<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="editorial" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">nmcZK7dJyKBLQHDMPdDMgsc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240404</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Um Novo Vislumbre da Radiografia de T&#243;rax: Revelando o Significado das Calcifica&#231;&#245;es do Arco A&#243;rtico na Recorr&#234;ncia de Acidente Vascular Cerebral</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2165-7680</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Gaia e Espinho</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vila Nova de Gaia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Gaia e Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Ribeiro &#8226;</bold> Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Rua Concei&#231;&#227;o Fernandes Vila Nova de Gaia, Porto <postal-code>4434-502</postal-code> &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>jri@ulsge.min-saude.pt</email>, <email>cardiogaia@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240404</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Radiografia Pulmonar de Massa</kwd>
        <kwd>Aorta Tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco de Doen&#231;as Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O impacto global das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares continua a ser significativo, apesar das melhorias no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento. A import&#226;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica e os resultados cl&#237;nicos associados enfatizam a import&#226;ncia da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e das medidas preventivas.</p>
    <p>No dom&#237;nio do diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico, cada observa&#231;&#227;o sutil tem o potencial de desbloquear conhecimentos cruciais sobre o progn&#243;stico e a gest&#227;o de v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de. Uma dessas observa&#231;&#245;es que tem chamado a aten&#231;&#227;o &#233; a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o no arco a&#243;rtico detectada na radiografia de t&#243;rax. Embora tradicionalmente vista como um marcador de risco cardiovascular, estudos recentes desencadearam um debate sobre se a calcifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico (CAA) poderia servir como um preditor independente de AVC recorrente.</p>
    <p>A calcifica&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, especialmente em seu segmento descendente, est&#225; associada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral, como mostrado no estudo Heinz Nixdorf Recall de base populacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Tian et al. investigaram a CAA medida por radiografia de t&#243;rax em 27.166 adultos chineses com mais de 50 anos, descobrindo que a CAA &#233; &#250;til para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, Iribarren et al. estudaram CAA em uma coorte americana de 116.309 pacientes, predominantemente caucasianos, encontrando um risco aumentado de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou morte durante um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 28 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Outros estudos mostraram correla&#231;&#245;es entre CAA e fatores de risco convencionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Pesquisas recentes indicam que os mecanismos subjacentes ao acidente vascular cerebral emb&#243;lico de origem indeterminada incluem doen&#231;as card&#237;acas de baixo risco emb&#243;lico, embolias cerebrais paradoxais, les&#245;es a&#243;rticas e doen&#231;a arterial carot&#237;dea leve a moderada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> K. Iijima et al. descobriram que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da CAA por meio de radiografia de t&#243;rax fornece informa&#231;&#245;es ben&#233;ficas para prever eventos cardiovasculares al&#233;m dos fatores de risco tradicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar dessas descobertas, desafios e controv&#233;rsias cercam o conceito de CAA como preditor de AVC recorrente. As cr&#237;ticas incluem a natureza retrospectiva de muitos estudos, potenciais vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o e uma compreens&#227;o incompleta dos mecanismos precisos que ligam a CAA &#224; recorr&#234;ncia do AVC.</p>
    <p>Um estudo de coorte prospectivo, incluindo 203 pacientes que tiveram seu primeiro acidente vascular cerebral, tamb&#233;m est&#225; sendo publicado nesta revista.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Os autores dividiram os pacientes em dois grupos com base na incid&#234;ncia de acidentes cerebrovasculares recorrentes e os acompanharam por um ano. A CAA foi avaliada por radiografia de t&#243;rax e classificada em quatro categorias. Destes pacientes, 49 apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia do AVC no primeiro ano. A presen&#231;a de CAA (&#8805; grau 1) e largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gl&#243;bulos vermelhos (RDW) foram significativamente associadas ao desenvolvimento de AVC recorrente.</p>
    <p>Embora a radiografia seja um estudo de rotina, a aplica&#231;&#227;o de um escore de c&#225;lcio &#233; demorada. Nesse contexto, a intelig&#234;ncia artificial (IA) pode se tornar uma ferramenta &#250;til, mostrando efeitos satisfat&#243;rios em 5 tipos de calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular (coron&#225;ria, aorta tor&#225;cica, aorta abdominal, car&#243;tida e mama). A IA auxilia os radiologistas no diagn&#243;stico de calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular com triagem preliminar e acelerando a efici&#234;ncia do trabalho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A implementa&#231;&#227;o de sistemas de apoio ao diagn&#243;stico baseados em IA sublinha a import&#226;ncia da valida&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios par&#226;metros baseados em imagens. &#192; medida que estes sistemas de IA se tornam mais integrados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a necessidade de evid&#234;ncias robustas para apoiar as suas recomenda&#231;&#245;es torna-se cada vez mais crucial.</p>
    <p>Enquanto o debate continua, os m&#233;dicos enfrentam a tarefa de integrar estes resultados na sua pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. A CAA deve ser considerada rotineiramente em algoritmos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para AVC recorrente? Como essas informa&#231;&#245;es podem influenciar as decis&#245;es de tratamento e estrat&#233;gias preventivas? Essas quest&#245;es destacam a necessidade de estudos multic&#234;ntricos prospectivos com amostras maiores para validar o valor preditivo da CAA e seu papel na patog&#234;nese do AVC.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a no&#231;&#227;o de CAA como um preditor independente de AVC recorrente representa uma interse&#231;&#227;o fascinante da medicina cardiovascular e cerebrovascular. Embora estudos recentes sugiram uma associa&#231;&#227;o potencial, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias mais pesquisas para esclarecer os mecanismos subjacentes e estabelecer a sua utilidade cl&#237;nica. Entretanto, os m&#233;dicos devem continuar a avaliar os fatores de risco tradicionais e considerar a CAA como parte de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente do risco de AVC. Somente atrav&#233;s da investiga&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica cont&#237;nua poderemos avan&#231;ar na nossa compreens&#227;o e, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, melhorar os resultados dos pacientes no dom&#237;nio das doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: A Calcifica&#231;&#227;o do Arco A&#243;rtico Observada na Radiografia de T&#243;rax Pode Servir Como um Preditor Independente de Acidente Vascular Cerebral Recorrente</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hermann</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lehmann</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gronewold</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bauer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahabadi</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weimar</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thoracic Aortic Calcification is Associated with Incident Stroke in the General Population in Addition to Established Risk Factors</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>684</fpage>
          <lpage>690</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jeu293</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Hermann DM, Lehmann N, Gronewold J, Bauer M, Mahabadi AA, Weimar C, et al. Thoracic Aortic Calcification is Associated with Incident Stroke in the General Population in Addition to Established Risk Factors. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(6):684-90. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu293.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tian</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>CQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>XY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jin</surname>
              <given-names>YL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lam</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aortic Arch Calcification and Risk of All-cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease: The Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet Reg Health West Pac</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <fpage>100460</fpage>
          <lpage>100460</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100460</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Tian WB, Zhang WS, Jiang CQ, Liu XY, Jin YL, Lam TH, et al. Aortic Arch Calcification and Risk of All-cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease: The Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2022;23:100460. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100460.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Iribarren</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Calcification of the Aortic Valve</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>1936</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>638</fpage>
          <lpage>638</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Iribarren C. Calcification of the Aortic Valve. Am Heart J. 1936;12(5):638.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Adar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Onalan</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cakan</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akbay</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karakaya</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aortic Arch Calcification on Routine Chest Radiography is Strongly and Independently Associated with Non-Dipper Blood Pressure Pattern</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>109</fpage>
          <lpage>117</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190229</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Adar A, Onalan O, Cakan F, Akbay E, Karakaya E. Aortic Arch Calcification on Routine Chest Radiography is Strongly and Independently Associated with Non-Dipper Blood Pressure Pattern. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(1):109-17. doi: 10.5935/abc.20190229.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Desai</surname>
              <given-names>MY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cremer</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schoenhagen</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thoracic Aortic Calcification: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Management Considerations</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1012</fpage>
          <lpage>1026</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.03.023</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Desai MY, Cremer PC, Schoenhagen P. Thoracic Aortic Calcification: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Management Considerations. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;11(7):1012-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.03.023.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aortic Arch Calcification on routine Chest Radiography is Strongly and Independently Associated with Non-Dipper Blood Pressure Pattern</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>118</fpage>
          <lpage>119</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190790</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 P&#243;voa R. Aortic Arch Calcification on routine Chest Radiography is Strongly and Independently Associated with Non-Dipper Blood Pressure Pattern. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(1):118-9. doi: 10.36660/abc.20190790.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kamel</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pearce</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ntaios</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gladstone</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perera</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roine</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial Cardiopathy and Nonstenosing Large Artery Plaque in Patients With Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>938</fpage>
          <lpage>943</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.028154</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Kamel H, Pearce LA, Ntaios G, Gladstone DJ, Perera K, Roine RO, et al. Atrial Cardiopathy and Nonstenosing Large Artery Plaque in Patients With Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. Stroke. 2020;51(3):938-43. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.028154.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Iijima</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hashimoto</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hashimoto</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Son</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ota</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ogawa</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aortic arch Calcification Detectable on Chest X-ray is a Strong Independent Predictor of Cardiovascular Events Beyond Traditional Risk Factors</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>210</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>137</fpage>
          <lpage>144</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.11.012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Iijima K, Hashimoto H, Hashimoto M, Son BK, Ota H, Ogawa S, et al. Aortic arch Calcification Detectable on Chest X-ray is a Strong Independent Predictor of Cardiovascular Events Beyond Traditional Risk Factors. Atherosclerosis. 2010;210(1):137-44. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.11.012.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>&#199;akan</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sunal</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Onalan</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Calcifica&#231;&#227;o do Arco A&#243;rtico Observada na Radiografia de T&#243;rax Pode Servir Como um Preditor Independente de Acidente Vascular Cerebral Recorrente</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20230805</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230805</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 &#199;akan F, Sunal AS, Adar A, Onalan O. A Calcifica&#231;&#227;o do Arco A&#243;rtico Observada na Radiografia de T&#243;rax Pode Servir Como um Preditor Independente de Acidente Vascular Cerebral Recorrente. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024;121(7):e20230805. doi: 10.36660/abc.20230805.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kamel</surname>
              <given-names>PI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yi</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sair</surname>
              <given-names>HI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prediction of Coronary Artery Calcium and Cardiovascular Risk on Chest Radiographs Using Deep Learning</article-title>
          <source>Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>e200486</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1148/ryct.2021200486</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Kamel PI, Yi PH, Sair HI, Lin CT. Prediction of Coronary Artery Calcium and Cardiovascular Risk on Chest Radiographs Using Deep Learning. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2021;3(3):e200486. doi: 10.1148/ryct.2021200486.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhong</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role and Progress of Artificial Intelligence in Radiodiagnosing Vascular Calcification: A Narrative Review</article-title>
          <source>Ann Transl Med</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>131</fpage>
          <lpage>131</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21037/atm-22-6333</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Zhong Z, Yang W, Zhu C, Wang Z. Role and Progress of Artificial Intelligence in Radiodiagnosing Vascular Calcification: A Narrative Review. Ann Transl Med. 2023;11(2):131. doi: 10.21037/atm-22-6333.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240404i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Fresh Glimpse on Chest X-Ray: Revealing Significance of Aortic Arch Calcifications for Stroke Recurrence</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2165-7680</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vila Nova de Gaia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Gaia e Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Ribeiro &#8226;</bold> Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Rua Concei&#231;&#227;o Fernandes Vila Nova de Gaia, Porto <postal-code>4434-502</postal-code> &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>jri@ulsge.min-saude.pt</email>, <email>cardiogaia@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Mass Chest X-Ray</kwd>
        <kwd>Thoracic Aorta</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Disease Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The global impact of cardiovascular disease continues to be significant, despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment. The epidemiological significance and associated clinical outcomes emphasize the importance of risk stratification and preventive measures.</p>
      <p>In the realm of medical diagnostics, every subtle observation holds the potential to unlock crucial insights into the prognosis and management of various health conditions. One such observation that has garnered attention is the presence of calcification in the aortic arch as detected on chest X-ray. While traditionally viewed as a marker of cardiovascular risk, recent studies have ignited a debate on whether aortic arch calcification (AAC) could serve as an independent predictor of recurrent stroke.</p>
      <p>Aortic calcification, especially in its descending segment, is associated with incident stroke, as shown in the population-based Heinz Nixdorf Recall study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Tian et al. investigated AAC measured by chest X-ray in 27,166 Chinese adults over 50 years, finding that AAC is useful for cardiovascular risk stratification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Similarly, Iribarren et al. studied AAC in an American cohort of 116,309 patients, predominantly Caucasians, finding an increased risk of hospitalization or death over a median follow-up of 28 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Other studies have shown correlations between AAC and conventional risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recent research indicates that the mechanisms underlying embolic stroke of undetermined source include low-embolic risk cardiac diseases, paradoxical brain embolisms, aortic lesions, and mild-to-moderate carotid arterial disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> K. Iijima et al. found that AAC assessment via chest X-ray provides beneficial information for predicting cardiovascular events beyond traditional risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite these findings, challenges and controversies surround the concept of AAC as a predictor of recurrent stroke. Criticisms include the retrospective nature of many studies, potential confounding variables, and an incomplete understanding of the precise mechanisms linking AAC to stroke recurrence.</p>
      <p>A prospective cohort study, including 203 patients experiencing their first stroke event, is also being published in this journal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The authors divided the patients into two groups based on the incidence of recurrent cerebrovascular accidents and followed them up for one year. AAC was assessed by chest X-ray and classified into four categories. Of these patients 49 experienced recurrence of stroke within the first year. The presence of AAC (&#8805; grade 1) and red cell distribution width (RDW) were significantly associated with the development of recurrent stroke.</p>
      <p>Although X-ray is a routine study, applying a calcium score is time-consuming. In this context, artificial intelligence (AI) may become a helpful tool, showing satisfactory effects in 5 types of vascular calcification (coronary, thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta, carotid, and breast). AI assists radiologists in diagnosing vascular calcification with preliminary screening and speeding up work efficiency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The implementation of AI-based diagnostic support systems underscores the importance of validating various imaging-based parameters. As these AI systems become more integrated into clinical practice, the need for robust evidence to support their recommendations becomes increasingly crucial.</p>
      <p>While the debate continues, clinicians are faced with the task of integrating these findings into their clinical practice. Should AAC be routinely considered in risk stratification algorithms for recurrent stroke? How might this information influence treatment decisions and preventive strategies? These questions highlight the need for prospective multicenter studies with larger sample sizes to validate AAC's predictive value and its role in stroke pathogenesis.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the notion of AAC as an independent predictor of recurrent stroke represents a fascinating intersection of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular medicine. While recent studies suggest a potential association, further research is warranted to clarify the underlying mechanisms and establish its clinical utility. In the interim, clinicians should continue assessing traditional risk factors and consider AAC as part of a comprehensive stroke risk evaluation. Only through continued scientific inquiry can we advance our understanding and ultimately improve patient outcomes in the realm of cerebrovascular disease.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Aortic Arch Calcification Observed on Chest X-Ray May Serve as an Independent Predictor for Recurrent Stroke</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
