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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Rm8hF4GTWJTpcHx8Mbn4vNL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700703</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00703</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transplante Combinado de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Rim Realizado em Etapas com M&#225;quina de Perfus&#227;o Puls&#225;til: Uma Estrat&#233;gia Vi&#225;vel para o Transplante Combinado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9556-3604</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Manfro</surname>
            <given-names>Arthur Gus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3163-2097</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Fontanive</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Manfro</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Ceratti</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4207-3809</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Clausell</surname>
            <given-names>Nadine</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1523-4286</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Goldraich</surname>
            <given-names>Livia Adams</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Nefrologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Nefrologia &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Livia Adams Goldraich &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>lgoldraich@hcpa.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240007</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Transplante card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>transplante renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Preserva&#231;&#227;o de &#211;rg&#227;os</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Transplantes isolados de cora&#231;&#227;o e de rim tornaram-se procedimentos padr&#245;es no tratamento de pacientes com fal&#234;ncia de &#243;rg&#227;o. A disfun&#231;&#227;o renal &#233; frequentemente observada em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) avan&#231;ada, exercendo um impacto significativo no progn&#243;stico do transplante card&#237;aco. Em contrapartida, a IC avan&#231;ada &#233; comum em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal terminal, o que inviabiliza o transplante renal. Consequentemente, muitos centros t&#234;m adotado o transplante renal e card&#237;aco combinado, como tratamento padr&#227;o desses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O progresso nessa &#225;rea levou a um aumento substancial de transplantes de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada. Apesar do aumento nas realiza&#231;&#245;es dos transplantes combinados, ainda h&#225; incertezas quanto &#224; melhor sequ&#234;ncia das cirurgias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No Brasil, enquanto um n&#250;mero significativo de transplantes card&#237;acos e renais isolados s&#227;o realizados anualmente, poucos transplantes combinados foram documentados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Considerando os avan&#231;os na &#225;rea, espera-se que os transplantes combinados tornem-se mais comuns em breve.</p>
      <p>Apresentamos aqui um relato de caso de um transplante card&#237;aco e renal combinado, utilizando-se preserva&#231;&#227;o com perfus&#227;o puls&#225;til.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 31 anos, com hist&#243;ria de meningococcemia em 2014, desenvolveu doen&#231;a renal em est&#225;gio terminal, necessitando de hemodi&#225;lise cr&#244;nica. Concomitantemente, o paciente desenvolveu IC avan&#231;ada por cardiomiopatia dilatada de etiologia indefinida e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda progressiva. Essa condi&#231;&#227;o levou a uma interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar do paciente em choque cardiog&#234;nico (INTERMACS1) em setembro de 2021. Ap&#243;s 45 dias de terapia intensiva envolvendo Hemodiafiltra&#231;&#227;o Venovenosa Cont&#237;nua (HVC), vasopressores, e antibi&#243;ticos, o estado do paciente melhorou, possibilitando a transi&#231;&#227;o para suporte inotr&#243;pico e hemodi&#225;lise intermitente em uma enfermaria equipada com telemetria. Em seguida, as condi&#231;&#245;es do paciente para o transplante foram avaliadas e otimizadas. Duas semanas ap&#243;s sua inclus&#227;o na lista de transplante, surgiu um doador compat&#237;vel dispon&#237;vel. Um transplante card&#237;aco ortot&#243;pico foi realizado com um tempo de <italic>bypass</italic> cardiopulmonar de 90 minutos e tempo de isquemia do enxerto de 260 minutos. Simultaneamente, o rim esquerdo do doador foi colocado em uma m&#225;quina de preserva&#231;&#227;o de perfus&#227;o renal (Organ Recovery Systems; Itasca, EUA). Ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco, o paciente recebeu suporte hemodin&#226;mico e HVC. Vinte e duas horas depois, com condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas adequadas, o enxerto renal foi implantado. Ao final do procedimento, com 29 horas de isquemia total do rim, o paciente apresentou diurese espont&#226;nea, e n&#227;o houve necessidade de di&#225;lise no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). A estrat&#233;gia de imunossupress&#227;o usada foi indu&#231;&#227;o com timoglobulina, e manuten&#231;&#227;o com tacrolimo, micofenolato, e prednisona. O paciente recebeu alta do hospital ap&#243;s 21 dias. O paciente permanece sem sintomas card&#237;acos dois anos ap&#243;s o transplante e &#233; acompanhado regularmente no ambulat&#243;rio de transplante. Apresenta creatinina s&#233;rica de 1,1 mg/dL, sem dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos ou protein&#250;ria. O ecocardiograma mostra fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 59%. O paciente n&#227;o desenvolveu nenhum epis&#243;dio de rejei&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ou anticorpos espec&#237;ficos do doador.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Procedimentos e evolu&#231;&#227;o da creatinina s&#233;rica e d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio; HVC: Hemodiafiltra&#231;&#227;o Venovenosa Cont&#237;nua; CTx: transplante card&#237;aco; RTx: transplante renal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240007-40007-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O transplante card&#237;aco e renal combinado &#233; um procedimento complexo, com o potencial de melhorar significativamente as taxas de sobrevida e a qualidade de vida de pacientes selecionados. Identificar quais pacientes se beneficiariam dessa abordagem ou de um transplante sequencial continua sendo um tema de pesquisa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, v&#225;rios estudos investigaram estrat&#233;gias para determinar o momento &#243;timo para o transplante renal em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC). Tais investiga&#231;&#245;es demonstraram que o transplante combinado &#233; justific&#225;vel para pacientes com DRC avan&#231;ada &#8211; taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) &lt; 30mL/min &#8211; que requerem um transplante card&#237;aco considerando o risco substancial de progress&#227;o da DRC ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco. Um extenso relat&#243;rio da <italic>United Network Sharing</italic> (UNOS) revelou que uma TFG &lt; 37 mL/min foi associada a desfechos favor&#225;veis em receptores de transplantes combinados em compara&#231;&#227;o a receptores de transplante card&#237;aco isolado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, &#233; crucial reconhecer que o procedimento combinado tem um risco elevado e, por isso, os potenciais benef&#237;cios devem ser ponderados com cuidado. Al&#233;m disso, do ponto de vista &#233;tico e de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, a aloca&#231;&#227;o de dois &#243;rg&#227;os simult&#226;neos para um &#250;nico receptor deve ser bem avaliada, particularmente no contexto de escassez de &#243;rg&#227;os.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ao optar por uma estrat&#233;gia de transplante combinado, deve-se planejar com cuidado a cirurgia, pois existem diferen&#231;as not&#225;veis entre um procedimento simult&#226;neo e um procedimento em etapas. No primeiro, ambos os &#243;rg&#227;os s&#227;o implantados em um mesmo procedimento cir&#250;rgico, enquanto no segundo, o rim &#233; preservado em uma solu&#231;&#227;o, preferencialmente em um aparelho de perfus&#227;o puls&#225;til. Em uma abordagem simult&#226;nea, o tempo de isquemia do enxerto renal &#233; minimizado, e o rim &#233; geralmente implantado em condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas menos favor&#225;veis. Por outro lado, uma estrat&#233;gia em etapas permite um tempo adequado para se alcan&#231;ar estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e, ao mesmo tempo, assegurar que o rim seja apropriadamente preservado <italic>ex-vivo</italic>. Em compara&#231;&#227;o a uma estrat&#233;gia sequencial tradicional, esta abordagem provavelmente imp&#245;e um peso imunol&#243;gico menor, uma vez que ambos os &#243;rg&#227;os s&#227;o do mesmo doador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>Ainda, diferentemente da abordagem combinada, se as condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas forem inadequadas para o transplante renal, o &#243;rg&#227;o pode ser realocado na lista de espera. Essas diferen&#231;as est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Principais diferen&#231;as entre alternativas cir&#250;rgicas para o transplante card&#237;aco e renal a partir de um &#250;nico doador</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">T&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Simult&#226;nea</th>
                <th>Em etapas</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Status hemodin&#226;mico durante o implante do enxerto renal</td>
                <td align="center">Inst&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">Est&#225;vel</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de isquemia do enxerto renal</td>
                <td align="center">Reduzido</td>
                <td align="center">Aumentado</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aloca&#231;&#227;o e uso do &#243;rg&#227;o do doador</td>
                <td align="center">Aloca&#231;&#227;o de ambos os &#243;rg&#227;os para um &#250;nico receptor</td>
                <td align="center">Possibilidade de aloca&#231;&#227;o do enxerto renal para um recipiente diferente em caso de desfecho desfavor&#225;vel do transplante card&#237;aco</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A experi&#234;ncia brasileira em transplante combinado ainda est&#225; nos est&#225;gios iniciais. Atik et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> documentaram uma s&#233;rie bem-sucedida de quatro transplantes simult&#226;neos de cora&#231;&#227;o e de rim ao longo de 12 anos. Esses procedimentos foram realizados em pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica que j&#225; realizavam hemodi&#225;lise cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em nosso conhecimento, o presente caso representa o primeiro procedimento de transplante renal e card&#237;aco combinado no Brasil, a partir de um mesmo doador, empregando a t&#233;cnica de preserva&#231;&#227;o puls&#225;til. Enquanto o Brasil e a Am&#233;rica Latina registram suas primeiras experi&#234;ncias em transplantes combinados, esta abordagem cir&#250;rgica tornou-se mais comum na Europa e principalmente nos Estados Unidos. Dados de centros de transplante mostram algumas diferen&#231;as dessas estrat&#233;gias quando comparadas a procedimentos de transplantes de um &#250;nico &#243;rg&#227;o. Geralmente, os doadores para procedimentos combinados s&#227;o mais jovens, o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio &#233; mais longo, e as estrat&#233;gias de imunossupress&#227;o mais agressivas. Neste cen&#225;rio, a incid&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda &#233; mais baixa, e as principais causas de mortalidade do receptor s&#227;o complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas. Ainda faltam compara&#231;&#245;es diretas entre essas estrat&#233;gias de transplante em diferentes regi&#245;es do mundo, considerando a baixa propor&#231;&#227;o desses transplantes em pa&#237;ses de renda baixa e m&#233;dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, nosso objetivo foi ilustrar a viabilidade de uma abordagem em etapas de um transplante card&#237;aco e renal combinado. Essa abordagem mostrou-se vi&#225;vel com um planejamento cuidadoso, enfatizando a otimiza&#231;&#227;o das condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas do receptor, e a disponibilidade de uma m&#225;quina de perfus&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o, permitindo um tempo adequado para estabiliza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica entre os procedimentos de transplante. Os centros devem contribuir ativamente relatando dados pertinentes para melhorar o entendimento e o refinamento desta abordagem inovadora de transplante.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Kittleson MM, Sharma K, Brennan DC, Cheng XS, Chow SL, Colvin M, et al. Dual-organ Transplantation: Indications, Evaluation, and Outcomes for Heart-kidney and Heart-liver Transplantation: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;148(7):622-36. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001155.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Trento</surname>
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              <surname>Esmailian</surname>
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          <article-title>Combined Heart and Kidney Transplantation: What is the Appropriate Surgical Sequence?</article-title>
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              <surname>Atik</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240007i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Staged Heart-Kidney Transplantation with Renal Pulsatile Preservation: A Viable Approach for Combined Transplantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9556-3604</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Manfro</surname>
            <given-names>Arthur Gus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3163-2097</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Fontanive</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Manfro</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Ceratti</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4207-3809</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Clausell</surname>
            <given-names>Nadine</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1523-4286</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Goldraich</surname>
            <given-names>Livia Adams</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Nefrologia &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Livia Adams Goldraich</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: lgoldraich@hcpa.edu.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Kidney Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Organ Preservation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Isolated heart and kidney transplants have become routine procedures for addressing end-stage organ failure. Notably, renal dysfunction is frequently observed in patients with advanced heart failure (HF), significantly impacting the prognosis of heart transplantation. Conversely, advanced HF is common in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), often impairing kidney transplantation. Consequently, many centers are adopting combined heart and kidney transplantation (HKTx) as the standard of care for those patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The progress in this field has led to a substantial increase in multiorgan transplants over the last decade. Despite the growth in HKTx, uncertainties persist regarding the preferred surgical sequence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In Brazil, while a significant number of isolated heart and kidney transplants are performed annually, only a few combined HKTx have been documented.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Considering the advancements in the field, it is anticipated that combined transplants will become more commonplace shortly. Here, we present a case report of a staged HKTx with renal pulsatile perfusion preservation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 31-year-old male patient, with a history of meningococcemia in 2014, developed ESRD requiring chronic hemodialysis. Concurrently, he developed advanced HF due to dilated cardiomyopathy of undefined etiology and progressive left ventricular systolic dysfunction. This condition led to a hospitalization in September 2021 with INTERMACS 1 cardiogenic shock. Following 45 days of intensive care involving continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF), vasopressors, and antibiotics, the patient&#8217;s status improved, allowing for transition to inotropic support and intermittent hemodialysis in a telemetry-equipped ward. Subsequently, the patient&#8217;s conditions for transplantation were assessed and optimized. Two weeks after his inclusion on the transplant list, a compatible donor became available. An orthotopic heart transplantation was performed with cardiopulmonary bypass time of 90 minutes and graft ischemic time of 260 minutes. Simultaneously, the donor&#8217;s left kidney was placed in a pulsatile renal perfusion and preservation machine (Organ Recovery Systems; Itasca, USA). Following the heart transplant, the patient received hemodynamic support and CVVHDF. After 22 hours, with optimized hemodynamic conditions, the renal graft was implanted. At the end of the procedure, with 29 hours of total kidney ischemia, the patient presented with spontaneous diuresis, obviating the need for postoperative dialysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). The immunosuppression strategy employed was thymoglobulin induction, and maintenance with tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and prednisone. The patient was discharged from the hospital within 21 days. He remains free of cardiac symptoms at two years post-transplant and undergoes regular follow-ups in the transplant outpatient services. His serum creatinine is 1.1 mg/dL, without electrolyte disorders or proteinuria. Echocardiography shows an ejection fraction of 59%. He has not developed any cardiac rejection episodes or donor specific antibodies.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Procedures and evolution of serum creatinine and urinary output; CVVHDF: continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration; HTx: heart transplantation; KTx: kidney transplantation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20240007-40007-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Combined HKTx is a complex procedure with the potential to significantly improve survival rates and the quality of life in selected patients. The crucial task of identifying which patients would benefit from this approach or from a sequential transplantation remains a subject of active research.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In recent years, numerous studies have investigated strategies to determine the optimal timing for kidney transplants in heart recipients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). These investigations have demonstrated that HKTx may be justifiable for patients with advanced CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR &lt;30mL/min) requiring a heart transplant considering the substantial risk of CKD progression post-heart transplant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> An extensive report from the United Network Organ Sharing (UNOS) revealed that a GFR &lt;37 mL/min was associated with favorable outcomes in HKTx recipients compared to those undergoing isolated heart transplants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, it is crucial to acknowledge that the combined procedure carries an elevated risk, and therefore, the potential benefits should be carefully weighed. Additionally, from a public health and ethical standpoint, the allocation of two simultaneous organs for a single recipient must be thoroughly evaluated, particularly in the context of organ shortage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>When opting for a combined HKTx strategy, careful consideration must be given to the planned surgery, as there are notable distinctions between a simultaneous and a staged procedure. In the former, both organs are implanted in a single surgical procedure, while in the latter, the kidney is preserved in a solution, preferably within a pulsatile perfusion device. In a simultaneous approach, ischemic time of the renal graft is minimized, and the kidney is often implanted under less favorable clinical conditions. On the other hand, a staged strategy allows for adequate time to achieve hemodynamic stability, concurrently ensuring the kidney is appropriately preserved <italic>ex-vivo</italic>. Compared to a traditional sequential strategy, this approach likely imposes a lesser immunologic burden, given that both organs are from the same donor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Additionally, unlike the combined approach, if hemodynamic conditions are inadequate for the kidney transplant, the organ can be reallocated to the waiting list. These distinctions are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Main differences between surgical alternatives for single-donor combined heart and kidney transplantation</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Surgical technique</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Simultaneous</th>
                  <th>Staged</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Usual hemodynamic status during renal graft implant</td>
                  <td align="center">Unstable</td>
                  <td align="center">Stable</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Renal graft ischemic time</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduced</td>
                  <td align="center">Increased</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Allocation and donor organ utilization</td>
                  <td align="center">Allocation of both organs to a single recipient</td>
                  <td align="center">Possibility of kidney graft allocation to a different recipient in case of unfavorable heart transplant outcome</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The Brazilian experience in HKTx is still in its early stages. Atik et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> documented a successful series of four simultaneous heart-kidney transplants conducted over 12 years. These procedures were carried out in patients with Chagas&#8217; cardiomyopathy who were already undergoing chronic hemodialysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> To the best of our knowledge, the present case represents the first staged HKTx procedure performed in Brazil from a single donor, employing the renal pulsatile perfusion preservation technique. While Brazil and Latin America are documenting their first experiences in combined transplants, this surgical approach has become more common in Europe and mainly in the United States. Data from transplantation centers show some differences from these strategies when compared to single organ transplant procedures. Donors for combined procedures are usually younger, post-operative stay is longer, and immunosuppression strategies are usually more aggressive. In this scenario, incidence of acute rejection is lower, and the main causes of recipient mortality are infectious complications. Direct comparisons between such transplantation strategies in distinct world regions are still lacking, considering the low proportion of such transplants in low-to-middle income countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In conclusion, we aimed to illustrate the feasibility of a staged approach for a combined HKTx. This approach proves viable with a careful planning, emphasizing the optimization of recipient clinical conditions, and the availability of an organ perfusion machine, allowing adequate time for hemodynamic stabilization between the transplant procedures. Centers should actively contribute by reporting pertinent data to enhance the understanding and refinement of this innovative transplantation approach.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number CAAE - 18102519.5.0000.5327. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
