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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">5zxW5c8mgMLw9bmMKx4d9zv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230871</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Import&#226;ncia da Manobra de Valsalva Eficaz durante a Ecocardiografia na Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9236-3815</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hotta</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Tiemi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8742-3764</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-7995</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4561-5717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6553-8387</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">CardioEco Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CardioEco Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico &#8211; Ecocardiografia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico &#8211; Ecocardiografia, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein &#8211; Ecocardiografia Adultos</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein &#8211; Ecocardiografia Adultos, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Viviane Tiemi Hotta</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP Postal Code<postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>viviane.hotta@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230871</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Manobra de Valsalva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A manobra de Valsalva foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1704 como uma expira&#231;&#227;o for&#231;ada contra nariz e glote fechados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Naquela &#233;poca, nenhuma observa&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos circulat&#243;rios foi mencionada. Em 1853, Weber et al. descreveram os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos e circulat&#243;rios relacionados &#224; manobra de Valsalva, e desde ent&#227;o ela tem sido amplamente utilizada na cardiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As aplica&#231;&#245;es iniciais da manobra de Valsalva focaram na investiga&#231;&#227;o do controle do reflexo auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Atualmente, a manobra de Valsalva &#233; recomendada na ecocardiografia, em cen&#225;rios espec&#237;ficos, como em pacientes com miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (MCH), para avalia&#231;&#227;o de obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE). Por&#233;m, h&#225; grande varia&#231;&#227;o na sua execu&#231;&#227;o e falta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o de controle de press&#227;o e tempo de execu&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Particularmente, em pacientes com MCH, &#233; crucial avaliar o gradiente da VSVE por meio de testes provocativos em pacientes sem obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa da VSVE em repouso, uma vez que a grande maioria dos pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com MCH apresenta obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE em repouso ou provocada como mecanismo fundamental de dispneia, o que pode ser um alvo terap&#234;utico relevante.</p>
    <p>Como a obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE &#233; extremamente influenciada pelas condi&#231;&#245;es de carga ventricular esquerda,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas associadas &#224; manobra de Valsalva favorecem seu uso como teste provocativo em pacientes com MCH. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> mostra as altera&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante as diferentes fases da manobra de Valsalva.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Registro gr&#225;fico da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial e press&#227;o intraoral durante um procedimento t&#237;pico de manobra de Valsalva. Ao longo da fase II, ocorre uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e taquicardia, durante as quais as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas podem provocar aumento ou revelar gradiente da VSVE em pacientes com miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230871-30871-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <p>Durante a fase de esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio da manobra de Valsalva (fase II), ocorre aumento da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica com consequente diminui&#231;&#227;o do retorno venoso ao cora&#231;&#227;o, causando redu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga e queda progressiva da press&#227;o arterial com ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica reflexa causando taquicardia e estimula&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica mioc&#225;rdica. A consequente redu&#231;&#227;o do volume diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e o aumento da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica podem provocar um aumento din&#226;mico da obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE.</p>
    <p>Embora, na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria, a manobra de Valsalva seja geralmente realizada por meio de uma expira&#231;&#227;o for&#231;ada contra o dorso da m&#227;o do paciente por 10 a 20 segundos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> a execu&#231;&#227;o correta e adequada da manobra de Valsalva, e consequentemente seus efeitos hemodin&#226;micos, exige cuidado e padroniza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, solicita-se ao paciente que realize uma inspira&#231;&#227;o completa, seguida de um esfor&#231;o expirat&#243;rio contra uma resist&#234;ncia representada por um dispositivo bucal conectado a um man&#244;metro aneroide (fase I, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Uma manobra de Valsalva controlada significa que, durante a fase de esfor&#231;o (fase II), o paciente deve atingir e manter uma press&#227;o de 40 mmHg com dura&#231;&#227;o de 10 a 20 segundos, monitorada por um man&#244;metro. No entanto, apesar de simples e de baixo custo, estes aparelhos n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis na grande maioria dos laborat&#243;rios de ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A manobra de Valsalva controlada &#233; mais eficaz na eleva&#231;&#227;o dos gradientes da VSVE do que as manobras n&#227;o controladas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Sugerimos a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um sistema simples adaptado de flux&#244;metro respirat&#243;rio conectado a um pequeno man&#244;metro, que pode ser visualizado pelo paciente durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Os pacientes podem ser rapidamente treinados para atingir a press&#227;o e mant&#234;-la durante o per&#237;odo de 10 a 20 segundos.</p>
    <fig id="f2">
      <label>Figura 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Aparelho simples para avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o intraoral durante a manobra de Valsalva, composto por um man&#244;metro conectado a um tubo bucal. Imagem cedida por Julio Cesar Crescencio da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230871-30871-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    <p>Clinicamente, uma manobra de Valsalva adequada tamb&#233;m pode ser avaliada pela distens&#227;o das veias do pesco&#231;o, rubor facial e aumento do t&#244;nus muscular abdominal. Durante a an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica, a manobra de Valsalva adequada pode ser evidenciada pela redu&#231;&#227;o do pico de velocidade da onda E do fluxo mitral de 20 cm/s na fase de esfor&#231;o e pelo desvio do septo interatrial para a esquerda na fase de libera&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Quando n&#227;o controlada, a manobra de Valsalva pode ser ineficaz e frequentemente observada em uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa de pacientes. Isso pode ser explicado pela m&#225; compreens&#227;o da parte do paciente e por limita&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, como comprometimento neurol&#243;gico, pulmonar ou cognitivo. Al&#233;m disso, a inspira&#231;&#227;o antes do esfor&#231;o pode limitar a janela ac&#250;stica e a an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outras manobras provocativas potencialmente &#250;teis em pacientes com MCH incluem: 1) <italic>squat-to-stand</italic>: o paciente agacha por 3 segundos e depois fica em p&#233;, repetindo o ciclo aproximadamente 5 vezes, o que tamb&#233;m resulta em diminui&#231;&#227;o do retorno venoso; 2) inala&#231;&#227;o de nitrito de amila, que promove vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, diminui a p&#243;s-carga e aumenta a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; e 3) ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico com esteira ou bicicleta. O nitrito de amila n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel na grande maioria dos hospitais do Brasil. A ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico &#233; a manobra mais fisiol&#243;gica e eficaz para avaliar a obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da VSVE. Quando comparados, os testes provocativos em esteira e a manobra de Valsalva s&#227;o capazes de provocar maior aumento nos gradientes da VSVE do que a manobra de <italic>squat-to-stand</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores demonstraram que uma propor&#231;&#227;o de 50% a 70% de indiv&#237;duos previamente medicados (com betabloqueadores ou bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio) atinge gradientes provocados superiores a 50 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, a ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico ainda n&#227;o est&#225; amplamente dispon&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, apesar de sua disponibilidade, a ecocardiografia sob estresse com dobutamina (EED) n&#227;o &#233; recomendada em pacientes com MCH. A EED pode induzir gradiente da VSVE, mas n&#227;o &#233; uma abordagem fisiol&#243;gica e pode resultar em gradientes din&#226;micos, mesmo em alguns indiv&#237;duos normais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Com base nos princ&#237;pios descritos acima, todos os pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com MCH e sem gradientes obstrutivos significativos da VSVE em repouso devem ser testados com exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos utilizando manobras provocativas. Sugerimos que todos sejam testados com manobra de Valsalva controlada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>) e, caso os gradientes n&#227;o atinjam 50 mmHg, o teste seja continuado com modalidades de estresse sob esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. Os relat&#243;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos devem incluir os gradientes da VSVE em repouso, comparados com os gradientes da VSVE provocados e uma descri&#231;&#227;o completa de qual teste foi realizado.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, a manobra de Valsalva &#233; uma ferramenta importante na ecocardiografia, especialmente na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com MCH para revelar a presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da VSVE. Deve ser realizada em todos os pacientes com formas MCH, nas formas obstrutiva ou n&#227;o obstrutiva, como parte da avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, principalmente em pacientes sem gradiente grave da VSVE em repouso. Por&#233;m, h&#225; grande variabilidade na maneira como a manobra de Valsalva &#233; realizada, resultando em efeitos hemodin&#226;micos vari&#225;veis. Idealmente, a efic&#225;cia da manobra de Valsalva deve ser monitorizada e avaliada atrav&#233;s de um man&#244;metro em todos os pacientes; entretanto, na aus&#234;ncia de um aparelho adequado, a manobra de Valsalva deve ser executada com o maior rigor poss&#237;vel para atingir press&#227;o e dura&#231;&#227;o adequadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
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              <surname>Valsalva</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>De Aure Humana Tractatus</source>
          <publisher-loc>Whitefish</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Kessinger Publishing</publisher-name>
          <year>1704</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Valsalva AM. De Aure Humana Tractatus. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing; 1704.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Derbes</surname>
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            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Valsalva&#8217;s Maneuver and Weber&#8217;s Experiment</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1955</year>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230871i</article-id>
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        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Importance of the Effective Valsalva Maneuver during Echocardiography in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9236-3815</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hotta</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Tiemi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
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          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8742-3764</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-7995</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4561-5717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
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          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6553-8387</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
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        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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          <label>2</label>
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            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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          <label>3</label>
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          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CardioEco Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
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            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
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          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein &#8211; Ecocardiografia Adultos, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing address: Viviane Tiemi Hotta &#8226;</bold> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>viviane.hotta@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Valsalva Maneuver</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The Valsalva maneuver (VM) was first described in 1704 as a forceful expiration against the closed nose and glottis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> At that time, no observations of the circulatory effects were mentioned. In 1853, Weber et al. described the hemodynamic and circulatory effects related to the VM, and it has been widely used in cardiology since then.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The initial applications of the VM focused on the investigation of cardiac autonomic reflex control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Currently, the VM is recommended in echocardiography, in specific scenarios, such as in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), for evaluation of dynamic left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. Nevertheless, its execution varies greatly, and there is a lack of standardization of pressure control and time of execution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Particularly, in patients with HCM, it is crucial to evaluate the LVOT gradient using provocative tests in patients without significant LVOT obstruction at rest, since the large majority of symptomatic patients with HCM exhibits resting or provoked LVOT obstruction as a fundamental mechanism of dyspnea, which may be a relevant therapeutic target.</p>
      <p>As LVOT obstruction is extremely influenced by left ventricular load conditions,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> the hemodynamic changes associated with the VM favor its use as a provocative test in patients with HCM. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref> depicts the arterial blood pressure and heart rate changes during the different phases of the VM.</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A graphical recording of the heart rate, arterial pressure, and intraoral pressure during a typical Valsalva maneuver procedure. Throughout phase II, there is a decrease in the arterial pressure and tachycardia, during which the hemodynamic changes may provoke an increase or unveil LVOT gradient in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230871-30871-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>During the expiratory strain phase of VM (phase II), there is an increase in intrathoracic pressure with a consequent decrease of venous return to the heart, causing preload reduction and progressive arterial pressure drop with reflex sympathetic activation causing tachycardia and adrenergic myocardial stimulation. The consequent reduction in left ventricular diastolic volume and increased myocardial contractility may provoke a dynamic increase in LVOT obstruction.</p>
      <p>Even though, in daily practice, the VM is usually performed by a forceful expiration against the back of the patient&#8217;s hand for 10 to 20 seconds,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> the correct and adequate performance of VM, and consequently its hemodynamic effects, demands careful execution and standardization.</p>
      <p>Initially, the patient is asked to take a full inspiration, followed by an expiratory effort against a resistance represented by a mouthpiece tube connected to an aneroid manometer (phase I, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>). A controlled VM means that, during the strain phase of VM (phase II), the patient should achieve and maintain a pressure of 40 mmHg lasting 10 to 20 seconds, monitored by a pressure gauge. Nevertheless, although they are simple and inexpensive, these devices are not available in the great majority of echocardiography laboratories.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Controlled VM is more effective in raising LVOT gradients than uncontrolled maneuvers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> We suggest the use of an adapted simple system of respiratory flowmeter connected to a little manometer, which can be seen by the patient while performing echocardiography examination (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>). Patients can be rapidly trained to achieve the pressure and to maintain it for 10 to 20 seconds.</p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Simple device for intraoral pressure assessment during the Valsalva maneuver, consisting of a pressure gauge connected to a mouthpiece tube. Courtesy of Julio Cesar Crescencio of the Faculty of Medicine, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230871-30871-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Clinically, an adequate VM can be also assessed by distention of neck veins, flushing of the face, and increased abdominal muscle tone. During echocardiographic analysis, adequate VM can be evidenced by a reduction in mitral inflow peak E velocity of 20 cm/s in the strain phase and interatrial septum shift to the left in the release phase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>When it is not controlled, ineffective VM is often observed in a significant proportion of patients. This can be explained by poor patient comprehension and clinical limitations, such as neurologic, pulmonary, or cognitive impairment. Additionally, inspiration prior to strain can limit the imaging window and echocardiographic analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Other potentially useful provocative maneuvers in HCM patients include the following: 1) squat-to-stand: squat for 3 seconds and then stand repeated for approximately 5 cycles, which also results in decreased venous return; 2) amyl nitrite inhalation, which promotes vasodilation, decreases afterload, and increases heart rate; and 3) exercise stress echocardiography with a treadmill or a bicycle. Amyl nitrite it is not available in the great majority of hospitals in Brazil. Exercise stress echocardiography is the most physiological and effective maneuver to evaluate dynamic LVOT obstruction. When compared, provocative treadmill tests and VM are able to provoke a greater increase in LVOT gradients than squat-to-stand maneuver.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Previous studies have shown that a proportion of 50% to 70% of previously medicated individuals (with beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers) achieve provoked gradients greater than 50 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, exercise stress echocardiography is not widely available yet.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, despite its availability, dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) is not recommended in patients with HCM. DSE can induce LVOT gradient; however, it is not a physiological approach, and it can result in dynamic gradients, even in some normal subjects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Based on the principles described above, all symptomatic patients with HCM and no significant resting LVOT obstructive gradients should be tested with echocardiographic examinations using provocative maneuvers. We suggest that all of them should be tested with a controlled VM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>), and, if gradients do not achieve 50 mmHg, testing should be continued with exercise stress. Echocardiographic reports should include resting LVOT gradients, compared to provoked LVOT gradients and a complete description of what test was performed.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the VM is an important tool in echocardiography, especially in the evaluation of patients with HCM to unveil the presence of dynamic LVOT obstruction. It must be performed in all patients with obstructive or non-obstructive forms of HCM as part of the initial evaluation, mainly in patients without severe LVOT gradient at rest. However, there is great variability in how the VM is performed, resulting in variable hemodynamic effects. Ideally, the efficacy of the VM should be monitored and assessed by using a pressure gauge in all patients; however, in the absence of an adequate device, the VM should be executed as rigorously as possible to achieve adequate pressure and duration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
