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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">kMnznjGP8nKF6bLtmWcSGNs</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240445</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar: Interven&#231;&#245;es para Cardioprote&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5824-5199</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ojopi</surname>
            <given-names>Elida Paula Benquique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2079-8588</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tonon</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8980-8839</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7728-4505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNESP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNESP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Marina P. Okoshi &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP - Av. Mario Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, S/N. CEP 18618-687, Rubi&#227;o Junior, Botucatu, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>marina.okoshi@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240445</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Homeostase</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A vasculatura pulmonar normal &#233; constitu&#237;da por um sistema de baixa press&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; vasculatura sist&#234;mica. A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar &#233; caracterizada por press&#227;o m&#233;dia na art&#233;ria pulmonar acima de 25 mmHg. O processo fisiopatol&#243;gico prim&#225;rio da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar &#233; a restri&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo sangu&#237;neo na circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, o que leva ao aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e, eventualmente, &#224; insufici&#234;ncia ventricular direita. A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar pode ser idiop&#225;tica (HAP) ou resultante de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca esquerda, doen&#231;as vasculares pulmonares e doen&#231;a tromboemb&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas da estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos caracterizam a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, que &#233; associada a progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel na HAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Atualmente, n&#227;o h&#225; terapia espec&#237;fica para o tratamento da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca induzida por HAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>V&#225;rios mecanismos est&#227;o envolvidos na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, tais como estresse oxidativo e altera&#231;&#245;es do tr&#226;nsito intracelular de c&#225;lcio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O estresse oxidativo &#233; caracterizado pelo aumento de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio e nitrog&#234;nio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Importantes fontes de radicais livres s&#227;o as mitoc&#244;ndrias e os peroxissomos, que oxidam grupos sulfidrilas pela a&#231;&#227;o da xantina oxidase produzindo per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio e super&#243;xido. Entre os mecanismos de defesa contra as esp&#233;cies reativas, destaca-se a a&#231;&#227;o da super&#243;xido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase que s&#227;o reguladas, pelo menos parcialmente, pelo fator 2 relacionado ao fator nuclear eritr&#243;ide 2. Esse fator promove a transcri&#231;&#227;o de genes relacionados &#224; a&#231;&#227;o antioxidante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco dependem de adequado tr&#226;nsito intracelular de c&#225;lcio, que &#233; modulado, principalmente, pela c&#225;lcio-ATPase do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (SERCA) e sua prote&#237;na regulat&#243;ria fosfolambam.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A suplementa&#231;&#227;o de compostos bioativos tem sido utilizada para atenuar mecanismos envolvidos na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. O suco de uva &#233; rico em flavonoides com propriedades antioxidantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A suplementa&#231;&#227;o de horm&#244;nios tireoidianos (HT) tem sido avaliada em modelos experimentais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, tendo disso observada redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo e melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio experimental. O HT tamb&#233;m modula a ativa&#231;&#227;o do Nfr2 promovendo a&#231;&#227;o antioxidante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Considerando os poss&#237;veis efeitos do suco de uva e da suplementa&#231;&#227;o de HT, foi interessante observar seus efeitos combinados em ratos com HAP induzida por monocrotalina. Em estudo publicado neste volume dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Proen&#231;a et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>trataram ratos com HAP com suco de uva e/ou HT via gavagem. Como esperado, os animais com HAP tiveram disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito. A HAP piorou os marcadores de estresse oxidativo xantina oxidase e prote&#237;na de choque t&#233;rmico, a atividade da glutationa peroxidase, e a express&#227;o da prote&#237;na SERCA no ventr&#237;culo direito. A disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi atenuada com suco de uva, HT ou terapia combinada, e a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica melhorou somente com HT. A terapia combinada modulou favoravelmente o estresse oxidativo e as vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao tr&#226;nsito intracelular de c&#225;lcio.</p>
    <p>Os autores conclu&#237;ram que o suco de uva e os HT, isoladamente ou em combina&#231;&#227;o, melhoram a fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito em ratos com HAP induzida por monocrotalina. Entretanto, medidas indiretas obtidas por ecocardiografia sugeriram que, usados isoladamente, o suco de uva ou HT reduziram a press&#227;o arterial pulmonar. A redu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar leva a melhora funcional do ventr&#237;culo direito, independentemente de altera&#231;&#245;es na contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica. Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do trabalho &#233; o fato que a manobra estressante gavagem n&#227;o foi realizada em todos os grupos.</p>
    <p>O estudo mostrou potenciais benef&#237;cios da administra&#231;&#227;o de suco de uva e/ou horm&#244;nios tireoideanos na fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito, estresse oxidativo mioc&#225;rdico e tr&#226;nsito intracelular de c&#225;lcio em ratos com HAP induzida por monocrotalina. Estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para elucidar os efeitos isolados desses compostos na hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e inotropismo do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <article-title>Thyroid Hormone Administration Induces Rat Liver Nrf2 Activation: Suppression by N-acetylcysteine Pretreatment</article-title>
          <source>Thyroid</source>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Fun&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Direito e Estresse Oxidativo Melhoram com a Administra&#231;&#227;o de Horm&#244;nios da Tireoide e Suco de Uva em um Modelo de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240445i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Cardioprotective Interventions</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5824-5199</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ojopi</surname>
            <given-names>Elida Paula Benquique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2079-8588</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tonon</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8980-8839</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7728-4505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Marina P. Okoshi &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP - Av. Mario Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, S/N. Postal Code 18618-687, Rubi&#227;o Junior, Botucatu, SP - Brazil E-mail: marina.okoshi@unesp.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Right Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidants</kwd>
        <kwd>Homeostasis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The normal pulmonary vasculature is a low-pressure system compared with the systemic vasculature. Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by a mean pulmonary artery pressure higher than 25 mmHg. The primary pathophysiological process of pulmonary hypertension is a restriction of blood flow through the pulmonary circulation, which leads to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and eventual failure of the right ventricle. Pulmonary hypertension may be idiopathic (PAH) or aconsequence of chronic diseases, including left-sided heart failure, parenchymal lung diseases, and thromboembolic disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pathological structural and functional changes of the ventricles are known as cardiac remodeling, which is associated with a poor prognosis in PAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Currently, no specific treatment is recommended for PAH-induced cardiac remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Several mechanisms are involved in the pathophysiology of cardiac remodeling, such as oxidative stress and intracellular calcium transient changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Oxidative stress is characterized by an increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen specie.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The main cell sources of free radicals are the mitochondria and peroxisomes, which oxidate sulfhydryl groups by the action of xanthine oxidase producing hydrogen peroxide and superoxide. Important components of the antioxidant system are superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, which are regulated, at least partially, by the nuclear factor erythroid 2&#8211;related factor 2 that promotes the transcription of antioxidant genes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Cardiac muscle contraction and relaxation depend on adequate intracellular calcium handling, which is mainly controlled by the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase (SERCA) and its regulatory protein phospholamban.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Supplementation of bioactive compounds has been used to attenuate mechanisms involved in cardiac remodeling. Grape juice is a rich source of flavonoids with antioxidant properties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Thyroid hormone (TH) supplementation has been tested in heart failure models. It decreased oxidative stress and improved cardiac functional parameters in experimental myocardial infarction. TH also modulates Nfr2 activation, promoting an antioxidant environment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>It was interesting to observe the effects of combined grape juice and TH administration in rats with monocrotaline-induced PAH. In a study published in this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Proen&#231;a et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>treated PAH rats with grape juice and THs via gavage. As expected, monocrotaline-treated rats had right ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction. The oxidative stress markers xanthine oxidase and 70kDa heat shock protein, glutathione peroxidase activity, and expression of SERCA were impaired in the right ventricle of the PAH rats. Systolic dysfunction was attenuated with grape juice, TH, or the combined therapy, and diastolic function improved with TH alone. Both treatments improved oxidative stress and intracellular calcium transient-related parameters.</p>
      <p>The authors conclude that grape juice and TH, alone or combined, improve right ventricular functional parameters in rats with monocrotaline-induced PAH. However, indirect measurements obtained by transthoracic echocardiogram suggest that isolated grape juice or TH reduced pulmonary artery pressure. By decreasing pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular function improves independently of contractility changes. A limitation of this study is the fact that the stressful gavage was not performed in all groups.</p>
      <p>The study highlighted the potential benefits of grape juice and/or TH administration in right ventricular dysfunction, myocardial oxidative stress, and intracellular calcium transient in rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary artery hypertension. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the isolated effects of these compounds on pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular inotropism.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Right Ventricular Function and Oxidative Stress Improve with the Administration of Thyroid Hormones and Grape Juice in a Pulmonary Hypertension Model</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
