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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Pvrwp7qfK9b4Wn4KrTSSbqv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230856</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Levosimendana e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Uma Metan&#225;lise de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos Randomizados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7475-2761</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wan</surname>
            <given-names>Huan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feng</surname>
            <given-names>Jihua</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ji</surname>
            <given-names>Pan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Wei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Jianfeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Emergency Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Guangxi Medical University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Nanning</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Guangxi</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Emergency Medicine,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning - Guangxi China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Jianfeng Zhang &#8226; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 166 Daxuedong Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, People&#8217;s Republic of China Email: <email>zhangjianfeng@gxmu.edu.cn</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230856</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o prevalente associada &#224; levosimendana; no entanto, permanece incerto se existem disparidades nos efeitos da levosimendana na FA n&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da levosimendana na FA n&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria conduzindo uma metan&#225;lise de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> PubMed, Embase, Biblioteca Cochrane e outras bases de dados foram pesquisadas. Pares de revisores identificaram ECRs que compararam levosimendana e placebo ou outras terapias, e os resultados relataram dados de eventos de FA. Foram utilizados modelos de efeitos aleat&#243;rios (com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 29 ensaios eleg&#237;veis compreendendo 6.550 participantes, onze dos quais avaliaram a incid&#234;ncia de FA n&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e 18 inclu&#237;ram FA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. A an&#225;lise revelou que a levosimendana elevou significativamente o risco de FA no grupo n&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (OR, 1,62; IC 95%: 1,19-2,20; p=0,002) e reduziu a incid&#234;ncia de FA no grupo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (OR, 0,65; IC 95%: 0,44-0,96; p=0,03). A ocorr&#234;ncia de FA diminuiu mais significativamente em pacientes que usaram levosimendana ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca (OR, 0,53; IC 95%: 0,32-0,88; p=0,02) do que em pacientes que usaram levosimendana antes da cirurgia card&#237;aca (OR, 0,67; IC 95%: 0,42-1,06; p=0,09). O risco de FA foi significativamente elevado pela grande dose em bolus de levosimendana (dose em bolus &#8805;12 &#956;g/kg) (OR, 1,44; IC 95%: 1,10-1,88; p=0,004) e diminu&#237;do pela pequena dose em bolus de levosimendana (dose em bolus &lt;12 &#956;g/kg) (OR, 0,64; IC 95%: 0,34-1,20; p=0,16).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A levosimendana foi associada a um aumento da incid&#234;ncia de FA n&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. O emprego da levosimendana foi eficaz na preven&#231;&#227;o da FA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Levosimendana e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Uma Metan&#225;lise de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos Randomizados</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>O risco de FA n&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria com Levosimendana.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Pvrwp7qfK9b4Wn4KrTSSbqv/a88b6114d6480e701e2101795c9a4f98bf288e47.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Pvrwp7qfK9b4Wn4KrTSSbqv/f0520095f20420219fa87e8d8d2eb19bc055105e.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Pvrwp7qfK9b4Wn4KrTSSbqv/e64d98ee8691c267eab72900266a503b572a6ab8.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Simendana</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise em Rede</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>High-level Medical Expert Training Program of Guangxi</funding-source>
          <award-id>G201903027</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="46"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A levosimendana &#233; um sensibilizador de c&#225;lcio que melhora a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica e produz vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica. Eleva o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e tem impacto m&#237;nimo no consumo de oxig&#234;nio do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Consequentemente, a levosimendana pode efetivamente melhorar as anormalidades hemodin&#226;micas em pacientes com IC. A levosimendana tem sido estudada em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) congestiva e submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A levosimendana tem v&#225;rios efeitos colaterais, incluindo press&#227;o arterial baixa, dores de cabe&#231;a ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), apesar do seu efeito positivo na IC.</p>
      <p>A FA &#233; prevalente em pacientes com IC. V&#225;rios fatores de risco s&#227;o compartilhados entre FA e IC. Sua fisiopatologia &#233; interdependente e, quando ocorrem simultaneamente, o risco de efeitos colaterais aumenta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A levosimendana reduz a demanda de oxig&#234;nio e melhora a contra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com IC, o que pode indiretamente levar &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da FA. Gaballah et al. descobriram que a levosimendana apresentou propriedades antiarr&#237;tmicas significativas em suas investiga&#231;&#245;es de cardiomi&#243;citos derivados de c&#233;lulas pluripotentes induzidas em humanos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, alguns estudos demonstraram que a levosimendana tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada a uma maior taxa de incid&#234;ncia de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O efeito da levosimendana nos dados de FA &#233; inconsistente e, para avaliar isso, foi realizada uma metan&#225;lise compreendendo mais de 1.100 indiv&#237;duos de 14 ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECR). Nesses estudos, a levosimendana foi associada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de FA em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Xing et al. conduziram em 2018 uma metan&#225;lise compreendendo 15 ECR para avaliar o efeito da levosimendana em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca e descobriram que n&#227;o diminuiu a incid&#234;ncia de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Por outro lado, Jaguszewski et al. descobriram que a levosimendana aumenta significativamente o risco de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Os resultados contradit&#243;rios destes ensaios cl&#237;nicos sublinham a necessidade de realizar mais investiga&#231;&#227;o para avaliar o efeito da levosimendana no risco de FA. Mais importante ainda, o efeito da levosimendana na FA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e n&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, a influ&#234;ncia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), a influ&#234;ncia da dose da levosimendana, e a dura&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento dos dados de risco de FA n&#227;o &#233; clara. Assim, conduzimos esta metan&#225;lise, reunindo dados de todos os ECR dispon&#237;veis, que inclu&#237;ram levosimendana e relataram FA como um evento adverso, para explorar ainda mais essas quest&#245;es em detalhe.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos ECR que compararam levosimendana e placebo ou outras terapias e forneceram dados sobre a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA durante o acompanhamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>M&#233;todos de pesquisa</title>
        <p>PubMed, Embase, Biblioteca Cochrane at&#233; 1&#186; de setembro de 2023, e outras bases de dados foram utilizadas para pesquisa. Al&#233;m disso, os ensaios inclu&#237;dos e as listas de refer&#234;ncias de revis&#227;o relevantes foram pesquisados manualmente para encontrar mais artigos potencialmente eleg&#237;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados e avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade</title>
        <p>Em todos os ensaios inclu&#237;dos, a FA n&#227;o foi um objetivo pr&#233;-especificado. O n&#250;mero de eventos de FA foi estimado seguindo os dados de eventos adversos. Dois autores revisaram separadamente todos os t&#237;tulos e resumos de artigos de pesquisa para eliminar estudos irrelevantes. As diverg&#234;ncias sobre os dados extra&#237;dos foram resolvidas por discuss&#227;o. Ferramentas da Cochrane Collaboration foram utilizadas para avaliar o risco de vi&#233;s dos ECRs, que inclu&#237;ram: oculta&#231;&#227;o de aloca&#231;&#227;o, gera&#231;&#227;o de sequ&#234;ncia aleat&#243;ria, dados de resultados incompletos, relato seletivo, cegamento e outros vieses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pontos finais</title>
        <p>Comparamos principalmente a incid&#234;ncia de FA n&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria entre os grupos levosimendana e controle. Os seguintes dados secund&#225;rios foram avaliados: hor&#225;rio da infus&#227;o de levosimendana e dose de levosimendana.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados dicot&#244;micos foram calculados por intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% e odds ratio (OR). Usamos um modelo de efeito aleat&#243;rio. Gr&#225;ficos de funil foram empregados para avaliar o vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. O software STATA 15.1 e o Review Manage vers&#227;o 5.4 foram utilizados para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. P&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudos eleg&#237;veis e caracter&#237;sticas das disciplinas</title>
        <p>Foram identificados 186 estudos, dos quais 120 foram exclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s triagem dos t&#237;tulos e resumos. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> apresenta o fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o. Vinte e nove estudos relataram dados sobre eventos de FA, abrangendo 6.550 participantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Todos os ensaios foram desenhos de controle randomizado. As caracter&#237;sticas detalhadas dos participantes est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Onze estudos realizaram estudos multic&#234;ntricos e os demais foram estudos unic&#234;ntricos. Em termos de agentes de controle, 19 estudos utilizaram placebo, cinco utilizaram dobutamina e cinco utilizaram terapia padr&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma da estrat&#233;gia de sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos. ECR: ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230856-30856-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Estudo</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Participantes(n)</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</th>
                  <th colspan="2">FEVE m&#233;dia(%)</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Dose em bolus</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Dose de infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Controle</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Acompanhamento</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Levosimendana</th>
                  <th>Controle</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abacilar 2013<sup>19</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">200</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM</td>
                  <td align="center">2 6,30 &#177; 6,36</td>
                  <td align="center">24,86&#177;1,08</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">24&#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">No hospital</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Al-Shawaf 2006<sup>12</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM, FEVE&#8804;35%</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">31 &#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">12&#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1-0,2 &#956;g/kg/min por 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Milrinona</td>
                  <td align="center">No hospital</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altenberger 2014<sup>13</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                  <td align="center">AF, FEVE&#8804;35%</td>
                  <td align="center">24 &#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">24 &#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2&#956;g/kg/min por 6h em intervalos de 2 semanas durante 6 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">24 semanas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anastasiadis 2016<sup>14</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM, FEVE&#8804;40</td>
                  <td align="center">35,7&#177;4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">37,5&#177;3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#956;g/kg/min por 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">No hospital</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baysal 2014<sup>15</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">128</td>
                  <td align="center">Cirurgia da valva mitral, FEVE&#8804;45%</td>
                  <td align="center">35,0 (20-50)</td>
                  <td align="center">37,5 (25-50)</td>
                  <td align="center">6&#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#956;g/kg/min por 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Inotr&#243;pico padr&#227;o terapia</td>
                  <td align="center">30 dias</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bergh 2010<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">ICAD, FEVE&#8804;35%</td>
                  <td align="center">21,2&#177;5,8</td>
                  <td align="center">21,8&#177;6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">12&#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1-0,2 &#956;g/kg/min por 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Dobutamina</td>
                  <td align="center">1 m&#234;s</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bharati 2023<sup>47</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">Cirurgia da valva mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 mcg/kg/min ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o por 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">6 horas, 24 horas e 7 dias</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cholley 2017<sup>16</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">335</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM ou combinada com cirurgia valvar, FEVE&#8804;40%</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#956;g/kg/min por 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">6 meses</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>De Hert 2007<sup>17</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">Cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva, FEVE&#8804;30%</td>
                  <td align="center">24&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">27&#177;3</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1&#956;g/kg/min</td>
                  <td align="center">Milrinona</td>
                  <td align="center">No hospital</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desai 2018<sup>18</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM sem CEC, FEVE &lt;30%</td>
                  <td align="center">25,17&#177;5,49</td>
                  <td align="center">25,5&#177;4,42</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#956;g/kg/min por 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Inotr&#243;picos convencionais</td>
                  <td align="center">No hospital</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Follath 2002<sup>20</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">203</td>
                  <td align="center">IC, FEVE &lt;35%</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">24&#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#956;g/kg/min por 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Dobutamina</td>
                  <td align="center">No hospital</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fuhrmann 2008<sup>21</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">Choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
                  <td align="center">22(18-31)/22&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">27(20-34)/27&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">12&#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1-0,2 &#956;g/kg/min por 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Enoximona</td>
                  <td align="center">30 dias</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P&#246;lzl 2023<sup>33</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">145</td>
                  <td align="center">IC,FEVE&#8804;30%</td>
                  <td align="center">24&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">24&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 mcg/kg/min a cada 2 semanas ou como infus&#227;o de 24 horas a uma taxa de 0,1 mcg/kg/min a cada 3 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">14 e 26 semanas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Husebye 2013<sup>22</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">IC dentro de 48 horas ap&#243;s um IAMCSST tratado com ICP prim&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (38-49)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (33-47)</td>
                  <td align="center">12&#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#956;g/kg/min por 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">6 meses</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Juhl-Olsen 2015<sup>23</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">SVA, FEVE&gt; 45%</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (55&#8211;75)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (58&#8211;70)</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1&#956;g/kg/min</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">No hospital</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kandasamy 2017<sup>24</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">80</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM sem CEC,</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#956;g/kg/min por 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Dobutamina</td>
                  <td align="center">No hospital</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lahtinen 2011<sup>3</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">200</td>
                  <td align="center">Cirurgia valvular ou combinada com CRM</td>
                  <td align="center">77%&gt;50%</td>
                  <td align="center">73%&gt;50%</td>
                  <td align="center">24&#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1&#956;g/kg/min</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">No hospital</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Levin 2008<sup>48</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">137</td>
                  <td align="center">Cirurgia coron&#225;ria com LCOS</td>
                  <td align="center">36,62&#177;4,36</td>
                  <td align="center">38,22&#177;5,24</td>
                  <td align="center">10&#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#956;g/kg/min por 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Dobutamina</td>
                  <td align="center">No hospital</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Levin 2012<sup>49</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">252</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM, FEVE&lt;25%</td>
                  <td align="center">17,56&#177;3,24</td>
                  <td align="center">18,62&#177;2,12</td>
                  <td align="center">10&#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#956;g/kg/min por 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">No hospital</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lilleberg 2006<sup>25</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">IC</td>
                  <td align="center">25&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">28&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">12&#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1-0,2 &#956;g/kg/min por 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">14 dias</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mebazaa 2007<sup>8</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1320</td>
                  <td align="center">ICAD</td>
                  <td align="center">24&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">24&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">12&#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#956;g/kg/min por 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Dobutamina</td>
                  <td align="center">6meses</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mehta 2017<sup>26</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">849</td>
                  <td align="center">Cirurgia card&#237;aca, FEVE&lt;35%</td>
                  <td align="center">26(24&#8211;32)</td>
                  <td align="center">27(22-31)</td>
                  <td align="center">12&#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#956;g/kg/min por 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">30 dias</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moiseyev 2002<sup>27</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">504</td>
                  <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">6-24&#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1-0,4&#956;g/kg/min</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">No hospital</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nieminen 2008<sup>28</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">307</td>
                  <td align="center">IC, FEVE&#8804;30%</td>
                  <td align="center">25&#177;5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">25&#177;4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">C&#225;psula de 1 mg uma ou duas vezes ao dia</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">180 dias</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Packer 2013<sup>7</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">587</td>
                  <td align="center">ICAD</td>
                  <td align="center">23&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">24&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">12&#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1&#956;g/kg/min</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">No hospital</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Shah 2014<sup>29</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM sem CEC, FEVE&lt;30%</td>
                  <td align="center">22,45&#177;4,06</td>
                  <td align="center">22,56&#177;3,41</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">200 &#956;g/kg em 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">No hospital</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sharma 2014<sup>30</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM+reparo da v&#225;lvula mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">23,55&#177;4,87</td>
                  <td align="center">22,55&#177;0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">200 &#956;g/kg em 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">No hospital</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tritapepe 2006<sup>31</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM</td>
                  <td align="center">50&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">52&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">24&#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">No hospital</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tritapepe 2009<sup>32</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">102</td>
                  <td align="center">CRM</td>
                  <td align="center">41,6&#177;10,7</td>
                  <td align="center">44,1&#177;9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">24&#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">No hospital</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICAD: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca agudamente descompensada; CRM sem CEC: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; IAMCSST: infarto com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; SVA: troca valvar a&#243;rtica; LCOS: s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Todos os estudos consideraram valores &lt; 0,05 para indicar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Qualidade do estudo e vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Vinte estudos foram randomizados usando m&#233;todos que inclu&#237;am cronogramas de randomiza&#231;&#227;o gerados por computador ou tabelas de n&#250;meros aleat&#243;rios, e o processo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o foi documentado. Em 22 estudos, a oculta&#231;&#227;o da aloca&#231;&#227;o foi documentada com baixo risco de vi&#233;s, mas isto foi question&#225;vel em outros sete. Em 73% dos estudos, foi utilizado duplo-cego, proporcionando um cegamento eficaz para limitar o preconceito dos participantes ou investigadores nos relatos de rea&#231;&#245;es adversas. Os resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de vi&#233;s s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> ilustra o risco de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o nos estudos inclu&#237;dos. O teste de Egger n&#227;o revelou evid&#234;ncias de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o (p=0,251).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s dos estudos inclu&#237;dos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230856-30856-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Risco de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o dos estudos inclu&#237;dos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230856-30856-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Incid&#234;ncia de FA e levosimendana</title>
        <p>Onze estudos avaliaram a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA n&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e afirmaram que o levosimendana elevou significativamente o risco de FA n&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Dezoito estudos relataram que a levosimendana reduziu significativamente a incid&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, a incid&#234;ncia de FA diminuiu significativamente mais em pacientes que usaram levosimendana ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca do que aqueles que usaram levosimendana antes da cirurgia card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). A heterogeneidade deveu-se principalmente a diferen&#231;as nos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, dose de levosimendana, FEVE, cirurgia card&#237;aca e dura&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lises de subgrupos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Grupo</th>
                  <th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> No. estudos </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Heterogeneidade</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Modelo</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Metan&#225;lise</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>I<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>(%)</th>
                  <th>OR (IC95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Levosimendana vs. Placebo/Controle</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE&#8804;40%</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">71,6</td>
                  <td align="center">Aleat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82 (0,55, 1,22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE&gt;40%</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.545</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">Aleat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30 (0,80, 2,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tempo de administra&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antes da cirurgia</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">75,3</td>
                  <td align="center">Aleat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67 (0,42, 1,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Depois da cirurgia</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,870</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">Aleat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53 (0,32, 0,88)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dura&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804;7 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">68,5</td>
                  <td align="center">Aleat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68 (0,42,1.12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt;7 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.812</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">Aleat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30 (1,07, 1,57)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dose em bolus</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;12 &#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.294</td>
                  <td align="center">16.2</td>
                  <td align="center">Aleat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,44 (1,10, 1,88)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt;12 &#956;g/kg</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">72,6</td>
                  <td align="center">Aleat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64 (0,34, 1,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de subgrupo</title>
        <p>Foi realizada an&#225;lise de subgrupos de acordo com a FEVE: FEVE&#8804;40% e FEVE&gt;40%. A levosimendana n&#227;o alterou significativamente a incid&#234;ncia de FA em ambos os subgrupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>A levosimendana foi administrada em bolus seguida de infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua em 14 estudos, enquanto apenas infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua foi utilizada em 13 estudos nesta metan&#225;lise. A dose em bolus variou de 6 a 24 &#956;g/kg, e a dose de infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua variou de 0,1 a 0,4 &#956;g/kg/min. O efeito da dose em bolus de levosimendana no risco de FA foi avaliado atrav&#233;s da realiza&#231;&#227;o de outra an&#225;lise de subgrupo. Os participantes foram classificados em dois subgrupos: uma grande dose em bolus (dose de levosimendana &#8805;12 &#956;g/kg) e uma pequena dose em bolus (dose de levosimendana &lt;12&#956;g/kg) com 0,1 e 0,2 &#956;g/kg/min em infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua. A incid&#234;ncia de FA foi significativamente aumentada por uma grande dose em bolus e diminu&#237;da por uma pequena dose em bolus (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Analisando a dura&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento, a levosimendana foi significativamente associada a um alto risco de FA em onze estudos com mais de sete dias de acompanhamento. Em 18 estudos com seguimento n&#227;o superior a sete dias, foi observada menor incid&#234;ncia de FA no grupo levosimendana em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>An&#225;lise da sensitividade</title>
        <p>Os resultados agrupados foram calculados. Nenhum dos estudos influenciou os resultados agrupados e alterou a conclus&#227;o desta an&#225;lise. Os resultados agrupados do estudo foram an&#225;logos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de sensibilidade.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230856-30856-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, esta metan&#225;lise continha o maior n&#250;mero de ECR, que compararam levosimendana e placebo ou outras terapias e forneceram dados sobre a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA durante o acompanhamento. De acordo com nossos achados, altas incid&#234;ncias de FA n&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e baixas incid&#234;ncias de FA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria foram associadas &#224; levosimendana. Descobrimos ainda que os pacientes que usaram levosimendana ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca tiveram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o mais pronunciada na incid&#234;ncia de FA do que aqueles que usaram levosimendana antes da cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>A levosimendana &#233; um sensibilizador de c&#225;lcio que aumenta a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica, aumentando a sensibilidade do miofilamento ao c&#225;lcio atrav&#233;s da liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; troponina C card&#237;aca de maneira dependente do c&#225;lcio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m abre canais de pot&#225;ssio mitocondriais sens&#237;veis ao ATP nos tecidos card&#237;acos e vasculares e exerce efeitos vasodilatadores perif&#233;ricos e anti-isqu&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Agentes inotr&#243;picos comuns melhoram a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica aumentando o Ca2+ que pode se ligar &#224; troponina-C card&#237;aca aumentando a energia mioc&#225;rdica, a demanda de oxig&#234;nio e a incid&#234;ncia de arritmia. Portanto, tem potencial para causar arritmias. Por outro lado, a levosimendana n&#227;o aumenta a demanda de energia mioc&#225;rdica e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> N&#227;o afeta o c&#225;lcio livre intracelular, portanto, o potencial para arritmias tamb&#233;m &#233; reduzido.</p>
      <p>Uma metan&#225;lise anterior n&#227;o achou que a infus&#227;o de levosimendana pudesse reduzir o risco de FA em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Os ECR em larga escala (LEVO-CTS, CHEETAH e LICORN) tamb&#233;m n&#227;o aumentaram a taxa de incid&#234;ncia de FA no grupo levosimendana. Nossas descobertas demonstraram que a levosimendana diminuiu significativamente o risco de FA ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca e aumentou a incid&#234;ncia de FA n&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. A levosimendana diminuiu significativamente o aAPD90 e o aERP. A reentrada e a estabilidade da FA s&#227;o afetadas pela redu&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o e do per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> As caracter&#237;sticas da cirurgia card&#237;aca diferem na levosimendana em pacientes com IC aguda. Os fatores aplic&#225;veis aos pacientes cardiopatas costumam ser diferentes daqueles aplic&#225;veis ao per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio. A suspens&#227;o do tratamento perioperat&#243;rio padr&#227;o, a perda sangu&#237;nea, o uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, a r&#225;pida transfer&#234;ncia de fluidos intravasculares e extravasculares e a s&#237;ndrome da resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica podem influenciar o resultado da terapia com levosimendana. O metab&#243;lito OR-1896 da levosimendana se forma lentamente no ambiente de cirurgia card&#237;aca em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com IC. Os n&#237;veis m&#225;ximos foram alcan&#231;ados cinco a seis dias ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o da infus&#227;o de levosimendana devido ao jejum ap&#243;s a cirurgia e ao uso de antibi&#243;ticos de amplo espectro em cirurgia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Pelas caracter&#237;sticas farmacocin&#233;ticas da levosimendana, seu uso antes ou durante o per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio pode ter efeitos muito diferentes. As caracter&#237;sticas inotr&#243;picas e cardioprotetoras da levosimendana podem ter efeito duradouro, auxiliando na redu&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. Especialistas aconselharam o uso de levosimendana para pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica geralmente prejudicada um dia antes da cirurgia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Contudo, a an&#225;lise de subgrupo mostrou que o uso de levosimendana ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca &#233; ligado a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel na incid&#234;ncia de FA. O mecanismo de inibi&#231;&#227;o da FA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria pela levosimendana n&#227;o &#233; claro, mas pode estar relacionado &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas antioxidantes e anti-inflamat&#243;rias da levosimendana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> No entanto, atualmente n&#227;o existem ensaios de qualidade significativamente alta utilizando levosimendana nesse momento, exigindo uma avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional.</p>
      <p>A taxa de incid&#234;ncia de FA aumenta com a gravidade da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Harrison et al. conduziram uma metan&#225;lise compreendendo 14 ECR, incluindo 1.155 pacientes de cirurgia card&#237;aca agrupados por FEVE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> para explorar o perfil de seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia da levosimendana. Os pacientes foram classificados em grupos com FEVE baixa ou preservada, com m&#233;dia de FEVE&lt; 40% ou FEVE&gt; 40%, respectivamente. A an&#225;lise dos dados demonstrou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa no risco de morte com levosimendana, e a an&#225;lise de subgrupo mostrou que isto se limitou apenas aos estudos de baixa FEVE. Nenhum benef&#237;cio foi observado no &#8220;grupo com FEVE preservada&#8221;. An&#225;lises adicionais revelaram que os pacientes do &#8220;grupo de baixa FEVE&#8221; que receberam levosimendana diminu&#237;ram significativamente a incid&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. O grupo com FEVE preservada tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a. Nossos achados demonstraram que a levosimendana n&#227;o alterou significativamente a incid&#234;ncia de FA nos subgrupos FEVE&gt;40% e FEVE&#8804;40%.</p>
      <p>Um estudo anterior mostrou que uma dose em bolus de 6-24 &#956;g/kg administrada em 10 minutos seguida por uma taxa de infus&#227;o de 0,05 a 0,2 &#956;g/kg/min &#233; o regime de dosagem ideal de levosimendana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Papp et al. sugeriram outro regime de levosimendana, 6-12&#956;g/kg entregue em 10 min seguido por 0,05 ou 0,1 ou 0,2&#956;g/kg/min por 24h.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Como a dobutamina tem meia-vida de poucos minutos, enquanto a meia-vida da levosimendana &#233; de cerca de uma hora, os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos da dobutamina podem ser observados imediatamente ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o, enquanto o efeito imediato pode ser observado apenas com uma grande dose de levosimendana. Altas doses de levosimendana foram associadas a arritmias em casos de hipovolemia ou hipotens&#227;o inicial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Nossos achados demonstraram que uma grande dose em bolus de levosimendana (&#8805;12 &#956;g/kg) estava associada a uma alta incid&#234;ncia de FA, e uma pequena dose em bolus de levosimendana (&lt;12 &#956;g/kg) estava associada a uma baixa incid&#234;ncia de FA. Os especialistas do Consenso Europeu sobre o uso de levosimendana durante o per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio n&#227;o recomendam a administra&#231;&#227;o de altas doses. Quando &#233; necess&#225;ria a administra&#231;&#227;o de altas doses, a maioria recomenda reduzir a dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nieminen et al. demonstraram que a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de levosimendana por 24 horas leva a efeitos hemodin&#226;micos dose-dependentes, estabelecendo uma correla&#231;&#227;o clara entre eles. Seus metab&#243;litos ativos ligados &#224;s prote&#237;nas OR-1855 e OR-1896 exercem efeitos cl&#237;nicos por at&#233; sete dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a do metab&#243;lito de a&#231;&#227;o prolongada significa que os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos continuam por uma semana ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o de levosimendana, e a possibilidade de rea&#231;&#245;es adversas tamb&#233;m aumenta com o tempo. Esta metan&#225;lise de pesquisa revelou que a levosimendana estava significativamente ligada a um alto risco de FA com mais de sete dias de acompanhamento. A levosimendana tendeu a aumentar o risco de FA quando o seguimento foi menor ou igual a sete dias. Um grande estudo randomizado e controlado &#233; necess&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, esta &#233; a primeira pesquisa a analisar a correla&#231;&#227;o de risco de levosimendana e FA com base no momento da administra&#231;&#227;o, na dose de levosimendana e na dura&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento. Analisamos rigorosamente a literatura e inclu&#237;mos todos os ECRs eleg&#237;veis contendo dados de levosimendana e FA. Esta pesquisa teve v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, algumas avalia&#231;&#245;es de resultados tiveram heterogeneidade moderada ou alta, por isso fizemos muitas an&#225;lises de subgrupos para cada resultado para investigar a fonte da heterogeneidade. Adicionalmente, fizemos uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade atrav&#233;s da exclus&#227;o de estudos de alto risco, o que n&#227;o alterou os resultados principais. Em segundo lugar, porque o tamanho da amostra de alguns estudos &#233; muito pequeno, o que n&#227;o traz evid&#234;ncias suficientes, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos com evid&#234;ncias convincentes para resolver esta situa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A alta FA n&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e a baixa FA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria foram associadas &#224; levosimendana, de acordo com a metan&#225;lise realizada neste estudo. Nossos achados demonstraram que uma grande dose em bolus de levosimendana estava associada a uma alta incid&#234;ncia de FA, e uma pequena dose em bolus de levosimendana estava associada a uma baixa incid&#234;ncia de FA. O uso de levosimendana estava consideravelmente ligado a um alto risco de FA com mais de sete dias de acompanhamento. A levosimendana tendeu a aumentar o risco de FA quando o seguimento foi menor ou igual a sete dias. Mais estudos cl&#237;nicos de alta qualidade s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar nossos achados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por Guangxi Health Commission key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Medicine (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University) and the High-level Medical Expert Training Program of Guangxi &#8220;139&#8221; Plan Funding (G201903027).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230856i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Levosimendan and Atrial Fibrillation: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7475-2761</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wan</surname>
            <given-names>Huan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feng</surname>
            <given-names>Jihua</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ji</surname>
            <given-names>Pan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Wei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Jianfeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content;</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Emergency Medicine,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning &#8211; Guangxi China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Jianfeng Zhang &#8226; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 166 Daxuedong Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, People&#8217;s Republic of China Email: zhangjianfeng@gxmu.edu.cn </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent complication associated with levosimendan; however, it remains uncertain whether there are any disparities in the effects of levosimendan on non-postoperative and postoperative AF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This study aimed to evaluate the levosimendan effect on non-postoperative and postoperative AF by conducting a meta-analysis of randomized control trials (RCTs).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and other databases were searched. Pairs of reviewers identified RCTs that compared levosimendan and placebo or other therapies, and the results reported AF events data. Random effects models were used (at a significance level of 5%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Twenty-nine eligible trials comprising 6550 participants were included, eleven of which evaluated the non-postoperative AF incidence, and 18 included postoperative AF. The analysis revealed that levosimendan elevated the AF risk significantly in the non-postoperative group (OR, 1.62; 95% CI: 1.19-2.20; p=0.002) and reduced the AF incidence in the postoperative group (OR, 0.65; 95% CI: 0.44-0.96; p=0.03). AF occurrence decreased more significantly in patients who used levosimendan after cardiac surgery (OR, 0.53; 95% CI: 0.32-0.88; p=0.02) than in patients who used levosimendan before cardiac surgery (OR, 0.67; 95% CI: 0.42-1.06; p=0.09). Moreover, The AF risk was significantly elevated by levosimendan large bolus dose (bolus dose&#8805;12 &#956;g/kg) (OR, 1.44; 95% CI: 1.10-1.88; p=0.004) and decreased by small bolus dose of levosimendan (bolus dose&lt;12 &#956;g/kg) (OR, 0.64; 95% CI: 0.34-1.20; p=0.16).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Levosimendan was linked to an increased non-postoperative AF incidence. The employment of levosimendan was effective in preventing postoperative AF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Levosimendan and Atrial fibrillation: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>The risk of non-postoperative and postoperative AF with Levosimendan.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230856-30856-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Simendan</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Network Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Levosimendan is a calcium-sensitizer that improves myocardial contractility and produces peripheral vasodilatation. It elevates the cardiac output and has a minimum impact on myocardial oxygen consumption.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Accordingly, levosimendan can effectively improve hemodynamic abnormalities in heart failure (HF) patients. Levosimendan has been studied in patients with congestive HF and those undergoing cardiac surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Levosimendan has various side effects, including low blood pressure, headaches, or atrial fibrillation (AF) despite its positive effect on HF.</p>
        <p>AF is prevalent in cardiac failure patients. Various risk factors are shared between AF and HF. Their pathophysiology is interdependent, and when they concurrently occur, the side effects risk increases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Levosimendan reduces oxygen demand and improves myocardial contraction in HF patients, which may indirectly lead to a reduction in AF. Gaballah et al. found that levosimendan showed significant antiarrhythmic properties in their investigation of cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent cells in humans.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, some studies have shown that levosimendan is also associated with a higher incidence rate of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The levosimendan effect on AF data is inconsistent, and to assess this, a meta-analysis comprising over 1100 individuals from 14 randomized controlled trials was conducted. In those studies levosimendan was linked to AF incidence decrease in comparison with controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Xing Z et al. conducted in 2018 a meta-analysis comprising 15 randomized controlled trials to assess the levosimendan effect in left ventricular dysfunction patients having cardiac surgery and found that it did not decrease the AF incidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Conversely, Jaguszewski et al. found that levosimendan significantly increases the risk of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> These contradictory clinical trials outcome underlines the necessity to do more research to evaluate the levosimendan effect on AF risk. More importantly, the levosimendan effect in postoperative and non-postoperative AF, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) influence, the levosimendan dose, and the follow-up duration on the AF risk data are unclear. Thus, we conducted this meta-analysis, pooling data from all available randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which included levosimendan and reported AF as an adverse event, to further explore these questions in detail.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion Criteria</title>
          <p>RCTs that compared levosimendan and placebo or other therapies and provided data on the AF occurrence during follow-up were included.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Search methods</title>
          <p>PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library until 1<sup>st</sup> September 2023, and other databases were used for research. Additionally, the included trials and relevant review reference lists were manually searched to find more potential eligible articles.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data extraction and quality assessment</title>
          <p>In all the trials included, AF was not a pre-specified objective. The AF events number was estimated following the adverse event data. Two authors separately reviewed all research paper titles and abstracts to eliminate irrelevant studies. Disagreements on the extracted data were settled by discussion. Tools from the Cochrane Collaboration were utilized to evaluate the RCTs&#8217; bias risk, which included: allocation concealment, random sequence generation, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, blinding, and other biases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Endpoints</title>
          <p>We primarily compared non-postoperative and postoperative AF incidence between levosimendan and control groups. The following secondary data were evaluated: time of levosimendan infusion and levosimendan dose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Dichotomous data were calculated by 95% confidence interval (CI) and odds ratios (ORs). We used a random-effect model. Funnel plots were employed to assess publication bias. STATA 15.1 software and Review Manage version 5.4 was used for the statistical analyses. P&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligible studies and subject characteristics</title>
          <p>We identified 186 studies, 120 of which were excluded after screening the titles and abstracts. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> displays the selection flow chart. Twenty-nine studies reported data on AF events, covering 6550 participants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> All trials were randomized control designs. The detailed participants&#8217; characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Eleven trials performed multi-center studies, and the others were single-center studies. In terms of control agents, 19 studies used a placebo, five used dobutamine, and five used standard therapy.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Literature search flow diagram.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230856-30856-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of included studies in the meta-analysis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="11%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Study</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Participants(n)</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Study population</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Mean LVEF(%)</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Bolus dose</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Continous infusion dose</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Control</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Follow-up</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Levosimendan</th>
                    <th>Control</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Abacilar 2013<sup>19</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">200</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">2 6.30 &#177; 6.36</td>
                    <td align="center">24.86 &#177; 1.08</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">24&#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">In-hospital</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Al-Shawaf 2006<sup>12</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">30</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG, LVEF&#8804;35%</td>
                    <td align="center">29 &#177; 6</td>
                    <td align="center">31 &#177;6</td>
                    <td align="center">12&#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1-0.2&#956;g/kg/min for 24 hours</td>
                    <td align="center">Milrinone</td>
                    <td align="center">In-hospital</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Altenberger 2014<sup>13</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">120</td>
                    <td align="center">HF, LVEF&#8804;35%</td>
                    <td align="center">24 &#177;5</td>
                    <td align="center">24 &#177;5</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">0.2&#956;g/kg/min for 6h at 2-week intervals over 6 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">24 weeks</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anastasiadis 2016<sup>14</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">32</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG, LVEF&#8804;40</td>
                    <td align="center">35.7 &#177; 4.9</td>
                    <td align="center">37.5 &#177; 3.4</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1&#956;g/kg/min for 24 hours</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">In-hospital</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baysal 2014<sup>15</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">128</td>
                    <td align="center">mitral valve surgery, LVEF&#8804;45%</td>
                    <td align="center">35.0 (20-50)</td>
                    <td align="center">37.5 (25-50)</td>
                    <td align="center">6&#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1&#956;g/kg/min for 24 hours</td>
                    <td align="center">Standard inotropic therapy</td>
                    <td align="center">30days</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bergh 2010<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                    <td align="center">ADHF, LVEF&#8804;35%</td>
                    <td align="center">21.2&#177;5.8</td>
                    <td align="center">21.8&#177;6.1</td>
                    <td align="center">12&#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1-0.2&#956;g/kg/min for 24 hours</td>
                    <td align="center">Dobutamine</td>
                    <td align="center">1 month</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bharathi, 2023<sup>47</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                    <td align="center">mitral valve surgery</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1 mcg/kg/min after induction for 24 hours</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">6 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cholley 2017<sup>16</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">335</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG or combined with valve surgery, LVEF&#8804;40%</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1&#956;g/kg/min for 24 hours</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">6 months</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>De Hert 2007<sup>17</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">30</td>
                    <td align="center">elective cardiac surgery, LVEF&#8804;30%</td>
                    <td align="center">24&#177;6</td>
                    <td align="center">27&#177;3</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1&#956;g/kg/min</td>
                    <td align="center">Milrinone</td>
                    <td align="center">In-hospital</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Desai 2018<sup>18</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                    <td align="center">OPCAB, LVEF &lt;30%</td>
                    <td align="center">25.17&#177;5.49</td>
                    <td align="center">25.5&#177;4.42</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1&#956;g/kg/min for 24 hours</td>
                    <td align="center">Conventional inotropes</td>
                    <td align="center">In-hospital</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Follath 2002<sup>20</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">203</td>
                    <td align="center">HF, LVEF &lt;35%</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">24&#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1&#956;g/kg/min for 24 hours</td>
                    <td align="center">Dobutamine</td>
                    <td align="center">In-hospital</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fuhrmann 2008<sup>21</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">32</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiogenic shock</td>
                    <td align="center">22(18-31)/22&#177;9</td>
                    <td align="center">27(20-34)/27&#177;10</td>
                    <td align="center">12&#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1-0.2&#956;g/kg/min for 24 hours</td>
                    <td align="center">Enoximone</td>
                    <td align="center">30 days</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gerhard P&#246;lzl,2023<sup>33</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">145</td>
                    <td align="center">HF, LVEF&#8804;30%</td>
                    <td align="center">24 &#177; 5</td>
                    <td align="center">24 &#177; 5</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">0.2 mcg/kg/min every 2 weeks, or as 24-hour infusion at a rate of 0.1 mcg/kg/min every 3 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">14 and 26 weeks</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Husebye 2013<sup>22</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">61</td>
                    <td align="center">HF within 48 h after a primary PCI-treated STEMI</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (38-49)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (33-47)</td>
                    <td align="center">12&#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1&#956;g/kg/min for 24 hours</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">6 months</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Juhl-Olsen 2015<sup>23</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                    <td align="center">AVR, LVEF&gt; 45%</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (55&#8211;75)</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (58&#8211;70)</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1&#956;g/kg/min</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">In-hospital</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kandasamy 2017<sup>24</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">80</td>
                    <td align="center">OPCABG</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1&#956;g/kg/min for 24 hours</td>
                    <td align="center">Dobutamine</td>
                    <td align="center">In-hospital</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lahtinen 2011<sup>3</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">200</td>
                    <td align="center">Valve surgery or combined with CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">77%&gt;50%</td>
                    <td align="center">73%&gt;50%</td>
                    <td align="center">24&#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1&#956;g/kg/min</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">In-hospital</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Levin 2008<sup>48</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">137</td>
                    <td align="center">Coronary surgery with LCOS</td>
                    <td align="center">36.62&#177;4.36</td>
                    <td align="center">38.22&#177;5.24</td>
                    <td align="center">10&#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1&#956;g/kg/min for 24 hours</td>
                    <td align="center">Dobutamine</td>
                    <td align="center">In-hospital</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Levin 2012<sup>49</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">252</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG, LVEF&lt;25%</td>
                    <td align="center">17.56&#177;3.24</td>
                    <td align="center">18.62&#177;2.12</td>
                    <td align="center">10&#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1&#956;g/kg/min for 24 hours</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">In-hospital</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lilleberg 2006<sup>25</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">22</td>
                    <td align="center">HF</td>
                    <td align="center">25&#177;5</td>
                    <td align="center">28&#177;6</td>
                    <td align="center">12&#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1-0.2&#956;g/kg/min for 24 hours</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">14 days</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mebazaa 2007<sup>8</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1320</td>
                    <td align="center">ADHF</td>
                    <td align="center">24&#177;5</td>
                    <td align="center">24&#177;5</td>
                    <td align="center">12&#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1&#956;g/kg/min for 24 hours</td>
                    <td align="center">Dobutamine</td>
                    <td align="center">6 months</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mehta 2017<sup>26</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">849</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac surgery, LVEF&lt;35%</td>
                    <td align="center">26(24&#8211;32)</td>
                    <td align="center">27(22-31)</td>
                    <td align="center">12&#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1&#956;g/kg/min for 24 hours</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">30 days</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moiseyev 2002<sup>27</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">504</td>
                    <td align="center">Left ventricular failure</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">6-24&#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1-0.4&#956;g/kg/min</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">In-hospital</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nieminen 2008<sup>28</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">307</td>
                    <td align="center">HF, LVEF&#8804;30%</td>
                    <td align="center">25&#177;5.3</td>
                    <td align="center">25&#177;4.9</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">1 mg capsule once or twice daily</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">180 days</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Packer 2013<sup>7</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">587</td>
                    <td align="center">ADHF</td>
                    <td align="center">23&#177;7</td>
                    <td align="center">24&#177;7</td>
                    <td align="center">12&#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1&#956;g/kg/min</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">In-hospital</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Shah 2014 <sup>29</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">50</td>
                    <td align="center">OPCABG, LVEF&lt;30%</td>
                    <td align="center">22.45&#177;4.06</td>
                    <td align="center">22.56&#177;3.41</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">200&#956;g/kg over 24 h</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">In-hospital</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sharma 2014<sup>30</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">40</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG+mitral valve repair</td>
                    <td align="center">23.55&#177;4.87</td>
                    <td align="center">22.55&#177;0.92</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">200&#956;g/kg over 24 h</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">In-hospital</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tritapepe 2006<sup>31</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">24</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">50&#177;7</td>
                    <td align="center">52&#177;5</td>
                    <td align="center">24&#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">In-hospital</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tritapepe 2009<sup>32</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">102</td>
                    <td align="center">CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">41.6&#177;10.7</td>
                    <td align="center">44.1&#177;9.8</td>
                    <td align="center">24&#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">None</td>
                    <td align="center">Placebo</td>
                    <td align="center">In-hospital</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; HF: heart failure; ADHF: acutely decompensated heart failure; OPCABG: Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery; STEMI: ST-segment elevation infarction; AVR: aortic valve replacement; LCOS: low cardiac output syndrome All studies considered values &lt; 0.05 to indicate statistical significance.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study quality and publication bias</title>
          <p>Twenty studies were randomized using methods including computer-generated randomization schedules or random number tables, and the randomization process was documented. In 22 studies, allocation concealment was documented with low bias risk, yet this was questionable in seven others. In 73% of the studies, double-blinding was utilized, providing effective blinding to limit participants&#8217; or investigators&#8217; bias on adverse reaction reports. The bias risk assessment results are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> illustrates the publication bias risk in the included studies. Egger&#8217;s test revealed no publication bias evidence (p=0.251).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Risk of bias assessment of the included studies.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230856-30856-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The risk of publication bias for the included studies.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230856-30856-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Levosimendan and atrial fibrillation incidence</title>
          <p>Eleven studies assessed the non-postoperative AF occurrence and stated that levosimendan elevated the non-postoperative AF risk significantly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). Eighteen studies reported that levosimendan reduced postoperative AF incidence significantly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). Moreover, the AF incidence decreased significantly more in patients who used levosimendan after cardiac surgery than those who used levosimendan before cardiac surgery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). Heterogeneity was mostly due to differences in inclusion criteria, levosimendan dose, LVEF, cardiac surgery, and follow-up duration.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Subgroup analyses</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Group</th>
                    <th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">No. studies</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Heterogeneity</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Model</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Meta-analysis</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>I<sup><bold>2</bold></sup> (%)</th>
                    <th>OR(95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Levosimendan vs Placebo/Control</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF&#8804;40%</td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                    <td align="center">71,6</td>
                    <td align="center">Aleat&#243;rio</td>
                    <td align="center">0,82 (0,55, 1,22)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,33</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF&gt;40%</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.545</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">Aleat&#243;rio</td>
                    <td align="center">1,30 (0,80, 2,13)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,30</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Time of administration</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Before surgery</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                    <td align="center">75,3</td>
                    <td align="center">Aleat&#243;rio</td>
                    <td align="center">0,67 (0,42, 1,06)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>After surgery</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">0,870</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">Aleat&#243;rio</td>
                    <td align="center">0,53 (0,32, 0,88)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Follow-up duration</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8804;7 days</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                    <td align="center">68,5</td>
                    <td align="center">Aleat&#243;rio</td>
                    <td align="center">0,68 (0,42,1.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt;7 days</td>
                    <td align="center">11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.812</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">Aleat&#243;rio</td>
                    <td align="center">1,30 (1,07, 1,57)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Bolus dose</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805;12 &#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.294</td>
                    <td align="center">16.2</td>
                    <td align="center">Aleat&#243;rio</td>
                    <td align="center">1,44 (1,10, 1,88)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt;12 &#956;g/kg</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                    <td align="center">72,6</td>
                    <td align="center">Aleat&#243;rio</td>
                    <td align="center">0,64 (0,34, 1,20)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,16</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="7"> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Subgroup analysis</title>
          <p>A subgroup analysis was conducted according to the LVEF: LVEF&#8804;40% and LVEF&gt;40%. Levosimendan did not significantly change the incidence of AF in both subgroups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>Levosimendan was given as a bolus dose followed by continuous infusion in 14 studies, while only continuous infusion was utilized in 13 studies in this meta-analysis. The bolus dose ranged from 6 to 24 &#956;g/kg, and the continuous infusion dose ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 &#956;g/kg/min. The levosimendan bolus dose effect on the AF risk was evaluated by conducting another subgroup analysis. The participants were classified into two subgroups: a large bolus dose (levosimendan dose&#8805;12 &#956;g/kg) and a small bolus dose (levosimendan dose&lt;12 &#956;g/kg) with 0.1 and 0.2 &#956;g/kg/min as a continuous infusion. The AF incidence was significantly increased by a large bolus dose and decreased by a small bolus dose (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>Analyzing the follow-up length, levosimendan was significantly linked to a high AF risk in eleven studies with more than seven days of follow-up. In 18 studies with no more than seven days of follow-up, a lower AF incidence in the levosimendan group in comparison with controls (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensitivity analysis</title>
          <p>The pooled results were calculated. None of the studies influenced the pooled results and changed the conclusion of this analysis. The study pooled results were analogous (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Sensitivity analysis.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230856-30856-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>As far as we know, this meta-analysis contained the largest number of RCTs, which compared levosimendan and placebo or other therapies and provided data on the AF occurrence during follow-up. As per our findings, high non-postoperative AF and low postoperative AF incidences were linked to levosimendan. We further found that patients who used levosimendan after cardiac surgery had a more pronounced decrease in the incidence of AF than those who used levosimendan before cardiac surgery.</p>
        <p>Levosimendan is a calcium-sensitizer that augments the myocardial contractility by enhancing the myofilament sensitivity to calcium via binding to cardiac troponin C in a calcium-dependent manner.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> It also opens mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels in cardiac and vascular tissues and exerts peripheral vasodilatory and anti-ischemic effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Common inotropic agents improve myocardial contractility by increasing Ca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> that can bind to cardiac troponin-C by increasing myocardial energy, oxygen demand, and the incidence of arrhythmia. Therefore, it has the potential to cause arrhythmias. Conversely, Levosimendan does not increase myocardial energy demand and oxygen consumption.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> It does not affect intracellular free calcium, therefore, the potential for arrhythmias is also reduced.</p>
        <p>A previous meta-analysis did not find that levosimendan infusion could reduce the AF risk in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The large-scale randomized clinical trials (LEVO-CTS, CHEETAH, and LICORN) also did not increase the AF incidence rate in the levosimendan group. Our findings demonstrated that levosimendan significantly decreased the AF risk following cardiac surgery and increased the incidence of non-postoperative AF. Levosimendan decreased aAPD<sub>90</sub> and aERP significantly. AF reentry and stability are affected by reducing the action potential duration and refractory period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> The cardiac surgery characteristics differ from levosimendan in acute HF patients. The factors applicable to heart disease patients are usually different from those applicable to the perioperative period. The suspension of standard perioperative treatment, blood loss, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) usage, intravascular and extravascular fluids rapid transfer, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome can influence the levosimendan therapy outcome. The metabolite OR-1896 of levosimendan forms slowly in the cardiac surgery environment compared with patients with HF. Peak levels were reached five to six days following the levosimendan infusion cessation because of the fasting following surgery and the broad-spectrum antibiotics usage in cardiac surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> From the pharmacokinetic characteristics of levosimendan, its usage before or during the perioperative period may have very different effects. The levosimendan inotropic and cardioprotective characteristics can have a long-lasting effect, helping reduce postoperative complications. Experts advised using levosimendan for generally impaired myocardial function patients one day before cardiac surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> However, the subgroup analysis showed that levosimendan usage after cardiac surgery is linked to a considerable decrease in AF incidence. The mechanism of levosimendan inhibiting postoperative AF is unclear, but it may be related to the levosimendan antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> However, there are currently no significantly high-quality trials using levosimendan at this time point, requiring further evaluation.</p>
        <p>The AF incidence rate elevates with the HF severity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Harrison et al. conducted a meta-analysis comprising 14 randomized controlled trials, including 1,155 cardiac surgery patients, to explore the levosimendan safety and efficacy profile grouped by LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The patients were classified into low or preserved-LVEF groups with a mean of LVEF&lt; 40% or LVEF&gt; 40%, respectively. Data analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in the levosimendan death risk, and the subgroup analysis showed that this was only confined to the low-LVEF studies. No benefit was observed in the &#8220;preserved-LVEF group&#8221;. Further analysis revealed that the &#8220;low-LVEF group&#8221; patients receiving levosimendan significantly decreased the postoperative AF incidence. The preserved-LVEF group showed no difference as well. Our findings demonstrated that levosimendan did not significantly change the AF incidence in LVEF&gt;40% and LVEF&#8804;40% subgroups.</p>
        <p>A previous study showed that a 6-24 &#956;g/kg bolus dose delivered in 10 min followed by a 0.05 to 0.2 &#956;g/kg/min infusion rate is the optimum levosimendan dosing regimen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Papp Z et al. suggested another levosimendan regimen, a 6-12 &#956;g/kg delivered in 10 min followed by 0.05 or 0.1 or 0.2 &#956;g/kg/min for 24 h.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Since dobutamine has a few minutes half-life, while levosimendan&#8217;s half-life is about one hour, the dobutamine hemodynamic effects can be observed immediately following the infusion, while the immediate effect can be observed only with a large dose of levosimendan. High doses of levosimendan were associated with arrhythmias in cases of hypovolemia or initial hypotension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Our findings demonstrated that a large levosimendan bolus dose (&#8805;12 &#956;g/kg) was linked to a high AF incidence, and a small levosimendan bolus dose (&lt;12 &#956;g/kg) was linked to a low AF incidence. Experts in the European consensus on levosimendan usage during the perioperative period do not recommend high-dose administration. When high-dose administration is required, most of them recommend reducing the dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nieminen et al. demonstrated that IV levosimendan administration for 24 h leads to dose-dependent hemodynamic effects stating a clear correlation between them. Its active protein-bound metabolites OR-1855 and OR-1896 exert clinical effects for up to seven days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> The presence of the long-acting metabolite means that hemodynamic effects continue for a week following the levosimendan infusion, and the possibility of adverse reactions also increases with time. This research meta-analysis revealed that levosimendan was significantly linked to a high AF risk with more than seven days of follow-up. Levosimendan tended to increase the risk of AF when follow-up was less than or equal to seven days. A large randomized controlled study is warranted.</p>
        <p>As far as we know, this is the first research to analyze the levosimendan and AF risk correlation based on the timing of administration, levosimendan dose, and the length of follow-up. We rigorously screened the literature and included all eligible RCTs containing levosimendan and AF data. This research had various limitations. First, some outcome assessments had moderate or high heterogeneity, so we did many subgroup analyses for every result to investigate the heterogeneity source. Additionally, we did a sensitivity analysis through high-bias risk studies exclusion, which did not change the main results. Second, because the sample size of some studies is very small, which does not bring enough evidence, large clinical trials with convincing evidence are necessary to solve this situation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>High non-postoperative AF and low postoperative AF were linked to levosimendan, according to the meta-analysis conducted in this study. Our findings demonstrated that a large bolus dose of levosimendan was linked to a high AF incidence, and a small bolus levosimendan dose was linked to a low AF incidence. The levosimendan usage was considerably linked to a high AF risk with more than seven days of follow-up. Levosimendan tended to increase the risk of AF when follow-up was less than or equal to seven days. Further high-quality clinical studies are necessary to confirm our findings.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by Guangxi Health Commission key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Medicine (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University) and the High-level Medical Expert Training Program of Guangxi &#8220;139&#8221; Plan Funding (G201903027).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
