidosis; Jannsen: leukemia. <break/>Other relationships <break/>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Bayer: heart failure.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Carisi Anne Polanczyk</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Carla Janice Baister Lantieri</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Carlos Japhet da Matta Albuquerque</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Carolina Mar&#237;a Artucio Arcelus</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Celi Marques Santos</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">C&#233;sar Eduardo Fernandes</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Board member and speaker at GENON, Bayer, Sanofi, Theramex laboratories.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Claudia Maria Vilas Freire</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Eliana Aguiar Petri Nahas</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Libbs: Iziz, IUMI ES; Theramex: Systen adesivos, Estreva Gel.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Elizabeth Regina Giunco Alexandre</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Lilly, Servier, Libbs.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves Campana</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Servier, Brace Pharma, Biolab, Momenta. <break/>Other relationships <break/>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Servier: hypertension; Biolab: hypertension.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#201;rika Olivier Vilela Bragan&#231;a</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Biolab: Dozoito. <break/>Other relationships <break/>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Merck.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fernanda Marciano Consolim Colombo</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Daiichi Sankyo; Merck; Servier; AstraZeneca. <break/>Other relationships <break/>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Daiichi Sankyo; Servier.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Imara Correia de Queiroz Barbosa</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ivan Romero Rivera</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Jaime Kulak Junior</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Larissa Neto Esp&#237;ndola</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Lidia Ana Zytynski Moura</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Novartis: Entresto; AstraZeneca: Forxiga; Boehringer: Jardiance; Bayer: Vericiguat; Vifor: Ferrinject. <break/>B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the Brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Bayer: Vericiguat.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Lucia Helena Sim&#245;es da Costa-Paiva</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Bayer: Siu Mirena; Besins: Vagifem; Libbs: hormone therapy and contraception; Theramex: hormonal therapy. <break/>B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the Brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- FAPESP and CNPQ productive scholarship. <break/>Other relationships <break/>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Besins: Vagifem; Bayer: Mirena; Astelas: Fezolinetanto.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Luciano de Melo Pompei</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Abbott; Besins; Libbs; Theramex: menopausal hormone therapy products.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Luiz Francisco Cintra Baccaro</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcia Melo barbosa</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Marcio Alexandre Hip&#243;lito Rodrigues</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Theramex, Besins, Novonordisk. <break/>B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the Brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Theramex. <break/>Other relationships <break/>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Theramex e Besins</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Marco Aur&#233;lio Albernaz</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Bayer: contraception; Theramex: contraception and hormonal therapy; Organon: contraception; Libbs: hormone therapy.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a Rivera</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Celeste Osorio Wender</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Bayer, Besins, MSD, Astellas, Gedeon, Abbott, Theramex. <break/>B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the Brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Mithra: Estetrol; Myovant: Relugolix.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Cristina Costa de Almeida</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Cristina de Oliveira Izar</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Amgen: Repatha; Amryt Pharma: Lojuxta; AstraZeneca: Dapagliflozina; Ach&#233;: Trezor, Trezete; Biolab: Livalo; Abbott: Lipidil; EMS: Rosuvastatina; Eurofarma: Rosuvastatina; Sanofi: Praluent, Zympass, Zympass Eze, Efluelda; Libbs: Plenance, Plenance Eze; Novo Nordisk: Ozempic, Victoza; Servier: Acertamlo, Alertalix; PTCBio: Waylivra. <break/>B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the Brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- PTCBio: Waylivra; Amgen: Repatha; Novartis: Inclisiran, Pelacarsen; NovoNordisk: Ziltivekimab. <break/>Other relationships <break/>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Novo Nordisk: Diabetes.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Elizabeth N. Caetano Costa</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Libbs: Plenance Enze; Servier: Vastarel. <break/>Other relationships <break/>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Libbs; Servier: Participa&#231;&#227;o em congresso.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Sanali Moura de Oliveira Paiva</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Maria Sotera Paniagua de Decoud</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Marildes Luiza de Castro</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Novartis: Sacubitril/Valsartana; Pfizer: Patisiran; Merck: Vericiquat; Amgen.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Martha Beatriz Sanchez-Zambrano</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Milena dos Santos Barros Campos</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Monica Acevedo</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- I've received honoraria for consulting, speaker activities and research from Abbott, Astra Zeneca, Axon-pharma, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lily, Eurofarma, Ferrer, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Tecnofarma, Teva pharmaceuticals. All have been less than 5000 usd. <break/>Other relationships <break/>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- AstraZeneca: European Society of Cardiology Congress, Barcelona 2022; Boehringer: European Socciety Cardiology Congress, Amsterdam 2023.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Monica Susana Ramirez</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Other relationships <break/>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Gador, Bago, Raffo. <break/>Any economically relevant equity interest in companies in the healthcare or education industry or in any companies competing with or supplying to SBC: <break/>- Centro de Diagnostico Rosario.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Olga Ferreira de Souza</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Orlando Ot&#225;vio de Medeiros</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Regina Coeli Marques de Carvalho</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Rog&#233;rio Bonassi Machado</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sheyla Cristina Tonheiro Ferro da Silva</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Financial declaration <break/>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Lectures for Novartis: Entresto; AstraZeneca: Forxiga/ Xigduo; Boeringher-Lilly alliance: Jardiance; Servier: Acertil, Acertalix, triplixan; Novonordisk: Saxenda, Ozempic, Rybelsus; Libbis: Naprix; Vifor: Ferinject. <break/>Other relationships <break/>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: <break/>- Boeringher-Lilly Alliance: Jardiance; Novonordisk: Ozempic, Rybelsus, Saxenda; Servier: Acertil, Acertalix, Triplixan.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Thais de Carvalho Vieira Rodrigues</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Viviana de Mello Guzzo Lemke</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Walkiria Samuel Avila</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>1. Introduction</title>
        <p>After the publication of the results from the <italic>Women's Health Initiative</italic> (WHI) clinical trial in 2002 showing more risks than benefits to female health with estrogen (alone or combined with progestin) use to control menopausal signs and symptoms,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> there has been a progressive and sustained decline in the prescription of those drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the United States, there was an increase in the prescription of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) from 16 million in 1966 to 90 million in 1999,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> so that, by the end of the 1990s, 25% of 45&#8211;74-year-old women<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and more than 40% of those aged 50-69 years were on that therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There is evidence that, after the publication of the WHI study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> the MHT prescription declined from 25% to 11.9% in 2003-2004, reaching 4.7% in 2012, in all demographic groups studied.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> It is worth noting that, even after new evidence that MHT could be used for younger women with no additional risk and who were within the first 10 years from menopause onset, there has been no increase in MHT prescription, which is currently found in 4-6% of the women in that phase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The world population is currently estimated at 8 019 876 189 people, 49.75% of whom are of the female sex and with a life expectancy at birth of 76 years (6 years more than men),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> higher access to education and the labor market (despite the indisputable and persistent gender inequality observed), and who tend to suffer with menopausal signs and symptoms for at least one third of their lives. As those women age, they are at increasing risk for cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> considering that one third of the current female mortality results from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>According to Faubion and Shufelt,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> the new generations of women will reach menopause with not only more freedom and safety to openly talk about the burden imposed by menopausal signs and symptoms, but more likely to search for solutions. This represents a potential product market valued at an estimated 600 billion dollars. Thus, this substantial number of women needs a health care system prepared for this scenario. In addition, to face the challenge, those authors<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> state that the science of menopause needs to advance in regard to scientific investigation, education and updating of health professionals in female issues (internal medicine, endocrinology, cardiology, family medicine, and gynecology and obstetrics), creation of state public policies for education in women's health and care, in addition to the education of employers and organizations&#8217; leaders, who need to adapt the workplace to the women's needs in that stage life.</p>
        <p>In this context, the elaboration, organization, and presentation of this "Guideline on Cardiovascular Menopausal Health", resulting from the joint work of national [Brazilian Federation of the Gynecology and Obstetrics Societies (in Portuguese, <italic>Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia -</italic> FEBRASGO), Brazilian Association of Menopause (in Portuguese, <italic>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Climat&#233;rio -</italic> SOBRAC), and Brazilian Society of Cardiology (in Portuguese, <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia -</italic> SBC)] and international scientific societies [<italic>Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiolog&#237;a</italic> (SIAC)], as well as several specialties that deal with women's health, meet all important requirements for educating and/or updating health professionals in the field, consisting of the disclosure of the best scientific evidence currently available on postmenopause and menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The elaboration of this document involved a systematic review (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Appendix 1</xref>), registered on PROSPERO 2024 CRD42024504299 Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024504299">https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024504299</ext-link>. The methods used are described in the appendix to this guideline (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f25">Figure 1.1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f25">
          <label>Figure 1.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Structure of the systematic review that guided this guideline on menopause and postmenopause. CVD: cardiovascular disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; MHT: menopausal hormone therapy; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The following section provides the highlights of each chapter.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>1.1. Highlights</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Sex Hormones (Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone) and their Functions Throughout Life</title>
            <p>Ovarian steroidogenesis begins in puberty when hormones act on secondary sexual characters and regulation of pregnancy. Sex hormones (estrogens, androgens, and progesterone), through their receptors present in the entire female body, act and have specific functions.</p>
            <p>Postmenopausal syndrome encompasses the set of symptoms and signs resulting from the interaction between sociocultural, psychological, and endocrine factors. Its diagnosis in women older than 45 years, in the presence of complaints suggestive of hypoestrogenism, requires no confirmation by additional exams.</p>
            <p>Estradiol deficiency in menopause contributes to endothelial dysfunction due to loss of its vascular functions, such as NO synthesis increase, antioxidant action, and anti-inflammatory properties.</p>
            <p>Changes in the lipid profile, such as increase in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, begin in menopausal transition.</p>
            <p>Hypoestrogenism leads to changes in female body fat storage and distribution, with increased central adiposity (android shape) and cardiovascular risk.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Relation between Postmenopause/Menopause and Traditional and/or Emerging Cardiovascular Risk Factors</title>
            <p>The reduction in the protective function of HDL cholesterol and the increase in the Lp (a) concentration in perimenopause contribute to increase cardiovascular risk. Changes in the glucose metabolism associated with increased central adiposity predispose to the development of diabetes mellitus, which, in the presence of early menopause, leads to higher increase of the cardiovascular risk.</p>
            <p>The risk for ischemic heart disease increases in menopause, and worsens the prognosis of women with previous disease, with higher revascularization rates and progression to heart failure.</p>
            <p>Women with systemic arterial hypertension have higher incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy in postmenopause, with higher risk of diastolic dysfunction. Isolated systolic hypertension in this phase is related to greater aortic stiffness.</p>
            <p>Sedentary lifestyle in postmenopause leads to worse physical fitness and poorer control of cardiovascular risk factors, in addition to higher incidence of fractures and mortality. Smoking increases the risk of early menopause and the likelihood of cardiovascular disease, stroke, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, and all-cause mortality.</p>
            <p>In menopausal transition, the risk of depression and anxiety is higher. Emotional triggers associated with chronic stress lead to sustained activation of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal axis, deregulation of metabolic processes, and systemic inflammation, accelerating atherosclerosis and increasing the cardiovascular risk.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Relation between Postmenopause/Menopause and Cardiovascular Diseases</title>
            <p>Cardiovascular risk stratification in postmenopause is an important tool to identify the major risk factors and risk markers and to implement measures to prevent and reduce women's mortality. There is no specific risk score for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, thus, the traditional scores are used and can be refined with the identification of risk-enhancing factors and subclinical atherosclerosis markers.</p>
            <p>Women have a lower global burden of atherosclerosis and more coronary microvascular dysfunction. Early menopause is associated with increased mortality from ischemic heart disease.</p>
            <p>Elderly women, of Black ethnicity, and lower socioeconomic level have higher incidence of stroke, and arterial hypertension is the major risk factor associated. Arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking have higher negative impact on women, who also have more negative outcomes and increased mortality after stroke.</p>
            <p>In postmenopause, systolic and diastolic heart failure and left ventricular concentric remodeling are more frequent, and their incidence is increased in early menopause.</p>
            <p>Multiple factors, such as systolic arterial hypertension, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, excessive alcohol intake, valvular heart disease, multiparity, and stroke, suggest a correlation between menopause and increased risk for atrial fibrillation. Early menopause, as well as stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depressive symptoms, is suggested to increase the risk of atrial fibrillation.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Menopause and Risk of Morbidity and Mortality from Other Diseases</title>
            <p>There is increased cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women treated for breast cancer, which is worsened by the inadequate control of risk factors and the cardiotoxicity of the treatment.</p>
            <p>Women with cancer may have early menopause, depending on the baseline ovarian reserve, gonadotoxicity, and duration of exposure to oncogenic agents (oncological and/or endocrine therapy).</p>
            <p>Aging, genetic profile, and systemic vascular disease are the major nonmodifiable risk factors for the development of dementia, whose prevalence is higher among women.</p>
            <p>Thyroid dysfunctions are significantly more common in women, and their incidence increases with aging. Manifest and subclinical hyperthyroidism increase the risk of osteoporosis, especially in postmenopause.</p>
            <p>Menopausal estrogen loss leads to negative bone remodeling and bone loss, increasing the risk of osteoporosis. Menopausal hormone therapy should be indicated for women with premature ovarian failure and, in natural menopause, it can be indicated to prevent osteoporosis, especially in the presence of vasomotor symptoms.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Cardiovascular Risk and Sex Hormones</title>
            <p>Cardiovascular risk stratification needs to include the assessment of gynecological history and use of sex hormones throughout life.</p>
            <p>Early menarche, polycystic ovary syndrome, and the use of hormonal contraceptives should be recognized as additional cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
            <p>Combined oral hormonal contraception has a protective effect on the cardiovascular system. In anovulatory cycles due to hypoestrogenism and hypothalamic dysfunction, however, the risk of coronary atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events increases.</p>
            <p>Supplementation with testosterone should not be indicated to women to improve cardiovascular risk.</p>
            <p>Independently of the possible additional effects on cardiovascular risk from gender-affirming hormone therapy, prevention focus should be kept on the classic cardiovascular health pillars.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Current Recommendations for Menopausal Hormone Therapy</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>The Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC), the Brazilian Federation of the Gynecology and Obstetrics Societies (FEBRASGO), and the Brazilian Association of Menopause (SOBRAC) recommend the use of menopausal hormone therapy for symptomatic menopausal women without contraindications. (<bold>Strength of recommendation in FAVOR. STRONG recommendation. Level of certainty: HIGH</bold>).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>This therapy consists in the administration of different sex hormones that should be individualized according to the risks and benefits of each woman. The many formulations, doses, and administration routes of hormonal therapy have high efficacy to relieve postmenopausal symptoms. (<bold>Strength of recommendation in FAVOR. STRONG recommendation. Level of certainty: HIGH</bold>).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>The menopausal hormone therapy should be initiated in the "window of opportunity", that is, within 10 years of menopause onset and/or before the age of 60 years<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn9">**</xref>. However, initiating the menopausal hormone therapy after the age of 60 years or more than 10 years after menopause onset can elevate the absolute risk of coronary artery disease, venous thromboembolism, and stroke. (<bold>Strength of recommendation in FAVOR. STRONG recommendation. Level of certainty: HIGH</bold>).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>There is no indication to start menopausal hormone therapy aiming at primary cardiovascular prevention in multiple scenarios. (<bold>Strength of recommendation in FAVOR. STRONG recommendation. Level of certainty: HIGH</bold>).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Contemporary Evidence of Hormonal Therapy in Women</title>
            <p>Menopausal women with risk factors for cardiovascular disease need a thorough assessment before initiating menopausal hormone therapy.</p>
            <p>Women with controlled systemic arterial hypertension and moderate to intense vasomotor symptoms can use menopausal hormone therapy through any route, but transdermal estrogen should be preferred in the presence of obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Micronized progesterone (oral or vaginal route) is recommended for women without hysterectomy.</p>
            <p>Systemic menopausal hormone therapy is not recommended for women with manifest cardiovascular disease, previous history of acute myocardial infarction or stroke. Transdermal menopausal hormone therapy is recommended for women with previous history of venous thromboembolism, depending on the factor causing the event.</p>
            <p>For women with contraindication to or who do not want to undergo menopausal hormone therapy, nonhormonal therapies can help relieve vasomotor symptoms.</p>
            <p>Compounded or bioidentical hormones or hormonal pellets are not recommended because of the lack of scientific evidence about their efficacy and safety.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Menopause and Woman in the Job Market &#8211; Difficulties and Opportunities for Improvement</title>
            <p>Women are a large part of the global workforce, and almost half of them are in peri- or postmenopause.</p>
            <p>Menopausal symptoms hinder their quality of life, as well as their work performance and attendance. Thus, employers need to be aware of the discomfort caused by those symptoms, providing a humanized and comfortable work environment.</p>
            <p>Institutional policies should be created to support menopausal working women (education on the topic, medical appointments when required, adaptations of the work environment).</p>
            <p>Promoting discussions on the theme with the leaderships is necessary, in the search for solutions for the problems presented.</p>
            <p>Measures, such as flexible work schedules, more ventilated areas closer to toilets, and lighter and comfortable uniforms, are cost-effective. These measures should be prioritized in the employers&#8217; policies for peri- or postmenopausal working women.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Menopause and Postmenopause in Latin America &#8211; Current Situation, Challenges, and Opportunities for Intervention</title>
            <p>In low/middle-income countries, there is an increase in the prevalence of premature ovarian failure (before age 40 years) and early menopause (before age 45 years), which are considered risk factors for cardiovascular disease and mortality.</p>
            <p>The mean age at menopause onset in Latin America is 47.24 years, with progressive elevation in the prevalence of premature ovarian failure and early menopause.</p>
            <p>Vasomotor symptoms are one of the most prevalent symptoms (55%) in Latin American women during menopausal transition, being usually severe in a large part of that population.</p>
            <p>In addition to vasomotor symptoms, sleep disorders, urogenital disorders, muscle/joint pains, and mood swings (depression, anxiety, irritability) are frequent and impair the quality of life of women transitioning through menopause and postmenopause.</p>
            <p>In Latin America, menopausal hormone therapy is prescribed for 12.5% of menopausal women (oral, 43.7%; transdermal, 17.7%), while alternative therapies are used by 19.5%.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2. Sex Hormones (Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone) and their Functions Throughout Life</title>
        <p>During the intrauterine life, between the sixth and eighth gestational weeks, in a female chromosomal sex embryo, 46XX, there is differentiation of the bipotential, embryonic gonads into ovaries. In the absence of the Y chromosome, the fetus develops ovaries and, in the absence of testosterone levels similar to male ones, the female phenotype appears.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The ovaries begin steroidogenesis during puberty and their hormones, mainly estradiol and progesterone, are responsible for the development of secondary sexual characters and regulation of pregnancy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>From the endocrinological viewpoint, the first signal of puberty is provided by the adrenal glands (adrenarche). With the maturation and growth of the adrenal reticular zone, there is an increase in adrenal androgens, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), which will result in testosterone increase. This increase accounts for the maturation of apocrine sweat glands, leading to adult body odor, and development of acne and pubic and axillary hairs. Thus, pubic hairs develop independently of the activation of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-gonadal axis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>From puberty on, with the activation of the hypothalamus-hypophysis axis, the ovaries will secrete estrogens, especially estradiol, by the granulosa cells of the follicles, and that synthesis requires the production of androgens, especially testosterone, by the theca cells. In the first 1.5-2 years of ovarian activity, the cycles are anovulatory, thus, no progesterone is produced. Estradiol stimulates the development of the breasts (thelarche), skeletal growth, and development of the internal (uterus, uterine tubes, and upper segment of the vagina) and external (vulva and lower third of the vagina) genital organs, which culminates in the beginning of the menses (menarche). When the ovarian cycles become ovulatory, the corpus luteum resulting from ovulation begins to secrete progesterone along with estradiol. Progesterone is responsible for the changes, mainly endometrial ones, necessary for maintaining pregnancy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are receptors for the sex hormones (estrogens, androgens, and progesterone) in almost all tissues and organs of the female body. Thus, those hormones act and have specific functions in the entire female body.</p>
        <p>Estrogens are known to play a crucial role in the coordination of several neuroendocrine events that control sexual development, sexual behavior, and reproduction. Estradiol is fundamental to the sexual differentiation of the brain. It organizes neural circuits and regulates the apoptosis of neurons leading to long-term differences in the female brain. In addition, estradiol prevents the death of neuronal cells in a variety of models of brain injury, modulates learning and memory, promotes the formation of synapses, and influences the synthesis of neurotransmitters and cellular apoptosis. Testosterone, acting on the brain, seems to regulate reproduction, sexuality, and emotional behaviors in both sexes in a different context related to gender. Progesterone, by acting on the central nervous system, has a hypnotic/sedative, anxiolytic, and anesthetic/analgesic effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Estradiol has a positive cardioprotective effect through its influence on endothelial, myocardial, vascular, and metabolic functions. Coronary and peripheral vessels have estrogen receptors that allow estradiol to play a role in vascular regulation. Estrogen stimulates the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) through genomic and nongenomic effects, causing vasodilation. The sex hormones influence the mechanisms involved in body pressure (BP) regulation. Estrogens stimulate the synthesis of factors related to BP reduction. Estrogens, but not androgens, induce favorable effects on the kidneys, which influence BP levels in the long run.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Estrogens influence the vascular effects of LDL cholesterol (LDL-c). Estradiol, which is a phenol with antioxidant properties, prevents the oxidation of LDL-c and VLDL cholesterol (VLDL-c), and protects the vasculature against the deleterious effects of the lipids. Estradiol attenuates the accumulation of minimally modified LDL-c and oxidized LDL-c on the arterial wall and prevents LDL-c oxidation and accumulation, mediated by the tumor necrosis factor &#945;, on the arterial wall. In addition, estradiol increases the expression of the LDL-c receptor, increases the VLDL-c clearance, reduces the LDL-c production, decreases the size of LDL-c particles, and increases light and dense LDL-c clearance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The bone remodeling process, which maintains the skeleton healthy, can be considered a preventive maintenance program, continuously removing older bones and replacing them with new bone. Estrogens are essential to promote balance between bone remodeling, resorption, and formation events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, since puberty and during the entire women's reproductive phase (menacme), the sex hormones have specific and fundamental effects on not only the reproductive system, but all organs and systems of the female body. Always consider estrogens, especially estradiol, to be the main actors, progesterone to be essential to maintain pregnancy, and testosterone to be a supporting actor in some specific functions.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1. Menopausal Hormone Changes</title>
          <p>Women are born with their complete set of follicles, around 1-2 million. At the beginning of puberty, the mass of germ cells has already decreased to 300-500 thousand units. Over the following 35-40 years of the reproductive lifespan, 400-500 will be selected to ovulate, and the primary follicles will be depleted by menopause onset, when only a few hundred will remain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>During the reproductive period, the pool of oocytes (follicles) is gradually depleted through ovulation and atresia (apoptosis &#8211; programmed cell death). The decline in the pool of oocytes results in the smaller secretion of inhibin B, reducing the negative ovarian feedback on the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The resulting increase in FSH level leads to higher follicle recruitment and accelerated follicle loss, with preservation of estradiol levels at the beginning of menopausal transition (MT). When women are in their 40s, anovulation becomes more prevalent due to the reduced quality and capacity of the aged follicles, and, thus, there is no progesterone production. When all ovarian follicles are depleted, the ovary cannot respond even to elevated FSH levels and, thus, estrogen levels decline. The postmenopausal period is characterized by elevated FSH levels (&gt; 30 mUI/mL) and low estradiol levels (&lt; 30 pg/mL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Postmenopausal ovary secretes mainly androstenedione and testosterone. After menopause, the circulating level of androstenedione is around half of that observed before menopause. Most of that postmenopausal androstenedione derives from the adrenal gland, and only a small amount is secreted by the ovary, although androstenedione is the major steroid secreted by the postmenopausal ovary. Testosterone production decreases approximately 25% after menopause, but the postmenopausal ovary in most women, but not in all of them, secretes more testosterone than the premenopausal ovary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The circulating level of estradiol after menopause is approximately 10&#8211;20 pg/mL, most of which derives from the peripheral conversion of estrone, which derives mainly from the peripheral conversion of androstenedione. The circulating level of estrone in postmenopausal women is higher than that of estradiol, approximately 30&#8211;70 pg/mL. The mean postmenopausal production rate of estrogens is approximately 45 &#956;g/24 hours, and almost all of them derive from the peripheral conversion of androstenedione. The androgen/estrogen proportion changes drastically after menopause because of the more marked decline of estrogen, when the appearance of mild hirsutism is common, reflecting that marked change in the proportion of sex hormones.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.2. Definition and Classification</title>
          <p>Natural menopause is defined as the date of the last menstrual bleeding episode of a woman.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> On average, it occurs at the age of 51 years, and in 90% of the women, it occurs between the ages of 45 years and 55 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Spontaneous menopause between the ages of 40 years and 45 years occurs in 5% of the women and is known as early menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Induced menopause is the interruption of menses that occurs after surgical bilateral oophorectomy or the iatrogenic loss of ovarian function due to chemotherapy (CTX) or radiotherapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a syndrome that results from the loss of ovarian activity before the age of 40 years,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> which affects approximately 1% of the women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> The term "premature menopause" can be used to refer to cases of definitive menopause before the age of 40 years, such as those resulting from bilateral oophorectomy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> The term "menopausal transition" refers to the period of life when changes in the menstrual cycle occur due to ovarian function decline, starting with variation in the menstrual cycle duration and ending with the last menstrual bleeding episode.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The term "postmenopausal syndrome" encompasses the set of symptoms and signs resulting from the interaction between sociocultural, psychological and endocrine factors that appear as a woman ages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f26">Figure 1.2</xref> illustrates the nomenclature related to women's life cycles used in this Guideline, from puberty to the end of reproductive life. To standardize the definition of the several stages of reproductive aging, the STRAW (Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop) system was created.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Based on patterns of symptoms and laboratory findings, the STRAW system classifies reproductive aging in the following phases: reproductive, MT, and postmenopause. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f27">Figure 2.1</xref> illustrates details of the STRAW system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
          <fig id="f26">
            <label>Figure 1.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Nomenclature related to the women's life cycle used in this guideline.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f27">
            <label>Figure 2.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>STRAW system for classification of the women's reproductive stages. AMH: antim&#252;llerian hormone; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3. Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis</title>
          <p>The aging process leads to progressive ovarian failure, resulting in the interruption of the ovulatory cycles and end of menstrual bleeding. Frequently, women seek care because of changes in the menstrual cycle during the MT. Because of the reduction in inhibin B production by the ovaries by the end of the fourth decade of life, an increase in the serum concentrations of FSH and estradiol can be observed at the beginning of the cycle, resulting in shortening of the follicular phase. In addition, the quality of the corpus luteum worsens, leading to a decline in progesterone levels in the secretory phase. Shortening of the interval between the menses is one of the first signs of ovarian function decline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Over the years, the process of follicular depletion persists, and anovulation becomes increasingly common. Because of the lack of progestational effect, the interval between the menses widens, reaching 40-50 days. This mean increase in the interval between the menses occurs around the age of 47 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Amenorrhea episodes become longer, intercalated by menstrual bleeding episodes of variable volume. This pattern of menstrual bleeding can persist for a period of one to three years before menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Vasomotor symptoms (VMS), also known as hot flashes, are the most common symptoms related to MT. These symptoms involve sudden sensation of heat in the central body region, especially face, thorax, and neck, with a mean duration of 3-4 minutes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> These episodes are often accompanied by an increase in heart rate, peripheral vasodilation, skin temperature elevation, and sweating. When occurring at dawn, they can be associated with sleep disorders, such as insomnia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Moderate/severe VMS occur in up to 80% of women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> However, only 20-30% of them seek medical care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> At the beginning of the ovarian function decline, the VMS can be mild, occurring at the lowest estradiol secretion, during the late luteal and initial follicular phases. The occurrence of VMS increases significantly during MT, reaching approximately 40% in early MT and increasing to 60-80% during late MT and the initial postmenopausal stages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> In late postmenopause, the VMS tend to decrease; however, up to 30% of the women can experience moderate/severe VMS 10 years after menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Characterization of the menopause date is performed retrospectively after 12 months of amenorrhea in a woman at the expected age for MT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Diagnosis of postmenopausal syndrome is established by use of detailed anamnesis, complemented by a thorough physical exam.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> For women over the age of 45 years with complaints suggesting hypoestrogenism, such as VMS and typical changes of the menstrual pattern (less frequent uterine bleeding), the diagnosis of postmenopausal syndrome is clinical and requires no confirmation with other complementary tests.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> In cases with doubts regarding the symptomatology due to a drop in ovarian production of estradiol, measuring FSH levels in the initial follicular phase can be useful to confirm the diagnosis. Levels over 25 mUI/mL can indicate the onset of MT. However, it is worth noting that the daily concentrations can vary considerably in this phase. When necessary, two measurements should be taken at an interval of 4-6 weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> In addition, most women on hormonal contraception based on progestogens alone will have changed bleeding patterns or amenorrhea, hindering the precise identification of the menopausal <italic>status</italic>. If necessary, women on hormonal contraception with progestogens alone can undergo serum measurements of FSH to assess their menopausal <italic>status</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Levels &gt; 25 mUI/mL are attributable to ovarian function decline. However, progestogens alone, such as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and hormonal pellets, can suppress FSH, thus a woman on such medications can be in the perimenopause without showing increased FSH levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> The ideal moment to measure the FSH levels of a woman on depot medroxyprogesterone acetate is right before a new administration of the medication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Women on combined hormonal contraception have significantly suppressed FSH levels, even during the hormone-free phase, which make them inappropriate to provide information on the menopausal <italic>status</italic>. In addition, the VMS are less frequent due to the effects of the estrogen component of the contraceptive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> For women on combined contraceptives who require FSH measurement, medication should be suspended 2-4 weeks before blood withdrawal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Bleeding patterns that do not meet those of ovarian function decline, such as very often bleeding, with increased volume and clots, require endometrial investigation with ultrasonography and/or endometrial biopsy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> For women aged less than 45 years complaining of abnormal uterine bleeding of irregular pattern and less frequent menstrual cycles, even when the clinical findings suggest hypoestrogenism, additional investigation is recommended to assess the symptoms and exclude other causes of menstrual irregularity, such as pregnancy, thyroid disorders, and hyperprolactinemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.4. Relation to Cardiovascular Mortality</title>
          <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of death in postmenopausal women, more frequent than breast cancer or any other gynecological cancer. The traditional risk factors (RFs) for CAD include age, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, elevated body mass index (BMI), systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia (DLP), and family history of CAD. The prevalence of CAD among premenopausal women is low, probably because of the estrogens&#8217; protective effects in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> There is a marked increase in the incidence of CAD in women after menopause, usually found 10 years after the last menstrual period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Menopause per se is unlikely to account for that change, and other RFs, such as DLP, insulin resistance, body fat redistribution, and SAH, can cause metabolic and vascular changes, contributing to increase the risk for CAD and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Those clinical situations can be related to peripheral adverse effects of the endothelial function.</p>
          <p>Vascular aging is characterized by progressive arterial stiffening with decline in the vasodilation ability, which progresses differently in men and women. At the beginning of menopause, it occurs quickly, differently from the gradual loss of the vascular function observed as age advances. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular aging contribute to the development of SAH and atherosclerosis, favoring the increase of CVD in menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Estradiol is crucial to maintain normal endothelial function. Estradiol increases NO synthesis by the vascular endothelium, which thus spreads to the interior of smooth muscle cells, causing their relaxation. This is called endothelium-dependent vasodilation, whose loss is a characteristic of endothelial dysfunction. Estradiol preserves the endothelial function, and the decline of ovarian hormones with reproductive aging in menopause quickly affects endothelium-dependent vasodilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Studies have shown that estradiol has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Estrogen deficiency regulates positively oxidative stress or systemic inflammation, leading to endothelial function decline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> Thus, estrogen has multiple functions, such as antioxidant, increase in NO synthesis, and anti-inflammatory properties. Its deficiency in menopause contributes to endothelial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Changes in the women's lipid profile begin in the MT period, with increases in total cholesterol (TC), LDL-c, triglycerides (TG). The <italic>Women's Health Across the Nation</italic> (SWAN) was a prospective study of MT in Caucasian women and representatives of minorities (Afro-American, Hispanic, Japanese, Chinese women) who were not on hormone therapy. That study provided evidence that MT is related to adverse lipid profiles. It showed that TG, LDL-c, and apolipoprotein-B increase already within 1 year from the last menstrual period, independently of the age at which that occurs. All these factors are directly related to endothelial dysfunction and lead to atherosclerosis. An increase in LDL-c during MT is related to the appearance of carotid plaques in postmenopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Such changes differ from the linear changes related to chronological aging.</p>
          <p>Metabolic syndrome (MS) is defined as the coexistence of several metabolic RFs, such as SAH, DLP, glucose intolerance, and central adiposity. Estradiol plays an important role in fat storage and distribution. Before menopause, fat is mainly deposited on the thighs and hip. Women tend to gain weight (total body fat) during midlife because of the aging chronology. However, during MT, women undergo a change in body composition and fat distribution, with central adiposity increase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> The MT can, thus, contribute to increase abdominal fat, insulin resistance, DM, and inflammatory diseases, leading to the development or worsening of MS in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The progression of the atherosclerotic process seems to be the final result of a complex interaction between CVD, RFs, and their aggravation during the perimenopausal period. The cardiovascular risk (CVR) increase in menopause results from the important changes in the CV system physiology that affect the peripheral and cardiac vasculatures, as well as the cerebrovascular system. Changes in the lipid profile, vascular stiffness, metabolic parameters, and oxidative stress contribute to worsen the CVR of women during the MT.</p>
          <p>The treatment strategies should include strict control of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) to prevent the progression of atherosclerotic disease in menopausal women. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f28">Figure 2.2</xref> shows the interactions between hypoestrogenism and CAD.</p>
          <fig id="f28">
            <label>Figure 2.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Hypoestrogenism and coronary artery disease (CAD).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. Relation Between Postmenopause/Menopause and Traditional and/or Emerging Cardiovascular Risk Factors</title>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1. Introduction</title>
          <p>By 2025, there will be more than 1.1 billion postmenopausal women in the world, representing 12% of the entire world population. With population aging, women are likely to spend half of their lives in that phase. Menopausal transition is a landmark in a woman's life, associated with bothersome symptoms, such as hot flashes, night sweats, sleep and mood disorders, which jeopardize quality of life. In addition, menopause is associated with chronic diseases, such as CVD, DM, neoplasms, and osteoporosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Would the increased frequency of CVD in perimenopause be due to chronological or ovarian aging? Recent data from longitudinal studies have shown that menopause-related factors, such as earlier age of menopause onset and surgical menopause, are related to more CV outcomes. In addition, perimenopause is associated with cardiometabolic RFs, such as body composition, visceral fat accumulation, SAH, DLP, MS, chronic stress, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and social determinants of health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Menopause transition is a time of acceleration of the CVD risk, thus, monitoring the health of women during midlife is important, because that is a critical window for the implementation of early intervention strategies to reduce the CVD risk. Thus, discussing the CVRFs associated with MT, perimenopause, and postmenopause is extremely important.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2. Hypertension</title>
          <p>Systemic arterial hypertension is the most prevalent and modifiable CVRF and the one associated with the highest rates of death and DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) in Brazil and worldwide for both sexes. The SAH prevalence increases with age in both sexes, but that increment is accentuated in women after menopause and older than 65 years, exceeding that of men in the same age range.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> The SAH that occurs in that phase of women's lives seems to be more sensitive to salt overload, being more often associated with MS and the appearance of adverse effects from medications as compared to SAH in men at the same age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup></p>
          <p>According to data from Vigitel 2021, regarding self-reported SAH, the highest prevalence of SAH in Brazil, 61% (confidence interval - 95% CI, 59.0-63.0), was observed in individuals aged 65 years and older, and, in that age group, women had higher prevalence than men, 63.7% (95% CI, 61.6-65.8) and 57.1% (95% CI, 53.4-60.7), respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup> In that age range, less than half of the postmenopausal women had controlled SAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Postmenopausal women with SAH have a higher incidence of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and greater risk of developing diastolic dysfunction as compared to younger adult women. Isolated systolic SAH in postmenopausal women is related to greater aortic stiffness probably caused by proliferation of smooth muscle cells, collagen accumulation, and increased levels of vasoconstricting molecules in the blood vessel walls due to lack of the estrogen's protective effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The lack of estradiol can negatively interfere with vasodilation due to effects on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), NO system, endothelin, and immune system. In addition, the lack of estradiol can affect NO bioavailability, due to the reduced superoxide dismutase activity, and the humoral and cellular immune responses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> However, the decline in progesterone levels can be at least partially associated with the occurrence of SAH in postmenopausal women, given that progesterone acts as a vasoactive hormone, preventing the noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction, acting directly on the vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition, in postmenopausal women, low levels of DHEAS, androgen, and the precursor of steroid hormones were associated with higher CV and all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup> Two crucial changes in autonomic regulation during menopause that can propitiate the development of SAH are worth noting: increase of the central sympathetic flow and increase of the adrenergic sensitivity in peripheral blood vessels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Although estrogen plays a protective role in premenopausal women, the administration of exogenous estrogens to menopausal women affects neither BP nor the risk for CV outcomes. After the MHT onset, BP should be monitored and, if no proper BP control is achieved, MHT should be suspended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of anti-hypertensive drugs differ between women and men probably due to the influence of the sex hormones on absorption (P-glycoprotein), distribution volume, cytochrome P450 (CYPs) activity, and renal clearance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> The adverse effects of anti-hypertensive drugs are more often reported in women, especially during menopause, such as cough induced by angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, ankle edema with calcium blockers, and hypokalemia and hyponatremia with diuretics. These adverse effects can explain the smaller adhesion of menopausal women to the SAH treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.3. Overweight/Obesity</title>
          <p>The physiological and metabolic changes associated with menopause are a direct effect of estrogen deficiency, which affect the lipid metabolism, energy consumption, insulin resistance, and body fat composition, with transition from a gynecoid body shape to an android one, with increased accumulation of abdominal and visceral fat, diagnosed by the waist circumference measure and waist-to-hip ratio. These changes were associated with increased metabolic and CV risks, as well as the risks related to diabetes type 2 (DM2), LDL-c, and endometrial and breast cancers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Results from long-term cohort studies with a large number of women, such as SWAN and WHI, have suggested that the increase of obesity in postmenopause, measured by use of BMI, is consequent to age and occurs in both previously obese and non-obese women after menopause. No or mild association between obesity and late menopause onset has been observed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup> Postmenopausal women with obesity have a four-fold increased risk of CV mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup> The longitudinal studies SWAN and WHI have shown ethnic differences in the physical and metabolic changes that occur during postmenopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Studies have shown that perimenopausal women with obesity have less intense VMS than normal-weight women, possibly due to lower levels of estradiol and FSH, aromatization of androgens to estrogens in the adipose tissue, which down-regulate the hypothalamus and hypophysis, decreasing FSH and the ovarian secretion of estrogen. Other symptoms of postmenopausal obese women, particularly those associated with increased abdominal circumference, are apnea and other sleep disorders and genitourinary symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Women with obesity are more likely to have symptoms during perimenopause and require MHT. However, the use of MHT is associated with a higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), CV complications, and breast and endometrial cancers, especially in obese women. Thus, strict risk-benefit assessment of MHT is required, even when indicated. In this case, the use of patches with micronized progesterone and low-dose estrogen is suggested for a short period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref></sup> Studies have shown that changes in lifestyle prevent perimenopause-associated visceral adiposity and improve the symptoms and cardiometabolic risks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.4. Metabolic Syndrome</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional studies have shown that, as compared to premenopausal women, postmenopausal women have significantly more visceral obesity and MS. Meta-analysis performed with articles published between 2004 and 2017 (119 studies, n = 95 115) has shown postmenopausal MS prevalence of 37.17% (95% CI, 35.00%-39.31%). The pooled odds ratio (OR) for MS in postmenopausal women, compared to premenopausal women (23 studies, n = 66 801), was 3.54 (95% CI, 2.92-4.30). The chances of high fasting glycemia (OR 3.51; 95% CI 2.11-5.83), low HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) (OR 1.45; 95% CI, 1.03-2.03), high BP (OR 3.95; 95% CI, 2.01-7.78), high TG (OR 3.2; 95% CI, 2.37-4.31), and increased waist circumference (OR 2.75; 95% CI, 1.80-4.21) were all higher in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Women in MT tend to have higher peripheral fat deposits accumulating in the gluteofemoral region ("pear shaped"). However, during the menopausal period, fat tends to accumulate centrally, and, in addition to the decline in the estrogen's protective effect, it contributes to endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory <italic>status</italic> and arterial stiffness, resulting in increased risk for CVD. Moreover, postmenopausal women tend to reach higher levels of TC, LDL-c, TG, and lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], but lower levels of HDL-c, as compared to perimenopausal women, which represents a change to a pro-atherogenic and procoagulant lipid profile, strongly related to the increase in visceral fat and other traditional RFs for CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A study using data of 1470 women from the <italic>Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort</italic> (ARIC), with a 10-year follow-up and four visits, has reported gradual increases in the MS severity over time. Black women exhibited more rapid progression in MS severity during the MT and perimenopausal periods than during the postmenopausal period, in which favorable changes were observed in the rate of variation of waist circumference, TG, HDL-c, and glucose. These data suggest that the higher MS prevalence in postmenopausal women can be caused by changes during MT than during postmenopause, suggesting higher CVR from MS in the perimenopausal period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The presence and severity of MS are associated with an increased risk of DM2 in the perimenopausal period. However, surgical menopause is strongly associated with higher MS incidence. It is worth noting that women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have an increased risk of MS during the reproductive years; however, during MT, the risk for MS is similar to that of women without PCOS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.5. Sedentary Lifestyle</title>
          <p>Sedentary lifestyle is one of the CVRFs and independent prognostic marker of mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref></sup> Sedentary women have been shown to have worse physical fitness in postmenopause as well as poorer control of other CVRFs as compared to women practicing physical exercises.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref></sup> In the last American Heart Association (AHA) position statement on the construct of CV health, the eighth element has been introduced: sleep health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref></sup> Studies have shown the association of higher amounts of sedentary time with short sleep duration and poor sleep quality in postmenopausal women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The results of the WHI study have evidenced a significantly 24% higher risk for incident heart failure (HF) hospitalization in menopausal women with sedentary time longer than 9.5 hours/day.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref></sup> One reason for that would be the increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and RAAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Cessation of the ovarian function after menopause causes a significant estrogen decline, accelerating bone loss and osteoporosis in 20-30% of women, increasing the likelihood of fractures and mortality. Physical exercises improve muscle strength and balance to prevent falls, restoring self-confidence and coordination, in addition to maintaining bone mass, stimulating bone formation, and reducing bone resorption.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref></sup> Moreover, physical exercises are recommended to prevent breast cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In all life periods, women should avoid the sedentary behavior to improve their quality of life and reduce the complications from the sedentary lifestyle to health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref></sup></p>
          <p>According to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, active midlife adults should undertake at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity, or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity, aerobic physical activity per week, and associate resistance physical exercises at least twice a week, involving the higher muscle groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.6. Smoking</title>
          <p>Smoking is considered an important RF for CVD. Studies have shown its association with early age of menopause onset. Female smokers had a two-fold higher risk of developing early menopause, and female ex-smokers had a 15% higher risk of POF and early menopause. A positive relation was observed with intensity, duration, cumulative dose, and early onset of smoking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Early menopausal age is associated with the increased likelihood of CVD, stroke, osteoporosis, DM, and all-cause mortality. Female smokers die 11 years before those who never smoked and have higher prevalence of CVD and CV and all-cause mortality, reinforcing the need to quit smoking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.7. Chronic Stress</title>
          <p>Chronic stress compromises CV health. Women seem to respond more intensely to the adversities related to their social roles, such as spouse, parent, employee, and caregiver.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref></sup> Some mechanisms are involved in the pathophysiology of CVD, such as sustained activation of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal axis, deregulation of metabolic processes, and systemic inflammation, contributing to increase BP and in the atherosclerotic process.</p>
          <p>Women reporting chronic stress during midlife had significantly higher carotid intima-media thickness in later life than those never reporting a stressful role.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref></sup> Depression was associated with higher coronary artery calcium score (CAC) in postmenopausal women,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref></sup> being considered an independent RF for CV and all-cause death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref></sup> Women are at higher risk for depression and anxiety during MT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The factor "chronic mental stress" has been significantly associated with the increased number of CD63+ platelets and pro-inflammatory platelet bioactivity, being a possible explanation to the relation between mental and somatic disorders in menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref></sup> The decline in estrogen levels in postmenopausal women increases their susceptibility to Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Interventions in lifestyle, such as healthy diet, physical activity, proper sleep duration and quality, as well as practicing meditation and yoga, to reduce chronic psychological stress in menopause emphasize the relationship between mental and CV health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.8. Dyslipidemia</title>
          <p>Menopause results in several lipid disorders due to hormonal changes, such as decline in estrogen levels and increase in circulating androgen levels. The changes in the lipid metabolism and excessive adipose tissue play a fundamental role in the synthesis of excessive fatty acids, adipocytokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxygen reactive species that cause lipid peroxidation and result in insulin resistance, abdominal adiposity, and DLP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref></sup> The population risk attributable to DLP is higher in women as compared to all other CVRFs. However, the benefits of reducing the LDL-c levels to atherosclerosis regression have the same magnitude in women and men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In addition, there is a bidirectional relation of CVRFs and CV events with the early onset of menopause. Data from the <italic>Framingham Heart Study</italic> have shown that the increase in TC and BP, as well as other CVRFs, before menopause was associated with early menopause, independently of smoking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref></sup> Moreover, in a pooled analysis of 177 131 women from 9 studies, a first CVD event before the age of 35 years was associated with doubling the risk of early menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The relation between HDL-c and menopause is particularly relevant. The SWAN study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref></sup> has suggested that the antiatherogenic function of HDL-c, which is its ability to promote the reverse transportation of cholesterol, can decrease during menopause in association with an apparent inversion of the direction of the association between HDL-c and CVR, with higher levels of HDL-c being associated with less carotid atherosclerosis before menopause, but with higher carotid atherosclerosis after menopause.</p>
          <p>Still regarding lipid disorders, the Lp(a) concentration increases during pregnancy and since menopausal onset (around 50 years). In addition, high Lp(a) levels are more common in women than in men after the age of 50 years, which might affect the risk for CVD. All these particularities of lipid disorders in menopause suggest that the current recommendations of the guidelines on DLP might be inadequate for women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.9. Diabetes Mellitus</title>
          <p>In addition to the lipid changes, other metabolic and clinical factors secondary to menopause, such as insulin resistance, fat redistribution, dysglycemia, and DM, contribute to the accelerated risk of aging and CVD. During MT, there are several phenotypical and metabolic changes, which affect body weight, adipose tissue distribution, and energy expenditure, such as insulin secretion and sensitivity. These factors can predispose women to develop DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Women with DM are at a 45%-higher risk of developing IHD. In addition, the risk of fatal CAD in women with DM2 is three times higher than that of women without DM2, especially in menopause. The presence of DM also results in a decrease in the revascularization rate and, thus, higher HF occurrence among women as compared to men, which increases in menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Diabetes mellitus coupled with early menopause can result in an even higher CVD risk in women. The risk associated with early menopause (&lt; 45 years) as compared to normal-age menopause has been estimated by Yoshida <italic>et al</italic>. during a 15-year follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref></sup> Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for CV event in early menopause were greater in women with DM <italic>versus</italic> those without DM (CAD: 1.15 <italic>versus</italic> 1.09; stroke: 1.21 <italic>versus</italic> 1.10; CV atherosclerotic disease: 1.29 <italic>versus</italic> 1.10; HF: 1.18 <italic>versus</italic> 1.09).</p>
          <p>Another relevant aspect is that, although more prevalent among men, DM2 determines a higher relative increase, although not necessarily absolute, of CVR in women than in men, at all ages. This can be partially related to higher adiposity, considering that women are typically less physically active and have higher BMI than men, in addition to sex-specific RFs for DM, such as PCOS and gestational diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref></sup></p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f29">Figure 3.1</xref> illustrates the relation of menopause and traditional CVRFs.</p>
          <fig id="f29">
            <label>Figure 3.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Relation of menopause and traditional cardiovascular risk factors.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.10. Economic Situation and Job</title>
          <p>Emerging RFs represent a challenge in CVD, and the recognition and quantification of their association with CV outcomes are difficult to currently assess. Their modification involves not only individual, but collective and governmental actions as well. The social risks associated with aging reflect the worsening of social and health care, which are even worse in the elderly when alone. The social determinants of health encompass the social conditions in which people are born, live, and work, and are critical to CV morbidity and mortality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f30">Figure 3.2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref></sup></p>
          <fig id="f30">
            <label>Figure 3.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Relation of menopause and emerging cardiovascular risk factors.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Housewives experience poorer quality of life and more menopausal symptoms as compared to working women. Better financial condition improves the quality of life in menopause, due to the higher access to health services and guidance on the control of menopausal symptoms. Unfavorable socioeconomic conditions are believed to lead to early menopause, and, when occurring during childhood, they can be associated with smoking increase and early menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In 2020, almost 20% of middle-aged women in the United States lived in poverty. The worst socioeconomic <italic>status</italic> was related to younger age of menopause onset, more frequent VMS, sleep disorders, and subclinical atherosclerosis during MT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.11. Low Health Literacy</title>
          <p>According to some studies, there is a negative relation between the level of knowledge and the severity of menopausal symptoms. Women with lower schooling tend to be more symptomatic, while those with higher schooling have better health conditions and lower morbidity. Thus, women with higher educational level are more aware of the menopausal symptoms and the strategies to cope with them, adopting a healthier lifestyle, with less sexual dysfunction during menopause, which might directly influence sexual satisfaction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In addition, the mean age of menopause in higher-educated women is greater than that of uneducated women. Moreover, the husband's educational level also affects the quality of life of postmenopausal women, especially regarding the psychosocial dimension, which might be attributed to better understanding and supporting their spouses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.12. Racial Discrimination</title>
          <p>Black women tend to enter menopause at earlier ages than White, non-Latin women, and can have a longer MT. Regarding symptoms, Black, Latin, and non-Latin women more often have VMS, sleep disorders, and depression, while Asian and non-Latin ones are more likely to report a decline in libido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.13. Access to Health Systems</title>
          <p>In a sample of predominantly Latin women who are homeless and/or have no health insurance, the researchers have found that the homeless ones reported more menopausal symptoms as compared to those with housing. Black women, those with lower income, and undocumented immigrants are more affected during MT. Women with no health insurance have been shown to report more bothersome menopausal symptoms than women with health insurance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.14. Environmental Factors</title>
          <p>Data from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey, an international population-base cohort, have shown that the age at menopausal onset is 1.4 year earlier for women living in areas with fewer green spaces as compared to women living in greener neighbourhoods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.15. Social Support</title>
          <p>Single women have more severe menopausal symptoms and earlier age at menopause onset as compared to married and divorced women, with higher risk for osteoporosis and CVD, probably because of the social relationships and family support. In addition, married women have better quality of life in menopause than single women and widows. Older age at the last pregnancy and higher number of pregnancies and deliveries delay menopausal onset, possibly because of the increased secretion of estrogen and progesterone due to uterine and ovarian activity and breastfeeding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.16. Conclusion</title>
          <p>The MT comprises different experiences for women, influenced by personal beliefs, cultural norms, behaviors, social environment, and traditional CVRFs. These varied factors coexist at several levels (individual, interpersonal, communitarian, and collective), resulting in unequal access to health systems. Many of such factors have not been contemplated in clinical trials, which need to include a higher number of menopausal women so that the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies can be transposed to that phase of women's life.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4. Relation between Postmenopause/Menopause and Cardiovascular Diseases</title>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1. Calculation of Cardiovascular Risk in Menopause &#8211; Peculiarities of Risk Stratifiers and Imaging Tests</title>
          <p>One in every three women dies due to CVD worldwide,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref></sup> a risk that increases substantially after menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">104</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Women develop IHD several years after men, with a remarkable increase during MT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref></sup> However, CVR stratification in postmenopausal women is an important tool to identify the major RFs and risk markers, aiming mainly at implementing therapeutic strategies and measures to prevent and reduce mortality. There is no specific risk stratification score for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, thus, the traditional scores are used.</p>
          <p>The major factors that influence female CVRs are race/ethnicity, reproductive history, such as former gestational diabetes and preeclampsia, CV health in premenopause, physical activity, diet, alcohol intake, smoking, and genetics, in addition to age at natural menopause, type and stages of menopause, endogenous estrogens, VMS, depression, and sleep disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Data from the <italic>West Pomeranian Voivodeships</italic>, using the scores ASCVD, SCORE2 and POL-SCORE for women at different menopausal stages,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref></sup> have shown that most participants were at low CVR. Age at menopause, time since menopause, and presence of MS associated with higher CVR (OR = 1.186, 1.267, and 13.812, respectively). Women who enter menopause before the age of 45 years have higher CVD and all-cause mortality, but further studies are necessary to define whether the negative CV outcomes and mortality relate to the time since menopause or to mechanisms leading to early menopause, such as genetic, reproductive (parity and menarche age), and lifestyle-related (smoking, alcoholism, and BMI) factors.</p>
          <p>Women have risk-enhancing factors (REFs),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref></sup> such as autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis), which increase CVR by 2-3 times, in addition to other less common, such as systemic sclerosis, Sj&#246;gren syndrome, rheumatic polymyalgia, antiphospholipid syndrome, and giant cell arteritis. It is worth noting that breast cancer treatment with radiotherapy and CTX with anthracyclines and trastuzumabe is associated with a higher CVD risk, even years after the end of treatment.</p>
          <p>Risk stratification can be refined with markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, such as CAC, ankle-brachial index (ABI), medio-intimal thickening (MIT), or carotid plaque on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) with plaque occlusion &lt; 50%, in the presence of doubt regarding the clinical management with lipid lowering drugs for primary prevention after the inclusion of REFs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The MESA study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref></sup> has shown that absence of coronary calcification (CAC = 0 in &gt;50% of the women) associated with low/intermediate risk of atherosclerotic CVD in 10 years, being higher in early menopause; CAC = 1-99 or &gt; 100 UA associated with higher incidence of atherosclerotic CVD, which, however, is similar in women with or without early menopause.</p>
          <p>Thus, for the CVR stratification aimed at therapeutic definition for postmenopausal/menopausal women (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f31">Figure 4.1</xref>), the very-high-risk situations, such as manifest atherosclerotic CVD, and the high-risk situations (subclinical atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, chronic renal disease, diabetes with risk stratification, and severe hypercholesterolemia) should be initially considered. In such situations, high-potency statins, alone or in combination, are strongly recommended.</p>
          <fig id="f31">
            <label>Figure 4.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiovascular risk stratification and therapeutic goals for postmenopausal and menopausal women. Adapted from Oliveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> ABI: ankle-brachial index; CAC: coronary artery calcium score; CAD: coronary artery disease; CCTA: coronary computed tomography angiography; CRD: chronic renal disease; CVR: cardiovascular risk; DM: diabetes mellitus; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; GRS: global risk score; MIT: medio-intimal thickening; MS: metabolic syndrome; RF: risk factor; REF: risk-enhancing factors; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The intermediate risk and low risk stratifications are based on the global risk score (GRS). In such situations, the CVR can be refined according to the presence of REFs and subclinical atherosclerosis markers (carotid plaques and/or MIT &gt;1.5 mm; ABI &lt; 0.9 and/or atherosclerotic plaques on CCTA; CAC &gt;100 UA), in addition to the RFs in DM (age &gt; 56 years in women; DM &#8805; 10 years; family history of premature heart disease; smoking; SAH; MS; retinopathy; microalbuminuria and/or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) &lt; 60 mL/min). These markers will guide the decision making about the use of statins alone or in combination to reduce the CVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          <p>However, studies of outcomes in primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic CVD remain elusive for women. Thus, recommendations specifically targeted at postmenopausal and menopausal women need to be elaborated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.2. Acute and Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease</title>
          <p>Recent studies have shown great advances on the knowledge of women's IHD, which have specific characteristics regarding symptoms and pathophysiology, with positive impact on mortality rates (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f32">Figure 4.2</xref>). However, deeper investigation of that pathology in postmenopause and menopause is required.</p>
          <fig id="f32">
            <label>Figure 4.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Specific characteristics of female ischemic heart disease as compared to the male one. Adapted from Elias-Smale et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref></sup> ACS: acute coronary syndrome; CAD: coronary artery disease; RF: risk factor.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf08-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The risk of a CV event in younger women in premenopause is lower; however, this tendency reverses with aging. Premenopausal women have a relatively lower risk of IHD as compared to men of the same age group, but this gender difference decreases after menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup></p>
          <sec>
            <title>4.2.1. Coronary Anatomo-functional Changes</title>
            <p>The total atherosclerosis burden is lower in women, with a more diffuse and less obstructive pattern of CAD. However, more than 50% of symptomatic middle-aged women have coronary microvascular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup></p>
            <p>In postmenopause, the plaques characteristically show less calcification, which is associated with estrogen's protective properties against arterial aging. However, there is a gradual increase in more vulnerable and calcified plaques after the age of 60 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
            <p>In the WISE study, an analysis of postmenopausal women with suspected IHD has revealed higher prevalence of angiographic IHD and worse CV event survival of those with history of menstrual irregularity and biochemical evidence of hyperandrogenemia. Similarly, the <italic>Rancho Bernardo Study</italic> has concluded that IHD was associated with PCOS (history of menstrual irregularity, hyperandrogenism, infertility, central obesity, and insulin resistance) in a large cohort of postmenopausal Caucasian women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.2.2. Timing of Menopause and Development of Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease</title>
            <p>Studies have shown that natural early menopause is associated with CVD, possibly due to the estrogen's vasoprotective effects in premenopausal women. Kalarantidou <italic>et al</italic>. have shown that women with POF have abnormal endothelial function, assessed via brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, and that condition can be changed with cyclic hormone therapy of estrogen/progestogen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref></sup></p>
            <p>In recent years, several studies have investigated the relation between age at natural menopause and the risk of IHD and reported an increase in mortality from IHD in women with early menopause, despite speculations regarding the increased risk in women with very late menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref></sup></p>
            <p>A study involving 302 632 Chinese women has revealed that age at menopause and the total of reproductive life years were inversely associated with fatal and nonfatal CVD, especially CAD, with increasing risk over time since menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.2.3. Acute Ischemic Heart Disease</title>
            <p>In acute coronary syndrome (ACS), younger women have a two-time lower likelihood of having significant coronary lesions as compared to men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">114</xref></sup> However, in men and women after MT, the classic pattern of plaque rupture followed by thrombus formation is commonly observed. In addition, in younger women, ACS often manifests with plaque erosion and type II ACS (functional coronary disease).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Spontaneous coronary dissection is more prevalent in young women, representing 10% of all ACS under the age of 50 years. It can occur in women without apparent RFs, being associated with a combination of tissue disease or fibromuscular dysplasia. In addition, it is related to pre-SAH during pregnancy or after delivery, and often triggered by stressful situations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Regarding the clinical presentation of ACS, nonspecific symptoms of chest pain and dyspnea are common in middle-aged women. Vascular endothelial dysfunction emerges as the first manifestation of arterial aging, characterized by imbalance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction, which can result in the first manifestations of chest pain and dyspnea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref></sup> The WISE study has shown that, in more than 50% of middle-aged women, the symptoms of chest pain were related to vascular dysfunctions in epicardial coronary arteries and microcirculation rather than to obstructive CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120">120</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.3. Cerebrovascular Disease</title>
          <p>Of the etiologies of cerebrovascular disease, stroke is the most prevalent, affecting 94 in every 100 000 individuals per year worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123">123</xref></sup> In addition, after a transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke, 6.2% of the patients are affected by a new stroke within one year, and the risk of recurrence increases to an estimated cumulative rate of 12.9% over 5 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124">124</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Cerebrovascular disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and has particularities in women,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref></sup> representing the second cause of death and third cause of disability. Women have higher incidence of stroke than men at more advanced ages, which can be partially explained by their longer lives.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref></sup> Significant disparities per race/ethnicity in that age range have been reported, and Black and Hispanic women aged &#8805;70 years have a 76-77% higher risk of stroke as compared to White women after adjusting for age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref></sup> In Brazil, cerebrovascular diseases are also one of the major causes of death and disability. Stroke is more prevalent in low socioeconomic individuals and can be partially explained by insufficient access to health services and poorer control of RFs, such as SAH, DM2, and smoking. Although mortality from stroke in Brazil tends to decline, which can be attributed to improvement in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, there are still significant regional inequalities, with higher rates in the Northern and Northeastern regions of Brazil.</p>
          <p>Stroke outcomes tend to be significantly more severe in women, with higher mortality rates and worse functional recovery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125">125</xref></sup></p>
          <sec>
            <title>4.3.1. Common Risk Factors for Stroke</title>
            <p>The INTERSTROKE study has suggested that ten common RFs accounted for approximately 90% of the population attributable risk for stroke worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref></sup> The most prevalent RF is SAH, and recent studies have shown a higher negative impact on women. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is an important RF for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, with higher risk in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref></sup> Recent data have found no difference between men and women regarding the impact of DLP on the stroke prevalence, and data on the increment of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in the female population in the presence of obesity are controversial. Smoking has a direct relation with stroke prevalence, and impact is higher on women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">127</xref></sup> Some RFs are exclusive to women (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f33">Figure 4.3</xref>).</p>
            <fig id="f33">
              <label>Figure 4.3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Women-specific risk factors for stroke.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf09-en.tif"/></fig>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.4. Heart Failure</title>
          <p>Menopausal physiological changes influence several organs and systems, and the CV system is one of the most affected.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup> As compared to premenopausal women, postmenopausal women more frequently have: LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction, higher LV relative wall thickness and LV concentric remodeling, and ventricular relaxation changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128">128</xref></sup> A cohort study with more than 1.4 million postmenopausal women has shown a 33%-higher risk of HF in menopause, after adjusting for CVRFs, and that earlier age at menopause gradually increased the HF incidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Postmenopausal CV changes contribute with multiple factors to the risk of developing HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130">130</xref></sup> Estrogen deficiency predisposes to higher risk because of its direct or indirect effect on diastolic dysfunction, this being one of the major causes of HF in women. As the estrogen levels decline, menopausal women are more likely to have cardiometabolic RFs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref></sup> Estrogen loss in postmenopause can activate the RAAS, which activates intracellular signaling pathways, resulting in endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, vascular injury, LV remodeling, and eventual diastolic dysfunction, leading to HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f34">Figure 4.4</xref>)</p>
          <fig id="f34">
            <label>Figure 4.4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Menopausal cardiovascular changes and risk of heart failure. Adapted from Muka et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref></sup></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf10-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The longer the period of estrogen deprivation in early menopause, the higher the cumulative risk of HF, mainly in the presence of previous CVRFs, as shown in some studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">133</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Because of the HF burden in women and its increased prevalence, further research is required to establish the causality and to understand the underlying mechanisms of the early onset of menopause and how it can contribute to HF. This is relevant information to implement interventions aimed at improving CV health of postmenopausal women.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.5. Venous Thromboembolism</title>
          <p>Venous thromboembolism, including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), has an incidence of 1 per 1000 women-year in postmenopause. Approximately 10% of the cases can be fatal, and PE is the major cause of death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135">135</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Menopause leads to changes in the CV system that can contribute to increase CVR, but there is no direct association of menopause with higher risk for VTE. However, the risk for VTE increases exponentially with age and can be associated with the higher prevalence of RFs for VTE, such as obesity, cancer, hospitalization, or other comorbidities of elderly women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref></sup></p>
          <p>It is worth noting that women at increased risk for VTE, those older than 60 years and/or with more than 10 years from menopause onset should avoid MHT because of the enhanced risk for thromboembolic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136">136</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.6. Arrhythmias</title>
          <p>Based on recent observational data, reproductive factors (menarche, POF and early menopause, recurrent gestational losses, time and number of gestations) associate with the risk of CVD in women, and menopause is the strongest marker of CVR. When premature, that is, before the age of 40 years, menopause increases the risk of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, HF, and CV mortality. Regarding arrhythmias, however, there is little data in the literature correlating arrhythmia and menopause. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common diseases of aging and is associated with multiple factors, such as CV events, inflammation, higher frequency of thrombosis, hormonal dysregulation, suggesting a correlation between menopause and increased risk for AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref></sup></p>
          <sec>
            <title>4.6.1. Atrial Fibrillation and Menopause</title>
            <p>It is estimated that 29.4 million women have AF worldwide. Although the incidence is higher among men, elderly women have more AF because they have a longer life expectancy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref></sup> Women have specific RFs for AF, such as systolic SAH, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, excessive alcohol intake, valvular heart disease, multiparity, and CAD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f35">Figure 4.5</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
            <fig id="f35">
              <label>Figure 4.5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Risk factors for atrial fibrillation in women. MHT: menopausal hormone therapy; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf11-en.tif"/></fig>
            <p>Currently, the increase in the risk for AF in women in menopause or on MHT has been questioned.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref></sup> A study with 30 034 healthy women with no hysterectomy and/or oophorectomy prior to menopause, which had occurred close to the age of 50 years, in a 20.5-year follow-up, has prospectively assessed the relation between menopausal age, MHT, and AF incidence. The authors reported 1350 AF events, but the menopausal age did not add risk to that inherent to age itself.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref></sup></p>
            <p>However, a study performed in 1 401 175 postmenopausal women has assessed the association between early menopause, menopausal age, and risk of AF. At a 9.1-year follow-up, there were 44 834 (3.2%) new cases of AF, and history of early menopause associated with an increased risk of AF. There was an increased incidence of AF when age at menopause was under 50 years as compared to over 50 years, mainly when age at menopause was under 40 years (POF). The results show that, the sooner menopause occurs, the higher the risk for AF, indicating the need for prevention and care in that specific group of women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref></sup> Recent meta-analysis with 9 studies, including 6 255 783 postmenopausal women, has evidenced that those with early menopause (before the age of 45 years) or premature menopause (before the age of 40 years) had increased risk of AF as compared to those with menopause at usual age. However, the exact mechanism has not been elucidated, requiring future prospective studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143">143</xref></sup> A study with 16 729 women followed up for 8.5 years has shown that 3943 developed AF, which was associated with C-reactive protein and interleukin (IL) levels, but not with IL-1&#946; on multivariate analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref></sup></p>
            <p>In menopause, important behavioral changes occur, in which stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depressive symptoms can activate inflammatory and neuro-hormonal factors that potentialize the development of AF. Inflammation plays an important role in that arrhythmia. A recent study on the correlation of cytokines and AF incidence in postmenopause has assessed 83 736 women (mean age of 63.9&#177;7.0 years, 10.5&#177;6.2-year follow-up) and 23 954 cases of AF were observed. In postmenopausal women, insomnia and stressful life events were the major psychosocial factors associated with arrhythmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B145">145</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Thus, menopause-related factors, such as onset time of menopause, presence of associated RFs, and behavioral factors, such as stress, anxiety, quality of sleep, and depression, should be considered in the implementation of measures to reduce CVR, mainly HF and AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143">143</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5. Menopause and Risk of Morbidity and Mortality from Other Diseases</title>
        <sec>
          <title>5.1. Cancer</title>
          <p>The intersection of CVD, cancer, and menopause represents an area of increasing interest in medicine. Cancer and CVD are the major causes of death worldwide, and they share some RFs, such as age, obesity, smoking, family history, and diet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          <p>For both women and men, CVD is the major cause of mortality, but there is a remarkable increase after menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Both obesity and MS are associated with an increased incidence of DM2, CVD, breast cancer (postmenopausal), and other cancers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The CVR in postmenopausal women treated for breast cancer is higher than that in women without breast cancer. Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors have shown a strong association with MS, DM, atherosclerotic disease, hypertriglyceridemia, SAH, and abdominal obesity, which are major CVRFs, as compared to postmenopausal women without breast cancer. In postmenopausal women with breast cancer at the initial stage, the risk increases sharply so that the mortality rates from CVD in 10 years are similar to the mortality rates from cancer itself.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147">147</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The increase in CVR in menopausal women with cancer is due not only to the inadequate control of CVRFs, but also to the cancer treatment because of its secondary cardiotoxic effects, such as ventricular dysfunction, SAH, arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, valvular disorders, thromboembolic disease, pulmonary hypertension, and pericarditis, in addition to atheromatosis.</p>
          <p>Chemotherapy with anthracyclines and trastuzumabe can cause cardiac dysfunction in the short, medium, and long run. Radiotherapy to the left hemithorax can lead to secondary CV effects, such as coronary atherosclerosis, that can emerge more than 5 years after exposure, and the risk persists for up to 30 years. Hormone therapy with aromatase inhibitors increases the risk for atherosclerotic disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B148">148</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Late CV effects of cancer develop over several decades, which for many women may overlap with reproductive and lifecycle events. Thus, women need longitudinal cardio-oncologic care that anticipates CVRs and responds to their evolution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149">149</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Women with cancer may have early, gradual, or rapid menopause, depending on the baseline ovarian reserve, gonadotoxicity, and duration of exposure to oncogenic agents (oncological and/or endocrine therapy).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B150">150</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Female childhood cancer survivors are at risk of developing early menopause due to POF after oncological treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B151">151</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The CVR is higher in early menopause because of prolonged endogenous estrogen deprivation, leading to a variety of metabolic and vascular effects, including glucose intolerance, DLP, SAH, and endothelial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The POF not only confers risk of IHD after adjusting for conventional RFs, but also predicts worse ischemic outcomes and higher mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153">153</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Menopause induced by oncological treatment can be caused by surgical bilateral oophorectomy, CTX, and radiotherapy to the pelvis and/or hormone suppression therapy. Bilateral oophorectomy causes acute and permanent menopause, and, when before the age of 50 years, it increases the risk of global CVD (relative risk [RR]: 4.55; 95% CI, 2.56-8.01), HF, and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B154">154</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Chemotherapy and radiotherapy to the ovaries can lead to ovarian dysfunction and consequent secondary menopause, which can be temporary or permanent, depending on patient's age, type and dose of the drug, treatment duration, and, in case of radiotherapy, its site and dose used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155">155</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Some hormone suppression therapies or endocrine therapies, with aromatase inhibitors or selective estrogen receptor modulators, can temporarily prevent ovulation and cause temporary menopause. Treatment with tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors for 5 years increase the 20-year survival rate up to 85%, with 22% risk of recurrence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B156">156</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Endocrine therapy is a common treatment, because 65&#8211;70% of all patients with early and metastatic breast cancer develop hormone receptor-positive disease. Endocrine therapy involves the reduction of levels or inhibition of biological activity, stopping/delaying or preventing cancer growth. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (tamoxifen, toremifene) or aromatase inhibitors (letrozole, anastrozole, or exemestane) are recommended for early breast cancer according to the menopausal <italic>status</italic>, comorbidities, and risk of disease relapse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155">155</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Tamoxifen is the endocrine therapy of choice for premenopausal women, while the strategies for postmenopausal women can include tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, or a sequential combination, with careful assessment of the benefits and management of the toxicity risks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B148">148</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The use of aromatase inhibitors increases the risk of DLP, MS, SAH, HF, and MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B156">156</xref></sup> In the ATAC study (anastrozole and tamoxifen alone or in combination), patients with preexisting IHD treated with anastrozole had more CV events (17% vs. 10%) and elevation of cholesterol levels (9% vs. 5%) than those treated with tamoxifen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B157">157</xref></sup> The significant increase in the risk of thromboembolic disease was consistently shown with tamoxifen, which, thus, is not recommended for patients at increased risk for thrombosis. The risks for thromboembolic disease, hypercholesterolemia, and CVD should be discussed with the patients, although it is recognized that the absolute benefits of preventing breast cancer recurrence usually outweigh the CVRs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B158">158</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In conclusion, there is association between cancer and increase in CVRs in postmenopausal women, as well as different psychosocial and physical barriers to access CV care.</p>
          <p>Thus, menopausal women with a history of cancer should be monitored by specialized professionals to have their CVR assessed, undergo complementary tests, and receive preventive measures, and, if necessary, medications to reduce their CV morbidity and mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2. Dementia</title>
          <p>The consequence of world population aging is the increase in the prevalence and incidence of chronic and neurodegenerative diseases.</p>
          <p>Currently, 50 million people worldwide are estimated to have some form of dementia, and 10 million new cases are diagnosed per year worldwide. In Brazil, around 1.7 million elderly are estimated to have dementia, with a prevalence of approximately 1036/100 000 inhabitants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B159">159</xref></sup> The global estimates of dementia prevalence are of up to 7% of individuals over the age of 65 years, with future estimates indicating higher prevalence in low- and middle-income countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160">160</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B161">161</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Data from the <italic>Global Burden of Disease</italic> (GBD) study have shown that, in 2019, there were more women with dementia than men (1.69 woman:1 man ratio), with a forecasted prevalence of 1.67 woman: 1 man ratio in 2050<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f36">Figure 5.1</xref>). However, there is higher prevalence of vascular risks in men as compared to women, suggesting potentially strong mechanisms of neutralization that boosts those inequalities. Although the difference between sexes could be partially explained by the higher life expectancy of women, there is former evidence of potential differences between the sexes also in the underlying biological mechanisms.</p>
          <fig id="f36">
            <label>Figure 5.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estimated trends in the global age-standardized prevalence of dementia (A) and the all-age number of cases of dementia (B). Source: GBD 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref></sup></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf12-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Cognitive decline occurs in all individuals as age advances and can vary from mild impairment, without loss of autonomy or subjective decline, in which neuropsychological tests are normal, to dementia. This process occurs continuously with normal aging and in pathological situations, in which there is inability to perform daily tasks (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f37">Figure 5.2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f37">
            <label>Figure 5.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Decline of cognitive continuum in normal and pathological aging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B159">159</xref></sup></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf13-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Of the degenerative dementias commonly found in the elderly,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160">160</xref></sup> Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent form, corresponding to 70-80% of the cases. Vascular dementia corresponds to 15%, being associated with CVRFs. Other causes are Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal lobe degeneration, and Parkinson's disease, the last one corresponding to 10% of the cases. Vitamin deficiencies (B12 and thiamine), hypothyroidism, normal pressure hydrocephalus, chronic alcohol abuse, CTX-related cognitive dysfunction, intracranial masses (subdural hematomas, brain tumors), traumatic brain injury, and psychiatric disease (deep depression/anxiety)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160">160</xref></sup> are common causes of non-neurodegenerative mild cognitive impairment and dementia that can occur throughout life. Of the mixed-cause dementias, Alzheimer's disease associated with vascular dementia is the most common.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160">160</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Aging, genetic profile (APOE &#949;4 allele), and systemic vascular disease are the major nonmodifiable RFs for the development of dementia, and ethnicity and gender are also worth noting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref></sup> Although dementia is not part of normal aging, age is its major known RF, and its incidence increases proportionally to population aging. Nevertheless, in some countries, the incidence of dementia according to age has declined probably due to improvements in education, nutrition, health care, and lifestyle changes. Regarding gender, the prevalence of dementia is higher among women, not only because most elderly are women, but also because women are more impacted by the modifiable RFs that affect cognitive reserve. Regarding ethnicity, several RFs are grouped around inequalities, which occur mainly in Blacks, Asians, and minorities, as well as in vulnerable populations. The early onset of Alzheimer's disease associates with genetic factors, but the mostly known gene to be associated with the later appearance of Alzheimer's disease is the APOE &#949;4 allele.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Of the modifiable RFs, the following stand out: less education, SAH, hearing impairment, smoking, obesity, depression, sedentary lifestyle, DM, social isolation, alcoholism, traumatic brain injury, and air pollution. Around 40% of dementias worldwide can be prevented or delayed with intervention on those RFs. The presence of early-life RFs, those appearing before the age of 45 years, such as less education, affects cognitive reserve. The midlife (45-65 years) and later-life (older than 65 years) RFs influence that reserve and triggering of neuropathological developments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref></sup></p>
          <sec>
            <title>5.2.1. Female Reproductive Aging and Cognitive Decline</title>
            <p>Menopausal transition is a process of midlife neuroendocrine aging that culminates in reproductive senescence and occurs in stages characterized by unique endocrine properties that impact the aging trajectories of multiple organic systems, the brain included. Thus, MT is considered a state of reproductive and neurologic transition, such as evidenced by the fact that many menopausal symptoms are neurological, such as VMS, sleep disorders, mood swings, and forgetfulness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Gonadal steroid hormones, especially 17&#946;-estradiol, are well-known regulators of reproductive and neural function, and, during MT, their levels decrease substantially in the body and brain.</p>
            <p>Menopausal transition has marked effects on brain structure, connectivity, energy metabolism, and amyloid &#946; protein (A&#946;) deposition. A multimodality neuroimaging study has been conducted in women across different MT stages (pre-, peri-, and postmenopause) to investigate its effects on the structures of the brain gray and white matters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref></sup> The results indicate that MT significantly impacts brain biomarkers in regions involved in higher-order cognitive functions. The effects, independently of age and use of hormonal therapy, were specific of menopausal endocrine aging and not chronological aging, as determined by the comparison with age-matched men. It is worth noting that cognition was preserved in postmenopause, which correlated with the recovery of the gray matter volume and the cerebral adenosine triphosphate production, suggesting potential compensatory mechanisms. Finally, A&#946; deposition was higher among peri- and postmenopausal women carrying the APOE-4 genotype, indicating specific effects of that gene on the risk of Alzheimer's disease with perimenopausal onset.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.2.2. Conclusion</title>
            <p>Because of the absence of recent and effective treatments to change the progression of dementia, immediate efforts to reduce its prevalence in the future should be directed to prevention, through interventions on modifiable RFs. Interventions that change the prevalence of such RFs can reduce in up to 40% the expected prevalence of dementia in coming years, according to the results of the Lancet Commission 2020 update on dementia prevention, intervention, and care.</p>
            <p>In conclusion, significant changes in exposure to RFs have been suggested to considerably change forecasted estimates and reduce the future burden of dementia worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3. Thyroid Dysfunction</title>
          <p>Thyroid disorders are significantly more common in women, and their incidence increases with aging, given that the physiological production of thyroid hormones decreases as age increases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref></sup></p>
          <p>One in every eight women is likely to have some type of thyroid dysfunction throughout life,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref></sup> mainly during the peri- and postmenopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Few studies on the relation between menopause and thyroid function have been conducted; thus, if menopause influences thyroid independently of aging could not be clarified.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
          <p>However, thyroid activity is age-dependent,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167">167</xref></sup> because, with aging, there is a reduction in iodide uptake by the gland, in free T4, free T3 synthesis, and free T4 catabolism. Although reverse T3 increases, the TSH level remains normal, sometimes tending to higher limits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B168">168</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Considering the well-known evidence about the effect of the thyroid <italic>status</italic> on cognitive function, CVRs, bone remodeling, and longevity, it is not difficult to understand the risk for thyroid dysfunctions in menopausal women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Thus, menopausal women should undergo routine screening for thyroid disorders, especially because symptoms of thyroid disease and postmenopause often overlap, which can delay the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f38">Figure 5.3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167">167</xref></sup></p>
          <fig id="f38">
            <label>Figure 5.3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Overlapping symptoms of thyroid dysfunctions and menopause.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf14-en.tif"/></fig>
          <sec>
            <title>5.3.1. Hypothyroidism</title>
            <p>The occurrence of hypothyroidism, goiter, and thyroid nodules increases with age, and hypothyroidism is more prevalent in the elderly, 2-20% of whom have some type of hypothyroidism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (HypoSC) in the population is approximately 4-10%, higher among women and the elderly, and inversely proportional to the iodine content in the diet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref></sup> The potential risks of HypoSC in the elderly include progression to manifest hypothyroidism, CV effects, DLP, and neurological and neuropsychiatric effects.</p>
            <p>Fatigue, lethargy, forgetfulness, attention or concentration impairment, and mood disorders are characteristics common to both hypothyroidism and menopause, which makes hypothyroidism pass unnoticed sometimes, with symptoms being exclusively attributed to menopause, side effects of drugs, or aging itself.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Of the causes of hypothyroidism, iodine deficiency and autoimmune disease stand out. However, iodine therapy, radiotherapy for head and neck malignancy, and central hypothyroidism due to hypophysis or hypothalamus tumors should be mentioned as a cause in women, mainly after menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Usually, HypoSC is asymptomatic in that population and not associated with cognitive function effects, depression, or anxiety. There is no consistent evidence about the consequences in cardiac structure and systolic and diastolic functions in population studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref></sup> There is consistent evidence of the association of HypoSC with the risk of IHD, especially for TSH levels &#8805; 10 mU/L, although these data have not been observed in patients older than 65 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref></sup> It is uncertain if middle-aged women with HypoSC should be treated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The Latin-American Society Guidelines on Thyroid recommend no routine treatment for the elderly with HypoSC if TSH levels &lt; 10 mU/L. In addition, they do not recommend the treatment of HypoSC to improve the cognitive function in the elderly, but the treatment can be considered on an individual basis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Because of lack of data from robust studies showing benefits regarding CVR and mortality risk, the treatment of HypoSC remains controversial. It can be considered for persistent HypoSC after the confirmation of serum levels of TSH &#8805; 10 mU/L after 3 to 6 months, because of the higher risk of progression to manifest hypothyroidism, HF, CAD, and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref></sup> Cohort studies have shown indirect evidence of benefits from the treatment of HypoSC regarding CVR and mortality, in addition to a favorable effect on TC in patients with HypoSC and TSH &gt; 10 mU/L.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Use of medications and liver and kidney diseases may affect the metabolism of thyroid hormones or change the proteins binding to these hormones. Thus, serum TSH should be monitored with the use or suspension of oral estrogens and androgens, because these medications can change the need for levothyroxine, increasing thyroid-binding globulin, which reduces free T4.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Therapy with levothyroxine can induce a relevant improvement in some CV parameters, such as increased cardiac output, decrease in systemic vascular resistance and in end-diastolic volume, effects more evident in clinical than in subclinical disease. However, it can increase oxygen consumption, thus inducing myocardial ischemia in patients with underlying CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref></sup> Recent evidence has suggested an increase in the risk of fracture in patients &gt; 70 years of age at usual doses. Thus, for elderly patients and those with IHD and HF, the guideline recommends beginning levothyroxine at the dose of 12.5-25 &#181;g/day, especially for patients with HypoSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.3.2. Hyperthyroidism</title>
            <p>Hyperthyroidism occurs at the proportion of 5 women:1 man. Its prevalence (approximately 1.3%) increases to 4&#8211;5% in elderly women, among whom toxic nodular goiter is the most common cause. In addition, hyperthyroidism induced by drugs, such as contrast medium and amiodarone, should be mentioned as a cause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Hyperthyroidism in elderly patients can be lethargic rather than have the classic presentation of sympathetic system hyperactivity, such as tremors and palpitations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup> In cross-sectional studies, elderly patients had a reduced risk for classic symptoms (heat intolerance, tremor, nervousness) and higher prevalence of weight loss and shortness of breath as compared to younger patients, in addition to a higher rate of moderate to severe ophthalmopathy and AF. Tachycardia, however, can be absent because of concomitant conduction system disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The typical symptoms of hyperthyroidism mimic the menopause-related symptoms, but, as age advances, the clinical symptoms decrease.</p>
            <p>Slopien <italic>et al</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167">167</xref></sup> have reported that the serum concentration of TSH has a negative correlation with symptoms, such as sweating, palpitations, and weakness, while that of free T4 has positive correlation with palpitations, paresthesia, and nervousness.</p>
            <p>In hyperthyroidism, the cycles of bone remodeling are reduced, resulting in a high bone turnover rate. With bone resorption exceeding mineralization, there is bone mass loss of approximately 10% per cycle. In addition, there is a reduction in calcium absorption in the intestine and an increase in calcium renal excretion, resulting in a negative balance of that electrolyte. There is evidence that both manifest hyperthyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism (HyperSC) increase the risk of osteoporosis, especially in postmenopause (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f39">Figure 5.4</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref></sup></p>
            <fig id="f39">
              <label>Figure 5.4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Menopause and hyperthyroidism: accumulation of risks. AF: atrial fibrillation; CAD: coronary artery disease.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf15-en.tif"/></fig>
            <p>Although the treatment of manifest hyperthyroidism is always recommended, the management of HyperSC is less clear. Several studies have shown similar deleterious effects in both HyperSC and manifest hyperthyroidism. A recent meta-analysis has found increased risk of CAD in HyperSC (HR= 1.44 [1.06; 1.94]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref></sup> The effects of long-term TSH suppression include increased heart rate at rest, frequent arrhythmias (especially AF), and reduced cardiac function. This higher CVR also extends to the TSH suppression in patients on treatment with levothyroxine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Studies have shown an increase in CV mortality in HyperSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup> Recent data indicate that patients with HyperSC are at risk for developing HF, especially the elderly and those with lower levels of TSH<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f39">Figure 5.4</xref>).</p>
            <p>A population study has shown that HyperSC increased the risk of stroke in individuals older than 50 years (HR = 3.39), although a meta-analysis has been inconclusive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.3.3. Thyroid Autoimmunity and Premature Ovarian Failure</title>
            <p>Autoimmune etiology accounts for approximately 5% of the cases of POF, and autoimmune thyroid disease is present in 14&#8211;27% of women at the first diagnosis. Thus, measuring TSH levels and the presence of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO) in those patients is recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.4. Depression and Anxiety</title>
          <p>Studies have shown the importance of classic RFs in CVD. In women, however, the gender-specific RFs, as well as the under-recognized RFs, such as depression and anxiety, also have a significant impact on CVR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f40">Figure 5.5</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f40">
            <label>Figure 5.5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation between specific, under-recognized, and well-established risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref></sup></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf16-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>One out of five adults has some type of psychiatric disorder throughout life. In women, however, gender intrinsic and extrinsic factors can compound the occurrence of those disorders, which are directly related to the increase of CVR in that population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B174">174</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Recent studies have correlated mental diseases, such as generalized anxiety disorder and depression, with the increase in CVR, because of the metabolic changes triggered by the daily stress and injuries from those comorbidities.</p>
          <p>Different patterns of changes in sex hormones and body fat distribution of lipids and lipoproteins across menopause relate to the potential to accelerate the CVD development in that phase of a woman's life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Women with generalized anxiety disorder or depression can develop some degree of social impairment because of the illness mechanism. This impairment can be naturally intensified in certain phases of life, such as menopause, and this correlation has been studied more and more frequently. It is important to note that postmenopausal symptoms, such as VMS, night sweating, sleep and libido disorders, and cognitive changes, can intensify mental comorbidity findings and mask their diagnosis, delaying treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Regarding perimenopause, triggers, such as changes in career and relationships, awareness about aging issues, changes in physical appearance, personal and family disease, and the empty nest syndrome, can compound some feelings such as sadness, fear, frustration, and feelings of not being good enough or of inadequacy, surfaced by the depressive/anxiety syndromes. The pathophysiological mechanism involves the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal axis, leading to an increase in cortisol and catecholamines and homeostasis changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B174">174</xref></sup> In addition, the presence of psychiatric disorders associates with unhealthy behaviors that contribute to increase the CVR, such as binge eating, smoking, alcoholism, sedentary lifestyle, and lower adhesion to the treatment of comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B175">175</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The harmful role of the generalized anxiety disorder and depression in CV health has been shown in recent studies, evidencing that anxious people are at a twice higher risk of cardiac death as compared to the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B176">176</xref></sup> In addition, a potential cardioprotective effect has been attributed to emotional support.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B175">175</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Thus, the longitudinal follow-up of a woman's health by a multiprofessional team is of fundamental importance to differentiate a healthy phase of menopause from that associated with depression or anxiety. Early intervention with strategies of proper prevention, diagnosis, and treatment are aimed at reducing the CVR of menopausal women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B174">174</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B176">176</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.5. Osteoporosis and Menopause</title>
          <p>Impairment of CV and bone health is directly related to the age at menopausal onset. There is a strong correlation of POF and early menopause with increased CVR, osteoporosis, fractures, and mortality in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177">177</xref></sup> The pathophysiological mechanism is related to the direct effect of estrogen on endothelial function and on bone metabolism, because the impact of traditional RFs, such as SAH, DLP, obesity, and hyperglycemia, which are frequent in women who enter menopause at the usual age, is smaller in those conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177">177</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The systemic effects of estrogen deprivation increase the risk of depression, dementia, and osteoporosis, and, thus, of all-cause mortality. The POF and early menopause can be related to genetic or environmental factors, and, because of the increased risk of adverse outcomes to women's health, should be considered a marker of risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Estrogen plays an important role in bone homeostasis, through its receptors located in the precursors of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, thus maintaining the balance between bone resorption and formation. Estrogen reduces resorption and the bone remodeling velocity through the reduction in the number of osteoclasts and their useful life, via apoptosis of osteoclasts, thus maintaining bone mass. In addition, it seems to attenuate the apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178">178</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Menopausal estrogen loss leads to negative bone remodeling and consequent bone loss, as evidenced in studies showing increased formation of osteoclasts and bone resorption, partially as a result from increased apoptosis of the osteocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178">178</xref></sup> Thus, the earlier the menopause onset, the higher the risk of osteoporosis, fractures, and increased all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177">177</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In menopausal women, several interventions have been proposed to optimize women's bone and CV health. Changes in lifestyle, such as regular physical activity, balanced diet, diet supplementation, and weight control are fundamental. The MHT should be indicated for women with POF, but there is little evidence regarding its use in women with early menopause. For those entering menopause at the usual age, MHT can be indicated to prevent osteoporosis, especially in the presence of VMS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup></p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f41">Figure 5.6</xref> illustrates bone mass in men and women, showing more marked bone loss in women after menopause.</p>
          <fig id="f41">
            <label>Figure 5.6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Bone mass in men versus women. Men have a reduction in bone mass as age advances, while women have a more marked decline related to menopausal transition/menopause.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf17-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6. Cardiovascular Risk and Sex Hormones</title>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1. Introduction</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of women's mortality, and there has been a constant multidisciplinary effort to change this scenario. Traditional RFs for CVD, such as SAH, DM, obesity, DLP, and smoking, are well-known in both sexes, but it is crucial to highlight specific RFs that still do not receive due attention in medical anamnesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180">180</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181">181</xref></sup> This chapter approaches the topics that should be included in the algorithms for CVR stratification of women, both cis- or not, such as: early menarche, hormonal contraception, PCOS, and use of testosterone and hormone therapy in transsexuality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2. Early Menarche</title>
          <p>In Brazil, the mean age of menarche is 12.4 years, and it can be influenced by race, socioeconomic level, and behavioral, climatic, and genetic factors, in addition to overweight/obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Menarche before the age of 10 years is considered early, but, when happening before the age of 12 years, it is already related to higher CVR, higher frequency of RFs, more CV events, mainly IHD and stroke, in addition to higher general mortality in adulthood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B185">185</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Factors related to fetal nutrition, overweight, and higher BMI in childhood have been associated with early menarche and MS during adulthood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B186">186</xref></sup> However, after adjusting for BMI, early menarche is associated with unfavorable levels of insulin, glycemia, glycated hemoglobin, BP, and worse lipid profile in adulthood. In addition, higher risk of SAH, DM, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has been reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Each year of menarche delay has been reported to cause a 2-4% reduction in all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref></sup> However, a study with 34 000 women has shown that smoking eliminated that protection, and non-smokers had a reduction in the incidence of SAH, DM, obesity, and HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188">188</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189">189</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The WISE study has assessed 648 North-American women, considering their duration of exposure to endogenous or exogenous estrogen (pregnancy and oral contraception, respectively). Although the authors have reported an increase in CVR in patients with early menarche, mainly before the age of 10 years, they have shown no difference in the CVD incidence according to estrogen exposure throughout life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Paradoxically, late menarche, after the age of 17 years, also seems to influence the increase in CVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191">191</xref></sup> The hypotheses suggest that a shorter exposure to estrogen throughout life and PCOS can partially explain the increase in CVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180">180</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref></sup> However, the subject is still controversial and requires further investigation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188">188</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190">190</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Including the age of menarche in the CVD investigation is a window of opportunity for risk stratification, enabling the implementation of more effective preventive measures, such as lifestyle change, and, when necessary, pharmacological therapy to reduce CV events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3. Hormonal Contraceptives</title>
          <p>The development of hormonal contraception has been acclaimed as one of the most important achievements in public health of the twentieth century. Since 1960, the "pill" has been used by millions of women to prevent unintended pregnancy and its consequences, such as unsafe abortion and all-cause maternal death.</p>
          <p>Hormonal contraception is available in different routes of administration and the contraceptives contain either a combination of estrogen (usually ethinyl estradiol &#8211; EE) with progestin (derived from progesterone or testosterone) or progestin alone. It is worth emphasizing that the combined oral contraceptive (COC) is the most used form of reversible hormonal contraception.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.1. Innovation of Hormonal Contraception and Cardiovascular Risk</title>
            <p>In the 1960s, there was scientific evidence of a "robust" association between high doses of EE contained in COCs and the occurrence of thromboembolism, MI, and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The major adverse CV effects associated with COCs are assumed to derive from estrogen action on lipid metabolism and hemostasis, both mediated by the liver receptors of estrogen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193">193</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B194">194</xref></sup> This encouraged the production of COCs containing lower doses of EE, aimed at reducing the CVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The progestins derived from testosterone (norethindrone-1<sup>st</sup> generation, levonorgestrel-2<sup>nd</sup> generation) contained in COCs are associated with androgenic side effects with negative impact on the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, while the progestins derived from progesterone and spironolactone (chlormadinone, drospirenone-4<sup>th</sup> generation) more specifically bind to progesterone receptors, thus reducing the androgenic, estrogenic, and glucocorticoid receptor interactions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Recently, novel formulations of COCs, estradiol valerate with dienogest-4<sup>th</sup> generation and estradiol with nomegestrol acetate-4<sup>th</sup> generation, have replaced the synthetic hormones with steroidal components analogue to endogenous molecules. This innovation assumes that those compounds more similar to natural hormones should have a more favorable CV safety profile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197">197</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.2. Hormonal Contraceptives and Cardiovascular Disease</title>
            <p>The association of the use of hormonal contraceptives and CVD is a complex subject and reason for debate and investigations. The lack of high-quality evidence and studies have resulted in inconsistent and conflicting conclusions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B198">198</xref></sup> Therefore, some studies that deserve to be highlighted, despite their limitations, were selected for this document.</p>
            <p>The risk of MI in COC users has been investigated in a meta-analysis of 24 studies, which showed RR of 1.6 (95% CI, 1.3-1.9) proportional to the increase in the EE dose (&gt; 50 mcg) but not modified by the type of progestin (drospirenone <italic>versus</italic> levonorgestrel).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B199">199</xref></sup> A second meta-analysis of 11 studies performed after the 1990s has reported a 1.7-time higher aggregate risk of MI among COC users.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B200">200</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Specific study on the risk of thromboembolism, stroke, and MI among users of COCs with EE &lt; 30ug has found that, for the same dose of EE, the risk of VTE was higher with desogestrel-3<sup>rd</sup> generation and gestodene-3<sup>rd</sup>generation, as compared to that with levonorgestrel. This result was not observed for arterial thromboembolism. In addition, for the same type of progestogen, the EE dose of 20 &#181;g <italic>versus</italic> EE of 30-40 &#181;g was associated with lower risk of events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The association between SAH and COC use has been studied in a meta-analysis of 24 studies with 270 284 participants. It showed RR of 1.47 (95% CI, 1.25-1.73) for COC users and a linear dose-response relation of 13% (RR 1.13; 95% CI, 1.03-1.25) increase of &#8216;new&#8217; cases of SAH for each 5 years of COC use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B202">202</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203">203</xref></sup></p>
            <p>A meta-analysis on the relation between stroke and COC use has shown risks according to the following variables: 1) EE dose: for each 10 &#956;g increase, there was an increase in OR of 1.19 (95% CI, 1.16-1.23) for stroke; 2) duration of COC use: for each 5 years of COC use, there was an increase in OR of 1.20 (95% CI, 1.05-1.37); and 3) time after COC suspension: for each 5 years of COC use interruption, OR was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.68-0.98), reinforcing the already known correlation between estrogen and CVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B204">204</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Regarding the progestin-only contraceptives, a systematic review and meta-analysis has shown that the aggregated RR for MI and stroke were 0.98 (95% CI, 0.66-1.47) and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.72-1.44), respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Evidence has shown a higher risk of VTE in users of COCs with high doses of EE (&gt;50 &#956;g) as compared to the ones with low-dose formulations (&lt;35 &#956;g). There is reasonable evidence that users of 3<sup>rd</sup>-generation COCs have a slightly higher risk of VTE than users of 2<sup>nd</sup>-generation COCs. The administration of the hormonal combination, both patch and vaginal ring, had no different results for the risk of VTE as compared to the oral one.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206">206</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B208">208</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Regarding progestogen-only, the stratified analysis according to the route of administration showed that the injectable posed a higher risk of VTE (RR 2.62; 95% CI, 1.74-3.94), which was not observed for the oral route (RR 1.06; 95% CI, 0.7-1.62), and a decreased risk with the hormonal intrauterine device (HIUD) with levonorgestrel (RR 0.53; 95% CI, 0.32-0.89). No effect of the use of progestogen-alone on BP has been found, but there was a trend of increased risk for DM for the injectable route.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.3. Underlying Situations of Cardiovascular Risk and Use of Contraceptives</title>
            <p>There is evidence that smoking, age over 35 years, obesity, presence of inherited thrombophilias, such as mutations of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A, and deficiencies of proteins C, S or antithrombin already pose intrinsic risks for thrombotic events, contraindicating COCs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206">206</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Publications on the use of hormonal contraceptives in women with CVDs are limited. A prospective study over 39 months with women with structural cardiac lesions (rheumatic and congenital) has reported CV events (SAH and transient ischemia) in 11.5% of users of COCs with EE 30 &#956;g + desogestrel and in 7.4% of users of injectable depo-medroxyprogesterone quarterly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B211">211</xref></sup></p>
            <p>In conclusion, the prescription of hormonal contraception in situations posing risks for CVD should meet the WHO eligibility criteria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Table 6.1</xref>).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t13">
              <label>Table 6.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>WHO eligibility criteria for the use of hormonal contraceptives in women with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="10%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">CONDITION</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">COC PATCH RING</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">COMBINED INJECTABLE</th>
                    <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">POP</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">INJECTABLE DMPG</th>
                    <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">TRANSDERMAL</th>
                    <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">HIUD</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">
                      <bold>SMOKING</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">&lt;15 cigarettes/day</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">
                      <italic>&#8805;15 cigarettes/day</italic>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#D0D0DC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">
                      <bold>MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS FOR CVD</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">3/4</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">3/4</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#D0D0DC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">e.g. advanced age, smoking, diabetes, SAH, dyslipidemia</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">
                      <bold>HYPERTENSION</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">History of SAH/BP cannot be assessed (includes gestational diabetes)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Controlled SAH, when BP can be measured</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">High SAH</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">- SBP=140-159 or DBP=90-99 mm Hg</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">- SBP&gt;160 or DBP&gt;100 mm Hg</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#D0D0DC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">
                      <bold>VASCULAR DISEASE</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">DVT/PE</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">History of DVT/PE</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Acute VTE/PE</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">VTE/PE on anticoagulant therapy</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Major surgery with long immobilization</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#D0D0DC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">
                      <bold>THROMBOGENIC MUTATIONS</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#D0D0DC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Factor V Leiden, prothrombin, proteins C, S, or antithrombin</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">
                      <bold>ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">C</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">C</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">C</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Current and history</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#D0D0DC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">
                      <bold>STROKE</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">C</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">C</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#D0D0DC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Current and history</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">
                      <bold>VALVULAR HEART DISEASE</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">4</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">1</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Factors aggravating valvular diseases (pulmonary hypertension, risk of atrial fibrillation, history of infective endocarditis)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4">
                  <p>BP: blood pressure; COC: combined oral contraceptive; CVD: cardiovascular disease; patch, transdermal patch; ring, vaginal ring; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DPMG: depo-medroxyprogesterone; DVT: deep venous thrombosis; HIUD: hormonal intrauterine device with levonorgestrel; PE: pulmonary embolism; POP: progesterone oral pills; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; SBP: systolic blood pressure; VTE: venous thromboembolism; C: continuous use; Category 1: Condition with no restriction on the use of the method; Category 2: Condition in which advantages exceed disadvantages in the use of the method; Category 3: Condition in which the risks exceed advantages in the use of the method; Category 4: Condition with unacceptable risk to health due to the use of the method.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.3.4. Late Cardiovascular Disease and Use of Hormonal Contraceptives</title>
            <p>A prospective study of 11.8 years, including 161 017 women, has shown that the history of COC use, independently of the traditional RFs, was associated with a lower risk for all-cause death and incidence of late CV events, such as CAD, MI, HF, and AF, after adjusting for age (all with statistical significance of p&lt;0.05).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The treatment with COCs of reproductive disorders during the fertile years is assumed to have a protective effect on the CV system. This is in accordance with evidence showing that anovulatory cycles caused by hypoestrogenism and hypothalamus dysfunction increases the risk of coronary atherosclerosis and CV events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B215">215</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.4. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome</title>
          <p>Infertility is a condition that affects 9-18% of the population at reproductive age, being a well-known CVRF for postmenopausal women. One of its most common causes is PCOS that can cause an elevation in androgenic hormones and MS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B216">216</xref></sup> PCOS affects 6-10% of women at reproductive age worldwide, being defined as the presence of two of the following criteria: excess of androgens, presence of ovarian cysts, and oligo-anovulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B217">217</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Women with PCOS are at increased risk for metabolic disorders known to be related to atherosclerosis and CVD, such as obesity, SAH, glucose intolerance, DLP, and sleep obstructive apnea. Dyslipidemia is the most frequent metabolic abnormality in PCOS, usually showing low HDL-c levels and high TG levels, but also increased LDL-c levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The biological mechanisms linking PCOS to increased CVR are multifactorial. Insulin resistance, highly prevalent among women with PCOS, both thin and obese, increases the adipose tissue lipolysis, leading to DLP and vasoconstriction, which is mediated by the reduction in NO synthesis in the vascular endothelium. Hyperinsulinemia can also elevate sympathetic activity with consequent increase in the renal water retention and in BP, while the defects in the insulin secretion and peripheral action contribute to an increased risk for DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The relation of PCOS to atherosclerotic disease was demonstrated in 2014 in the CARDIA (<italic>Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults</italic>) study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B220">220</xref></sup> which assessed the presence of hyperandrogenism and anovulation and correlated them with the development of coronary artery calcifications and increased carotid intima-media thickness, classifying those women as having subclinical atherosclerotic disease (OR 2.70; 95% CI, 1.31-5.60).</p>
          <p>A more recent meta-analysis with ten studies and 166 682 women included has shown an increased risk for MI, IHD, and stroke (OR 1.66; 95% CI, 1.32-2.08), but for neither CV nor all-cause mortality in patients with PCOS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B221">221</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A meta-analysis with 32 studies has shown that women with PCOS had a 1.3-time higher risk of developing a combination of CVDs, and the increased risk persisted when IHD and stroke were assessed separately, but no increase in CV mortality was observed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B222">222</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Physicians of postmenopausal women need to know their patients&#8217; fertility history, because the presence of PCOS can change their CVRs. In addition to that, their CVRF assessment should include the patients&#8217; obstetrical history, presence of early menopause, depression, autoimmune diseases, and other emerging RFs for an accurate and individualized risk determination.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.5. Use of Testosterone for Women</title>
          <p>Testosterone is an important sex steroid that acts directly as an androgen or indirectly as a precursor of estrogen in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B223">223</xref></sup> The CVDs are the major cause of death worldwide, and, although women are less affected than men during their reproductive phase, the CVR increases in the MT because of the loss of the ovarian estrogen protection and circulation of androgens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B224">224</xref></sup></p>
          <p>It is still inconclusive whether the use of exogenous testosterone poses risk or danger of CVD to women, because no randomized clinical trial has been conducted to assess those effects. Observational data regarding endogenous testosterone and CVD morbidity and mortality in women are inconsistent, some being positive, some negative, and others showing no association, maybe because of differences in the studies&#8217; designs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref></sup> Until recently, the use of androgens in women has been considered skeptically. Hyperandrogenism is typical of women with hirsutism and PCOS, being associated with increased CVR and metabolic disorders.</p>
          <p>The <italic>Women's Health Study</italic> has reported a relation between high levels of free androgens and increased IHD risk in postmenopausal women, although the association was not independent of other CVRFs. In the <italic>Cardiovascular Health Study</italic>, an association was found between high levels of testosterone and risk for CAD. However, a hypoandrogenic state is also harmful to CV health. Low levels of androgens are associated with atherosclerosis, CAD, and damage to the arterial wall of elderly of both sexes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref></sup> It has been proposed that low levels of serum testosterone in women is harmful to CV health, given that testosterone in physiological concentrations has favorable effects on the vasomotor tonus, endothelial function, and peripheral vascular resistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227">227</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A substudy of the ASPREE trial, the SHOW study, performed in women from Australia, aged at least 70 years, who were not receiving hormonal or steroid therapy, has compared lower <italic>versus</italic> higher concentrations of sex hormones, assessing major adverse CV events and all-cause mortality as primary endpoints. The serum levels of testosterone and DHEA above the lowest quartile in older women were associated with a reduced risk of a first major adverse CV event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B228">228</xref></sup> Lopez <italic>et al.</italic>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B229">229</xref></sup> in an observational study, have assessed the association of testosterone replacement therapy and CV outcomes in cisgender women and transgender people, in addition to determining if that association varied with the menopausal <italic>status</italic>. In that study, the use of testosterone replacement therapy increased the risk of CVD, CAD, and stroke in cisgender women, but not in transgender people.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B229">229</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Currently, only one indication for testosterone supplementation is based on evidence: treatment of the hypoactive sexual desire disorder in postmenopausal women. In that scenario, the oral route should not be used because it is associated with adverse effects of the lipid metabolism, and the dose prescribed should result in physiological levels of serum testosterone close to premenopausal ones.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227">227</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Testosterone replacement therapy is not indicated and should not be used to improve cardiometabolic or musculoskeletal health, VMS, or mood swings, because there is no evidence to support its use in premenopausal women. In postmenopausal women, testosterone replacement within physiological levels can improve general well-being, but data are still inconclusive and there are sufficient studies on neither the impact of androgens on CV health in postmenopausal women nor if they can be used for CV treatment. There is still a large gap in scientific knowledge regarding testosterone replacement therapy, thus, robust randomized studies with specific assessment of the population groups in different scenarios are required.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.6. Hormonal Therapy and Transsexuality</title>
          <p>Transgender or gender incongruence describes the situation in which the individual gender differs from the assigned sex at birth. Around 0.6-1.1% of the world population and 2.7% of adolescents are transgender. Gender dysphoria is the discomfort between gender identity and the assigned sex at birth. Gender identity is affirmative care and can include gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) and surgeries, as well as other procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B230">230</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The WHO reclassifies gender incongruence from the &#8216;mental health chapter&#8217; to the new and established &#8216;sexual health chapter&#8217;, reflecting the current understanding of gender identity. This reclassification aims at reducing stigma and facilitating gender-affirming healthcare.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B231">231</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The GAHT helps improve gender dysphoria and promote well-being. It is difficult to assess the CV effects of such treatments because of the variety of hormone regimens, paucity of longitudinal studies focusing on CV outcomes, and bias by confounding factors known to increase CVR in that population, such as psychological stress, smoking, alcohol abuse, HIV infection, discrimination, lower socioeconomic status, some of which offer opportunity for intervention. There is no consensus on the comparability of CVRs between transgender and cisgender individuals. In addition, medical problems prior to GAHT should be sought.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B232">232</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Gender-affirming interventions include puberty suppression, hormone therapy, and gender-affirming surgery. This chapter focus on GAHT and its effects on CVRFs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B233">233</xref></sup></p>
          <sec>
            <title>6.6.1. Gender-affirming Hormone Therapy</title>
            <p>Hormone therapy for a transgender individual is aimed at decreasing the levels of endogenous hormones and maintaining hormonal levels compatible with those of the opposite gender, mainly to obtain the secondary sexual characters of the desired gender, reducing those of the biological sex. These changes are aimed at providing physical, mental, and emotional well-being.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B234">234</xref></sup></p>
            <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Table 6.2</xref> shows the major hormones involved in GAHT and their desired and adverse effects.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t14">
              <label>Table 6.2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Major hormones involved in gender-affirming hormone therapy and their desired and adverse effects</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">HORMONE</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">ROUTE OF ADMNISTRATION</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">DOSE</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">DESIRED EFFECTS</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">GENERAL ADVERSE EFFECTS</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                      <bold>TRANSGENDER WOMEN</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Estradiol valerate</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Oral</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2-6 mg/day</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Hormone for the changes: suppresses gonadotrophins and, thus, androgen production. <break/>These changes can be definitive and should be clarified regarding fertility</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Therapy with estrogens in general: <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Changes in liver metabolism</p></list-item><list-item><p>Changes in cholesterol are conflicting</p></list-item><list-item><p>Increase in triglycerides</p></list-item><list-item><p>Reduction in serum homocysteine</p></list-item><list-item><p>Prothrombotic state depending on dose and administration route</p></list-item><list-item><p>Higher incidence of MI vs. cis-women</p></list-item><list-item><p>Higher incidence of stroke vs. cis-men</p></list-item><list-item><p>Higher incidence of VTE vs. cis-women and cis-men</p></list-item></list> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Estradiol</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Transdermal</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.025-0.2 mg/day</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Estradiol (valerate or cypionate)</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Parenteral</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2-10 mg intramuscular/week</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#D0D0DC">
                    <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                      <bold>ANTI-ANDROGENS</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Spironolactone</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Oral</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">100-300 mg/day</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color:#D0D0DC" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="4" style="background-color:#D0D0DC" valign="middle">Anti-mineralocorticoid effect, can change blood pressure levels <break/>At high doses: potential increase in meningioma; depression and hyperprolactenemia</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#D0D0DC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Cyproterone acetate</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Oral</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">25 mg/day</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Triptorelin</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Subcutaneous</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">3.75 mg/month</td>
                    <td align="center" style="background-color:#D0D0DC" valign="middle"/>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#D0D0DC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Finasteride</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Oral</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                      <bold>TRANSGENDER MEN</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Testosterone cypionate or enanthate</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Parental</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">100-200 mg/every 4 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="4" valign="middle"/>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="4" valign="middle">Therapy with testosterone in general: <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Adverse changes in cholesterol metabolism: increase in LDL, reduction in HDL, mild increase in triglycerides</p></list-item><list-item><p>Increased insulin resistance</p></list-item></list> <break/>Increase in serum homocysteine <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Increase in medio-intimal thickness with continuing use</p></list-item><list-item><p>Despite the reported adverse effects, it does not seem to increase CV outcomes in tras-men in most series. However, some studies have shown an increase in MI in trans-men vs. cis-gender in general</p></list-item></list> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Testosterone decanoate</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Parental</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">1000 mg/every 12 weeks</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Testosterone gel 1.6%</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Transdermal</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">50-100 mg/day</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Testosterone patch</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Transdermal</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2.5-7.5 mg/day</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5">
                  <p>CV: cardiovascular; MI: myocardial infarction; VTE: venous thromboembolism.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <sec>
              <title>A &#8211; Female transsexual therapy with estrogens</title>
              <p>Estradiol is the hormone for the changes, suppressing gonadotrophins, and, thus, the production of androgens. These changes can be definitive and should be clarified regarding fertility.</p>
              <p>Ethinyl estradiol is a synthetic estrogen that has been widely used. However, because of its prothrombotic potential and possible role in CVDs, most hormone regimens currently use oral, cutaneous, or intramuscular estradiol valerate. Studies comparing the long-term safety and efficacy between the different estradiol formulations lack.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B230">230</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref></sup></p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>B &#8211; Androgen Deprivation Therapy</title>
              <p>Spironolactone reduces the synthesis of testosterone and its action on the androgen receptor. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, such as triptorelin and cyproterone acetate, block the androgen receptors. Finasteride improves androgenetic alopecia in transgender women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B236">236</xref></sup></p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>C &#8211; Male Transsexual Therapy with Testosterones</title>
              <p>The major hormone treatment is testosterone, aimed at suspending menstruation and inducing virilization, deep voice, and acquisition of an android body type. These changes can be definitive and should be clarified regarding fertility. Weight, BP levels, and hematocrit should be monitored, because erythrocytosis can occur with the use of some types of testosterones.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B231">231</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B237">237</xref></sup></p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.6.2. Transsexuality and Cardiovascular Health</title>
            <p>In all literature referring to transgender people and CVR, there is concern about the confounding RFs present in almost 50% of that population: smoking, stress, sleep disorders, and especially psychosocial determinants. It is worth noting that GAHT often begins in adolescence, enlarging the exposure time to hormones and psychosocial RFs in that population. Thus, not only the cardiologist, but all the multidisciplinary team involved in this scenario should approach and intervene positively on the CV health milestones formed by qualitative variables of difficult analysis and impact assessment, but highly important. There are several knowledge gaps in this subject, thus further and well-conducted research is required.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181">181</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B231">231</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7. Current Recommendations for Menopausal Hormone Therapy</title>
        <p>In the past 20 years, longitudinal studies with women transitioning through menopause have emphasized the increase in the risk of CVD in that period. This increased risk results from endogenous changes of sex hormones and unfavorable changes in body fat distribution, lipids, and lipoproteins, as well as in the functional measures of vascular health in MT, described in the previous chapters. These data emphasize the importance of monitoring to enable CV health interventions for women in MT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Since the end of the 1980s, there has been a change in the short-term estrogen therapy prescription for menopausal symptoms, favoring the long-term prescription (longer than 5 years) to prevent CVD, especially CAD. This prevention strategy has been based on more than 30 observational studies, most of which showing a protective effect of estrogen regarding CVDs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref></sup> In addition to observational data, angiographic and postmortem studies have suggested that estrogen has an antiatherogenic effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B239">239</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B240">240</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although the initial observational studies had suggested benefits from MHT for primary and secondary prevention of CVD, this has not been confirmed in the subsequent large clinical trials. The WHI study was a set of clinical trials, including two trials of estrogen therapy, in healthy postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years. One of the trials testing the continuous combined regimen of estrogen-progestogen [conjugated estrogen, 0.625 mg, and medroxyprogesterone acetate, 2.5 mg/day] <italic>versus</italic> placebo in more than 16 000 women was discontinued because of the increased risk of breast cancer, stroke, CAD, and VTE during the mean 5.2-year follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Another study with conjugated estrogen, 0.625 mg, <italic>versus</italic> placebo in approximately 11 000 women with hysterectomy has also been discontinued because of the increased risk of stroke and lack of benefit for the CV health of menopausal women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B241">241</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Factors including the advanced age of the WHI population, as well as the type, administration route, and dose of estrogen, have been considered to explain the discordant results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B242">242</xref></sup> Other factors proposed to explain the adverse results observed were high BMI, associated comorbidities, such as diabetes, family history, smoking, and the time from MT to the beginning of MHT. Subsequent studies have shown that the absolute risk of an adverse event (breast cancer, CAD, stroke, or VTE) was low, 19 additional events per year per 10 000 women on MHT <italic>versus</italic> placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B243">243</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition, estrogen is the most effective treatment available to relieve menopausal symptoms, mainly the VMS. The MHT, estrogen alone or combined with progesterone, is currently indicated to treat menopausal symptoms. The long-term use to prevent diseases is no longer recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B244">244</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Data from a primate model, observational studies in postmenopausal women, meta-analysis of clinical trials, coronary angiographic study, and secondary analyses of the WHI have suggested that the time when the MHT starts is an important factor to influence the subsequent CV risk. The use of MHT in the first years of menopause does not seem to be associated with an increased risk of CVD as compared to that of older women in postmenopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref></sup> The population of the WHI study was older (mean age, 63 years) than that of most observational studies. More advanced age at the MHT beginning could be associated with more subclinical atherosclerosis at the beginning of the study, with advanced or complex atherosclerotic lesions that can be more susceptible to the prothrombotic and pro-inflammatory effects of estrogen, especially when used orally. In contrast, starting the MHT right after menopause might not cause damage (or might be beneficial).</p>
        <p>A meta-analysis of 19 trials on oral MHT (including the WHI) with over 40 000 postmenopausal women, with analyses of subgroups in women beginning MHT within 10 years of menopause onset, has reported lower risk of CAD and CVD mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B245">245</xref></sup> A meta-analysis from 2017 with similar trials has concluded that the risks of the prolonged use of MHT to prevent chronic diseases outweighed any benefits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B246">246</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Because of the increase in women's life expectancy, it is estimated that 40% of their lifespan will be spent in postmenopause. Considering that:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>the VMS are associated with worse levels of RFs for CVD and subclinical atherosclerosis measurements,</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>sleep disorders are a common complaint during MT, being associated with higher risk of subclinical CVD and worse indices of CV health,</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>depression more often occurs during the perimenopausal and postmenopausal years, being related to VMS and the occurrence of CVD,</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>the increase in central adiposity during MT is associated with increased risk of mortality, even among those with normal BMI,</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>the increase in lipids (LDL-c and apolipoprotein B), the risk of MS, and vascular remodeling are more affected by MT than by aging,</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>there is a higher risk of fractures due to bone mass loss associated with MT,</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>the SBC, FEBRASGO, and SOBRAC recommend in <bold>FAVOR</bold> of adopting MHT for symptomatic menopausal women without contraindications. (<bold>Strength of recommendation in FAVOR. STRONG recommendation. Level of certainty: HIGH</bold>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B242">242</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B247">247</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B254">254</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The MHT consists in the administration of different sex hormones that should be individualized according to the risks and benefits for each woman. The many formulations, doses, and administration routes of MHT have high efficacy to relieve postmenopausal symptoms and were discussed in the preceding chapters. (<bold>Strength of recommendation in FAVOR. STRONG recommendation. Level of certainty: HIGH</bold>). There is neither pre-established maximal age nor duration for the use of MHT, and the decision to continue or interrupt MHT should be based on the persistence of indications and no change in the risks. (<bold>Strength of recommendation in FAVOR. STRONG recommendation. Level of certainty: MODERATE</bold>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B244">244</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B247">247</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B255">255</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B259">259</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The primary indication for systemic MHT is the treatment of VMS, and this is the most effective therapy, considered gold standard for the relieve of those symptoms. Vaginal estrogen-only therapy is effective for the treatment of the genitourinary syndrome symptoms only. In addition, MHT is indicated to prevent bone mass loss and to reduce the risk of fractures. For women with POF, MHT should be used at least close to the age of 50 years, which is the mean age of menopause occurrence. (<bold>Strength of recommendation in FAVOR. STRONG recommendation. Level of certainty: HIGH</bold>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143">143</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B260">260</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B273">273</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The literature supporting the critical role of the time of MHT beginning, before the age of 60 years or within 10 years of menopause onset, seems to be associated with the reduction of CVD risk. Evidence suggests that the effects of MHT on the progression of atherosclerotic events and CVD vary according to the age MHT is initiated or the time from menopause to MHT beginning. The beneficial effects on the CVD outcomes and all-cause mortality can occur when MHT is initiated in women &lt;60 years of age or within 10 years of menopause onset, but the effects can be null or harmful when MHT is initiated at more advanced ages or after a longer time from menopause.</p>
        <p>Numerous observational studies before 1991, that recommended the use of MHT close to the beginning of menopause, have reported a reduction in the rates of CAD in MHT users.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B273">273</xref></sup> Analysis of prospective observational studies has reported a RR of CAD events of 0.50 (95% CI, 0.43&#8211;0.56).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Analyses of the <italic>Nurses&#8217; Health Study,</italic> with women aged 30-55 years at the study baseline, have shown lower risk of mortality among current users as compared to those who never used MHT (RR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.56-0.70), and a higher reduction in mortality in those at higher risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B274">274</xref></sup> Case-control and cross-sectional studies have also found a reduction in morbidity from CAD with MHT in women with CAD defined on coronary angiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B273">273</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B275">275</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B277">277</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The MHT should be initiated in the "window of opportunity", that is, within 10 years of menopause onset and/or before the age of 60 years<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn10">**</xref>. The decision to initiate MHT, its dose, regimen, and duration should be individually made after discussing the benefits and risks with each patient and after providing written information on the product selected. This should be considered in the context of the global benefits obtained with the use of MHT, including control of symptoms and better quality of life, and weighing the potential CV and bone benefits associated with the use of MHT. (<bold>Strength of recommendation in FAVOR. STRONG recommendation. Level of certainty: HIGH</bold>). The combined use of estrogen and progestogen is not recommended for the primary prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal asymptomatic women. In addition, the use of estrogen alone is not recommended for the primary prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. The effects of MHT on the risk for CVD vary depending on the time it is initiated. In healthy women, when initiated in the window of opportunity, MHT can have favorable effects on the risk of CVD. However, there is no indication to start MHT aiming at primary CV prevention in multiple scenarios. However, beginning MHT after the age of 60 years or more than 10 years after menopause onset can increase the absolute risk for CAD, VTE, and stroke. (<bold>Strength of recommendation in FAVOR. STRONG recommendation. Level of certainty: HIGH</bold>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B255">255</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B283">283</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B290">290</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cessation of ovarian function has great impact on the cardiometabolic RFs, such as increases in BP, cholesterol, body mass, and blood glucose. Obesity is strongly related to BP elevation in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B291">291</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B292">292</xref></sup> In menopause, in response to BP elevation, women have more intense microcirculation abnormalities, higher occurrence of chronic kidney disease, changes in coronary microcirculation, and LV concentric hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B291">291</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B292">292</xref></sup> In women, SAH is a strong RF for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), HF with preserved (more common in women) and reduced ejection fraction, peripheral arterial disease, stroke, and cognitive decline. In later menopause, significant arterial stiffness acceleration has been observed, which can contribute to an even higher CV risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B293">293</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Estrogen-replacement doses have little effect on BP. The WHI trial with combined estrogen-progestin has reported only a slight increase (1.5 mm Hg) in systolic BP as compared to placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In addition, the WHI trial with estrogen only has reported a similar difference of 1.1 mm Hg between the groups on hormone or placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B241">241</xref></sup> Likewise, the <italic>Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions</italic> (PEPI) study has reported that estrogen, combined or not with progestogens, had no effect on BP. These findings contrast with the frequent BP elevation observed when higher doses of synthetic estrogen (EE) are administered for oral contraception.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B291">291</xref></sup> Women with controlled SAH and moderate to intense VMS can use MHT through any route, but preferably transdermal estrogen therapy (by use of gel or patches) in the presence of obesity, DLP, DM, and MS. (<bold>Strength of recommendation in FAVOR. STRONG recommendation. Level of certainty: MODERATE</bold>).</p>
        <p>All peri- and postmenopausal women, including those on MHT should undergo periodical screening mammography according to the current screening guidelines. FEBRASGO suggests mammography be performed before prescribing MHT. In addition, quantifying TC and its subfractions, TG, and fasting glycemia helps choose the best MHT administration route. Other complementary tests might be necessary depending on the findings of clinical history, physical exam, and RFs. In addition, postmenopausal women with intermediate risk stratification for CVD might need complementary assessment to better individualize MHT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B294">294</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Observational evidence suggests a protective effect of MHT against CVD. However, the WHI and other studies on MHT do not support such findings. The analysis of 3 trials (n = 18 085) has shown no significant difference in the risk of CAD events in individuals treated with estrogen plus progestin as compared to placebo (2.8% <italic>versus</italic> 2.6%; RR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.94-1.33) during a mean 4-year follow-up. Likewise, a grouped analysis of 3 trials (n = 11 310) has found no significant difference in coronary events between the use of estrogen alone and placebo (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.79-1.14) during a mean 4.1-year follow-up. The WHI has reported an increased risk for stroke with the use of estrogen, both alone and in combined therapy with progestogen. The risk for stroke was significantly higher in individuals randomized to receive estrogen plus progesterone as compared to those randomized to placebo (1.9% <italic>versus</italic> 1.3%; HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.07-1.76). Likewise, women who received only estrogen had a statistically higher risk of stroke as compared to those who received placebo (3.2% <italic>versus</italic> 2.4%; HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.07-1.70). Systemic MHT is not recommended for women with manifest CVD, history of AMI or stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B279">279</xref></sup> (<bold>Strength of recommendation in FAVOR. STRONG recommendation. Level of certainty: HIGH</bold>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B283">283</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref></sup> Vaginal estrogen therapy for the treatment of menopausal genitourinary syndrome can be used in women with known CVRF or established CVD and requires no addition of progestogen in those with hysterectomy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B255">255</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B284">284</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B290">290</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B294">294</xref></sup></p>
        <p>For women with contraindication or who do not want to undergo MHT, nonhormonal therapies with proven effectiveness<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn11">***</xref> can improve VMS. (<bold>Strength of recommendation in FAVOR. STRONG recommendation. Level of certainty: HIGH</bold>).</p>
        <p>Five trials have reported risk of thromboembolism with the use of oral MHT. In the WHI (n = 16 608), individuals randomized to receive conjugated estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone had an increased risk of venous thrombosis (1.96% <italic>versus</italic> 0.94%; HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.57-2.70), DVT (1.4% <italic>versus</italic> 0.8%; HR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.37-2.54) and PE (1.0% <italic>versus</italic> 0.5%; HR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.36-2.87) as compared to those receiving placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref></sup> Other studies have reported few thromboembolic events or had results consistent with those of the WHI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B283">283</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B295">295</xref></sup> In the WHI (n = 10 739), individuals randomized to receive estrogen alone had an increased risk of DVT (1.6% <italic>versus</italic> 1.0%; HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.06-2.07). The risk of PE was higher in the estrogen group than in the placebo group, but the results were not statistically significant, although the confidence interval was (0.98% <italic>versus</italic> 0.72%; HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 0.89-2.05).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref></sup> For women with history of VTE, MHT is not usually recommended, but, depending on the cause of the event, should MHT be indicated, the transdermal route would pose the lowest risk. (<bold>Strength of recommendation in FAVOR. STRONG recommendation. Level of certainty: MODERATE</bold>). Decompensated liver disease, bleeding of unknown cause, and systemic lupus erythematosus with high thrombotic risk are also contraindications with weak level of evidence. <bold>(Strength of recommendation in FAVOR. WEAK recommendation. Level of certainty: LOW</bold>).</p>
        <p>The trials on MHT have reported the risk of breast cancer as one of the major adverse results of the treatment. In the WHI, 16 608 women were randomized to receive estrogen plus progestin or placebo. There was significantly increased risk of breast cancer in the group receiving MHT as compared to that receiving placebo (2.4% <italic>versus</italic> 1.9%; HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.01-1.53),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref></sup> and the risk persisted during follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B303">303</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B305">305</xref></sup> In addition, in the WHI, in a 20.3-year follow-up, the point estimate of the risk of mortality from breast cancer was higher in the estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone group than in the placebo group, although the difference was not statistically significant (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 0.94-1.95).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B304">304</xref></sup> Four studies have reported the effects of estrogen alone on breast cancer; however, only the WHI has followed participants up for more than 3 years. With a 20.7-year follow-up, the WHI has reported a lower risk of invasive breast cancer in the group receiving estrogen alone as compared to that receiving placebo (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65-0.93).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Moreover, in the WHI, in the 20.7-year follow-up, the group on estrogen had a lower risk of mortality from breast cancer than that on placebo (HR, 0.60; 95% IC, 0.37-0.97).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B304">304</xref></sup> The risk of breast cancer associated with MHT is low, with less than one additional case per 1000 women per year of use. (<bold>Strength of recommendation in FAVOR. STRONG recommendation. Level of certainty: HIGH</bold>).</p>
        <p>In 16 608 women, MHT was associated with a slight increase in the risk of breast cancer with the use of 0.625 mg/d of conjugated equine estrogen plus 2.5 mg/d of medroxyprogesterone acetate as compared to placebo (0.38%/year for conjugated equine estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate <italic>versus</italic> 0.30%/year for placebo).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In 10 738 women, treatment with 0.625 mg/d of conjugated equine estrogen alone did not show that outcome (0.26%/year for conjugated equine estrogen alone <italic>versus</italic> 0.33%/year for placebo).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B306">306</xref></sup> Contraindications to MHT are as follows: hormone-dependent neoplasms, such as breast cancer, breast cancer precursor lesions, endometrial cancer, history of coronary and cerebrovascular diseases. (<bold>Strength of recommendation in FAVOR. STRONG recommendation. Level of certainty: HIGH</bold>).</p>
        <p>Natural hormones constituted by preparations of estradiol and micronized progesterone are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are available through medical prescription. In contrast, compounded bioidentical hormone preparations are not FDA-approved and should be avoided because neither their safety nor efficacy have been tested and they are not monitored for quality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B307">307</xref></sup> In 2020, a report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine concluded that compounded bioidentical hormone preparations were not properly labeled with usage instructions, contraindications, and potential adverse effects, lacking reliable information on safety, efficacy, and product-to-product variability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B306">306</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B307">307</xref></sup> Most marketing claims on safety and efficacy of compounded bioidentical hormone preparations are not supported by properly controlled studies. The use of compounded bioidentical hormone preparations (for example, dehydroepiandrosterone, estradiol, estradiol cypionate, estriol, estrone, pregnenolone, progesterone, testosterone, testosterone cypionate, and testosterone propionate) should be restricted to individuals with documented allergy to active pharmaceutical ingredients or excipients of medications approved by the regulatory agencies. Patients should be informed about the risks inherent in the lack of regulation of the compounded bioidentical hormone preparations by regulatory agencies. The compounded bioidentical hormones in patches or other forms and the so-called "hormone modulation" are not recommended because they lack scientific evidence of efficacy and safety.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B306">306</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B307">307</xref></sup> The SBC, FEBRASGO, and SOBRAC <bold>are AGAINST the adoption of those therapies. STRONG recommendation. Level of certainty: VERY LOW</bold>.</p>
        <p>Patients should be informed that acupuncture, relaxation therapy, phytoestrogens, exercises and <italic>black cohosh</italic> are not significantly better than placebo to relieve VMS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B308">308</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B311">311</xref></sup> In clinical trials on therapies for VMS, up to 50% of the participants responded to placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B312">312</xref></sup> Thus, control with a placebo group is necessary to assess the efficacy of potential treatments for VMS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B306">306</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Absolute increases in the risk associated with hormone therapy are smaller for women starting the treatment close to menopause onset. Higher safety (regarding the risk of stroke or CAD) of transdermal preparations of estradiol as compared to conjugated equine estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate by oral route has been suggested in large observational studies, but there is no randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial on that.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B306">306</xref></sup> It is worth noting that new clinical trials approaching unanswered questions, such as &#8216;does age or timing of initiation of MHT affect differently the health outcomes?&#8217;; &#8216;can the benefits and harms of MHT vary in population, racial and ethnic groups?&#8217;; &#8216;do socioeconomic barriers that imply higher risk for certain chronic conditions (DM, stroke, chronic CAD) alter the results of MHT?&#8217;; &#8216;how do the benefits and harms of the different MHT formulations and durations compare?&#8217;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B255">255</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The current recommendations for MHT are summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f42">Figure 7.1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f42">
          <label>Figure 7.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Current recommendations for menopausal hormone therapy.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf18-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8. Contemporary Evidence of Hormonal Therapy in Women</title>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1. What Should be Used: Types, Doses, and Routes of Administration</title>
          <p>The MHT consists in the pharmacological administration of sexual steroids, especially estrogens and progestogens, to women in MT or postmenopause, aimed at relieving symptoms or preventing health problems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The International Menopause Society (IMS) recommends that the use of the term &#8216;class effect&#8217; be avoided, because of the large number of possibilities due to differences in hormones, routes of administration, doses, and regimens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The most important steroid in MHT is estrogen because it relieves menopausal symptoms and protects against osteoporosis. The role of progestogen is to prevent the endometrial proliferation caused by estrogen, thus preventing the increase in the endometrial cancer risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The most frequently used estrogens in MHT are estradiol, identical to the endogenous one from the molecular viewpoint, and conjugated estrogens. Estradiol is available in the form of 17-beta-estradiol or estradiol valerate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B314">314</xref></sup> Another drug used for MHT is tibolone, which is a synthetic progestogen, but its metabolites have estrogenic, androgenic, and progestational effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B315">315</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Regarding progestogens, the most frequently used are the synthetic ones, such as norethisterone, dydrogesterone, drospirenone, nomegestrol acetate, and medroxyprogesterone acetate. In addition, there is micronized progesterone, identical to natural progesterone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Regarding MHT administration route, the key question refers to estrogen, whose routes can be oral, transdermal, or vaginal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup> The vaginal route is meant for local effects in the genital system, with no significant systemic effects,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B316">316</xref></sup> while the oral and transdermal routes have systemic effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup></p>
          <p>After absorption in the digestive tube, estrogen goes to the liver through the porta system, affecting the hepatic protein synthesis (for example, of the coagulation factors). After this hepatic pass, estrogen finally reaches the systemic circulation. When delivered through the transdermal route, estrogen is distributed to the systemic circulation right after absorption, reaching the liver only later. Thus, the estrogen's oral administration has higher liver impact than the transdermal route, and this phenomenon has been called the &#8216;hepatic first-pass effect&#8217;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B317">317</xref></sup></p>
          <p>This phenomenon explains the fact that oral estrogen favors some increase in the serum levels of TG, but also causes a higher increase in HDL-c associated with a higher reduction in LDL-c than that observed with the transdermal route.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B318">318</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Case-control studies have shown an increase in the thrombosis and VTE risks associated with oral estrogen, but no increase with the transdermal route.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B319">319</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B321">321</xref></sup> The last of those studies has reported RR of 1.40 (CI, 1.32-1.48) associated with oral estrogen, while, with transdermal route, RR was 0.96 (IC, 0.88-1.04).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B321">321</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Regarding the hormone dose used, the lowest effective doses are currently preferred, the highest doses being reserved for patients who do not respond sufficiently.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref></sup> One of the studies assessing different doses of oral estradiol has reported that doses of 2 mg, 1 mg, and 0.5 mg were better than placebo to relieve VMS, but 0.25 mg was not; thus, the lowest effective dose of oral estradiol is 0.5 mg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B322">322</xref></sup> Transdermal estradiol in Brazil is available as patches, at the doses of 25 mcg and 50 mcg, and as gel, at the doses of 0.5 mg/day to 3.0 mg/day.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B314">314</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.2. How to Prescribe MHT</title>
          <p>The IMS, the North American Menopause Society (NAMS), and the SOBRAC agree that the treatment of menopausal symptoms, as well as the prevention of osteoporosis, is the prime indication for MHT. For the menopausal genitourinary syndrome, vaginal estrogen is preferred.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In addition, patients with POF have indication for MHT, in the absence of contraindications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f43">Figure 8.1</xref> shows the major contraindications to MHT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref></sup></p>
          <fig id="f43">
            <label>Figure 8.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Major contraindications to menopausal hormone therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref></sup></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf19-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>According to the SOBRAC, the prescription of MHT should be preceded by the assessment of a mammography performed within 12 months from the prescription, as well as the quantification of TC and its subfractions, TGs, and fasting glycemia. Other complementary tests might be necessary depending on the clinical history and physical exam findings. Other screening gynecological tests should be requested according to specific guidelines and not because of the likelihood of beginning MHT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.3. When and for How Long MHT Should Be Prescribed</title>
          <p>The WHI was a large study that randomized postmenopausal women to receive MHT by use of conjugated estrogens with or without medroxyprogesterone acetate or placebo. That study has revealed that MHT associated with a higher risk of CV events,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> differently from that reported in the <italic>Nurses&#8217; Health Study</italic>, an observational study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B324">324</xref></sup></p>
          <p>It is worth to carefully assess the WHI population: over two-thirds of the women were 60 years or older at the time of randomization and a significant part was 70 years or older. Only a few women were within 10 years of menopause onset at the beginning of MHT in that study. The large majority had neither moderate nor intense VMS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B325">325</xref></sup></p>
          <p>It has been reported that MHT initiated in the first years from menopause onset could decrease the progression of atherosclerosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B281">281</xref></sup> or even reduce CV outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B325">325</xref></sup></p>
          <p>It is worth noting that, in the <italic>Nurses&#8217; Health Study</italic>, the women on MHT, on average, had shorter time since menopause onset and were more symptomatic than those in the WHI, similarly to the real daily practice of clinicians.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B326">326</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B328">328</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In the WHI, when analyzing the subgroups according to the years since menopause at MHT initiation (less than 10 years, between 10 years and 20 years, and more than 20 years), the authors have reported an increase in CVR with statistical significance only in those with more than 20 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B329">329</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Thus, the concept of window of opportunity for beginning MHT was created, corresponding exactly to the first years of postmenopause. The NAMS recommends beginning MHT for women in the first 10 years of postmenopause or before the age of 60 years, and states that for women with indication and no contraindication and respected the window of opportunity, the benefits of MHT outweigh eventual risks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup> The IMS and the SOBRAC share the same opinion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A joint assessment of the postmenopausal time and CVR has been proposed by Kaunitz &amp; Manson and the NAMS. If the time since menopause is shorter than 10 years and the CVR according to risk calculators classify the MHT candidate as at low risk, MHT is indicated. If the CVR is intermediate, MHT can be prescribed, but the transdermal route for estrogen should be preferred. If the time since menopause exceeds 10 years or the calculated CVR is high, MHT is not recommended. All this should only be considered in the absence of contraindications and if agreed with the patient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Regarding MHT duration, none of the most important guidelines on MHT establishes a mandatory maximal duration when MHT should be interrupted. This decision should be made at each follow-up visit based on the assessment of individualized risk-benefit ratio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B323">323</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.4. Prescription in Different Scenarios of Cardiovascular Risk (SAH, DM, DLP)</title>
          <p>In Brazil and worldwide, CVDs diseases are the major cause of death, accounting for one third of all-cause deaths and affecting men and women of all age groups. In women, the traditional RFs for CVD include: DM, SAH, DLP, smoking, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The indications for MHT approved by the menopause societies worldwide, including the Brazilian one (SOBRAC), comprise the treatment of moderate to severe VMS, menopausal genitourinary syndrome symptoms and signs, prevention of bone loss and osteoporotic fractures, in addition to hypoestrogenism due to hypogonadism, bilateral oophorectomy, and POF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B313">313</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B330">330</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B331">331</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The prescription of MHT can be challenging in patients with one or more morbidities or one of the known CVRFs that will be approached in the following paragraphs.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>8.4.1. Obesity</title>
            <p>Obesity is considered a RF for VTE, and the oral use of estrogen for overweight patients has an additive effect on the increased risk for VTE, as shown in some observational studies and systematic reviews.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B319">319</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B332">332</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B333">333</xref></sup> In the WHI study, overweight and obese women randomized to use systemic MHT had a three-fold (HR, 3.80; 95% CI, 2.08&#8211;6.94) and a six-fold (HR, 5,61; 95% CI, 3,12&#8211;10,11) higher risk for VTE, respectively, as compared to those using placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B298">298</xref></sup> In the absence of randomized clinical trials and based on consistent data from observational studies on the low risk for VTE with transdermal MHT, this route of administration should be preferred for patients with overweight or obesity, an indication endorsed by the leading menopause societies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B334">334</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.4.2. Dyslipidemia</title>
            <p>Menopausal transition is associated with an increased risk for CVD, attributed mainly to atherogenic DLP, central obesity, and insulin resistance, in addition to an increased risk for SAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The AHA states that adults aged 40-75 years should have their risk for atherosclerotic CVD estimated for 10 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B334">334</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup> The SBC recommends that, for women with low CVR, LDL-c should be lower than 130 mg/dL, and, if the goal is met, estrogen therapy should be preferably administered through transdermal route to prevent the phenomenon of hepatic first pass (through the oral route), and, for patients without hysterectomy, micronized progesterone is added to neutralize the estrogen's proliferative effects on the endometrium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.4.3. Hypertension</title>
            <p>Systemic arterial hypertension is a well-established RF for CVD and an aggravating factor of the CVR of DM in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In the WHI study, the use of conjugated equine estrogens either associated or not with medroxyprogesterone acetate has shown an 1-1.5 mm Hg elevation in blood pressure levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup> In the observational part of the WHI study, transdermal estrogen therapy had a low risk for SAH development as compared to the oral MHT regimen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup> Patients with non-controlled SAH (BP &#8805; 180/110 mm Hg) have contraindication to initiate MHT because of the risk of stroke.</p>
            <p>Observational data and meta-analyses have shown a reduced risk for CAD in women who initiate MHT before the age of 60 years or within 10 years from menopause onset. According to the NAMS, if SAH is controlled and the risk stratification for atherosclerotic CVD &lt; 5%, either oral or transdermal MHT can be used. However, in situations with SAH of difficult control and moderate to severe VMS, the use of transdermal estrogen therapy is suggested in association with micronized progesterone for women without hysterectomy, because it has lower thrombogenic potential than other progestogens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B334">334</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.4.4. Diabetes</title>
            <p>The prevalence of DM increases with the elevation in the prevalence of obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Menopausal hormone therapy is not contraindicated in healthy women with preexisting DM2 and may be beneficial to control glycemia when used to relieve menopausal symptoms. Menopausal hormone therapy significantly reduces the diagnosis of DM2 of recent onset,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B325">325</xref></sup> but is not approved for that indication. For women with well-controlled DM2 (HbA1c &lt; 8%) and moderate to intense VMS, transdermal estrogen therapy, avoiding the hepatic first pass phenomenon, associated with micronized progesterone would be the best therapeutic option.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B334">334</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.4.5. Metabolic Syndrome</title>
            <p>Recent meta-analysis has shown that MHT reduced multiple components of the MS, such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, DLP, and SAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B336">336</xref></sup> In the WHI study, women with MS randomized to receive conjugated equine estrogen alone or associated with medroxyprogesterone acetate had a two-fold higher risk of CVD than those in the placebo group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup> Despite the lack of randomized studies comparing the different MHT routes of administration and CV events in women with MS, the use of transdermal MHT is recommended to relieve symptoms because that route of administration causes no hepatic first pass phenomenon.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B334">334</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.5. Prescription for Patients with Manifest Cardiovascular Disease</title>
          <p>Data from a meta-analysis have shown no significant differences between MHT users and controls regarding the primary outcomes nonfatal MI, CV death, and stroke in women with CVD. In addition, the frequency of angina, HF, and transient ischemic attack did not differ between the MHT and control groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B337">337</xref></sup></p>
          <sec>
            <title>8.5.1. Acute Myocardial Infarction</title>
            <p>In general, MHT is contraindicated to women with known CAD, such as AMI, and peripheral artery disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup> Beginning MHT in women within 10 years from menopause onset either reduced or had no effect on the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis and coronary artery calcification in randomized and controlled trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup> A study published in 2001 showed no difference in the risk of recurrent AMI or death from CVD in women after the first AMI between MHT users and non-users.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B338">338</xref></sup> The observational study ESPRIT RCT (<italic>Estrogen for the Prevention of Reinfarction Trial</italic>), with post-AMI women randomized to receive estradiol valerate alone or placebo for 2 years, in a 14-year follow-up, has shown no difference between those groups regarding death from CVD, stroke, or IHD in general.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B338">338</xref></sup> Current consensus guidelines do not stratify the risk of MHT based on the woman's subtype of CVD. The American College of Cardiology argues that, for women aged 50-59 years and with history of AMI without obstructive CAD, spontaneous dissection of the coronary artery, microvascular coronary dysfunction, or coronary vasospasm, an individualized approach to MHT is necessary. Because of the supposed pathophysiological association between female sex hormones and spontaneous dissection of the coronary artery, the American College of Cardiology recommends that oral MHT should be avoided in that group, and that, after proper control of the BP levels and lipid fractions, systemic MHT can be considered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup> In addition, for women with risk stratification of atherosclerotic CVD &gt; 10%, MHT should be avoided independently of the hormone route of administration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.5.2. Unstable Angina</title>
            <p>Data from a recent meta-analysis, assessing anginal symptoms and hospitalization due to stable angina in six studies, have shown that hospitalization occurred predominantly in the first 2 years after randomization, with nonsignificant trend of being higher in the MHT group in an observational study. And, in five randomized clinical trials, there was no difference in angina between the MHT and control groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B337">337</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.5.3. Stroke and Transient Ischemic Accident</title>
            <p>Previous history of ischemic stroke is a contraindication to MHT although the absolute risks of both estrogen-only and estrogen plus progestogen therapies are considered rare (&lt;10/10 000/year).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B334">334</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.5.4. Heart Failure</title>
            <p>Literature data on the use of MHT in women diagnosed with HF are scarce. In case of no response to nonhormonal treatment and if the patient has clinical improvement, ejection fraction that returns to the previous levels, and good control of modifiable factors, low-dose transdermal MHT can be indicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B334">334</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.5.5. Venous Thromboembolism and Pulmonary Embolism</title>
            <p>Previous history of VTE, including DVT and PE, should be considered a contraindication to oral systemic MHT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B335">335</xref></sup> Lower doses of oral MHT can confer fewer risks for VTE than higher doses, but comparative data from randomized clinical trials lack. Micronized progesterone seems less thrombogenic than other progestogens used for MHT. Transdermal MHT has not been associated with the risk of VTE in observational studies, and a systematic review has confirmed those findings, suggesting lower risk with transdermal than oral MHT. However, comparative data from randomized clinical trials lack.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup> If DVT is diagnosed during the use of oral contraceptives or pregnancy, MHT should be avoided because of the relation of DVT and exogenous estrogen. The occurrence of a DVT event after prolonged immobilization or trauma, such as in a car accident, fall, or immediate post-operative period, indicates that the pro-inflammatory state that caused thrombosis might not be related to estrogen effects. Thus, in such situations, the transdermal route is recommended for MHT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B334">334</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.5.6. Congenital Heart Disease and Post-heart Transplantation</title>
            <p>Due to lack of literature data, cautiousness is recommended when indicating MHT in such situations, nonhormonal treatments being considered the best option.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.6. Bioidentical Hormones and Pellets: What Should Be Informed</title>
          <p>Over the past years, media coverage of hormone replacement therapy has largely focused on the use of bioidentical hormones and hormonal pellets, which has generated controversies and debates.</p>
          <p>Bioidentical hormones are molecules with the same chemical and molecular structure of the hormones synthesized by the human body. They are exact copies of human endogenous hormones, such as estradiol, estriol, and progesterone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The term "bioidentical" has been incorrectly used to refer to new therapeutic options of "natural hormones" tailored to the needs of individual patients at compounding pharmacies to treat menopausal symptoms. However, the first issue to clarify is that the most used bioidentical hormones in MHT - estradiol, estriol, and progesterone &#8211; have been produced for years by the pharmaceutical industry at different doses and formulations and sold at commercial drugstores.</p>
          <p>The concern is that compounded hormonal therapies may have inconsistency in dosages, quality control, and absorption, because compounded hormonal formulations might have pharmacokinetic differences and not undergo the same quality control in the different compounding pharmacies countrywide.</p>
          <p>The prescription of MHT as hormonal pellets has been popularized on social media and networks. Hormonal pellets are capsules or spherical bodies subcutaneously implanted and can be absorbable or not.</p>
          <p>Compounded pellets can differ regarding their hormone composition (estradiol, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, oxytocin, oxandrolone, nestorone, gestrinone) released to the blood stream. These pellets are produced by compounding pharmacies, not regulated by strict rules, do not undergo rigorous assessments of safety and efficacy testing, and do not meet the requirements of the pharmaceutical industry dugs approved by drug regulatory agencies. Once no medicine leaflet is required for compounded products, the dose and type of hormone contained in each pellet are not preestablished, there is neither alert nor description of basic information, such as indications, safety testing, and possible adverse effects, as required for other industrialized medications approved by the Brazilian Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA). There is concern about the doses and contents of these pellets, because they can expose patients to harm or risks due to overdose or hormones not indicated for MHT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B339">339</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A search in the largest scientific database maintained by the National Library of Medicine, PubMed, shows that there are few clinical studies on hormonal pellets for MHT use. Most of the few studies are on testosterone pellets with small case series and methodology of low grade of evidence (retrospective or observational studies), which provides no knowledge on the effects of those pellets on several relevant MHT issues, such as breast cancer risk, endometrial risks, metabolic, CV, and long-term effects, for them to be safely used in women. In addition, a large part of the pharmacokinetics of compounded pellets, such as hormone release rates, significant inter-individual variance,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B340">340</xref></sup> and difficulty in pellet reversibility in case of adverse effects, is unknown. Although there are a few studies on pellets with a large number of participants, their methodology has limitations and biases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B341">341</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B342">342</xref></sup></p>
          <p>However, data from PubMed have shown that all the scientific knowledge accumulated over the years with several publications on the benefits and risks of MHT related to doses, oral and transdermal routes of administration, and type of estrogen and progestogen derive from industrialized bioidentical hormones or synthetic hormones approved by the regulatory agencies. These studies are different, and their results cannot be extrapolated to the pellet route until studies specifically designed for such purpose are published.</p>
          <p>New MHT alternatives or routes of administration are very welcome to meet the needs of a larger number of women, but they will only be recommended based on confirmed efficacy and safety mainly.</p>
          <p>Thus, considering the lack of scientific studies that confirm the safety of compounded bioidentical hormones and of hormonal pellets, as well as the several doubts regarding their clinical effects and potential risks, these hormonal therapies are recommended by neither the Brazilian national societies, such as FEBRASGO,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B343">343</xref></sup> SOBRAC, and the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology, nor the international medical societies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.7. Additional Therapies</title>
          <p>Some clinical situations require nonhormonal therapies to control VMS. This applies to symptomatic women with contraindications or those who, due to personal preferences, do not want to undergo MHT.</p>
          <p>The additional therapies can be divided into pharmacological, alternative pharmacological (phytotherapy), and non-pharmacological or behavioral.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>8.7.1. Pharmacological Therapies</title>
            <p>Of the nonhormonal therapies to relieve VMS, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors act through the regulation of serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the hypothalamic thermoregulator center, reducing the VMS.</p>
            <p>Paroxetine 7.5-25 mg, citalopram 10-20 mg, escitalopram 20 mg, venlafaxine 37.5-75 mg, and desvenlafaxine 50-100 mg are the most studied antidepressants, and placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials have shown their efficacy in reducing the frequency and severity of mild to moderate VMS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B344">344</xref></sup> Less consistent results have been obtained with sertraline and fluoxetine, which, thus, are not recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B345">345</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Gabapentin is an antiseizure drug analogue of the gamma-aminobutyric acid that crosses the blood-brain barrier and acts directly on the hypothalamic thermoregulator center. Controlled randomized clinical trials have shown its efficacy to reduce VMS at doses varying from 900 mg to 2400 mg divided into three takes. The adverse events include somnolence, dizziness, and changes in balance function, and can be a good choice for women with sleep disorders associated with VMS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B346">346</xref></sup> Pregabalin, derived from the aminobutyric acid related to gabapentin, has been assessed at the dose of 75-150 mg; however, because of the scarcity of studies and potential adverse effects, it has not been recommended to control VMS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B347">347</xref></sup> Oxybutynin, an anticholinergic used to treat urgency urinary incontinence at the dose of 5-15 mg/day, has been assessed in a few clinical trials and shown improvement of VMS; however, it should be cautiously used in the elderly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B347">347</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The new drug fezolinetant, an antagonist of neurokinin B that acts directly on the hypothalamic thermoregulator center, has just been approved by the FDA to relieve VMS. Clinical trials have shown that the dose of 45 mg per day is effective to reduce VMS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B301">301</xref></sup> It will soon be available in Brazil.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.7.2. Alternative Pharmacological Therapies</title>
            <p>Alternative pharmacological therapies, such as phytotherapy, have also been assessed to treat VMS. Isoflavones are non-steroid compounds found in plants and vegetables that have a phenolic ring and structure similar to that of estradiol, with high affinity and adhesion to hormonal receptors, and act as an estrogen agonist or antagonist. Studies on soy isoflavones, such as glycine max and <italic>Trifolium pratense</italic> (red clover), have shown conflicting results regarding the reduction of VMS as compared to placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B348">348</xref></sup> Black cohosh (<italic>Cimicifuga racemosa</italic> or <italic>Actae racemosa</italic> L.) is a phytotherapy agent whose mechanism of action has not been totally clarified and whose results are conflicting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B349">349</xref></sup> Other compounds, such as <italic>erva-de-s&#227;o-jo&#227;o</italic>, ginkgo biloba, and ginseng, have no proven efficacy and are not recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B347">347</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.7.3. Behavioral Therapies</title>
            <p>Behavioral therapies, such as changes in lifestyle, physical exercises, yoga, and mindfulness, have not proven effective in reducing VMS. Cognitive-behavioral therapies, such as psychoeducation, understanding how emotions affect the perception of physical sensations, and avoiding triggers of VMS seem to reduce the discomfort associated with VMS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B347">347</xref></sup></p>
            <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f44">Figure 8.2</xref> shows the flowchart for implementing the current recommendations for MHT. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t15">Chart 8.1</xref> shows the types, doses, and routes of administration of estrogens and progestogens used in MHT.</p>
            <fig id="f44">
              <label>Figure 8.2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Flowchart for implementing the current recommendations for menopausal hormone therapy.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf20-en.tif"/></fig>
            <table-wrap id="t15">
              <label>Chart 8.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Types, doses, and routes of administration of estrogens and progestogens used in menopausal hormone therapy. MHT: menopausal hormone therapy.</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="box" rules="none">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                      <bold>TYPES, DOSES, AND ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION OF ESTROGENS USED IN MHT</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">
                      <bold>ORAL ROUTE</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">17-&#946;-estradiol</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/day</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Estradiol valerate</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0 - 2.0 mg/day</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">
                      <bold>TRANSDERMAL ROUTE</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">17-&#946;-estradiol - gel</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5-3.0 mg/day</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">17-&#946;-estradiol - patch</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">25, 50 mcg/day</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">
                      <bold>VAGINAL ROUTE</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Estriol cream</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0 mg/g</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Estradiol</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">10 mcg per pill</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Promestriene</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">10 mg/g</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                      <bold>TYPES, DOSES, AND ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION OF PROGESTOGENS USED IN MHT</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">
                      <bold>ORAL ROUTE</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2.5 - 10.0 mg/day</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Cyproterone acetate</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0 - 2.0 mg/day</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Norethisterone acetate</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.1 - 1.0 mg/day</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Nomegestrol acetate</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2.5 - 5.0 mg/day</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Dydrogesterone</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">5.0 - 10.0 mg/day</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Drospirenone</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2.0 mg/day</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Micronized progesterone</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">100 - 200 mg/day</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">
                      <bold>TRANSDERMAL ROUTE</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Norethisterone acetate</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">140 - 170 mcg/day</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">
                      <bold>VAGINAL ROUTE</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Micronized progesterone &#8211; soft gelatin capsules</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">100 - 200 mg/day</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">
                      <bold>INTRAUTERINE ROUTE</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">HIUD-levonorgestrel</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">20 mcg/day</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9. Menopause and Women in the Job Market &#8211; Difficulties and Opportunities for Improvement</title>
        <sec>
          <title>9.1. Introduction</title>
          <p>All women will enter menopause, and, in MT, the great majority will have several signs and symptoms, many of which hinder their quality of life.</p>
          <p>According to global statistics, in 2020, there were 657 million women aged 45-59 years, 47% of whom were in the job market. Because the mean age at menopause is around 51 years, many working women are in that stage of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B350">350</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In the current economy, the income from working women is necessary for not only them but their families as well; therefore, keep working during menopause is a reality for women. With the increase in women's life expectancy and active age, many of them spend one third of their lives, as well as a significant amount of their professional years, in menopause and postmenopause.</p>
          <p>Working is related to not only the obvious financial need, but to higher self-esteem, better health, and less psychological stress.</p>
          <p>The impact of menopausal symptoms and related diseases on the work environment deserves higher professional attention than it currently gets. The negative effect of menopausal symptoms on the work ability of women in that stage of life is worth noting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B351">351</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B352">352</xref></sup></p>
          <p>There is a variety of experiences of menopausal women in the workplace influenced not only by the menopausal symptoms and context, but also by the physical and psychosocial characteristics of the work environment. These factors can affect not only their quality of life, but also their motivation and engagement in professional activities, daily performance, and relation with their employers.</p>
          <p>In societies or environments in which menopause is considered a taboo, the lack of discussion about this topic and the stigma attached to it increase the burden of the symptoms to women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Studies have shown that the most worrisome symptoms to women in the workplace are the urinary symptoms, fatigue, difficulty sleeping, difficulty to concentrate, memory loss, sensation of dismay/depression, and reduced self-confidence.</p>
          <p>Women with severe menopausal symptoms might quit their jobs or reduce their work hours, which negatively affects their income and safety later in life. For employers, this means loss of experienced personnel with valuable skills and talents.</p>
          <p>Throughout the past decade, there has been an increased awareness of employers regarding menopause as a potential occupational health problem and the need for proper support at the workplace. Manager awareness about flexible working times has been considered the most beneficial workplace support.</p>
          <p>It is necessary to recognize that menopausal symptoms can negatively impact work performance, and that the workplace can affect menopausal symptoms. Thus, it is fundamental to provide a work environment open to the women's health needs, with an inclusive and supporting culture, without discrimination against those in this difficult life period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B350">350</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>9.2. Impact of Menopausal Symptoms on Professional Life and How Women Cope with the Biological Changes in this Phase</title>
          <sec>
            <title>9.2.1. Signs and Symptoms and Professional Life in Menopause</title>
            <p>Currently, one of the working groups that increases the most is that of women aged 50 years and older, with employment rates of people aged 50-64 years ranging from 55% to 67% in Europe, Australia, and the United States.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B350">350</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Menopausal symptoms negatively impact working women, hindering their work performance, reducing job satisfaction, and jeopardizing individual professional well-being, which can result in direct and indirect costs for the employer and the State (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f45">Figure 9.1</xref>).</p>
            <fig id="f45">
              <label>Figure 9.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Menopausal symptoms with negative impact on professional performance.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf21-en.tif"/></fig>
            <p>Loss of estrogen's protective effect and its consequent changes lead to an increase in CVR during postmenopause, and more than half of the women develop SAH. Increases in cholesterol levels, body weight, and DM2 incidence are also frequent, contributing to elevate the CVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B351">351</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Menopause is considered differently in different cultures, and more positively seen in those that value aging experience and wisdom. This has practical effects because women who consider menopause as something negative will have more symptoms.</p>
            <p>In addition, menopause sometimes occurs in a difficult phase of life, when children leave their homes, many parents die, women have to take care of older parents of family members, and when age-related health problems occur. These situations increase the likelihood of developing depression, anxiety, chronic stress, and burnout syndrome.</p>
            <p>It is worth noting that some health complaints associated with burnout, such as fatigue, sleep disorders, cognitive problems, such as difficulty to concentrate, memory loss, irritability, and emotional disorders, can be similar to menopausal symptoms, and identifying this is not always easy for women or even for health professionals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B351">351</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The most frequent symptoms in response to menopausal hormone changes are hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disorders, fatigue, muscle pain, vaginal dryness, urinary disorders, mood swings, headache, and poor concentration and memory. Peri- and postmenopausal insomnia and depression associate with productiveness loss and high costs for the employer.</p>
            <p>The typical hot flashes usually appear suddenly and spread from the thorax to the neck, head, and arms, being secondary to increased blood flow to the skin, accompanied by increased heart rate, and followed by sweating in the upper part of the body. The increase in heart rate secondary to higher peripheral flow aims at maintaining proper cardiac output to maintain BP. The effect of the hot flashes on heart rate is even higher during hard working or under elevated temperatures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B354">354</xref></sup> Occasional objective symptoms, such as increased menstrual flow and urinary incontinence, can occur, in addition to less specific complaints, such as cognitive and psychological symptoms.</p>
            <p>A study with 407 working women in healthcare and social service, who answered a large questionnaire on menopause, has reported that the symptoms initiated between the ages of 46 years and 52 years in 43% of the women, and between 41 years and 45 years in 35% of them.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup> In addition, the physical and psychological effects of surgical menopause, observed in younger women, should be considered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>9.2.2. Menopause and the Work Environment</title>
            <p>Usually, work improves women's mental health, because it impacts positively on their self-esteem and health, and decreases psychological stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B351">351</xref></sup> Women that report good health are less influenced by menopausal symptoms at work.</p>
            <p>The symptoms can start 4 years before and last for 4-8 years after menopause onset. Thus, the number of symptomatic working women, especially in work areas with prevalence of women, is significant, which has led, in recent years, to higher employers&#8217; awareness on menopause as an occupational health concern and consequent need for support to these women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Menopause is rarely discussed in the workplace, due to taboos, which contributes to the lack of knowledge about this phase of life among women, health professionals, and employers. In a workplace where women are minority (police, military, industries), those difficulties to address menopause can be even more limiting. Thus, studies on the impact of menopause on women's work and career are still scarce.</p>
            <p>A study conducted in Holand has shown that women with severe menopausal symptoms have an 8.4-fold higher reduction in work ability than those paired for age but without those symptoms. In addition, there was a higher risk of absence from work, with higher financial loss.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B355">355</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The acute effect of hot flashes can impact negatively on professional performance, affecting the ability to concentrate and complete complex cognitive tasks during hot flashes and sweats.</p>
            <p>Women who have night sweats have their natural sleep cycle affected, sometimes with severe chronic consequences. Sleep deprivation leads to more sleep disorders and consequent insomnia and fatigue during the day. Thus, in the work environment, the impact of night sweats can manifest as reduced work ability and production, with higher likelihood of errors and consequent work accidents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B354">354</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The study by O&#8217;Neill, assessing the impact of menopausal symptoms on the work life of 407 women, has shown that 65% of the participants reported that the symptoms impacted their work performance, 35% stated that the symptoms influenced their career development decision, 18% reported occasional work absence due to their symptoms, 8% reported a reduction in their work times, 7% changed function, 6% stopped working night shifts, and 2% quit working due to the symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The important negative impact of menopausal symptoms on the professional lives of this large number of women indicates the need for changes in their workplaces. These changes should aim to mitigate the problems of the work ability decline and work absenteeism related to those symptoms.</p>
            <p>When asked about what should be changed in the workplace to reduce the impact of menopausal symptoms on work ability, one third of the women in the study by O&#8217;Neill mentioned their employer's awareness would be the most important factor, followed by more flexible work schedules. In addition, they mentioned temperature and ventilation control, easy access to bathrooms and potable water fountains, and light uniforms. Regarding treatment offers, the most often mentioned were appointment with general practitioners, hormonal therapy use, and antidepressants. Another finding of that study was that neurocognitive and psychological symptoms had a higher impact, while the VMS had a smaller influence on those women's work.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Thus, health professionals and employers should be able to recognize that menopausal symptoms can affect working women's well-being, and, thus, the quality of their lives and work ability, which will lead to a reduction in the working hours, underemployment or even unemployment, and their deleterious financial consequences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B350">350</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>9.3. Employers and Menopause &#8211; Improvement Opportunities</title>
            <p>In 1971 in Great Britain, there were 3 million employed women aged 45-59 years, and, in 2001, they were 3.9 million, representing 45% of the over 50-year-old workforce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B356">356</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Menopause is not a uniform experience among working women, and there is large variation in the prevalence of symptoms that create difficulties at work (25% to 65%), according to different studies.</p>
            <p>Symptomatic women have higher levels of absenteeism (medical leave) and higher frequency of outpatient appointments. The costs due to work disability increase significantly in women with severe symptoms as compared to those with mild symptoms, and VMS, insomnia, sleep disorders, and psychosocial symptoms have the highest impact.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B357">357</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The recently published results from the <italic>Health and Employment after Fifty Study (HEAF)</italic> have shown that, while the most frequently mentioned symptoms by peri- and postmenopausal working women were VMS (91.7%), and sleep (68.2%), psychological (63.6%), and urinary (49.1%) disorders, the symptoms that most impacted the work ability were the psychological ones (depression, irritability, anxiety, crying), severe headache, and joint pains.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B358">358</xref></sup> In that study, the RFs for difficulty coping with menopausal symptoms at work were financial deprivation, poorer self-rated health, depression, and adverse psychosocial occupational factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B358">358</xref></sup> The authors have concluded that inequality also affects menopausal working women, requiring higher awareness of employers of all sectors, and special attention to vulnerable women (with economic difficulties, jobs in which they feel insecure, unappreciated, or dissatisfied), because they are at higher risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B358">358</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Problems with supervisors or colleagues, such as the perception of lack of support or the perceived probability that the mention to menopause will cause embarrassing, irrelevant, or discriminatory responses, have also been reported as the cause of difficulties and led to women's lack of will to reveal their menopausal status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B359">359</xref></sup></p>
            <p>According to the study by Reynolds, women experience VMS at work, with distress worsening during formal meetings, in closed and hot spaces, and in the presence of men. The approach to this problem has been seen as an individual rather than organizational responsibility. Reynolds has suggested that counsellors and health occupational agents in organizations should raise awareness about the women's needs at the management level, with sensitization to the potential impact of hot flashes on work experiences and preparing to provide support and counseling. Simply making controllable fans and heating systems available is a practical help for the most common problems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B360">360</xref></sup></p>
            <p>If the problem is seen as personal, revealing it is allowed when women have positive attitudes towards aging or have empathetic colleagues. However, when the problem is considered organizational, discussing and negotiating the underlying needs might generate alternatives to solve the problems, such as flexible schedules, change to part-time schedules for a while, occasional remote work, thermostat adjustments, discussion of annual vacations, change of the office site to well-ventilated and illuminated areas, closer to bathrooms, as well as talks with supervisors seeking creative solutions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B359">359</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Organization members sometimes become aware of a woman's age through menopausal symptoms. Employers have taken too long to recognize that menopausal women might need special considerations. Organizations should try to reduce the menopause-related stigma and present it as an asset rather than a liability.</p>
            <p>In their review, Jack <italic>et al.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B357">357</xref></sup> have suggested four recommendations:</p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Employers should review the scope of their policies, practices, and relevant activities regarding health and safety at work, as well the human resources, considering the national legal requirements to provide safe, healthy, and discrimination-free environment for working women in perimenopause, adopting a holistic approach depending on the company's sector;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>As part of their responsibilities regarding safety and health at work, employers should perform risk assessments of symptomatic women to identify the reasonably necessary adaptations that can be made in the physical and psychosocial work environment. This will depend on the type/function of the work and industry;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Employers should develop programs of health promotion that include information on menopause, aging, and health, enabling women to self-manage symptoms (for example, through dietary changes, stress management, development of positive attitudes regarding aging and menopause) and providing formal and informal social support (for example, through a women's network or through lunch-time meetings);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>A variety of policies and practices for training and development of the organization and human resources should be implemented to foster more friendly work environments, positive supervisor/subordinate relations, and support for menopausal women.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>9.4. How to Improve Work Conditions</title>
          <p>The past decade witnessed an increase in employers&#8217; awareness on menopause as a potential occupational health problem, as well as on the need to provide proper support in the workplace. However, efforts in this direction are scarce, with almost no dialogue between employer/manager and workers in most organizations.</p>
          <p>Employers should promote an institutional culture in which menopausal symptoms can be discussed and managers and supervisors are educated on menopausal topics and trained to be able to engage in supportive conversations with employees.</p>
          <p>A study performed at the Mayo Clinic has shown that the missed days of work attributed to menopausal symptoms represent an annual cost of approximately 1.8 billion dolars.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B361">361</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Temperature control (72%), flexible working hours, including work sharing, time off for medical appointments, regular intervals (58%), seminars on healthy aging (50%), flexible workspaces, such as home office, office change (50%), physical activity programs (46%), and table fans (45%) would be the most popular measures reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B353">353</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Menopause can be considered a taboo, not to be discussed in the work environment, although many workers might be affected. Being able to have proper conversations and adjust the work environment to the needs of perimenopausal women will positively impact on their quality of life, their engagement, performance, and professional motivation. Some practical actions to be adopted in the workplace by managers and supervisors are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f46">Chart 9.1</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B350">350</xref></sup></p>
          <fig id="f46">
            <label>Chart 9.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Practical actions about menopause to be adopted in the workplace by employers.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf22-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>9.5. Conclusions</title>
          <p>Studies have assessed the frequency of menopausal symptoms rather than their impact on work, or have focused on grouped results, such as quality of life and survival strategies, having forgotten the effects on careers and professional well-being.</p>
          <p>Women are a large part of the global workforce. Therefore, it is necessary to make the work environment more favorable to menopausal women to improve their well-being and ability to work, thus, ensuring that more people reach retirement with the possibility to maintain their contributions to pensions and savings, sufficient for proper income and safety in life.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10. Menopause and Postmenopause in Latin America &#8211; Current Situation, Chalenges, and Opportunities for Intervention</title>
        <sec>
          <title>10.1. Introduction</title>
          <p>Latin America (LA) has more than 20 million km<sup>2</sup> and comprises 20 countries from Mexico to the South of South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B362">362</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The region encompasses several cultures, a variety of idioms (Spanish, which predominates, Portuguese, French, English, Dutch, and several native languages), ethnicities (white, black, native), climates, religions, and traditions. Although sharing the same geographical region and common historical elements, each country has characteristics that make them unique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B362">362</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The region underwent a process of late industrialization and rapid and accelerated urbanization, the economy of the countries being based on exploration and exportation of natural resources, with the tertiary sector playing an important role.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B362">362</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Latin America has a population estimated at 659 744 000 inhabitants (ONU, 2022), of which, approximately 80% live in the cities, the largest being S&#227;o Paulo (Brazil), Mexico City (Mexico), and Buenos Aires (Argentina).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B362">362</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref></sup> Women represent 51% of the total population of LA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B364">364</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The analysis of the life expectancy and causes of death of 363 cities from nine countries in LA has shown a large variation in those indicators among the countries and within each one.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B365">365</xref></sup> Life expectancy at birth in LA ranges from 74 years to 83 years and 63 years to 77 years, for women and men, respectively. Some countries, such as Panama, Costa Rica, and Chile, have higher life expectancy levels, but there is large variation among the cities within each country, which can reach 7-10 years, such as Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, and Peru.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B365">365</xref></sup> In addition, a large heterogeneity has been observed in mortality among the countries in LA and within each country, although chronic diseases (CVDs and others) remain the most common cause of death, representing, on average, 57.7% of total mortality. In LA, on average, cancer accounts for 16.2% of mortality in general, the communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes for 14.4%, and external causes for 11.6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B365">365</xref></sup> In addition, the results of that study have shown that a higher level of education, access to water and basic sanitation, and living in less crowded cities are predictive of higher life expectancy, of a relatively lower proportion of deaths from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases, as well as of a higher proportion of deaths from CVD, cancer, and other chronic diseases in men and women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B365">365</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Some studies have shown that some women perceive menopause as a natural stage of life, with no negative implications, while, for many others, the hormonal changes of that phase can generate symptoms that affect their physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B366">366</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B368">368</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The hormonal changes of menopause determine several changes in female health, such as increased bone and cognitive loss, in addition to an elevation in the CVR in postmenopause, due to the higher prevalence of IHD, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, thromboembolic phenomena, AF, HF, and CV mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B366">366</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B368">368</xref></sup> Those risks are not reduced by MHT with synthetic estrogens/progestogens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B255">255</xref></sup></p>
          <p>It is worth noting that there is a secular trend of increase in the mean menopause age of women living in high-income countries. However, in low/middle-income countries, a clear increase in the prevalence of POF (before age 40 years) and early menopause (ages 40-44 years),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup> both currently considered RFs for CVD and CV mortality, has been observed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B368">368</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.2. Woman and menopause in Latin America</title>
          <sec>
            <title>10.2.1. Natural Menopause, Premature Ovarian Failure, and Early Menopause</title>
            <p>Castelo-Branco <italic>et al</italic>.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B370">370</xref></sup> in 2006, assessing 17 150 healthy women aged 40-59 years, in 47 cities from 15 Latin American countries, have reported median age at menopause for the entire sample of 48.6 years (43.8 years to 53 years).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> They have reported that 49-year-old women living in cities at 2000 meters or more above sea level and those with lower educational level or living in countries with lower income were more likely to have an early menopause onset.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B370">370</xref></sup></p>
            <p>A meta-analysis published in 2014 by Schoenaker <italic>et al.,</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B371">371</xref></sup> including the study by Castelo-Branco <italic>et al.</italic>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B370">370</xref></sup> has shown that the mean age at natural menopause in LA was 47.24 years (45.9 years to 48.6 years).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B371">371</xref></sup> In that meta-analysis, performed based on studies across 24 countries from the six continents, the authors have concluded that the mean age at natural menopause was lower in countries from Africa (48.38 years), LA (47.24 years), Asia (48.75 years), and Middle East (47.37 years), and higher in Europe (50.54 years), Australia (51.25 years), and the United Sates of America (49.11 years), with a mean of 48.8 years (46 years to 52 years) for the six continents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B371">371</xref></sup> In addition, the meta-analysis has shown that smoking and lower educational and occupational levels associated with earlier age at natural menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B371">371</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Leone, Brown, and Gemmill<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup> have conducted a study using 302 standardized household surveys from 1986 to 2019, with women aged 15-49 years, in 76 low/middle-income countries, in five geographical regions (Central Asia; LA and the Caribbean; Northern Africa/Western Asia/Europe; Southern/Southeastern Asia; and Sub-Saharan Africa). Those authors have reported an increasing prevalence of POF and early menopause in low/middle-income countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern/Southeastern Asia, and that these regions also had a reduction in mean age at menopause, with high variation among the continents. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">Table 10.1</xref> shows the results for the regions studied.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t16">
              <label>Table 10.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Prevalence of premature ovarian failure and early menopause and mean age at menopause onset in different geographical regions, in women aged 15-49 years (modified from Leone, Brown, and Gemmill<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup>).</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">REGIONS</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE (%)</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">EARLY MENOPAUSE (%)</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">MEAN AGE AT MENOPAUSE ONSET</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Central Asia</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">1.2</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">1.6</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">45.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Latin America and the Caribbean</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">1.5</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">1.9</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">44.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Northern Africa/Western Asia/Europe</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.1</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">1.4</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">44.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Southern/Southeastern Asia</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2.7</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">4.5</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">43.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">Sub-Saharan Africa</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">0.9</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">2.4</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">44.1</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>As compared to previous studies, only the Northern Africa/Western Asia/Europe region had a reduction in the prevalence of POF/early menopause and elevation in the mean age at menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref></sup></p>
            <p>These results call attention to the fact that LA is among the geographical regions with the lowest mean age at menopause onset and highest prevalence de POF and early menopause, when compared to regions with higher development and higher income. Considering that menopause (natural, POF, or early menopause) is currently a CVRF, this profile can contribute, along with other RFs, to increase the CVR of Latin American women.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>10.2.2. Symptoms and Quality of Life in Menopausal Transition in Latin American Women</title>
            <p>Menopausal transition can cause several symptoms that hinder women's quality of life, such as VMS (hot flashes and sweats, usually at night), insomnia, mood swings (with higher propension to depression), irritability, mental confusion, genital changes (vaginal dryness, pain during sexual activity, libido decline), urinary tract symptoms, muscle/joint pains, and palpitations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B372">372</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B373">373</xref></sup> The VMS can last for 7-9 years or more.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B372">372</xref></sup></p>
            <sec>
              <title>A &#8211; Vasomotor Symptoms</title>
              <p>In a systematic review of studies performed in Europe, North America, LA, and Asia, published between 1966 and 2009, Palacios <italic>et al</italic>. have reported that, in addition to the geographical differences observed in the mean age at menopause onset, there are differences in the frequency of the symptoms reported by women, but the VMS are among those of higher prevalence in all regions studied (Europe, 74%; North America, 36-50%; LA, 45-69%; Asia, 22-63%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B373">373</xref></sup></p>
              <p>Using the Menopause Rating Scale and an itemized questionnaire containing sociodemographic data, Bl&#252;mel <italic>et al.</italic> have assessed 8373 women, aged 40-59 years, from 22 health centers, in 18 cities from 12 countries in LA. Those authors identified VMS in 55% of the sample, and the symptoms were more severe in 9.6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B374">374</xref></sup> Logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of severe psychological/urogenital symptoms, lower educational level, natural perimenopause/postmenopause status, nulliparity, surgical menopause, and living at high altitude were significant RFs for severe VMS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B374">374</xref></sup></p>
              <p>S&#225;nchez-Zarza <italic>et al</italic>. have recently published a cross-sectional study in which 216 women aged 40-60 years, living in urban areas of the city of Asunci&#243;n, Paraguay, were surveyed with the 10-item Cervantes Scale and a general questionnaire (personal and partner data). According to the 10-item Cervantes Scale, the three most prevalent symptoms were muscle/joint pains (70,8%), anxiety and nervousness (70.8%), and VMS (54.2%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B375">375</xref></sup></p>
              <p>In a population-based study with 1500 Brazilian women aged 45-65 years, Pompei <italic>et al.</italic> have reported that the median age at menopause onset was 48 years (45 years to 51 years), with no difference between economic levels. Menopause-related symptoms were present in 87.9% of those in MT, and the VMS appeared earlier.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B376">376</xref></sup></p>
              <p>Aiming to assess the prevalence and impact of moderate/severe VMS in postmenopause, a cross-sectional study has been performed with 12 268 women aged 40-65 years in Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and four Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden). The prevalence of moderate/severe VMS was 15.6%, higher in Brazil (36.2%) and lower in Nordic Europe (11.6%). The VMS impacted the quality of life in all domains assessed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B377">377</xref></sup></p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>B &#8211; Sleep Disorders</title>
              <p>In a study assessing 6079 women aged 40-59 years, from 11 Latin American countries and using several investigation tools, Bl&#252;mel <italic>et al.</italic> have found that 56.6% of the sample had insomnia or poor quality of sleep or both, and that the prevalence of insomnia increased with age and from pre- to late postmenopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B378">378</xref></sup> The logistic regression analysis identified that age, chronic diseases, alcohol abuse, anxiety, depression, VMS, and drug use (hypnotics and MHT) contributed to the occurrence of sleep disorders, while higher educational level associated with less insomnia and better quality of sleep.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B378">378</xref></sup></p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>C &#8211; Muscle/Joint Pains</title>
              <p>Bl&#252;mel <italic>et al</italic>.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B374">374</xref></sup> using that same sample of Latin American women, have assessed the relation of muscle/joint pains with other menopausal complaints.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B379">379</xref></sup> Those authors reported that 63% of the sample had such symptoms, and 15.6% were classified as severe/very severe. The logistic regression analysis identified that age, smoking, lower educational level, VMS, POF, postmenopause, psychiatric consultation, and the use of psychotropic drugs were significantly related to higher severity of symptoms, while self-perception of health, private access to healthcare, and use of MHT were significantly related to less severe symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B379">379</xref></sup></p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>D &#8211; Sexual Dysfunction</title>
              <p>By use of the Female Sexual Function Index to investigate sexual dysfunction in 7243 healthy women aged 40-59 years, users of 19 health systems from 11 Latin American countries, Bl&#252;mel <italic>et al.</italic> have shown the occurrence of sexual dysfunction in 56.8% of the sample.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B380">380</xref></sup> The logistic regression analysis showed that the RFs for sexual dysfunction were poor vaginal lubrication (most important), use of alternative menopausal therapies, and the partner's sexual dysfunction. Women's higher educational level, partner's faithfulness, and access to private healthcare were identified as protective factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B380">380</xref></sup></p>
              <p>Using that same tool (Female Sexual Function Index), Cruz, Nina &amp; Figuer&#234;do have assessed the association between sexual dysfunction and intensity of postmenopausal symptoms (assessed by use of the Blatt-Kupperman Index) in Brazilian women aged 40-65 years, treated at a public hospital.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B381">381</xref></sup> The sexual dysfunction prevalence was 58.73%, identified in 100% of the women with severe postmenopausal symptoms, in 70.59% of those with moderate symptoms, and in only 9.09% of those with mild symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B381">381</xref></sup></p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>E &#8211; Other Symptoms</title>
              <p>Bl&#252;mel <italic>et al</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B374">374</xref></sup> have shown that, women with VMS are five times more likely to experience chest discomfort, four times more likely to experience depressive mood, sleep changes, sexual dysfunction, anxiety, physical and mental exhaustion, and vaginal dryness, and three times more likely to experience irritability, muscle/joint pains, and urinary dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B374">374</xref></sup></p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>F &#8211; Quality of Life</title>
              <p>Using the same sample,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B374">374</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B378">378</xref></sup> Bl&#252;mel <italic>et al</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B380">380</xref></sup> have assessed the quality of life and its impairing factors. The prevalence of women with moderate to severe symptoms that hinder quality of life was higher than 50% in all countries, but Chile and Uruguay achieved the highest scores (80.88% and 67.4%, respectively). The logistic regression analysis identified that the impaired quality of life of Latin American menopausal women was associated with the use of alternative menopausal therapies, use of psychiatric drugs, being postmenopausal, being 49 years or older, living at high altitudes, and having a partner with erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation. Better quality of life was associated with living in a country with lower income, being on MHT, and engaging in healthy habits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B382">382</xref></sup></p>
              <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t17">Table 10.2</xref> shows the prevalence of major menopausal symptoms, their RFs and protective factors in Latin American women.</p>
              <table-wrap id="t17">
                <label>Table 10.2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Prevalence of menopausal symptoms, their worsening and protective factors in Latin American women<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B373">373</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B374">374</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B378">378</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B380">380</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B382">382</xref></sup></title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup width="25%">
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                    <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                      <th align="left" valign="middle">SYMPTOMS/QUALITY OF LIFE</th>
                      <th align="center" valign="middle">PREVALENCE</th>
                      <th align="center" valign="middle">WORSENING FACTORS</th>
                      <th align="center" valign="middle">PROTECTIVE FACTORS</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left" valign="middle">Vasomotor symptoms</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">45-69%; 55%</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">Severe psychological/urogenital symptoms, lower educational level, natural peri- and postmenopause, nulliparity, surgical menopause, living at high altitudes</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">Use of MHT</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                      <td align="left" valign="middle">Sleep disorders</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">56.6%</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">Older age, chronic diseases, alcohol abuse, anxiety, depression, VMS, drug use (hypnotics and MHT)</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">Higher educational level associated with less insomnia and better quality of sleep</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left" valign="middle">Muscle/joint pain</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">63%</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">Older age, smoking, lower educational level, VMS, premature menopause, postmenopause, psychiatric consultation, and use of psychotropic drugs</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">Self-perception of health, private access to healthcare, and use of MHT</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                      <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexual dysfunction</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">56.8%</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">Reduced vaginal lubrication (most important), use of alternative menopausal therapies, and partner's sexual dysfunction</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">Higher educational level, partner's faithfulness, and access to private healthcare</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left" valign="middle">Quality of life</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">50% with severe impairment</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">Use of alternative menopausal therapies, use of psychiatric drugs, being postmenopausal, being 49 years or older, living at high altitudes, partner with erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="middle">Living in a country with lower income, being on MHT, and engaging in healthy habits</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN6">
                    <p>MHT: menopausal hormone therapy; VMS: vasomotor symptoms.</p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.3. Cardiovascular Risk Factors</title>
          <p>The studies performed by the REDLINC group from 2004 till now, resulting in seven investigation projects and 18 publications on several aspects of menopause in Latin American women, have evidenced the prevalence of traditional and emerging CVRFs as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t18">Table 10.3</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B383">383</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B386">386</xref></sup></p>
          <table-wrap id="t18">
            <label>Table 10.3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Latin American menopausal women<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B383">383</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B386">386</xref></sup></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">PREVALENCE (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sedentary lifestyle</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">63.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Anxiety</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">59.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Depression</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">46.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Metabolic syndrome</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">22.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Obesity</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">18.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Early menopause</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Premature ovarian failure</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The high prevalence of CVRFs poses a higher CVR to Latin American peri- and postmenopausal women, which might contribute to the high CV mortality currently observed in that geographical region.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> However, that is also an opportunity to control the RFs and reduce the CVR in that phase of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B387">387</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B389">389</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.4. Medicamentous and Non-medicamentous Treatment</title>
          <p>There is evidence that, in LA, MHT is prescribed for 12.5% of menopausal women, the major route of administration being oral (43.7%), followed by transdermal (17.7%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B347">347</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B390">390</xref></sup> The use of MHT associated with the patient having a positive perception of MHT, being postmenopausal, and having a higher socioeconomic level.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B390">390</xref></sup> In the group of those who never used MHT, 28% reported lack of a medical prescription as the major reason, followed by absence of symptoms (27.8%). Of those reporting lack of a medical prescription as the major reason for not being on MHT, 30.6% had severe menopausal symptoms (Menopause Rating Scale total score &gt; 16).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B390">390</xref></sup> The use of alternative therapies was reported by 19.5% of the women studied, 35.1% of whom mentioned experiencing severe menopausal symptoms as compared to 22.5% of MHT users.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B390">390</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A survey using a self-administered and anonymous questionnaire conducted with 2154 gynecologists (55.5% of the male sex, 20.3% faculty members, and 85% with a partner) in 11 countries of LA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B391">391</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B392">392</xref></sup> 85.3% of whom responded to the survey (n = 1837), has shown that:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>85.4% of the gynecologists responded they would use MHT if they had menopausal symptoms (81.8% female gynecologists) or would prescribe for their partners (88.2% male gynecologists).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The perceived risk related to MHT use (on a 0-to-10 scale) was higher among female than male gynecologists (4.06 &#177; 2.09 <italic>versus</italic> 3.83 &#177; 2.11, respectively); the two major risks reported were thromboembolism (women 33.6% <italic>versus</italic> men 41.4%, respectively) and breast cancer (women 38.5% <italic>versus</italic> men 33.9%, respectively).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Overall, gynecologists reported prescribing MHT for 48.9% of their symptomatic patients (women 47.3% <italic>versus</italic> men 50.2%, respectively), while 86.8% prescribed nonhormone and 83.8% alternative therapies for the management of menopause.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Older gynecologists and academic professionals prescribed MHT more often.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>The authors have concluded that, although Latin American gynecologists support MHT use for themselves and their partners, this is not reflected in their clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B391">391</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B392">392</xref></sup> There is no clinical trial on the use of other drugs to control menopausal symptoms in LA as a whole.</p>
          <p>Several interventions related to alternative medicine, such as body-mind practices (hypnosis, cognitive-behavioral therapies, relaxation, biofeedback, meditation, aromatherapy), the use of natural products (herbs, vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements) and others (traditional Chinese medicine, reflexology, acupuncture, homeopathy), have been used to control menopausal symptoms, many of which have been assessed on clinical trials somewhere else, but there is no specific study in LA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B393">393</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B394">394</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10.5. Challenges and Opportunities for Intervention</title>
          <p>The combination of increased life expectancy at birth, reduction in the mean age at natural menopause, and increased prevalence of POF/early menopause has contributed to increase the number of Latin American women (51% of the population) experiencing MT and its negative impact on their quality of life (in all domains), with expressive loses in the personal, social, and economic levels, as well as elevation in CV morbidity and mortality (major cause of death worldwide currently).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B365">365</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B369">369</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B371">371</xref></sup></p>
          <p>According to Faubion and Schufelt,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> after the gap in menopausal treatment left by the results of the HERS and WHI studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B395">395</xref></sup> the topic has received increasing attention by the health services, media (newspapers, blogs) and even celebrities, because of multiple reasons, such as the projection of a market of $ 600 billion involving several products and the arrival of new generations of women (Y, millennials) who choose not to suffer silently the deleterious consequences of menopause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Considering the worldwide and Latin American scenarios regarding menopause, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f47">Figure 10.1</xref> lists the opportunities to intervene to improve the currently observed situation.</p>
          <fig id="f47">
            <label>Figure 10.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Interventions to improve menopause-related situations. CV: cardiovascular; CVR: cardiovascular risk; CVRF: cardiovascular risk factors; LA: Latin America; MHT: menopausal hormone therapy; NHT: nonhormone therapy.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf23-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f48">Figure 10.2</xref> summarizes the Latin American demographic and menopausal data.</p>
          <fig id="f48">
            <label>Figure 10.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Latin American demographic and menopause data. LA: Latin America; MHT: menopausal hormone therapy.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf24-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn9">
          <label>**</label>
          <p>Note: The age of 60 years should be considered when the date of the last menstruation is unknown.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn10">
          <label>**</label>
          <p>Note: The age of 60 years should be considered when the date of the last menstruation is unknown.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B245">245</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B278">278</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B282">282</xref></sup></p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn11">
          <label>***</label>
          <p>Note: antidepressants (paroxetine, venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, escitalopram, citalopram), gabapentin, and fezolinetant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B296">296</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B302">302</xref></sup></p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn12">
          <p><bold>Development:</bold> Department of Women's Cardiology of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (Departamento de Cardiologia da Mulher da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; DCM/SBC), Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations (Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia &#8211; FEBRASGO) and Inter-American Society of Cardiology (Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiolog&#237;a &#8211; SIAC)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn13">
          <p><bold>Coordenators:</bold> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira e Maria Cristina Costa de Almeida</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn14">
          <p><bold>Writing committee:</bold> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira, Maria Cristina Costa de Almeida, Maria Celeste Osorio Wender, Lucia Helena Sim&#245;es da Costa-Paiva, Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a Rivera, Carolina Mar&#237;a Artucio Arcelus, Larissa Neto Esp&#237;ndola</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn15">
          <p><bold>SBC Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee:</bold> Carisi Anne Polanczyk (Coordinator), Humberto Graner Moreira, M&#225;rio de Seixas Rocha, Jose Airton de Arruda, Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva &#8211; Period 2022-2023</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn16">
          <p><bold>Note:</bold> These guidelines are for information purposes and should not replace the clinical judgment of aphysician, who must ultimately determine the appropriate treatment for each patient.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Erratum</label>
          <p>Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024; 121(7):e20240478</p>
          <p>In the &#8220;Brazilian Guideline on Menopausal Cardiovascular Health &#8211; 2024,&#8221; with DOI number: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240478i, published in the journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024; 121(7):e20240478, on page 23, Figure 4.1, in the green box &#8220;LOW RISK,&#8221; please correct &#8220;GOALS: LDL-c &lt; 100 mg/dL, non-HDL-c &lt; 130 mg/dL&#8221; to &#8220;GOALS: LDL-c &lt; 130 mg/dL, non-HDL-c &lt; 160 mg/dL.&#8221;</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240478-40478-gf25-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <glossary>
        <def-list>
          <title>Abbreviations</title>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G1">ABI</term>
            <def>
              <p>ankle-brachial index</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G2">ACS</term>
            <def>
              <p>acute coronary syndrome</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G3">AF</term>
            <def>
              <p>atrial fibrillation</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G4">AHA</term>
            <def>
              <p>American Heart Association</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G5">AMH</term>
            <def>
              <p>antim&#252;llerian hormone</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G6">AMI</term>
            <def>
              <p>acute myocardial infarction</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G7">anti-TPO</term>
            <def>
              <p>anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G8">ANVISA</term>
            <def>
              <p>Brazilian Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (in Portuguese, <italic>Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria</italic>)</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G9">ARIC</term>
            <def>
              <p>Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G10">ASPREE</term>
            <def>
              <p>Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G11">ATAC</term>
            <def>
              <p>Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G12">A&#946;</term>
            <def>
              <p>amyloid &#946; protein</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G13">BMI</term>
            <def>
              <p>body mass index</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G14">BP</term>
            <def>
              <p>body pressure</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G15">CAC</term>
            <def>
              <p>coronary artery calcium score</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G16">CAD</term>
            <def>
              <p>coronary artery disease</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G17">CARDIA</term>
            <def>
              <p>Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G18">CCTA</term>
            <def>
              <p>coronary computed tomography angiography</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G19">CI</term>
            <def>
              <p>confidence interval</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G20">COC</term>
            <def>
              <p>combined oral contraceptive</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G21">CTX</term>
            <def>
              <p>chemotherapy</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G22">CV</term>
            <def>
              <p>cardiovascular</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G23">CVD</term>
            <def>
              <p>cardiovascular disease</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G24">CVR</term>
            <def>
              <p>cardiovascular risk</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G25">CVRF</term>
            <def>
              <p>cardiovascular risk factor</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G26">DALYs</term>
            <def>
              <p>Disability-Adjusted Life Years</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G27">DHEA</term>
            <def>
              <p>dehydroepiandrosterone</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G28">DHEAS</term>
            <def>
              <p>dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G29">DLP</term>
            <def>
              <p>dyslipidemia</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G30">DM</term>
            <def>
              <p>diabetes mellitus</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G31">DM2</term>
            <def>
              <p>type 2 diabetes mellitus</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G32">DVT</term>
            <def>
              <p>deep venous thrombosis</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G33">EE</term>
            <def>
              <p>ethinyl estradiol</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G34">eGFR</term>
            <def>
              <p>estimated glomerular filtration rate</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G35">ESPRIT RCT</term>
            <def>
              <p>Estrogen for the Prevention of Reinfarction Trial</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G36">FDA</term>
            <def>
              <p>Food and Drug Administration</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G37">FEBRASGO</term>
            <def>
              <p>Brazilian Federation of the Gynecology and Obstetrics Societies (in Portuguese, <italic>Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia</italic>)</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G38">FSH</term>
            <def>
              <p>follicle-stimulating hormone</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G39">GAHT</term>
            <def>
              <p>gender-affirming hormone therapy</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G40">GBD</term>
            <def>
              <p>
                <italic>Global Burden of Disease</italic>
              </p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G41">GRS</term>
            <def>
              <p>global risk score</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G42">HDL-c</term>
            <def>
              <p>HDL cholesterol</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G43">HEAF</term>
            <def>
              <p>Health and Employment after Fifty Study</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G44">HERS</term>
            <def>
              <p>Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G45">HF</term>
            <def>
              <p>heart failure</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G46">HIUD</term>
            <def>
              <p>hormonal intrauterine device</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G47">HR</term>
            <def>
              <p>hazard ratio</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G48">HyperSC</term>
            <def>
              <p>subclinical hyperthyroidism</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G49">HypoSC</term>
            <def>
              <p>subclinical hypothyroidism</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G50">IHD</term>
            <def>
              <p>ischemic heart disease</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G51">IL</term>
            <def>
              <p>interleukin</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G52">IMS</term>
            <def>
              <p>International Menopause Society</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G53">LA</term>
            <def>
              <p>Latin America</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G54">LDL-c</term>
            <def>
              <p>LDL cholesterol</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G55">Lp(a)</term>
            <def>
              <p>lipoprotein (a)</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G56">LV</term>
            <def>
              <p>left ventricular</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G57">MHT</term>
            <def>
              <p>menopausal hormone therapy</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G58">MI</term>
            <def>
              <p>myocardial infarction</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G59">MIT</term>
            <def>
              <p>medio-intimal thickening</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G60">MS</term>
            <def>
              <p>metabolic syndrome</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G61">MT</term>
            <def>
              <p>menopausal transition</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G62">NAMS</term>
            <def>
              <p>North American Menopause Society</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G63">NO</term>
            <def>
              <p>nitric oxide</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G64">OR</term>
            <def>
              <p>odds ratio</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G65">PCOS</term>
            <def>
              <p>polycystic ovary syndrome</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G66">PE</term>
            <def>
              <p>pulmonary embolism</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G67">PEPI</term>
            <def>
              <p>Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G68">POF</term>
            <def>
              <p>premature ovarian failure</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G69">RAAS</term>
            <def>
              <p>renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G70">REF</term>
            <def>
              <p>risk-enhancing factor</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G71">RF</term>
            <def>
              <p>risk factor</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G72">RR</term>
            <def>
              <p>relative risk</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G73">SAH</term>
            <def>
              <p>systemic arterial hypertension</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G74">SBC</term>
            <def>
              <p>Brazilian Society of Cardiology (in Portuguese, <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic>)</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G75">SIAC</term>
            <def>
              <p>
                <italic>Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiolog&#237;a</italic>
              </p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G76">SOBRAC</term>
            <def>
              <p>Brazilian Association of Menopause (in Portuguese, <italic>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Climat&#233;rio</italic>)</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G77">STRAW</term>
            <def>
              <p>Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G78">SWAN</term>
            <def>
              <p>
                <italic>Women's Health Across the Nation</italic>
              </p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G79">TC</term>
            <def>
              <p>total cholesterol</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G80">TG</term>
            <def>
              <p>triglycerides</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G81">VLDL-c</term>
            <def>
              <p>VLDL cholesterol</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G82">VMS</term>
            <def>
              <p>vasomotor symptoms</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G83">VTE</term>
            <def>
              <p>venous thromboembolism</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G84">WISE</term>
            <def>
              <p>Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G85">WHI</term>
            <def>
              <p>
                <italic>Women's Health Initiative</italic>
              </p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
          <def-item>
            <term id="G86">WHO</term>
            <def>
              <p>World Health Organization</p>
            </def>
          </def-item>
        </def-list>
      </glossary>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <label>Appendix</label>
          <sec>
            <title>Objective 1</title>
            <p>The present review has the following guiding question: What are the benefits, risks, indications, and contraindications of MHT regarding postmenopausal/menopausal signs and symptoms in women with cardiovascular risk factors or cardiovascular diseases? Using the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome) procedure, the &#8216;population&#8217; is the women with cardiovascular risk factors or cardiovascular diseases, the &#8216;intervention&#8217; is the menopausal hormone therapy, &#8216;comparison&#8217; does not apply, and the &#8216;outcomes&#8217; are the benefits, risks, indications, and contraindications.</p>
            <p>The search strategy was guided by the acronym and the standardized terms and keywords of the search were identified in controlled vocabularies: Descriptors in Health Sciences (DECS) via <italic>Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de</italic>, Medical Subject Heading (MESH) by use of PubMed and Emtree (Embase subject headings) of the Embase database (Elsevier). A preliminary search was conducted to identify additional terms in titles, abstracts, and keywords of the articles, and then, a definitive search strategy was used in all databases.</p>
            <p>The search strategy was applied and adapted on December 23<sup>rd</sup>, 2023, in the following databases: LILACS, BDENF, WPRIM, CUMED OR LIPECS OR BINACIS of the <italic>Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de</italic>, MEDLINE/PubMed of the National Library of Medicine (NLM). In the <italic>Portal de Peri&#243;dicos da Capes</italic>: EMBASE and SCOPUS (Elsevier), CINAHL, Academic Search Premier (Ebsco), Web of Science (Clarivate). The Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) was added. We show the search strategies in the Cochrane Library and PubMed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t19">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t20">2</xref>).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t19">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Cochrane Library</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane Library</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#186;</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#1 MeSH descriptor: [Women] explode all trees 1236</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="20" valign="middle">35</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#2 female* OR woman OR women OR female 993875</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#3 #1 OR #2 993875</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#4 MeSH descriptor: [Heart Failure] explode all trees 14720</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#5 MeSH descriptor: [Cardiovascular Diseases] explode all trees 152906</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#6 MeSH descriptor: [Heart Diseases] explode all trees 72792</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#7 MeSH descriptor: [Coronary Disease] explode all trees 18548</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#8 MeSH descriptor: [Coronary Artery Disease] explode all trees 9532</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#9 MeSH descriptor: [Arrhythmias, Cardiac] explode all trees 14339</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#10 MeSH descriptor: [Arrhythmias, Cardiac] explode all trees 14339</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#11 "Heart Failure" OR "Cardiac Failure" OR "Heart Decompensation" OR "Myocardial Failure" OR "cardiac backward failure" OR "cardiac decompensation" OR "cardiac incompetence" OR "cardiac insufficiency" OR "cardiac stand still" OR "cardial decompensation" OR "cardial insufficiency" OR "heart insufficiency" OR "decompensation cordis" OR "heart backward failure" OR "heart decompensation" OR "heart incompetence" OR "insufficientia cardis" OR "myocardial insufficiency" OR "Cardiovascular Diseases" OR "Cardiac Event" OR "Cardiac Events" OR "Cardiovascular Disease" OR "Heart Diseases" OR "Cardiac Disease" OR "Cardiac Diseases" OR "Cardiac Disorder" OR "Cardiac Disorders" OR "Heart Disease" OR "Heart Disorder" OR "Heart Disorders" OR "Coronary Disease" OR "Coronary Diseases" OR "Coronary Heart Disease" OR "Coronary Heart Diseases" OR "Coronary Artery Disease" OR "Arterioscleroses, Coronary" OR "Coronary Arterioscleroses" OR "Coronary Arteriosclerosis" OR "Coronary Artery Diseases" OR "Coronary Atheroscleroses" OR "Coronary Atherosclerosis" OR "Arrhythmias, Cardiac" OR Arrhythmia OR Arrythmia OR "Cardiac Arrhythmia" OR "Cardiac Arrhythmias" OR "Cardiac Dysrhythmia" OR "Myocardial Infarction" OR "Cardiovascular Stroke" OR "Cardiovascular Strokes" OR "Heart Attack" OR "Heart Attacks" OR "Myocardial Infarct" OR "Myocardial Infarctions" OR "Myocardial Infarcts" 142558</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#12 #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 #11 152906</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#13 MeSH descriptor: [Hormone Replacement Therapy] explode all trees 3536</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#14 MeSH descriptor: [Estrogen Replacement Therapy] explode all trees 2485</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#15 "Hormone Replacement Therapy" OR "Hormone Replacement Therapies" OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy" OR "Estrogen Progestin Combination Therapy" OR "Estrogen Progestin Replacement Therapy" OR "Estrogen Replacement" OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapies" OR "Estrogen Replacements" OR "Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy" OR Estrogen 17111</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#16 #13 OR #14 OR #15 17111</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#17 MeSH descriptor: [Primary Prevention] explode all trees 6617</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#18 "Primary Prevention" OR "Primary Disease Prevention" OR "Primordial Prevention" OR "Primary Prevention" 5378</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#19 #17 OR #18 10597</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#20 #3 AND #12 AND #16 AND #19 35</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Source: Cochrane Library</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <table-wrap id="t20">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Medline/PubMed</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Search</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Query</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Results</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#1</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: "Women"[mh] OR Woman OR Women</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">
                      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Women%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Woman+OR+Women&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">1,717,025</ext-link>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#2</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: Menopause[mh] OR Menopause</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">
                      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Menopause%5Bmh%5D+OR+Menopause&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">96,061</ext-link>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#3</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: "Hormone Replacement Therapy"[mh] OR Hormone Replacement Therap* OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy"[mh] OR Estrogen Progestin Combination Therapy OR Estrogen Progestin Replacement Therapy OR Estrogen Replacement OR Estrogen Replacement Therapies OR Estrogen Replacement* OR Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy OR Estrogen</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">
                      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hormone+Replacement+Therapy%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Hormone+Replacement+Therap%2A+OR+%22Estrogen+Replacement+Therapy%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Estrogen+Progestin+Combination+Therapy+OR+Estrogen+Progestin+Replacement+Therapy+OR+Estrogen+Replacement+OR+Estrogen+Replacement+Therapies+OR+Estrogen+Replacement%2A+OR+Postmenopausal+Hormone+Replacement+Therapy+OR+Estrogen&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">312,110</ext-link>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#4</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: "Primary Prevention"[mh] OR Primary Disease Prevention* OR Primordial Prevention* OR Primary Prevention</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">
                      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Primary+Prevention%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Primary+Disease+Prevention%2A+OR+Primordial+Prevention%2A+OR+Primary+Prevention&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">377,833</ext-link>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#5</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: "Heart Failure"[mh] OR Heart Failure OR Cardiac Failure OR Heart Decompensation OR Myocardial Failure OR cardiac backward failure OR cardiac decompensation OR cardiac incompetence OR cardiac insufficiency OR cardiac stand still OR cardial decompensation OR cardial insufficiency OR heart insufficiency OR decompensatio cordis OR heart backward failure OR heart decompensation OR heart incompetence OR insufficientia cardis OR myocardial insufficiency OR "Cardiovascular Diseases"[mh] OR Cardiac Event* OR Cardiovascular Disease* OR "Heart Diseases"[mh] OR Cardiac Disease* OR Cardiac Disorder* OR Heart Disease* OR Heart Disorder* OR Cardiac OR "Coronary Disease"[mh] OR Coronary Heart Disease* OR Coronary Artery Disease* OR Coronary Arterioscleros* OR Coronary Atheroscleros* OR "Arrhythmias, Cardiac"[mh] OR Arrhythmia* OR Arrythmia OR Cardiac Arrhythmia* OR "Cardiac Dysrhythmia" OR Atheroscleros* OR "Myocardial Infarction"[mh] OR Cardiovascular Stroke* OR Heart Attack* OR Myocardial Infarct* OR Cardiovascular</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">
                      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Heart+Failure%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Heart+Failure+OR+Cardiac+Failure+OR+Heart+Decompensation+OR+Myocardial+Failure+OR+cardiac+backward+failure+OR+cardiac+decompensation+OR+cardiac+incompetence+OR+cardiac+insufficiency+OR+cardiac+stand+still+OR+cardial+decompensation+OR+cardial+insufficiency+OR+heart+insufficiency+OR+decompensatio+cordis+OR+heart+backward+failure+OR+heart+decompensation+OR+heart+incompetence+OR+insufficientia+cardis+OR+myocardial+insufficiency+OR+%22Cardiovascular+Diseases%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Cardiac+Event%2A+OR+Cardiovascular+Disease%2A+OR+%22Heart+Diseases%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Cardiac+Disease%2A+OR+Cardiac+Disorder%2A+OR+Heart+Disease%2A+OR+Heart+Disorder%2A+OR+Cardiac+OR+%22Coronary+Disease%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Coronary+Heart+Disease%2A+OR+Coronary+Artery+Disease%2A+OR+Coronary+Arterioscleros%2A+OR+Coronary+Atheroscleros%2A+OR+%22Arrhythmias%2C+Cardiac%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Arrhythmia%2A+OR+Arrythmia+OR+Cardiac+Arrhythmia%2A+OR+%22Cardiac+Dysrhythmia%22+OR+Atheroscleros%2A+OR+%22Myocardial+Infarction%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Cardiovascular+Stroke%2A+OR+Heart+Attack%2A+OR+Myocardial+Infarct%2A+OR+Cardiovascular&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">4,429,382</ext-link>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#6</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: #1 AND #2 AND #3 AND #4 AND #5</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">
                      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%231+AND+%232+AND+%233+AND+%234+AND+%235&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">422</ext-link>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>Source: MEDLINE/Pubmed</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>The references retrieved in the searches were grouped according to the base in EndNote (Clarivate Analytics, PA, USA), a reference manager, and the duplicate references were removed. Then the references were imported to the Intelligent Systematic Review software (Rayyan) for selection according to the inclusion criteria. The sources selected in the first title and abstract search were fully retrieved. The potentially relevant references were assessed by use of reading to confirm inclusion or exclusion. The results of the search process, identification, selection, and inclusion are described in the <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic> (PRISMA).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Objective 2</title>
            <p>The present review has the following guiding question: What are the benefits, risks, indications, and contraindications of MHT in women? Using the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome) procedure, the &#8216;population&#8217; is the women, the &#8216;intervention&#8217; is the menopausal hormone therapy, &#8216;comparison&#8217; does not apply, and the &#8216;outcomes&#8217; are the benefits, risks, indications, and contraindications.</p>
            <p>The search strategy was guided by the acronym and the standardized terms and keywords of the search were identified in controlled vocabularies: Descriptors in Health Sciences (DECS) via <italic>Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de</italic>, Medical Subject Heading (MESH) by use of PubMed and Emtree (Embase subject headings) of the Embase database (Elsevier). A preliminary search was conducted to identify additional terms in titles, abstracts, and keywords of the articles, and then, a definitive search strategy was used in all databases.</p>
            <p>The search strategy was applied and adapted on January, the 1<sup>st</sup>, 2024, in the following databases: LILACS, IBECS, WPRIM, and BIGG of the <italic>Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de</italic>, MEDLINE/PubMed of the National Library of Medicine (NLM). In the <italic>Portal de Peri&#243;dicos da Capes</italic>: EMBASE and SCOPUS (Elsevier), CINAHL, Academic Search Premier (Ebsco), Web of Science (Clarivate). The Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) and Epistemonikos were added. We show the search strategies in the Cochrane Library and PubMed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t21">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t22">4</xref>).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t21">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Cochrane Library</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Cochrane Library</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#186;</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">ID Search Hits</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="5" valign="middle">109</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#1 MeSH descriptor: [Women] explode all trees 1242</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#2 female* OR woman OR women OR female 996379</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#3 #1 OR #2 996379</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#4 MeSH descriptor: [Hormone Replacement Therapy] explode all trees 3537</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#5 MeSH descriptor: [Estrogen Replacement Therapy] explode all trees 2486</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="15" valign="middle">109</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#6 "Hormone Replacement Therapy" OR "Hormone Replacement Therapies" OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy" OR "Estrogen Progestin Combination Therapy" OR "Estrogen Progestin Replacement Therapy" OR "Estrogen Replacement" OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapies" OR "Estrogen Replacements" OR "Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy" OR Estrogen 17128</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#7 #4 OR #5 OR #6 17128</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#8 MeSH descriptor: [Clinical Protocols] explode all trees 23966</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#9 MeSH descriptor: [Consensus] explode all trees 566</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#10 MeSH descriptor: [Guideline] explode all trees 1015</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#11 MeSH descriptor: [Meta-Analysis] explode all trees 0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#12 MeSH descriptor: [Systematic Review] explode all trees 426</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#13 MeSH descriptor: [Health Planning Guidelines] explode all trees 28</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#14 MeSH descriptor: [Practice Guidelines as Topic] explode all trees 2750</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#15 "Clinical protocols" OR Consensus OR "Critical pathways" OR "Guidelines as topic" OR "Practice guidelines as topic" OR "Health planning guidelines" OR "Clinical Decision Rules" OR guideline* OR "practice guideline" OR "consensus development conference" OR "position statement" OR "policy statement" OR "practice parameter" OR "best practice" OR standards OR recommendat* OR "treatment guideline" OR "clinical guideline" OR "guideline recommendation" OR "systematic" OR "meta-analysis" OR "meta-analysis as topic" OR "meta analy" OR metanaly OR metaanaly OR "met analy" OR "integrative research" OR "integrative review" OR "integrative overview" OR "research integration" OR "research overview" OR "collaborative review" OR "collaborative overview" OR "systematic review" OR "systematic reviews as topic" OR "systematic review" 155064</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#16 #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 172718</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#17 #3 AND #7 AND #16 2077</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#18 "Breast Neoplasms" OR "Breast cancer" OR "Breast tumor" OR "breast neoplasm" OR animal*OR "In Vitro" OR mice OR mouse OR rat OR rats OR murine OR rodent* OR beagle 63541</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#19 #3 AND #7 AND #16 NOT #18 566</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>Source: Cochrane Library</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <table-wrap id="t22">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Medline/PubMed</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Search</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Query</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Results</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#1</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: "Women"[mh] OR Woman OR Women</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">
                      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Women%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Woman+OR+Women&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">1,717,025</ext-link>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#2</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: "Hormone Replacement Therapy/adverse effects"[Majr] OR "Hormone Replacement Therapy/instrumentation"[Majr] OR "Hormone Replacement Therapy/methods"[Majr] OR "Hormone Replacement Therapy/trends"[Majr] OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy/adverse effects"[Mesh] OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy/classification"[Mesh] OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy/instrumentation"[Mesh] OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy/methods"[Mesh] OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy/standards"[Mesh] OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy/trends"[Mesh] OR "Hormone Replacement Therapy"[mh] OR Hormone Replacement Therap* OR "Estrogen Replacement Therapy"[mh] OR Estrogen Progestin Combination Therapy OR Estrogen Progestin Replacement Therapy OR Estrogen Replacement OR Estrogen Replacement Therapies OR Estrogen Replacement* OR Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy OR Estrogen</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">
                      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Hormone+Replacement+Therapy%2Fadverse+effects%22%5BMajr%5D+OR+%22Hormone+Replacement+Therapy%2Finstrumentation%22%5BMajr%5D+OR+%22Hormone+Replacement+Therapy%2Fmethods%22%5BMajr%5D+OR+%22Hormone+Replacement+Therapy%2Ftrends%22%5BMajr%5D+OR+%22Estrogen+Replacement+Therapy%2Fadverse+effects%22%5BMesh%5D+OR+%22Estrogen+Replacement+Therapy%2Fclassification%22%5BMesh%5D+OR+%22Estrogen+Replacement+Therapy%2Finstrumentation%22%5BMesh%5D+OR+%22Estrogen+Replacement+Therapy%2Fmethods%22%5BMesh%5D+OR+%22Estrogen+Replacement+Therapy%2Fstandards%22%5BMesh%5D+OR+%22Estrogen+Replacement+Therapy%2Ftrends%22%5BMesh%5D+OR+%22Hormone+Replacement+Therapy%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Hormone+Replacement+Therap%2A+OR+%22Estrogen+Replacement+Therapy%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+Estrogen+Progestin+Combination+Therapy+OR+Estrogen+Progestin+Replacement+Therapy+OR+Estrogen+Replacement+OR+Estrogen+Replacement+Therapies+OR+Estrogen+Replacement%2A+OR+Postmenopausal+Hormone+Replacement+Therapy+OR+Estrogen&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">312,110</ext-link>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#3</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: "Clinical protocols"[mh] OR "Consensus"[mh] OR "Consensus development conferences as topic"[mh] OR "Critical pathways"[mh] OR "Guidelines as topic" [Mesh:NoExp] OR "Practice guidelines as topic"[mh] OR "Health planning guidelines"[mh] OR "Clinical Decision Rules"[mh] OR "guideline"[pt] OR "practice guideline"[pt] OR "consensus development conference"[pt] OR "consensus development conference, NIH"[pt] OR "position statement*"[tiab] OR "policy statement*"[tiab] OR "practice parameter*"[tiab] OR "best practice*"[tiab] OR standards[TI] OR guideline[TI] OR guidelines[TI] OR standards[ot] OR guideline[ot] OR guidelines[ot] OR guideline*[cn] OR standards[cn] OR consensus*[cn] OR recommendat*[cn] OR "practice guideline*"[tiab] OR "treatment guideline*"[tiab] OR CPG[tiab] OR CPGs[tiab] OR "clinical guideline*"[tiab] OR "guideline recommendation*"[tiab] OR consensus*[tiab] OR "systematic"[filter] OR "meta-analysis"[pt] OR "meta-analysis as topic"[mh] OR "meta analy*"[tw] OR metanaly*[tw] OR metaanaly*[tw] OR "met analy*"[tw] OR "integrative research"[tiab] OR "integrative review*"[tiab] OR "integrative overview*"[tiab] OR "research integration*"[tiab] OR "research overview*"[tiab] OR "collaborative review*"[tiab] OR "collaborative overview*"[tiab] OR "systematic review"[pt] OR "systematic reviews as topic"[mh] OR "systematic review*"[tiab]</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">
                      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Clinical+protocols%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+%22Consensus%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+%22Consensus+development+conferences+as+topic%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+%22Critical+pathways%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+%22Guidelines+as+topic%22+%5BMesh%3ANoExp%5D+OR+%22Practice+guidelines+as+topic%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+%22Health+planning+guidelines%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+%22Clinical+Decision+Rules%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+%22guideline%22%5Bpt%5D+OR+%22practice+guideline%22%5Bpt%5D+OR+%22consensus+development+conference%22%5Bpt%5D+OR+%22consensus+development+conference%2C+NIH%22%5Bpt%5D+OR+%22position+statement%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22policy+statement%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22practice+parameter%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22best+practice%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+standards%5BTI%5D+OR+guideline%5BTI%5D+OR+guidelines%5BTI%5D+OR+standards%5Bot%5D+OR+guideline%5Bot%5D+OR+guidelines%5Bot%5D+OR+guideline%2A%5Bcn%5D+OR+standards%5Bcn%5D+OR+consensus%2A%5Bcn%5D+OR+recommendat%2A%5Bcn%5D+OR+%22practice+guideline%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22treatment+guideline%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+CPG%5Btiab%5D+OR+CPGs%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22clinical+guideline%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22guideline+recommendation%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+consensus%2A%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22systematic%22%5Bfilter%5D+OR+%22meta-analysis%22%5Bpt%5D+OR+%22meta-analysis+as+topic%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+%22meta+analy%2A%22%5Btw%5D+OR+metanaly%2A%5Btw%5D+OR+metaanaly%2A%5Btw%5D+OR+%22met+analy%2A%22%5Btw%5D+OR+%22integrative+research%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22integrative+review%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22integrative+overview%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22research+integration%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22research+overview%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22collaborative+review%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22collaborative+overview%2A%22%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22systematic+review%22%5Bpt%5D+OR+%22systematic+reviews+as+topic%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+%22systematic+review%2A%22%5Btiab%5D&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">1,256,669</ext-link>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#4</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: english[Filter] OR portuguese[Filter] OR spanish[Filter]</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">
                      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=english%5BFilter%5D+OR+portuguese%5BFilter%5D+OR+spanish%5BFilter%5D&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">32,382,331</ext-link>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#5</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: 2019:2024[pdat]</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">
                      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=2019%3A2024%5Bpdat%5D&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">7,580,602</ext-link>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#6</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: "Breast Neoplasms"[majr] OR animals[mh] OR animal*[tiab] OR "In Vitro Techniques"[mh] OR mice[tw] OR mouse[tw] OR rat[tiab] OR rats[tiab] OR murine[tw] OR rodent*[tw] OR beagle[tw]</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">
                      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Breast+Neoplasms%22%5Bmajr%5D+OR+animals%5Bmh%5D+OR+animal%2A%5Btiab%5D+OR+%22In+Vitro+Techniques%22%5Bmh%5D+OR+mice%5Btw%5D+OR+mouse%5Btw%5D+OR+rat%5Btiab%5D+OR+rats%5Btiab%5D+OR+murine%5Btw%5D+OR+rodent%2A%5Btw%5D+OR+beagle%5Btw%5D&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">27,333,977</ext-link>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="middle">#7</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">Search: #1 AND #2 AND #3 AND #4 AND #5 AND #6</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="middle">
                      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%231+AND+%232+AND+%233+AND+%234+AND+%235+AND+%236&#8766;=no&amp;sort=relevance">1,035</ext-link>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>Source: MEDLINE/PubMed</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>The limits of the searches were idioms (Portuguese, English, and Spanish), publication year since 2019, types of study (consensus, systematic reviews, clinical protocols, guidelines, meta-analysis, recommendations).</p>
            <p>The references retrieved in the searches were grouped according to the base in EndNote (Clarivate Analytics, PA, USA), a reference manager, and the duplicate references were removed. Then the references were imported to the Intelligent Systematic Review software (Rayyan) for selection according to the inclusion criteria. The sources selected in the first title and abstract search were fully retrieved. The potentially relevant references were assessed by use of reading to confirm inclusion or exclusion. The results of the search process, identification, selection, and inclusion are described in the <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic> (PRISMA).</p>
          </sec>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
