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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">yJrDqcF9DcC6DSP7GwRjJ6Q</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240302</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desvendando a Per&#237;cia na Substitui&#231;&#227;o da V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica por Cateter no Brasil: Li&#231;&#245;es dos Dados Nacionais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2727-9198</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Santo Ant&#243;nio</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Santo Ant&#243;nio, Porto - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Sofia Cabral</bold> &#8226; Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, <postal-code>4099-001</postal-code>, Porto - Portugal E-mail: <email>msofiacabral@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240302</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Curva de Aprendizado</kwd>
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <disp-quote>
      <p>
        <italic>"Pois as coisas que temos que aprender antes de podermos faz&#234;-las, aprendemos fazendo-as"</italic>
      </p>
      <p>Arist&#243;teles</p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>Os resultados dos procedimentos em cardiologia, como em outras &#225;reas da medicina, s&#227;o influenciados por v&#225;rios fatores, incluindo caracter&#237;sticas do paciente, complexidade do procedimento, profici&#234;ncia do operador, diferencia&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica dispon&#237;vel e recursos de sa&#250;de. Centros de maior volume relatam melhores resultados para muitos procedimentos, embora a extens&#227;o desse benef&#237;cio varie dependendo da complexidade do procedimento. Quanto mais complexo for o procedimento, maior ser&#225; a rela&#231;&#227;o entre experi&#234;ncia e resultados. Al&#233;m disso, cada procedimento tem sua curva de aprendizado (CA), tanto ao n&#237;vel individual quanto em grupo, o que introduz densidade a esta avalia&#231;&#227;o. Do ponto de vista acad&#234;mico, uma CA define a rela&#231;&#227;o entre desempenho (aprendizagem) e pr&#225;tica (esfor&#231;o). Na forma&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de, este processo de aprendizagem segue tipicamente um padr&#227;o n&#227;o linear inicialmente marcado por um declive acentuado &#224; medida que os princ&#237;pios b&#225;sicos do procedimento s&#227;o adquiridos, seguido por um ponto de inflex&#227;o onde a taxa de aprendizagem desacelera. Eventualmente, atinge uma express&#227;o assint&#243;tica, representando a fase de plat&#244; de alta profici&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Compreender como se comporta a CA de um procedimento &#233; importante porque fornece informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas para as sociedades cient&#237;ficas e as autoridades reguladoras de sa&#250;de na defini&#231;&#227;o dos requisitos de compet&#234;ncia para os profissionais e auxiliando os tomadores de decis&#227;o na aloca&#231;&#227;o eficaz de recursos. Mais importante ainda, desempenha um papel crucial na manuten&#231;&#227;o de elevados padr&#245;es de cuidados.</p>
    <p>No campo das interven&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, o fen&#244;meno CA tem sido amplamente verificado, desde a cirurgia card&#237;aca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e, mais recentemente, a substitui&#231;&#227;o transcateter da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (TAVI).<sup>4-7</sup> Apesar dos resultados conflitantes de diferentes s&#233;ries, os investigadores reconheceram um padr&#227;o consistente na CA da TAVI. Este padr&#227;o apresenta uma fase inicial em que a efici&#234;ncia do procedimento e os resultados de seguran&#231;a aumentam acentuadamente com o aumento da experi&#234;ncia, seguida por fases de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o e eventuais fases de consolida&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A maior parte dos dados prov&#233;m de sistemas de sa&#250;de ocidentais de pa&#237;ses de elevado rendimento, com informa&#231;&#245;es limitadas dispon&#237;veis sobre o seu padr&#227;o noutras regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas e em pa&#237;ses com economias mais d&#233;beis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em seu estudo, Bernardi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> tiveram como objetivo avaliar se a CA conhecida para resultados intra-hospitalares na TAVI &#233; replicada no Brasil, servindo como proxy de uma na&#231;&#227;o sul-americana de renda baixa a m&#233;dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Os autores utilizaram dados do registro nacional de TAVI no Brasil, abrangendo registros de 3.194 pacientes de 2008 a 2023. Empregando metodologia semelhante a Russo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> eles descobriram que ap&#243;s o ajuste para o Euroscore e o modelo de pr&#243;tese (modelos mais recentes versus modelos de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o), a mortalidade hospitalar exibiu um decl&#237;nio inicial ap&#243;s o n&#250;mero de sequ&#234;ncia de casos (CS #) 40, se estabilizou em CS #118 e atingiu seu ponto final no CS #303, al&#233;m do qual nenhum outro benef&#237;cio marginal tang&#237;vel foi percept&#237;vel. Este comportamento dos dados segue uma CA t&#237;pica.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, os investigadores realizaram uma suban&#225;lise paralela comparando centros com base na ado&#231;&#227;o precoce ou tardia do procedimento, usando 2014 como marco temporal de refer&#234;ncia, <bold>que coincidiu com a introdu&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;teses de nova gera&#231;&#227;o no mercado brasileiro</bold>. Surpreendentemente, mas n&#227;o totalmente inesperado, foi observada uma CA distinta para a coorte de adotantes iniciais, mas n&#227;o para a contraparte de adotantes tardios. Esses achados questionam o fen&#244;meno da CA na pr&#225;tica atual do TAVI e est&#227;o de acordo com os relatados por Russo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O menor impacto da experi&#234;ncia nos resultados iniciais em programas de TAVI mais recentes pode ser atribu&#237;do a avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos, matura&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica, programas s&#243;lidos estruturados e conhecimento compartilhado acumulado. Na verdade, poucas &#225;reas da medicina cardiovascular testemunharam uma supervis&#227;o t&#227;o intensiva como os procedimentos TAVI, um aspecto not&#225;vel que n&#227;o deve ser subestimado como contribuinte. Os autores reconheceram plenamente todos estes aspectos, demonstrando uma perspic&#225;cia apurada.</p>
    <p>Outro ponto crucial a considerar &#233; que, em todo o grupo, a mortalidade hospitalar foi impactada pela experi&#234;ncia. A maior experi&#234;ncia, definida como mais de 120 casos acumulados, levou inequivocamente a melhores resultados. No entanto, h&#225; uma ressalva neste achado: nos adotantes tardios, o efeito da elevada experi&#234;ncia na mortalidade hospitalar foi impercept&#237;vel. As diferen&#231;as encontradas na suban&#225;lise das duas coortes, onde os adotantes tardios n&#227;o conseguiram reproduzir a tend&#234;ncia global, est&#227;o provavelmente enraizadas no seu menor volume m&#233;dio de casos acumulados (56 vs. 222; intervalo interquartil de 34,5 a 118), bem abaixo do limiar de elevada experi&#234;ncia (120) onde foi observado um claro benef&#237;cio em termos de mortalidade. Isto sugere que este grupo provavelmente experimentou uma CA amortecida em vez de sua completa aus&#234;ncia, relacionada ao efeito de dispers&#227;o do aumento da disponibilidade do TAVI no volume de procedimentos de cada centro ao longo do tempo. A implica&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica &#233; que deve haver um equil&#237;brio delicado entre garantir o acesso oportuno da popula&#231;&#227;o ao procedimento e garantir a sua efic&#225;cia. Felizmente, durante a sua experi&#234;ncia inicial (primeiro quartil), as taxas de mortalidade hospitalar dos adoptantes tardios situaram-se entre as encontradas no segundo e terceiro quartis de experi&#234;ncia acumulada entre os adoptantes precoces. Isto aponta para uma verdadeira modula&#231;&#227;o da CA na pr&#225;tica contempor&#226;nea da TAVI.</p>
    <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o conduzida por Bernardi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> &#233; valiosa porque retrata a implementa&#231;&#227;o da TAVI no Brasil e fornece um caminho para explorar os desafios e fatores espec&#237;ficos em jogo em um cen&#225;rio local. Tal como noutros contextos econ&#243;micos e sociais, &#233; fundamental reconhecer que a influ&#234;ncia da experi&#234;ncia nos resultados dos programas TAVI transcende a mera profici&#234;ncia t&#233;cnica. Estende-se a aspectos mais amplos da sa&#250;de, combinando atendimento ao paciente, planejamento de procedimentos e gerenciamento periprocedimento - determinantes que este estudo n&#227;o foi projetado para capturar. N&#227;o obstante, muitos insights valiosos emergem deste estudo, extra&#237;do do Registro Brasileiro de TAVI, que pode ajudar a moldar a presta&#231;&#227;o de TAVI no Brasil.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Curva de Aprendizagem da Mortalidade Hospitalar da Substitui&#231;&#227;o da V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica Transcateter: Insights do Registro Nacional Brasileiro</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240302i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Unlocking Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Expertise in Brazil: Lessons from National Data</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2727-9198</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Santo Ant&#243;nio, Porto - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Sofia Cabral &#8226;</bold> Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, <postal-code>4099-001</postal-code>, Porto - Portugal E-mail: <email>msofiacabral@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Learning Curve</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>
          <italic>"For the things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them"</italic>
        </p>
        <p>
          <italic>Aristotle</italic>
        </p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>Procedural outcomes in cardiology, as in other fields in Medicine, are influenced by numerous factors, including patient characteristics, procedural intricacy, operator proficiency, available technological differentiation, and healthcare resources. Higher volume centers report better results for many procedures, though the extent of that benefit varies depending on the procedure's complexity. The more complex the procedure the higher the relationship between experience and outcomes. Additionally, each procedure has its learning curve (LC), both at individual and group levels, which adds density to the assessment. From an academic standpoint, an LC defines the relationship between performance (learning) and practice (effort). In health training, this learning process typically follows a non-linear pattern initially marked by a steep slope as the basics of the procedure are acquired, followed by an inflection point where the learning rate decelerates. Eventually, it reaches an asymptotic expression, representing the plateau phase of high proficiency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Understanding how a procedure's LC behaves is important because it provides valuable insights for scientific societies and healthcare regulatory authorities in defining the competency requirements for practitioners and assisting decision-makers in effective resource allocation. Most importantly, it plays a critical role in maintaining high standards of care.</p>
      <p>In the field of cardiovascular interventions, the LC phenomenon has extensively been verified, from cardiac surgery<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> to coronary percutaneous intervention,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and more recently, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR).<sup>4-7</sup> Despite conflicting results from different series, researchers have consistently recognized a pattern in the LC of TAVR. This pattern depicts an early phase where procedure efficiency and safety outcomes steeply increase with increasing experience, followed by flattening out and eventual consolidation phases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Most of the data comes from Western, high-income healthcare systems, with limited information available on its pattern in other geographic regions and economically constrained countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In their study, Bernardi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> aimed to assess whether the established LC for in-hospital outcomes in TAVR is replicated in Brazil, serving as a proxy of a South American low-to-middle-income nation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The authors utilized data from the Brazilian nationwide TAVR registry, covering records from 3194 patients spanning from 2008 to 2023. Employing a methodology similar to Russo MJ et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> they discovered that after adjusting for Euroscore and prosthesis model (newer vs. first-generation models), in-hospital mortality exhibited an initial decline after case-sequence number (CS #) 40, plateaued at CS #118, and reached its termination point at CS #303, beyond which no further tangible marginal benefit was noticeable. This data expression follows a typical LC.</p>
      <p>Additionally, the investigators conducted a parallel sub-analysis comparing centers based on early or late adoption of the procedure, using 2014 as the reference time mark, <bold>which coincided with the introduction of new-generation prostheses in the Brazilian market</bold>. Surprisingly but not entirely unexpected, a distinct LC was observed for the early-adopters cohort, but not for the late-adopters counterpart. These findings question the LC phenomenon in current TAVR practice and are in keeping with those reported by Russo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The lesser impact of experience on early outcomes in more recent TAVR programs can be attributed to technological breakthroughs, maturation of the technique, sound structured programs, and accumulated shared knowledge. Indeed, few areas in cardiovascular medicine have witnessed such intensive proctorship as TAVR procedures, a notable aspect that should not be underestimated as a contributor. The authors fully acknowledged all these aspects, demonstrating keen awareness.</p>
      <p>Another crucial point to consider is that, within the entire group, in-hospital mortality was impacted by experience. Higher experience, defined as more than 120 accumulated cases, unequivocally led to better outcomes. However, there's a caveat to this finding: in late adopters, the effect of high experience on in-hospital mortality was unnoticeable. The differences found in the two-cohort subanalysis, where late adopters failed to reproduce the global trend, are probably rooted in their lower median accumulated case volume (56 vs 222; interquartile range from 34,5 to 118), well below the threshold of high experience (120) where a clear mortality benefit was observed. This suggests that this group most likely experienced a dampened LC rather than its complete absence, related to the scattering effect of the increased TAVR availability on each center's procedural volume over time. The practical implication is that there must be a delicate balance between ensuring the population's timely access to the procedure and guaranteeing its effectiveness. Reassuringly, during their early experience (first quartile), late adopters&#8217; in-hospital mortality rates fell in between those found in the second and third quartiles of accumulated experience among early adopters. This argues for a true reshaping of the LC in contemporary TAVR practice.</p>
      <p>The investigation conducted by Bernardo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> is valuable as it portrays the implementation of TAVR in Brazil and provides an avenue to explore the specific challenges and factors at play in a local setting. As in other economic and social contexts, it is paramount to recognize that the influence of experience on the outcomes of TAVR programs transcends mere technical proficiency. It extends to broader aspects of healthcare, blending patient care, procedural planning, and peri-procedural management -determinants that this study wasn't designed to capture. Notwithstanding, plenty of valuable insights emerge from this study, drawn from the Brazilian TAVR Registry, which can assist in shaping TAVR delivery in Brazil.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Learning Curve for In-Hospital Mortality of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Insights from the Brazilian National Registry</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
