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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">xzgBDbY7fWBhYjH9pGdPjQp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240459</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hipertens&#227;o e Risco Cardiovascular: Associa&#231;&#227;o Direta com os Valores Press&#243;ricos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Cardiopatia Hipertensiva da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Rui P&#243;voa &#8226; Rua Jos&#233; de Magalh&#227;es, 340. CEP 04026-000, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>rmspovoa@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240459</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (CV), principalmente o acidente vascular cerebral, a doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e insufici&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O controle adequado dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos reduz de forma significativa o aparecimento de todos estes eventos nefastos.</p>
    <p>Em vista da press&#227;o arterial (PA) ser uma vari&#225;vel biol&#243;gica cont&#237;nua a defini&#231;&#227;o de normalidade ainda n&#227;o &#233; um consenso universal. A &#250;ltima diretriz brasileira de HA publicada em 2020 considera hipertensos os indiv&#237;duos com PA &#8805;140/90 mmHg (sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto sabemos que o risco CV come&#231;a a se elevar a partir de valores press&#243;ricos bem inferiores aos considerados como normalidade.</p>
    <p>Os autores da diretriz da &#8220;American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association&#8221; (ACC/AHA) que foi publicada em 2017, preocupados com o risco CV crescente com os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, fizeram uma nova classifica&#231;&#227;o do hipertenso. Consideram a PA normal se &lt;120 mmHg (sist&#243;lica) e &lt;80 mmHg (diast&#243;lica), PA elevada entre 120-129 (sist&#243;lica) e &lt;80 mmHg (diast&#243;lica) e hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1 valores entre 130-139 (sist&#243;lica) ou 80-89 mmHg (diast&#243;lica) e est&#225;gio 2 PA&#8805; 140 mmHg (sist&#243;lica) ou 90 mmHg (diast&#243;lica).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> S&#227;o valores que se contrap&#245;em a diretriz brasileira. O est&#225;gio 1 da ACC/AHA praticamente &#233; similar ao que consideramos como pr&#233;-HA e pela nossa diretriz se este paciente for de baixo risco n&#227;o h&#225; indica&#231;&#227;o formal de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico.</p>
    <p>O trabalho de Lu et al. realizado na popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa, verificou se a classifica&#231;&#227;o da ACC/AHA, acrescentava alguma informa&#231;&#227;o sobre o risco CV nos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos por eles considerados normais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A diretriz da &#8220;Liga Chinesa de Hipertens&#227;o&#8221; tamb&#233;m considera HA se a PA&#8805;140/90 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>Al&#233;m disso, havia diversas controv&#233;rsias do risco CV na popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa nos diversos est&#225;gios da ACC/AHA nos indiv&#237;duos de meia idade e nos idosos. Os resultados mostraram que naqueles indiv&#237;duos classificados pela ACC/AHA, com PA elevada, est&#225;gios 1 e 2, os riscos CV eram bem mais elevados e tinham rela&#231;&#227;o crescente com o n&#237;vel press&#243;rico.</p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa difere da brasileira em diversos aspectos (&#233;tnicos, culturais, alimentares, religiosos, etc.), mas por outro lado apresenta alguma semelhan&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a CV e envelhecimento populacional. Desta forma resultados podem ser transpostos, com algumas ressalvas, para a nossa realidade. Evidentemente que um cuidado a mais nos pr&#233;-hipertensos (considerados hipertensos est&#225;gio 1 pela ACC/AHA) pode trazer uma maior prote&#231;&#227;o CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A pr&#233;-HA j&#225; foi investigada no sentido do risco de o paciente evoluir para a HA declarada. Julius et al. no estudo TROPHY verificaram que o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico com bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina II durante quatro anos reduziu a incid&#234;ncia de HA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>L&#252;ders et al., no estudo PHARAO avaliaram se o uso de inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina I eram efetivos nos pr&#233;-hipertensos e encontraram resultados positivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nestes pr&#233;-hipertensos encontram-se uma quantidade expressiva do fen&#243;tipo HA mascarada (PA de consult&#243;rio &lt;140/90mmHg e a medida fora pela MAPA ou MRPA &#8805;130/80mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Esta condi&#231;&#227;o frequente tem um comportamento t&#227;o agressivo nos &#243;rg&#227;os alvo quanto a HA n&#227;o controlada, ou at&#233; pior devido &#224; dificuldade de um diagn&#243;stico preciso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Barroso et al. avaliando a preval&#234;ncia de HA mascarada em pr&#233;-hipertensos com o uso da TeleMRPA encontraram este fen&#243;tipo em 11,4% dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>Um n&#250;mero expressivo de indiv&#237;duos sob risco CV elevado que podem ficar sem tratamento por falta de diagn&#243;stico correto.</p>
    <p>Trabalhos de aplicabilidade populacional s&#227;o importantes pois podem mudar conceitos e direcionar para uma conduta terap&#234;utica mais objetiva e precisa. Al&#233;m disso, a ado&#231;&#227;o mais r&#237;gida de valores de normalidade para o diagn&#243;stico da normotens&#227;o pode aumentar os gastos iniciais com a sa&#250;de, mas com certeza haver&#225; muito menos eventos CV, estando a popula&#231;&#227;o mais protegida.</p>
    <p>Este estudo de Lu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> reflete a transposi&#231;&#227;o para o cotidiano cl&#237;nico de que n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos pouco elevados s&#227;o significantes em uma ampla esfera de agress&#227;o aos &#243;rg&#227;os alvo. Em vista do n&#250;mero elevado da popula&#231;&#227;o afetada com a pr&#233;-HA isto pode representar um n&#250;mero expressivo de indiv&#237;duos com maior risco CV.</p>
    <p>A&#231;&#245;es pontuais, enfocando este problema, podem trazer resultados ben&#233;ficos a toda a sociedade com menor n&#250;mero de eventos CV. Al&#233;m destes conceitos de anormalidade dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, devemos sempre lembrar da import&#226;ncia de atingir as metas press&#243;ricas preconizadas no tratamento, onde teremos maior redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos CV com menos efeitos adversos.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: A Associa&#231;&#227;o de Press&#227;o Arterial Definida pelas Diretrizes ACC/AHA de 2017 e Risco de Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular para Pessoas de Meia-Idade e Idosas na China: Um Estudo de Coorte</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240459i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk: Direct Association with Blood Pressure Values</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Cardiopatia Hipertensiva da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Rui P&#243;voa &#8226; Rua Jos&#233; de Magalh&#227;es, 340. Potal Code 04026-000, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: rmspovoa@cardiol.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Hypertension (AH) is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular (CV) diseases, mainly stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and peripheral vascular insufficiency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Adequate control of blood pressure (BP) levels significantly reduces the appearance of all these harmful events.</p>
      <p>As BP is a continuous biological variable, the definition of normality is not yet a universal consensus. The latest Brazilian AH guideline published in 2020 considers individuals with BP &#8805;140/90 mmHg (systolic/diastolic) to be hypertensive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, we know that CV risk begins to increase at BP values well below those considered normal.</p>
      <p>The authors of the &#8220;American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association&#8221; (ACC/AHA) which was published in 2017, concerned about the increasing CV risk with BP levels, created a new classification of hypertensive patients. They consider BP normal if &lt;120 mmHg (systolic) and &lt;80 mmHg (diastolic), elevated BP between 120-129 (systolic) and &lt;80 mmHg (diastolic) and stage 1 HA values between 130-139 (systolic) or 80- 89 mmHg (diastolic) and stage 2 BP&#8805; 140 mmHg (systolic) or 90 mmHg (diastolic).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> These are values that contradict the Brazilian guideline. Stage 1 of ACC/AHA is practically similar to what we consider pre-AH and according to our guidelines, if this patient is at low risk there is no formal indication of pharmacological treatment.</p>
      <p>The work of Lu et al. carried out on the Chinese population, verified whether the ACC/AHA classification added some information about CV risk at BP levels considered normal by them.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The &#8220;Chinese Hypertension League&#8221; guideline also considers HA if at BP&#8805;140/90 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Furthermore, there were several controversies regarding CV risk in the Chinese population at different stages of ACC/AHA in middle-aged and elderly individuals. The results showed that in individuals classified by ACC/AHA, with high BP, stages 1 and 2, CV risks were much higher and had an increasing relationship with BP level.</p>
      <p>The Chinese population differs from the Brazilian population in several aspects (ethnic, cultural, dietary, religious, etc.), but on the other hand, it presents some similarities concerning the prevalence of CV disease and population aging. In this way, results can be transposed, with some reservations, to our reality. Evidently, extra care in pre-hypertensive patients (considered stage 1 hypertensive by the ACC/AHA) can bring greater CV protection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pre-AH has already been investigated in terms of the risk of the patient progressing to declared AH. Julius et al. in the TROPHY study found that pharmacological treatment with angiotensin II receptor blockers for four years reduced the incidence of AH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Ludes et al., in the PHARAO study, evaluated whether the use of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors was effective in pre-hypertensive patients and found positive results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In these pre-hypertensive patients, there is a significant amount of the masked AH phenotype (office BP &lt;140/90mmHg and measured outside by ABPM or HBPM &#8805;130/80mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Uncontrolled AH, or even worse due to the difficulty of an accurate diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Barroso et al. evaluating the prevalence of masked AH in prehypertensive patients using TeleMRPA found this phenotype in 11.4% of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A significant number of individuals at high CV risk who may remain untreated due to lack of correct diagnosis.</p>
      <p>Population applicability work is important as it can change concepts and direct toward a more objective and precise therapeutic approach. Furthermore, the stricter adoption of normal values for the diagnosis of normotension may increase initial healthcare costs, but there will certainly be many fewer CV events, with the population being better protected.</p>
      <p>This study by Lu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> reflects the transposition into everyday clinical practice that low BP levels are significant in a wide range of attacks on target organs. Because of the high number of the population affected by pre-AH, this may represent a significant number of individuals at higher CV risk.</p>
      <p>Specific actions, focusing on this problem, can bring beneficial results to society as a whole with fewer CV events. In addition to these concepts of abnormal BP levels, we must always remember the importance of achieving the BP targets recommended in treatment, which will result in a greater reduction in CV events with fewer adverse effects.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: The Association of Blood Pressure Defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA Guidelines and Cardiovascular Disease Risk for Middle-Aged and Elderly People in China: A Cohort Study</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
