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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4QSzntkZPRZhTVTRfxFvKLG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240393</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diur&#233;tico na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Descompensada: Com ou Sem Sal?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2284-8251</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Wolney de Andrade Martins &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense - Medicina Cl&#237;nica - Rua Marques do Paran&#225;, 303, Sexto andar. CEP 24030-215, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>wolney_martins@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240393</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Solu&#231;&#227;o Salina Hipert&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Diur&#233;ticos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) aguda ou descompensada &#233; causa comum de admiss&#245;es nas salas de emerg&#234;ncias ou cl&#237;nicas de IC. Frequentemente os pacientes se apresentam em perfil &#8220;B&#8221; da classifica&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e t&#234;m na baixa ades&#227;o terap&#234;utica a causa de sua descompensa&#231;&#227;o. Nesta situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, o emprego de diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a, venoso, em dose alta, tem sido o pilar do tratamento nas &#250;ltimas cinco d&#233;cadas. N&#227;o muda o progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a de base em longo prazo, mas transloca o paciente da crise aguda para a compensa&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial.</p>
    <p>Muitas s&#227;o as quest&#245;es envolvidas na terapia diur&#233;tica para a descongest&#227;o. H&#225; questionamentos sobre doses; infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua ou <italic>bolus</italic>; par&#226;metros para a descongest&#227;o completa; e os cuidados para evitar hipovolemia. A resist&#234;ncia aos diur&#233;ticos e a avidez pelo s&#243;dio s&#227;o mecanismos presentes em pacientes mais graves e cr&#244;nicos tornando a descongest&#227;o ainda mais desafiadora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Felizmente, algumas solu&#231;&#245;es aos problemas referidos t&#234;m sido propostas e testadas.</p>
    <p>A solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica (SSH) ganhou destaque nos anos de 1980 pelos hist&#243;ricos trabalhos dos pesquisadores brasileiros Irineu Tadeu Velasco e Mauricio Rocha e Silva, na ressuscita&#231;&#227;o do choque hemorr&#225;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A SSH popularizou-se nas emerg&#234;ncias entre os socorristas das v&#237;timas de acidentes de tr&#226;nsito. Da&#237; a extrapolar-se ao modelo do paciente com cora&#231;&#227;o disfuncionante foi um desafio! Fundamentos fisiopatol&#243;gicos fornecem elementos favor&#225;veis e contr&#225;rios. De um lado o poder osm&#243;tico da hipernatremia em atrair &#225;gua para o compartimento vascular, e por outro a sobrecarga vol&#234;mica sobre um cora&#231;&#227;o hipocin&#233;tico ou com press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final elevada. Que lado da balan&#231;a pesa mais? Benef&#237;cio ou malef&#237;cio? O racional fisiopatol&#243;gico &#233; a base da hip&#243;tese cl&#237;nica, mas somente o ensaio cl&#237;nico, especialmente se randomizado e controlado, define a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de uma conduta. Ent&#227;o vamos &#224; busca da melhor evid&#234;ncia!</p>
    <p>Consensualmente ou n&#227;o, a adi&#231;&#227;o de SSH &#224; terapia diur&#233;tica tem sido empregada nos casos de IC avan&#231;ada. Resta saber se seria uma op&#231;&#227;o rotineira, de uso inicial, para todo paciente congesto com IC descompensada ou alternativa nos casos n&#227;o responsivos.</p>
    <p>Colluoglu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> avaliaram 171 pacientes com IC descompensada, com congest&#227;o evidenciada por m&#233;todos de imagem, utilizando dados retrospectivos obtidos em prontu&#225;rios neste artigo publicado nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia. Exclu&#237;ram aqueles com hipoperfus&#227;o, hipernatremia ou com epis&#243;dios de edema agudo de pulm&#227;o, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda ou arritmias. Consideraram como desfechos a piora na fun&#231;&#227;o renal, a necessidade por di&#225;lise, o sucesso na descongest&#227;o, a perman&#234;ncia no hospital, as interna&#231;&#245;es por IC e a mortalidade. Procederam &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o dos 63 pacientes que receberam SSH, duas vezes ao dia at&#233; a alta, somados &#224; terapia diur&#233;tica padr&#227;o, com os 108 pacientes que utilizaram exclusivamente diur&#233;tico.</p>
    <p>Em suma, Colluoglu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> sinalizam em prol do uso de SSH baseado nos resultados de maior natriurese na segunda hora e no aumento do d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio nas primeiras 24 horas, como tamb&#233;m nos achados de diminui&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal e dos n&#237;veis de BNP, comuns em ambos os grupos. Houve hemoconcentra&#231;&#227;o no grupo com SSH. Os autores a interpretaram de modo ben&#233;fico, pois a relacionam com melhores desfechos. Este achado n&#227;o &#233; consensual, pois Issa et al. encontraram n&#237;veis normais de s&#243;dio em trabalho cong&#234;nere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A natureza retrospectiva dos dados coletados por Colluoglu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e a relativa pequena amostra deste trabalho podem ter comprometido seus resultados. A reprodutibilidade da recomenda&#231;&#227;o rotineira de SSH aos pacientes admitidos com IC descompensada por congest&#227;o ainda n&#227;o ganhou a recomenda&#231;&#227;o consensual das principais diretrizes de IC. Entretanto, revis&#227;o recentemente publicada se refere a outros trabalhos cl&#237;nicos de pequena casu&#237;stica e, em especial, ao trabalho de mais de 1.900 pacientes inclusos com seguimento m&#233;dio de 57 meses em que houve redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos duros como mortalidade e secund&#225;rios como tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, redu&#231;&#227;o de peso e aumento da diurese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As d&#250;vidas n&#227;o terminam por aqui. Outro questionamento &#233; se pacientes ambulatoriais com IC e descompensa&#231;&#245;es frequentes se beneficiariam da adi&#231;&#227;o de SSH ao esquema diur&#233;tico. Para tentar responder, h&#225; em curso o estudo espanhol SALT-HF trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> cujos resultados s&#227;o aguardados.</p>
    <p>Este trabalho publicado nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> em conjunto com a literatura, contribui para consolidar a indica&#231;&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica em adi&#231;&#227;o aos diur&#233;ticos para a descongest&#227;o dos pacientes com IC descompensada.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn id="fn1">
        <label/>
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: O Efeito da Administra&#231;&#227;o Precoce de Solu&#231;&#227;o Salina Hipert&#244;nica na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Descompensada Aguda</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240393i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diuretic in Decompensated Heart Failure: With or Without Salt?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2284-8251</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Wolney de Andrade Martins &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense - Medicina Cl&#237;nica - Rua Marques do Paran&#225;, 303, Sexto andar. Postal Code 24030-215, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil E-mail: wolney_martins@hotmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertonic Saline Solution</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Diuretics</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Acute or decompensated heart failure (HF) syndrome is a common cause of admission to emergency rooms or HF clinics. Patients often present in profile &#8220;B&#8221; of the hemodynamic classification and have low therapeutic adherence as the cause of their decompensation. In this clinical situation, the use of high-dose intravenous loop diuretics has been the mainstay of treatment over the last five decades. It does not change the long-term prognosis of the underlying disease, but it moves the patient from the acute crisis to outpatient compensation.</p>
      <p>There are many issues involved in diuretic therapy for decongestion. There are questions about doses; continuous infusion or <italic>bolus</italic>; parameters for complete decongestion; and care to avoid hypovolemia. Resistance to diuretics and sodium craving are mechanisms present in more severe and chronic patients, making decongestion even more challenging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Fortunately, some solutions to the problems mentioned above have been proposed and tested.</p>
      <p>Hypertonic saline solution (HSS) gained prominence in the 1980s due to the historic work of Brazilian researchers Irineu Tadeu Velasco and Mauricio Rocha e Silva, in the resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> HSS became popular in emergencies among rescuers of victims of traffic accidents. Therefore, extrapolating to the model of the patient with a dysfunctional heart was a challenge! Pathophysiological backgrounds provide favorable and contrary elements. On the one hand, the osmotic power of hypernatremia in attracting water to the vascular compartment, and on the other, the volume overload on a hypokinetic heart or with high end-diastolic pressure. Which side of the scale weighs more? Benefit or harm? The pathophysiological rationale is the basis of the clinical hypothesis, but only the clinical trial, especially if randomized and controlled, defines the recommendation for a course of action. So let&#8217;s look for the best evidence!</p>
      <p>Consensually or not, the addition of HSS to diuretic therapy has been used in cases of advanced HF. It remains to be seen whether it would be a routine option, for initial use, for all congested patients with decompensated HF or an alternative in non-responsive cases.</p>
      <p>Colluoglu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> evaluated 171 patients with decompensated HF, with congestion evidenced by imaging methods, using retrospective data obtained from medical records in this article published in <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>. They excluded those with hypoperfusion, hypernatremia or episodes of acute lung edema, acute coronary syndrome, or arrhythmias. They considered as outcomes worsening of renal function, the need for dialysis, success in decongestion, hospital stay, hospitalizations for HF, and mortality. They compared 63 patients who received HSS twice a day until discharge, in addition to standard diuretic therapy, with 108 patients who used diuretics exclusively.</p>
      <p>In summary, Colluoglu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> signal in favor of the use of HSS based on the results of greater natriuresis in the second hour and increased urinary output in the first 24 hours, as well as findings of decreased body weight and BNP levels, common in both groups. There was hemoconcentration in the HSS group. The authors interpreted it beneficially, as they relate it to better outcomes. This finding is not consensual as Issa et al. found normal sodium levels in similar work.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The retrospective nature of the data collected by Colluoglu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and the relatively small sample of this work may have compromised its results. The reproducibility of routinely recommending HSS to patients admitted with decompensated HF due to congestion has not yet gained consensus recommendation from the main HF guidelines. However, a recently published review refers to other clinical studies involving small samples and, in particular, the work of more than 1,900 patients included with an average follow-up of 57 months, in which there was a reduction in hard outcomes such as mortality and secondary outcomes such as length of hospitalization, weight reduction and increased diuresis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Another question is whether outpatients with HF and frequent decompensation would benefit from the addition of HSS to the diuretic regimen. To try to answer, the Spanish SALT-HF trial is currently underway,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> the results of which are awaited.</p>
      <p>This work now published in <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> together with the literature, contributes to consolidating the indication of hypertonic saline solution in addition to diuretics for the decongestion of patients with decompensated HF.</p>
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            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: The Effect of Early Administration of Hypertonic Saline Solution &#304;n Acute Decompensated Heart Failure</italic>
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