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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">WY5xyHvWFJYTdDnFnCpJNhC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240026</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome do Seio Carot&#237;deo Associada a Carcinoma Ex-Adenoma Pleom&#243;rfico: Qual o Papel da Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1027-4534</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lani</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Sanson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2947-3066</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7554-8001</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Helena Alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-8227-1174</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cotias</surname>
            <given-names>Elisama Pimentel Zamian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Luiz Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Antonio Moraes</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Antonio Moraes (HUCAM), Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Vitoria Apart Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Serra</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Vitoria Apart Hospital &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia, Serra, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisiologia Cardiovascular</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vitoria</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo &#8211; Departamento de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Vitoria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jorge Elias Neto</bold> &#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Antonio Moraes &#8211; Av. Marechal Campos, 1355. CEP <postal-code>29041-295</postal-code>, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jeliasneto@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240026</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Seio Carot&#237;deo</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasias de Cabe&#231;a e Pesco&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Adenoma Pleomorfo</kwd>
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome do seio carot&#237;deo (SSC) &#233; definida como s&#237;ncope ou pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope associada a no m&#237;nimo 3 segundos de assistolia (resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria) e/ou queda de pelo menos 50 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (resposta vasodepressora) em resposta &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o do seio carot&#237;deo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Foi reconhecida pela primeira vez por Weiss e Baker em 1933, desde ent&#227;o, h&#225; relatos da associa&#231;&#227;o entre massas cervicais e ocorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Dentre os causadores, encontra-se o carcinoma ex-adenoma pleom&#243;rfico (CXAP), neoplasia maligna rara que se desenvolve a partir de um adenoma pleom&#243;rfico prim&#225;rio ou recorrente. Representa 3,6% de todas as neoplasias das gl&#226;ndulas salivares e 11,6% de todas as neoplasias malignas destas gl&#226;ndulas. A SSC causada por massas cervicais &#233; decorrente da compress&#227;o e invas&#227;o do seio carot&#237;deo e ramos nervosos. Tal s&#237;ndrome possui 3 subtipos: cardioinibit&#243;ria, vasodepressora e mista.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Um quarto tipo "resposta cerebral", foi previamente descrito na literatura, em que a compress&#227;o direta da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida causa isquemia cerebral ipsilateral levando a convuls&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
      <p>Mulher, 69 anos, ex-tabagista h&#225; mais de 20 anos. Portadora de adenoma pleom&#243;rfico h&#225; 18 anos, foi conduzida inicialmente em tratamento conservador, por&#233;m, houve perda de seguimento cl&#237;nico. Internada devido a s&#237;ncopes recorrentes, sem pr&#243;domos, de in&#237;cio h&#225; 2 meses desencadeados por dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo e rota&#231;&#227;o do pesco&#231;o &#224; esquerda e com melhora ap&#243;s retorno da posi&#231;&#227;o cervical no plano frontal. Apresentava massa cervical na regi&#227;o supra-hioide &#224; esquerda de importante volume, indolor (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o apresentou epis&#243;dios de bradicardia sinusal com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de at&#233; 25 bpm, visualizadas em monitor card&#237;aco, com boa resposta a atropina. Como tratamento imediato foi implantado marca-passo (MP) provis&#243;rio transvenoso com posterior inser&#231;&#227;o de MP definitivo unicameral (Medtronic) em modo VVI, 60 pulsos por minuto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). A decis&#227;o de implantar um MP monocameral ventricular foi motivada pelo agravamento da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da paciente naquele momento, sem considerar a possibilidade de que o tipo de MP poderia interferir de forma desfavor&#225;vel na evolu&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ncope reflexa cardioinibit&#243;ria. O ecocardiograma e a tomografia de cr&#226;nio n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es. A tomografia cervical mostrou forma&#231;&#227;o expansiva acometendo par&#243;tida esquerda, de 7,9 x 6,7 x 6,4 cm, com abaulamento local e acometimento do espa&#231;o parafar&#237;ngeo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>(A) Massa cervical volumosa localizada na regi&#227;o supra-hioidea, &#224; esquerda. (B e C) Tomografia computadorizada de pesco&#231;o mostrando forma&#231;&#227;o expansiva com densidade de partes moles e realce heterog&#234;neo, &#225;reas de necrose e focos de calcifica&#231;&#227;o (seta verde), acometendo a par&#243;tida esquerda com abaulamento local e acometimento do espa&#231;o parafar&#237;ngeo, associada a m&#250;ltiplas linfonodomegalias. A seta vermelha aponta para a car&#243;tida comum esquerda e a seta amarela para a bifurca&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea (interna e externa). (D) RX de t&#243;rax em AP ap&#243;s implante de MP unicameral. (E) RX de t&#243;rax com MP bicameral RDR.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240026-40026-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Inicialmente o implante de MP estabilizou a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Por&#233;m, a paciente evoluiu com novos sintomas de cefaleia, ins&#244;nia, tontura e fraqueza. Houve tamb&#233;m recorr&#234;ncia da s&#237;ncope. Os epis&#243;dios de mal-estar eram associados a sudorese profusa e n&#225;useas e registro de ritmo de MP ventricular com condu&#231;&#227;o ventr&#237;culo-atrial, quadro agora compat&#237;vel com S&#237;ndrome do Marca-passo (SM). Dessa forma, por meio de contato com a equipe de eletrofisiologia, optou-se pela troca do dispositivo para sistema dupla-c&#226;mara, Gerador Medtronic modelo ATTESTA ATDR01 (DDDR), com fun&#231;&#227;o "<italic>Rate-Drop Response</italic>" (RDR) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>), o que resultou em remiss&#227;o imediata dos sintomas.</p>
      <p>A bi&#243;psia excisional da massa com estudo de imunohistoqu&#237;mica revelou carcinoma ex-adenoma pleom&#243;rfico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Iniciou-se radioterapia, entretanto, n&#227;o apresentava "<italic>status performance"</italic> para tratamento sist&#234;mico com quimioterapia, necessitando de cuidados paliativos exclusivos. Retornou para consulta ap&#243;s 3 meses do implante do MP RDR, em ritmo sinusal pr&#243;prio, negando epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope ou outros sintomas de hipofluxo cerebral. Estava em uso de hidralazina e clonazepam. Tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o internou-se por astenia, olig&#250;ria e hiporexia atribu&#237;das a quadro s&#233;ptico secund&#225;rio a pneumonia evoluindo a &#243;bito.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Estudo Imuno-Histoqu&#237;mico mostrando neoplasia constitu&#237;da por c&#233;lulas epitelioides com citoplasma eosinof&#237;lico e n&#250;cleos regulares, dispostas em cord&#245;es ou blocos s&#243;lidos. (A). &#193;reas de esclerose estromal e &#225;reas mixoides. H&#225; c&#233;lulas plasmocitoides de aspecto mioepitelial, com ac&#250;mulo de mucina. O estudo imuno-histoqu&#237;mico revelou positividade para citoqueratina (B), prote&#237;na p63, calponina (focal) e S-100 (C). Tumor invadindo a derme (D), presen&#231;a de c&#233;lulas infiltrativas (E) e regi&#227;o mixoma do tumor (F). Esses achados s&#227;o consistentes com neoplasia do tipo gl&#226;ndula salivar com &#225;reas celulares de diferencia&#231;&#227;o mioepitelial, sendo as principais possibilidades o adenoma pleom&#243;rfico variante celular com predom&#237;nio mioepitelial e o carcinoma mioepitelial ex-adenoma pleom&#243;rfico.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240026-40026-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O adenoma pleom&#243;rfico consiste em uma massa indolor, de crescimento lento, dentro da par&#243;tida, &#225;reas submandibulares ou cavidade bucal. A incid&#234;ncia de transforma&#231;&#227;o maligna aumenta com a dura&#231;&#227;o do tumor, sendo cerca de 10% para aqueles com mais de 15 anos de dura&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A compress&#227;o e invas&#227;o do seio carot&#237;deo e ramos nervosos (como nervo de Hering) pelo adenoma, leva a estimula&#231;&#227;o neural e ativa&#231;&#227;o dos barorreceptores locais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> desencadeando reflexo neurocardiog&#234;nico exagerado (cardioinibit&#243;ria, vasodepressora ou mista) ap&#243;s a compress&#227;o do seio carot&#237;deo.</p>
      <p>O seio carot&#237;deo &#233; um componente importante de um sistema de controle neural respons&#225;vel pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e pela homeostase da press&#227;o arterial. A resposta hemodin&#226;mica &#224; distor&#231;&#227;o do seio carot&#237;deo &#233; a base da SSC. Essa resposta vagal &#233; eliminada pela atropina,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> confirmando o diagn&#243;stico da paciente em quest&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; geralmente bem-sucedida na preven&#231;&#227;o de sintomas graves atribu&#237;veis a SSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Todavia, o implante de MP pode levar a complica&#231;&#245;es como a SM, que &#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia de sintomas causados pela perda de sincronia AV, incluindo fadiga, dispneia, dor no peito, dor de cabe&#231;a e pulsa&#231;&#245;es no pesco&#231;o. Pode haver dissocia&#231;&#227;o AV ou condu&#231;&#227;o VA 1:1 comprometendo a contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular e desencadeando uma dissincronia AV. A condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada (VA), resulta em contra&#231;&#227;o atrial enquanto as v&#225;lvulas mitral e tric&#250;spide est&#227;o fechadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Essa entidade &#233; mais frequente em pacientes com boa fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, sem dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular avan&#231;ado, e, preferencialmente, com estimula&#231;&#227;o do tipo VVI,<sup>8,9</sup> como no caso relatado. Dessa maneira, foi realizada a troca de MP para dupla-c&#226;mara com fun&#231;&#227;o "<italic>Rate-Drop Response</italic>" (RDR), modo indicado para s&#237;ncopes recorrentes por hipersensibilidade do seio carot&#237;deo (forma cardioinibit&#243;ria).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A incorpora&#231;&#227;o desse algoritmo program&#225;vel que possibilita uma "resposta de queda da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca" &#233; projetado para reconhecer altera&#231;&#245;es da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca habitualmente associadas a eventos vasovagais iminentes e desencadear um per&#237;odo autolimitado de estimula&#231;&#227;o bicameral com uma frequ&#234;ncia mais elevada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Morley et al. observaram persist&#234;ncia dos sintomas em alguns pacientes utilizando MP ventricular (VVI) a despeito do normofuncionamento do dispositivo e se mostraram favor&#225;veis &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o de estimula&#231;&#227;o com MP dupla c&#226;mara em todos os pacientes portadores de SSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Apesar de a associa&#231;&#227;o entre SSC e disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal, s&#237;ncope vasovagal ou hipotens&#227;o postural ser um limitador evidente no manejo terap&#234;utico desses pacientes com tumor cervical, o MP dupla c&#226;mara, com algoritmo RDR, mostra-se efetivo na preven&#231;&#227;o da recorr&#234;ncia dos eventos sincopais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como tratamento alternativo, nos casos em que o MP n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel, Takahiro et al. descreveu um caso cuja SSC induzida por c&#226;ncer de pesco&#231;o foi efetivamente tratada com derivados de xantina, evitando a necessidade de MP enquanto o tumor era tratado. A explica&#231;&#227;o sugerida &#233; um antagonismo competitivo dos derivados de xantinas na ativa&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica do quimiorreceptor de adenosina e do receptor end&#243;geno de adenosina. Isso resulta em redu&#231;&#227;o do efeito cronotr&#243;pico e dromotr&#243;pico negativos induzido pela adenosina. Os derivados da xantina tamb&#233;m podem suprimir a resposta vasodepressora da adenosina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma quest&#227;o que se mostra pertinente &#233; se o MP, provis&#243;rio ou definitivo, em alguns casos espec&#237;ficos, poderia desempenhar apenas papel adjuvante no tratamento at&#233; a extra&#231;&#227;o do tumor e consequente resolu&#231;&#227;o da compress&#227;o tumoral. N&#227;o existem dados na literatura que sinalizem que nessas situa&#231;&#245;es seria poss&#237;vel considerar o explante do sistema com seguran&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Assim, a SSC &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o rara e relevante dos tumores de cabe&#231;a e pesco&#231;o decorrente da hiperexcita&#231;&#227;o de barorreceptores. O tratamento de escolha consiste em implante de MP definitivo. Contudo, esse dispositivo pode levar a SM, condi&#231;&#227;o que pode ser eficazmente tratada pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de MP bicameral com fun&#231;&#227;o "<italic>Rate-Drop Response</italic>".</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240026i</article-id>
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        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Carotid Sinus Syndrome Associated with Carcinoma Ex-Pleomorphic Adenoma: What Is the Role of Artificial Cardiac Stimulation?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1027-4534</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lani</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Sanson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2947-3066</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
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          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7554-8001</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
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          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Helena Alves de</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
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            <surname>Cotias</surname>
            <given-names>Elisama Pimentel Zamian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
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          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Luiz Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
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            <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
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          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Antonio Moraes (HUCAM), Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Serra</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Vitoria Apart Hospital &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia, Serra, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vitoria</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo &#8211; Departamento de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Vitoria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailng Address: Jorge Elias Neto</bold> &#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Antonio Moraes &#8211; Av. Marechal Campos, 1355. Postal Code <postal-code>29041-295</postal-code>, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>jeliasneto@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Carotid Sinus</kwd>
        <kwd>Syncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Head and Neck Neoplasms</kwd>
        <kwd>Adenoma Pleomorphic</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Pacing Artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) is defined as syncope or pre-syncope associated with at least 3 seconds of asystole (cardioinhibitory response) and/or a drop of at least 50 mmHg in arterial systolic blood pressure (vasodepressor response) in response to stimulation of the carotid sinus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> First recognized by Weiss and Baker in 1933, there have been since then reports of the association between neck masses and the occurrence of syncope.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Among its causes is carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma (CXAP), a rare malignant neoplasm that develops from a primary or recurrent pleomorphic adenoma. It represents 3.6% of all salivary gland neoplasms and 11.6% of all malignant neoplasms of these glands. CSS caused by neck masses is due to compression and invasion of the carotid sinus and nerve branches. This syndrome has 3 subtypes: cardioinhibitory, vasodepressor, and the mixed type.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A fourth type of "cerebral response" has been previously described in the literature, in which direct compression of the carotid artery causes ipsilateral cerebral ischemia leading to seizures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case description</title>
        <p>We present a 69-year-old woman, ex-smoker for over 20 years, diagnosed with pleomorphic Adenoma for 18 years. The patient was receiving conservative approach treatment, but short of a consistent clinical follow-up. She was hospitalized due to recurrent syncope, without prodromes, that began 2 months before hospitalization, triggered by left lateral decubitus and rotation of the neck to the left and with improvement after returning to the cervical position in the frontal plane.</p>
        <p>She presented a significant voluminous, painless cervical mass, in the suprahyoid region, on the left (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>). During hospitalization, she presented episodes of sinus bradycardia with a heart rate (HR) of up to 25 bpm, visualized on a cardiac monitor, and a good response to Atropine. As an immediate treatment, a temporary transvenous pacemaker (PM) was implanted with subsequent implantation of a definitive single-chamber PM (Medtronic) in VVI mode at 60 pulses per minute (Picture 1). The decision to implant a single-chamber ventricular PM was driven by the worsening of the patient's clinical condition without considering the possibility that this type of PM could unfavorably interfere with the evolution of the cardioinhibitory reflex syncope. Echocardiogram and head tomography showed no changes. The cervical tomography showed an expansive formation affecting the left parotid, measuring 7.9 x 6.7 x 6.4 cm, with local bulging and involvement of the parapharyngeal space (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) Large neck mass located in the suprahyoid region, on the left. (B and C) CT-scan of the neck showing expansive formation with soft tissue density and heterogeneous enhancement, areas of necrosis, and foci of calcification (green arrow), affecting the left parotid with local bulging and involvement of the parapharyngeal space, associated with multiple lymph node enlargement. Red arrow points to the left common carotid artery and yellow arrow to the carotid bifurcation (internal and external). (D) AP chest X-ray after single-chamber PM implantation. (E) Chest X-ray with bicameral PM RDR.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240026-40026-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Initially, the pacemaker implant stabilized the heart rate. However, the patient developed new symptoms such as headache, insomnia, dizziness, and weakness. There was also a recurrence of syncope. The episodes of malaise were associated with profuse sweating and nausea and recording of ventricular PM rhythm with ventriculo-atrial conduction, a condition now compatible with pacemaker syndrome (MS). Therefore, through contact with the electrophysiology team, it was hence opted the replacement of the device for a Medtronic model ATTESTA ATDR01 (DDDR), double-chamber system generator with "Rate-Drop Response" (RDR) function) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>), what resulted in an immediate reduction of symptoms.</p>
        <p>Excisional biopsy of the mass with an immunohistochemistry study revealed carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>). Radiotherapy was started, however, it did not present "performance status" for systemic treatment with chemotherapy, requiring exclusive palliative care. The patient returned for consultation 3 months after implantation of the PM RDR, presenting proper sinus rhythm, lacking episodes of syncope, or other symptoms of cerebral hypoflow. She was on hydralazine and clonazepam.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Immunohistochemical study showing a neoplasm consisting of epithelioid cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and regular nuclei, arranged in cords or solid blocks. (A). Areas of stromal sclerosis and myxoid areas. There are plasmacytoid cells with a myoepithelial appearance, with an accumulation of mucin. The immunohistochemical study revealed positivity for cytokeratin (B), p63 protein, calponin (focal) and S-100 (C). Tumor invading the dermis (D), presence of infiltrative cells (E), and Myxoma region of the tumor (F). These findings are consistent with salivary gland-type neoplasia with cellular areas of myoepithelial differentiation, the main possibilities being cellular variant pleomorphic adenoma with myoepithelial predominance and myoepithelial carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240026-40026-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Three days after the evaluation, she was hospitalized due to asthenia, oliguria, and hyporexia attributed to septic conditions secondary to pneumonia, which resulted in her death.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Pleomorphic adenoma consists of a painless, slow-growing mass within the parotid, submandibular areas or oral cavity. The incidence of malignant transformation increases with the duration of the tumor, being around 10% for those lasting more than 15 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Compression and invasion of the carotid sinus and nerve branches (such as Hering's nerve) by the adenoma lead to neural stimulation and activation of local baroreceptors,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> triggering an exaggerated neurocardiogenic reflex (cardioinhibitory, vasodepressor, or mixed) after compression of the carotid sinus.</p>
        <p>The carotid sinus is an important component of a neural control system responsible for heart rate and blood pressure homeostasis. The hemodynamic response to carotid sinus distortion is the basis of SSC. This vagal response is eliminated by atropine,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> confirming the diagnosis of the referred patient.</p>
        <p>Cardiac pacing is generally successful in preventing severe symptoms attributable to SSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, PM implantation can lead to complications such as MS, which is the occurrence of symptoms caused by loss of AV synchrony, including fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain, headache, and throbbing in the neck. There may be AV dissociation or 1:1 VA conduction, compromising ventricular contraction and triggering AV dyssynchrony. Retrograde conduction (VA) results in atrial contraction while the mitral and tricuspid valves are closed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This distinct condition is more common in patients with good cardiac function, without advanced atrioventricular conduction disturbance, and, preferably, with VVI<sup>8,9</sup> type stimulation, as in the case reported. For this very reason, the PM was switched to dual-chamber with the "Rate-Drop Response" (RDR) function, a mode indicated for recurrent syncope due to carotid sinus hypersensitivity (cardioinhibitory form)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>. The embedding of this programmable algorithm that enables a "fall heart rate response" is designed to recognize heart rate changes typically associated with impending vasovagal events and trigger a self-limited period of bicameral stimulation at a higher rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Morley et al. observed the persistence of symptoms in some patients using ventricular PM (VVI) despite the normal functioning of the device and were in favor of indicating stimulation with double chamber PM in all patients with SSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Although the association between SSC and sinus node dysfunction, vasovagal syncope or postural hypotension is an obvious limitation in the therapeutic management of these patients with cervical tumors, double-chamber PM, with the RDR algorithm, is effective in preventing the recurrence of syncopal events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As an alternative treatment, in cases where PM is not possible, Takahiro et al. described a case whose neck cancer-induced SSC was effectively treated with xanthine derivatives, avoiding the need for PM while the tumor was treated.</p>
        <p>The suggested explanation is a competitive antagonism of xanthine derivatives in the peripheral activation of the adenosine chemoreceptor and the endogenous adenosine receptor. This results in a reduction in the negative chronotropic and dromotropic effects induced by adenosine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>An underlying issue that appears to be pertinent is whether PM, whether provisional or definitive, in some specific cases, could only play a side role in treatment until tumor extraction and consequent resolution of tumor compression. There are no data in the literature that indicate that in these situations it would be possible to safely consider explanting the system.</p>
        <p>Thus, SSC is a rare and relevant complication of head and neck tumors resulting from baroreceptor hyperexcitation. The treatment of choice consists of permanent PM implantation. However, this device can lead to SM, a condition that can be effectively treated by using a bicameral PM with a "Rate-Drop Response" function.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
