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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7z7njwnfK5DdCYYz5nfcL9J</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240311</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>EDITORIAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Custo do Atraso: Disparidades Socioecon&#244;micas e Falhas Diagn&#243;sticas no Tratamento de Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Oclus&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3835-6067</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nunes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>McLaren</surname>
            <given-names>Jesse T. T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University Health Network</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Emergency Department</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Toronto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Ontario</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CA">Canad&#225;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University Health Network - Emergency Department, Toronto, Ontario &#8211; Canad&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Nunes de Alencar &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Rua Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>josenunesalencar@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240311</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Terap&#234;utica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com oclus&#227;o coronariana aguda representa a faceta mais grave e urgente das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas. Estudos seminais nos ensinaram que o restabelecimento do fluxo coronariano em pacientes com art&#233;rias oclu&#237;das, seja por tromb&#243;lise ou angioplastia prim&#225;ria, pode alterar a hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a e reduzir significativamente a mortalidade associada a esta s&#237;ndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os autores de &#8220;O Impacto Cl&#237;nico e Econ&#244;mico do Atraso na Terapia de Reperfus&#227;o: Evid&#234;ncias do Mundo Real&#8221; fornecem dados convincentes de uma pr&#243;spera regi&#227;o metropolitana no Brasil, concluindo que cada hora adicional de atraso na terapia de reperfus&#227;o foi associada a um aumento de 6,2% (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,3% a 11,8%, p = 0,032) no risco de mortalidade hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os custos gerais foram 45% maiores entre os pacientes tratados ap&#243;s 9 horas em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles tratados nas primeiras 3 horas, principalmente devido aos custos hospitalares (p = 0,005). Gioppatto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m observaram, a partir de outros estudos, os impactos financeiros em pacientes e familiares devido &#224; reperfus&#227;o atrasada e indicam a necessidade de redes de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) para abordar a distribui&#231;&#227;o desigual de centros com capacidade para interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP).</p>
    <p>No entanto, gostar&#237;amos de acrescentar duas quest&#245;es a essa equa&#231;&#227;o e, em um exerc&#237;cio de imagina&#231;&#227;o, extrapolar dois grupos de pacientes que provavelmente apresentariam resultados ainda piores do que aqueles descritos nesse artigo intrigante.</p>
    <p>Em primeiro lugar, o n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico mais baixo, definido como baixa renda e escolaridade inferior ao ensino secund&#225;rio, &#233; um fator determinante nas desigualdades no atendimento, conduzindo a desfechos desfavor&#225;veis de sa&#250;de e a expectativa de vida reduzida. Estudos realizados na Su&#233;cia, Finl&#226;ndia, Canad&#225; e Estados Unidos demonstraram que o progn&#243;stico de pacientes de grupos de n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico mais baixo &#233; pior ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, devido a desigualdades no atendimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Um estudo revelou que pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio no grupo com renda familiar mediana mais baixa nos Estados Unidos tinham menos probabilidade de serem submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria e &#224; ICP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em outras palavras, existe um acesso desigual ao atendimento, mesmo dentro dos centros de ICP, o que agrava a distribui&#231;&#227;o desigual de centros com capacidade para ICP. Como resultado, as lacunas socioecon&#244;micas colocam os pacientes em risco de reperfus&#227;o atrasada, o que cria impactos financeiros adicionais sobre aqueles com renda menor. &#201; importante considerar o fato de que existem disparidades econ&#244;micas mais graves no Brasil do que nos demais pa&#237;ses mencionados neste par&#225;grafo.</p>
    <p>Existe um segundo grupo de pacientes que recebem reperfus&#227;o atrasada mesmo em centros com capacidade para ICP, com atraso adicional baseado na varia&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica, ou seja, aqueles que s&#227;o falsos negativos dentro do atual paradigma diagn&#243;stico de &#8220;infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com e sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST/IAMSSST). No atual paradigma diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, mais da metade dos pacientes com oclus&#227;o coronariana aguda (que, portanto, justificam a reperfus&#227;o imediata da art&#233;ria oclu&#237;da dentro dos tempos porta-bal&#227;o ou porta-agulha)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> n&#227;o apresentam supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e s&#227;o diagnosticados com IAMSSST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em outras palavras, esses pacientes apresentam infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com oclus&#227;o, ou &#8220;oclus&#227;o coronariana aguda&#8221; (OCA), mas s&#227;o falsos negativos para IAMCSST ou IAMCSST(-)OCA. Sob o paradigma atual, esses pacientes, infelizmente, recebem reperfus&#227;o atrasada em centros com capacidade para ICP, frequentemente muito al&#233;m das 9 horas discutidas nesse artigo. N&#227;o apenas essas oclus&#245;es s&#227;o perdidas na chegada, mas esses falsos negativos n&#227;o s&#227;o reconhecidos, mesmo em retrospectiva, porque o diagn&#243;stico de alta permanece &#8220;IAMSSST&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Como resultado, esses pacientes de alto risco com IAMCSST(-)OCA n&#227;o s&#227;o inclu&#237;dos em bases de dados de STEMI e n&#227;o s&#227;o considerados um alvo para melhoria da qualidade.</p>
    <p>Vale notar que Gioppatto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> n&#227;o inclu&#237;ram esses pacientes em seu estudo, justamente porque os autores optaram por selecionar apenas pacientes com resultados de testes positivos (positivos para IAMSSST) e n&#227;o aqueles com doen&#231;a real (OCA). Estudos demonstraram que os desfechos desses pacientes continuam a ser piores do que aqueles que t&#234;m a sorte de serem verdadeiramente positivos. Em uma metan&#225;lise de 2018 com mais de 60.000 pacientes com IAMSSST, 34% tinham uma art&#233;ria culpada oclu&#237;da com menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, maior risco de choque cardiog&#234;nico, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recorrente e morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Herman et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> compararam IAMSSST-OCA com IAMCSST-OCA e verificaram uma taxa de risco de 1,84 para mortalidade em 1 ano e 2,59 para mortalidade em 5 anos, com uma diferen&#231;a absoluta de mortalidade de 15%. O tempo m&#233;dio para interven&#231;&#227;o foi de 1,4 horas no grupo com IAMCSST e 16,3 horas no grupo com IAMSSST-OCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo de Gioppatto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> &#233; um marco significativo na cardiologia brasileira ao destacar fortemente a necessidade urgente de realizar reperfus&#227;o o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel para evitar desfechos desfavor&#225;veis a n&#237;vel individual e coletivo. Acrescentamos que a comunidade de cardiologia brasileira tamb&#233;m deveria se focar em dois grupos frequentemente negligenciados com OCA, aos quais &#233; negado tratamento oportuno e apropriado: aqueles com n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico mais baixo, que recebem reperfus&#227;o atrasada, mesmo quando positivos para IAMCSST, e todos aqueles que s&#227;o falsos negativos para IAMCSST, mas que apresentam achados cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de OCA.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240311i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>EDITORIAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Price of Delay: Socioeconomic Disparities and Diagnostic Oversights in Occlusion Myocardial Infarction Care</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3835-6067</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nunes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>McLaren</surname>
            <given-names>Jesse T. T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CA">Canada</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University Health Network - Emergency Department, Toronto, Ontario &#8211; Canada</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Nunes de Alencar &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Rua Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: josenunesalencar@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Therapeutics</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Acute myocardial infarction with acute coronary occlusion represents the most severe and urgent facet of acute coronary syndromes. Seminal studies have taught us that reestablishing coronary flow in patients with occluded arteries, whether through thrombolysis or primary angioplasty, can alter the natural history of the disease and significantly reduce mortality associated with this syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The authors of &#8220;The Clinical and Economic Impact of Delayed Reperfusion Therapy: Real-World Evidence&#8221; provide compelling data from a wealthy metropolitan region in Brazil, concluding that each additional hour of delay in reperfusion therapy was associated with a 6.2% increase (95% confidence interval: 0.3% to 11.8%, p = 0.032) in the risk of in-hospital mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In addition, overall costs were 45% higher among individuals treated after 9 hours compared to those treated within the first 3 hours, which was mainly due to in-hospital costs (p = 0.005). Gioppatto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> also note, from other studies, the financial impacts on patients and families due to delayed reperfusion, and they call for ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) networks to address the uneven distribution of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)-capable centers.</p>
      <p>However, we would like to add two issues to this equation and, in an exercise of imagination, extrapolate two groups of patients who would likely experience even worse outcomes than those described in this intriguing article.</p>
      <p>Firstly, lower socioeconomic status, defined as low income and less than high school education, is a key determinant of inequalities in care, leading to poor health outcomes and reduced life expectancy. Studies conducted in Sweden, Finland, Canada, and the United States have shown that the prognosis of patients from lower socioeconomic status groups is worse following acute myocardial infarction as a result of inequalities in care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> One study revealed that patients with myocardial infarction in the lowest median household income group in the United States were less likely to undergo coronary angiography and PCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In other words, there is uneven access to care even within PCI centers, which exacerbates the uneven distribution of PCI-capable centers. As a result, socioeconomic gaps put patients at risk of delayed reperfusion, which creates further financial impacts on those with the least income. It is important to consider the fact that there are more severe economic disparities in Brazil than in the other countries mentioned in this paragraph.</p>
      <p>There is a second group of patients who experience delayed reperfusion even within PCI-capable centers, with further delay based on geographic variation, namely, those who are false negatives within the current diagnostic paradigm of &#8220;myocardial infarction with and without ST-segment elevation (STEMI/NSTEMI).&#8221; In the current paradigm for diagnosing myocardial infarction, more than half of the patients with acute coronary occlusion (who therefore warrant immediate reperfusion of their occluded artery within door-to-balloon or door-to-needle times)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> do not exhibit ST-segment elevation and are diagnosed with NSTEMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In other words, these patients have occlusion myocardial infarction (OMI), but are false negative STEMI, or STEMI(-)OMI. Under the current paradigm, these unfortunate patients experience delayed reperfusion at PCI-capable centers, often far beyond the 9 hours discussed in this article. Not only are these occlusions missed on arrival, but these false negatives are not recognized, even in hindsight, because their discharge diagnosis remains &#8220;NSTEMI.&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> As a result, these high-risk patients with STEMI(-)OMI are not included in STEMI databases and not considered a target for quality improvement.</p>
      <p>Notably, Gioppatto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> did not include these patients in their study, precisely because the authors chose to select only patients with positive test results (STEMI positive) rather than those with actual disease (acute coronary occlusion). Studies have shown that the outcomes of these patients continue to be worse than those who are fortunate enough to be true positive. In a 2018 meta-analysis of more than 60,000 patients with NSTEMI, 34% had an occluded culprit artery with lower ejection fraction, higher risk of cardiogenic shock, recurring myocardial infarction, and death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Herman et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> compared NSTEMI-OMI to STEMI-OMI and found a hazard ratio of 1.84 for 1-year mortality and 2.59 for 5-year mortality, with an absolute mortality difference of 15%. The mean time to intervention was 1.4 hours in the STEMI group and 16.3 hours in the NSTEMI-OMI group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Gioppatto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> study marks a significant milestone in Brazilian cardiology by strongly highlighting the urgent need to reperfuse patients as soon as possible to avoid poor individual and collective outcomes. We add that the Brazilian cardiology community should also focus on two often overlooked groups with OMI who are denied timely and appropriate treatment: those with lower socioeconomic status who experience delayed reperfusion even when STEMI positive, and all those who are falsely STEMI negative but who have clinical, ECG, and echocardiographic findings of OMI.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
