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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">DDq8V38SwX3rkxzx34Fwxbr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230845</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avan&#231;ando no Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Preservada: Um Alerta sobre a Necessidade do Estudo Hemodin&#226;mico com Exerc&#237;cio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0031-335X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hortegal</surname>
            <given-names>Renato de Aguiar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feres</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Renato de Aguiar Hortegal</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>renatohortegal@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230845</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Testes de Fun&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica progressiva que afeta aproximadamente 1-3% dos adultos, com aumento da expressivo da preval&#234;ncia em popula&#231;&#245;es com faixa et&#225;ria mais elevada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Mais da metade dos pacientes com IC apresenta fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#8805; 50%, conhecida como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP). Embora o n&#250;mero global de casos de IC permane&#231;a est&#225;vel ou mesmo em decl&#237;nio, a incid&#234;ncia de ICFEP continua aumentando.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pacientes com ICFEP diferem significativamente daqueles com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida quanto &#224; fisiopatologia, avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e ao tratamento. A heterogeneidade fisiopatol&#243;gica idiossincr&#225;tica e a disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, al&#233;m da apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica diversificada, requerem abordagens personalizadas para esta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Considerando tais aspectos, uma unidade dedicada a atender pacientes com ICFEP foi fundada em Outubro de 2020 no Instituto Dante Pazanese de Cardiologia, um centro de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica terci&#225;rio e quarten&#225;rio localizado em S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. At&#233; o momento, esta unidade realizou mais de 5.000 consultas ambulatoriais, predominantemente para pacientes que apresentam dispneia induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>Nesse cen&#225;rio, nos deparamos com um desafio significativo da Cardiologia moderna<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>: desenvolver metodologias para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica eficaz e pr&#225;tica para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos atuais apresentam consider&#225;vel heterogeneidade e falta de intercambialidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> De fato, a limita&#231;&#227;o em estabelecer um diagn&#243;stico preciso pode prejudicar diversas interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas j&#225; testadas em estudos multic&#234;ntricos. Esses aspectos do campo de pesquisa t&#234;m implica&#231;&#245;es diretas sobre a forma como os m&#233;dicos podem lidar com as queixas de dispneia encontradas na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria em pacientes com suspeita de ICFEP.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Uso de escores para ICFEP</title>
        <p>Pacientes com ICFEP podem divergir da apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica de IC, j&#225; que aproximadamente 50% deles apresentam fen&#243;tipo caracterizado por hipertens&#227;o atrial esquerda induzida por exerc&#237;cio, manifestando sintomas exclusivamente durante o esfor&#231;o, sem sinais atuais ou pr&#233;vios de sobrecarga h&#237;drica ao exame cl&#237;nico ou interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para tornar a situa&#231;&#227;o ainda mais complexa, 20-35% dos pacientes com ICFEP apresentam n&#237;veis normais de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> 29% n&#227;o apresentam anormalidades estruturais &#224; ecocardiografia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica na ecocardiografia n&#227;o &#233; espec&#237;fica nem suficiente para fechar um diagn&#243;stico conclusivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Neste contexto, dois escores desenvolvidos recentemente foram introduzidos com o objetivo de diagnosticar ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A pontua&#231;&#227;o H<sub>2</sub>FPEF &#233; um nomograma validado por hemodin&#226;mica invasiva que estima a probabilidade de ICFEP por meio da avalia&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e vari&#225;veis de Doppler, com uma probabilidade pr&#233;-teste assumida de 64% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). Por outro lado, o HFA-PEFF &#233; um escore (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>) proposto com valida&#231;&#227;o <italic>post-hoc</italic> em duas grandes coortes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Escore H2FPEF para estimar a probabilidade de ICFEP</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230845-30845-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Pontua&#231;&#227;o de HFA-PEFF para avalia&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP. HFA-PEFF: Associa&#231;&#227;o de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca-PEFF; PN: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico; e&#8217;: velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel mitral; E: velocidade de fluxo transmitral precoce; VRT: velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; TLG: tens&#227;o longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda; ERP: espessura relativa da parede; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; RS: ritmo sinusal; NT-proBNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico pr&#243;-tipo B N-terminal; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. *Os valores devem ser ajustados para e&#8217;&lt;5cm/s e e&#8217; lateral&lt;7cm/s se o paciente tiver idade&gt;75 anos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230845-30845-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A incorpora&#231;&#227;o desses escores em documentos oficiais de cardiologia &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia, pois contribui para a padroniza&#231;&#227;o e rastreabilidade das avalia&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas. No entanto, &#233; importante frisar que existem dados limitados sobre a valida&#231;&#227;o externa e concord&#226;ncia destas pontua&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Dados preliminares de nossa unidade, derivados de uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de 320 indiv&#237;duos com dispneia grau NYHA &#8805;2 e suspeita de ICFEP, produziram informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas. A maioria dos pacientes avaliados apresentou pontua&#231;&#245;es que denotam probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria de ICFEP. Em particular, o escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF exibiu uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior de probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria em compara&#231;&#227;o com o escore HFA-PEFF (69% vs. 49%, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o da probabilidade de ICFEP entre os pacientes de acordo com as pontua&#231;&#245;es de HFA-PEFF e H<italic>2</italic>FPEF.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230845-30845-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Outros autores tamb&#233;m destacaram limita&#231;&#245;es destes escores: Churchill et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> relataram uma coorte de 156 indiv&#237;duos com dispneia cr&#244;nica e FEVE&#8805; 50% submetidos ao teste cardiopulmonar invasivo (iCPET), em que identificaram uma pontua&#231;&#227;o HFA-PEFF de baixa probabilidade em 28%, intermedi&#225;rio em 58%, e alta em 14%; O H<sub>2</sub>FPEF foi baixo em 32%, intermedi&#225;rio em 61% e alto em 7% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, os autores relataram uma taxa de falsos negativos de 25% e 28% para baixa probabilidade em HFA-PEFF e H<sub>2</sub>FEPEF, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Tais achados t&#234;m duas implica&#231;&#245;es dignas de nota: 1) mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar como melhorar o desempenho geral dos escores, especialmente para indiv&#237;duos com pontua&#231;&#245;es baixas e intermedi&#225;rias e 2) a maioria dos pacientes com suspeita de ICFEP provavelmente necessitar&#225; de testes de exerc&#237;cio ou m&#233;todos alternativos de estresse hemodin&#226;mico, como desafios de pr&#233;-carga e p&#243;s-carga.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Diretrizes recentes recomendam Ecocardiografia com Teste de Estresse Diast&#243;lico e/ou Cateterismo Card&#237;aco Direito com Exerc&#237;cio para tais casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es dos m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos para diagnosticar ICFEP</title>
        <p>O teste de estresse diast&#243;lico com ecocardiografia &#233; o m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo de escolha para investigar a suspeita de ICFEP atrav&#233;s da provoca&#231;&#227;o com exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>No entanto, este m&#233;todo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es significativas: a principal vari&#225;vel ecocardiogr&#225;fica, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;, pode apresentar problemas de medi&#231;&#227;o durante o pico do exerc&#237;cio em at&#233; 20% dos casos. Al&#233;m disso, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; medida durante o exerc&#237;cio pode gerar resultados falso-positivos em at&#233; 29% dos casos, al&#233;m de apresentar acur&#225;cia sub-&#243;tima.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Apesar da Diretriz Europeia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> recomendar recalcular os escores, adicionando 2 pontos (quando E/e&#8217; durante o exerc&#237;cio &gt;14 + velocidade tric&#250;spide durante o exerc&#237;cio &lt; 3,4 m/s) ou 3 pontos (quando E/e&#8217; durante o exerc&#237;cio &gt;14 + velocidade tric&#250;spide durante o exerc&#237;cio &gt; 3,4 m/s) &#224; pontua&#231;&#227;o do HFA-PEFF, esta abordagem carece de apoio baseado em evid&#234;ncias.</p>
        <p>Embora essas limita&#231;&#245;es possam dificultar o uso da ecocardiografia de estresse diast&#243;lico na defini&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP, ela continua sendo um componente significativo dentro da abordagem multimodal mais ampla para pacientes com suspeita de ICFEP.</p>
        <p>An&#225;lise das trocas gasosas por meio do teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (TECP) representa o padr&#227;o ouro para avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da capacidade funcional. Este m&#233;todo explora a intera&#231;&#227;o entre a mec&#226;nica pulmonar e as intera&#231;&#245;es cardiopulmonares no contexto da fraqueza muscular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, dados recentes sugerem que as anormalidades na cin&#233;tica do oxig&#234;nio podem ter estreita rela&#231;&#227;o com altera&#231;&#245;es da na mec&#226;nica mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Embora o uso isolado do TECP n&#227;o invasivo possa n&#227;o ser suficiente para distinguir a ICFEP da dispneia n&#227;o card&#237;aca em certos casos, o TECP desempenha um papel valioso como ferramenta diagn&#243;stica para excluir doen&#231;a pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cateterismo card&#237;aco direito como ferramenta diagn&#243;stica para ICFEP</title>
        <p>Dadas as limita&#231;&#245;es das modalidades diagn&#243;sticas n&#227;o invasivas, um fator essencial capaz de oferecer informa&#231;&#245;es cr&#237;ticas &#233; a defini&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica &#250;nica da s&#237;ndrome da ICFEP. Esta defini&#231;&#227;o estabelece a ICFEP como a incapacidade do sistema cardiovascular de manter um d&#233;bito card&#237;aco adequado diante press&#245;es de enchimento normais em repouso ou durante o exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>O cateterismo card&#237;aco direito (CCD) &#233; o padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP, devido &#224; sua capacidade de medir a press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar POAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O procedimento apresenta baixo risco de complica&#231;&#245;es, com taxas relatadas inferiores a 1%. Al&#233;m disso, demonstra excelente desempenho diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em condi&#231;&#245;es de repouso, a POAP &#8805; 15mmHg obtida pelo cateter Swan Ganz indica hipertens&#227;o atrial esquerda. A POAP em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, reflete a transmiss&#227;o retr&#243;grada da press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio esquerdo para o capilar pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Quando elevada, mesmo que transitoriamente, pode causar congest&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
        <p>Contudo, a normalidade da POAP medida em repouso n&#227;o exclui o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP. Na realidade, muitos pacientes necessitar&#227;o de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico para identificar anormalidades hemodin&#226;micas. Ap&#243;s as medi&#231;&#245;es em repouso, o paciente fica em dec&#250;bito dorsal e inicia o exerc&#237;cio com o cicloerg&#244;metro, realizando medidas de POAP em intervalos de aproximadamente 2-3 minutos. Um valor de POAP &#8805; 25mmHg durante o exerc&#237;cio define o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Uma defini&#231;&#227;o alternativa considera a varia&#231;&#227;o durante o exerc&#237;cio do aumento da POAP (slope da POAP) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (slope do DC). Uma raz&#227;o entre os slopes &gt;2 (ou seja, slope POAP/slope DC&gt;2) &#233; indicativa de ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Vale mencionar que o CCD com exerc&#237;cio requer uma estrutura complexa e exige conhecimentos especializados para aquisi&#231;&#227;o e interpreta&#231;&#227;o de dados. Al&#233;m disso, existem varia&#231;&#245;es not&#225;veis nos protocolos (ortost&#225;tico vs. dec&#250;bito dorsal) e m&#233;todos de padroniza&#231;&#227;o para medir a POAP, como o ponto de refer&#234;ncia (final da expira&#231;&#227;o da onda A m&#233;dia vs. m&#233;dia durante o ciclo respirat&#243;rio).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em caso de limita&#231;&#245;es &#224; execu&#231;&#227;o do CCD com exerc&#237;cio, uma modalidade alternativa de estresse, como um desafio de pr&#233;-carga (prova de volume) pode ser valioso. Uma POAP &#8805; 18mmHg induzida por eleva&#231;&#227;o passiva da perna ou administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de solu&#231;&#227;o salina 7 mL/Kg &#233; diagn&#243;stica de ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cateterismo card&#237;aco direito para avalia&#231;&#227;o da extra&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio prejudicada: Um fator que contribui para a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio na ICFEP</title>
        <p>Na ICFEP, a capacidade dos m&#250;sculos de extrair oxig&#234;nio da corrente sangu&#237;nea e utiliz&#225;-lo para processos metab&#243;licos fica comprometida. Essa extra&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica prejudicada pode levar ao fornecimento inadequado de oxig&#234;nio aos m&#250;sculos em exerc&#237;cio, resultando em fadiga precoce, redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e dispneia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio na art&#233;ria pulmonar (Sa<sub>o2</sub>) e da satura&#231;&#227;o venosa mista de oxig&#234;nio (Sv<sub>o2</sub>) oferece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a extra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio em pacientes com ICFEP. Redu&#231;&#227;o de Sa<sub>o2</sub> e aumento de Sv<sub>o2</sub>, indicando utiliza&#231;&#227;o prejudicada de oxig&#234;nio durante o exerc&#237;cio. Essas medi&#231;&#245;es podem ajudar a identificar pacientes com ICFEP que apresentam extra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio prejudicada, apesar dos n&#237;veis sist&#234;micos de oxig&#234;nio preservados.</p>
        <p>A integra&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos obtidos pelo CCD permite avaliar diversas condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas durante o exerc&#237;cio. Esses par&#226;metros incluem d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, volume sist&#243;lico, resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP) e sist&#234;mica, press&#227;o arterial pulmonar (PAP) e extra&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio. A equa&#231;&#227;o de Fick pode ser usada para avaliar cada componente capaz de impactar a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
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        <p>Onde VO<sub>2</sub> representa o consumo de oxig&#234;nio, CO representa o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, Cao<sub>2</sub> representa o conte&#250;do de oxig&#234;nio arterial, Cvo<sub>2</sub> representa o conte&#250;do de oxig&#234;nio venoso, SV representa o volume sist&#243;lico, HR representa a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, Hb representa a hemoglobina, Sao<sub>2</sub> representa a satura&#231;&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio e Svo<sub>2</sub> representa a satura&#231;&#227;o venosa de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cateterismo card&#237;aco direito como ferramenta diagn&#243;stica para hipertens&#227;o pulmonar na ICFEP</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente da hemodin&#226;mica cardiovascular pelo CCD &#233; importante n&#227;o apenas porque pode definir o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP quando os m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos foram inconclusivos, mas tamb&#233;m por sua capacidade de adicionar informa&#231;&#245;es cr&#237;ticas que podem modificar a compreens&#227;o cl&#237;nica, a abordagem terap&#234;utica e determinar progn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>Um aspecto que merece destaque &#233; a Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar (HP) na ICFEP. A preval&#234;ncia de HP na ICFEP diverge entre os estudos, variando de 30% a 80%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A HP representa um marcador de gravidade da doen&#231;a e est&#225; associada a mau progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Pacientes com ICFEP, com ou sem HP, apresentam fatores de risco id&#234;nticos, comorbidades, caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas do lado esquerdo e press&#245;es de enchimento do lado esquerdo. Al&#233;m disso, as modalidades n&#227;o invasivas por si s&#243; n&#227;o conseguem diferenciar a HP p&#243;s-capilar da pr&#233;-capilar na ICFEP, o que requer CCD.</p>
        <p>De fato, a maioria dos pacientes com ICFEP-HP apresenta HP p&#243;s-capilar isolada (POAP&gt;15mmHg, PAP m&#233;dia&gt;20mmHg e RVP&lt;2 unidades Wood).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Entretanto, &#224; medida que a doen&#231;a progride, a congest&#227;o cr&#244;nica levar&#225; a outras altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais e estruturais no sistema vascular pulmonar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> resultando na combina&#231;&#227;o de HP p&#243;s e pr&#233;-capilar, definida como POAP&gt;15mmHg, PAP m&#233;dia&gt;20mmHg e RVP&gt;2 Unidades de madeira. Esse aumento adicional na press&#227;o arterial pulmonar levar&#225; &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito e a anormalidades nas trocas gasosas que afetam a sobrevida global desses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cateterismo card&#237;aco direito para diagn&#243;stico de fen&#243;tipo modificado por exerc&#237;cio HFpEF</title>
        <p>O desafio do exerc&#237;cio tamb&#233;m pode fornecer mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a fenotipagem da ICFEP (Figuras 4A-4D).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Pacientes com ICFEP sem evid&#234;ncia de HP em repouso podem apresentar uma resposta anormal na RVP durante o exerc&#237;cio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4A</xref>). Isto &#233; indicativo de doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar latente na ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Dados recentes mostram que a doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar latente tem implica&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas, uma vez que esses pacientes tiveram uma pior resposta ao dispositivo de shunt atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados ilustrativos para representar os perfis hemodin&#226;micos de exerc&#237;cio da ICFEP(A-E) e Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar (HP). POAP: Press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar; PAPm: press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar m&#233;dia; HP: hipertens&#227;o pulmonar; DVP: doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar; RVP: resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230845-30845-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Por outro lado, pacientes com perfil hemodin&#226;mico de repouso de HP pr&#233;-capilar (POAP&lt;15mmHg, PAP m&#233;dia&gt;20mmHg e RVP&gt;2 unidades Wood) podem apresentar um aumento desproporcional da POAP durante o exerc&#237;cio quando comparado &#224; press&#227;o atrial direita, atingindo valores de POAP &#8805; 25mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Esse fen&#243;tipo combina Doen&#231;a Vascular Pulmonar (HP pr&#233;-capilar) e ICFEP oculta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4E</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O reconhecimento destes padr&#245;es melhorar&#225; a nossa compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos da intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio nestes pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, pode trazer implica&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas significativas.</p>
        <p>Laborat&#243;rios de hemodin&#226;mica de todo o mundo enfatizam cada vez mais a import&#226;ncia do CCD com exerc&#237;cio, o que representa um passo importante para melhorar a nossa compreens&#227;o da ICFEP e formular estrat&#233;gias individualizadas que pode impactar os desfechos destes pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 39592920.3.0000.5462. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230845i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Advancing the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Call for Exercise Hemodynamics</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0031-335X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hortegal</surname>
            <given-names>Renato de Aguiar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feres</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Renato de Aguiar Hortegal &#8226;</bold> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: renatohortegal@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Function Tests</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is a progressive medical condition that affects approximately 1-3% of adults, with a significant increase in prevalence in older age groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> More than half of HF patients have a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of &#8805; 50%, known as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). While the overall number of HF cases seems to be stable or even declining, the incidence of HFpEF continues to rise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> HFpEF patients differ significantly from those with reduced ejection fraction regarding pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment. The idiosyncratic pathophysiological heterogeneity and multiorgan dysfunction in addition to diverse clinical presentation will require tailored approaches for this population.</p>
        <p>Taking these aspects into account, a specialized unit catering to the HFpEF population was founded in October 2020 at the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, a tertiary and quaternary public healthcare center located in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. To date, this facility has successfully conducted over 5000 outpatient visits, predominantly for patients presenting dyspnea on exertion.</p>
        <p>Within this context, we have encountered a significant challenge currently faced in the Cardiology field:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> devising methodologies for conducting effective and practical clinical assessments to establish the diagnosis of HFpEF.</p>
        <p>The current diagnostic criteria exhibit considerable heterogeneity and lack of interchangeability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Indeed, the lack of an accurate diagnosis may have hindered the assessment of several therapeutic interventions already tested in multicentric studies. These aspects from the research field have direct implications for how physicians can manage the complaints of shortness of breath encountered in their daily practice among patients with suspected HFpEF.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>The Use of HFpEF Scores</title>
          <p>Patients with HFpEF may diverge from the classical HF presentation, as approximately 50% of them exhibit a phenotype characterized by exercise-induced left atrial hypertension, manifesting symptoms exclusively during exertion, without current or previous signs of fluid overload upon clinical examination or prior hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
          <p>To further complicate matters, 20-35% of HFpEF patients have normal levels of natriuretic peptides,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> 29% have no structural abnormality in echocardiography,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and the presence of diastolic dysfunction on echocardiography is neither specific nor sufficient to make a conclusive diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In this context, two recently developed scoring systems have been introduced with the aim to diagnose HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score is a nomogram validated against invasive hemodynamics that estimates the probability of HFpEF through the assessment of clinical and Doppler features, with an assumed a pretest probability of 64% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). On the other hand, HFA-PEFF is a score system (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>) proposed with a <italic>post-hoc validation</italic> in two large cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; H2FPEF score to estimate the probability of HFpEF.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230845-30845-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; HFA-PEFF score to evaluate the diagnosis of HFpEF. HFA-PEFF: Heart Failure Association-PEFF; NP: natriuretic peptide; e&#8217;: early diastolic mitral annular velocity; E: early transmitral flow velocity; TRV: tricuspid regurgitation velocity; GLS: left ventricular global longitudinal strain; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; RWT: relative wall thickness; LV: left ventricle; SR: sinus rhythm; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; AF: atrial fibrillation. * Values should adjust to e&#8217;&lt;5cm/s and e&#8217; lateral&lt;7cm/s if patients has age&gt;75years/old.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230845-30845-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The incorporation of these scoring systems into official cardiology documents holds significant importance, as it contributes to the standardization and traceability of diagnostic evaluations. However, it is important to note that there is limited data regarding the external validation and agreement of these scores.</p>
          <p>Preliminary data from our unit, derived from a convenience sample of 320 subjects with dyspnea NYHA grade &#8805;2 and suspected HFpEF, yielded valuable insights. Most of the patients evaluated displayed scores denoting an intermediate probability of HFpEF. Notably, the H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score exhibited a significantly higher proportion of intermediate probability compared to the HFA-PEFF score (69% vs. 49%, respectively) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Distribution of HFpEF probability among patients according to HFA-PEFF and H<italic>2</italic>FPEF scores.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230845-30845-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Other authors have also reported other limitations of these scores: <italic>Churchill</italic> et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> reported a cohort of 156 subjects with chronic dyspnea and LVEF&#8805; 50% submitted to an invasive cardiopulmonary test (iCPET), where it was found an HFA-PEFF score with low probability in 28%, intermediate in 58%, and high in 14%; The H<sub>2</sub>FPEF was low in 32%, intermediate in 61% and high in 7% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>). Furthermore, the authors reported a false negative rate of 25% and 28% for low probability in HFA-PEFF and H<sub>2</sub>FEPEF, respectively.</p>
          <p>These findings have two important implications: 1) further studies are needed to evaluate how to improve the overall performance of the scores, especially for individuals with low and intermediate scores and 2) most patients with suspected HFpEF will likely require exercise tests or alternative hemodynamic stress methods, such as preload and afterload challenges.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Recent guidelines recommend Diastolic Stress Test Echocardiography and/or Exercise Right Heart Catheterization in these cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations of non-invasive methods to diagnose HFpEF</title>
          <p>Diastolic Stress Test with Echocardiography is the first-choice method to study suspected HFpEF during exercise non-invasively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>However, this method has significant limitations: the main echocardiographic variable, the E/e&#8217; ratio, may have measurement issues during peak exercise by up to 20% of cases. Furthermore, it is reported that the E/e&#8217; ratio measured during exercise can generate false-positive results in up to 29% of cases, in addition to having suboptimal accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Although the European Guideline<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> recommends recalculating scores by adding 2 points (when E/e&#8217; exercise &gt;14 + exercise tricuspid velocity &lt; 3.4 m/s) or 3 points (when E/e&#8217; during exercise &gt;14 +exercise tricuspid velocity &gt; 3.4 m/s) to the calculated HFA-PEFF score, this approach lacks evidence-based support.</p>
          <p>While these limitations can hinder the use of Diastolic Stress Echocardiography in defining HFpEF diagnosis, it remains a significant component within the broader multimodality approach for patients with suspected HFpEF.</p>
          <p>Gas exchange analysis through cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) stands as the gold standard for non-invasively evaluating functional capacity. This method can explore the interplay between lung mechanics and cardiopulmonary interactions in the context of muscle weakness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Moreover, recent data suggests that the abnormalities in oxygen kinetics may have a close relationship with impairments in myocardial mechanics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Although non-invasive CPET may have limitations in distinguishing HFpEF from non-cardiac dyspnea in some cases, it plays a valuable role as a diagnostic tool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Right heart catheterization as a diagnostic tool for HFpEF</title>
          <p>Given the limitations of non-invasive diagnostic modalities, a pivotal factor that may provide critical information is the unique hemodynamic definition of HFpEF syndrome. This definition states HFpEF as the inability of the cardiovascular system to maintain adequate cardiac output at normal filling pressures at rest or during exercise.</p>
          <p>Right Heart Catheterization (RHC) is the gold standard for diagnosing HFpEF, due to its ability to measure pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The procedure carries a low risk of complications, with reported rates of less than 1%. Additionally, it has demonstrated excellent diagnostic performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Under resting conditions, a PAWP &#8805; 15mmHg obtained through the Swan Ganz catheter indicates left atrial hypertension. The PAWP, ultimately, reflects the retrograde transmission of mean pressure from the left atrium to the pulmonary capillary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> When elevated, even transiently, this can lead to pulmonary congestion.</p>
          <p>However, the normality of PAWP measured at rest does not rule out the diagnosis of HFpEF. Indeed, many patients will need exercise stress to identify hemodynamic abnormalities. After rest measurements, the patient and starts the exercise test with the cycle ergometer, then measurements of PAWP should be taken at intervals of 2-3 minutes. If PAWP reaches a value &#8805; 25mmHg, the diagnosis of HFpEF is defined.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>An alternative definition considers assessing the rise in PAWP during exercise (slope PAWP) in relation to the increase in cardiac output (slope CO). A ratio slope of PAWP/slope of CO &gt; 2 is indicative of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>It is important to mention that exercise RHC requires a complex set-up and demands specialized expertise for data acquisition and interpretation. Moreover, notable variations exist in the protocols (upright vs. supine) and standardization methods for measuring PAWP, such as the reference point (mid-A wave end of expiration vs. mean during the respiratory cycle).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>If constraints prevent the execution of exercise RHC, alternative stress during RHC, such as a preload challenge (fluid challenge), may be valuable. A PAWP &#8805; 18mmHg induced by passive leg raising or intravenous administration of saline at 7 mL/Kg is diagnostic of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Using right heart catheterization to assess impaired peripheral oxygen extraction: A factor contributing to exercise intolerance in HFpEF</title>
          <p>In HFpEF, the ability of muscles to extract oxygen from the bloodstream and utilize it for metabolic processes is jeopardized. This impaired peripheral extraction can lead to inadequate oxygen delivery to exercising muscles, resulting in early fatigue, reduced exercise capacity, and dyspnea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Assessing oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery (Sa<sub>o2</sub>) and mixed venous oxygen saturation (Sv<sub>o2</sub>) provides information about oxygen extraction in HFpEF patients. Reduced Sa<sub>o2</sub> and increased Sv<sub>o2</sub>, indicating impaired utilization of oxygen during exercise. These measurements can help identify patients with HFpEF who exhibit impaired oxygen extraction despite preserved systemic oxygen levels.</p>
          <p>Integrating the hemodynamic parameters obtained from RHC makes it possible to assess various physiological parameters during exercise. These parameters include cardiac output, stroke volume, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), and peripheral oxygen extraction. The Fick equation can be used to evaluate each component that may impact exercise capacity:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
          <disp-formula id="e1001">
            <mml:math>
              <mml:mn>0.29</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>0.80</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>000</mml:mn>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:msup>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
              </mml:msup>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>Where VO<sub>2</sub> represents oxygen consumption, CO represents cardiac output, Cao<sub>2</sub> represents arterial oxygen content, Cvo<sub>2</sub> represents venous oxygen content, SV represents stroke volume, HR represents heart rate, Hb represents hemoglobin, Sao<sub>2</sub> represents arterial oxygen saturation, and Svo<sub>2</sub> represents venous oxygen saturation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Right heart catheterization as a diagnostic tool for pulmonary hypertension in HFpEF</title>
          <p>The comprehensive evaluation of cardiovascular hemodynamics by RHC is important not only because it can define the diagnosis of HFpEF when the non-invasive methods were inconclusive but rather it can add critical information that can modify the clinical understanding, evaluation of the therapeutic approach and determine the prognosis.</p>
          <p>One aspect that deserves focus is Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) in HFpEF. The PH prevalence in HFpEF diverges among the studies, ranging from 30% to 80%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> PH represents a marker of disease severity, and it is associated with poor prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Patients with HFpEF, both with or without PH, exhibit identical risk factors, comorbidities, left-sided echocardiographic features, and left-side filling pressures. Moreover, non-invasive modalities alone cannot differentiate post-capillary from pre-capillary PH in HFpEF, which requires RHC.</p>
          <p>Indeed, most HFpEF-PH patients display isolated post-capillary PH (resting PAWP&gt;15mmHg, mean PAP&gt;20mmHg, and PVR&lt;2 Wood units).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> However, as the disease progresses, chronic congestion will lead to other functional and structural changes in the pulmonary vascular system,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> resulting in the combined post, and pre-capillary PH, defined as PAWP&gt;15mmHg, mean PAP&gt;20mmHg, and PVR&gt;2 Wood units. This additional increase in pulmonary arterial pressure will lead to right ventricle dysfunction and gas exchange abnormalities that affect the overall survival of those patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Right heart catheterization for diagnosing exercise-modified phenotype HFpEF</title>
          <p>The exercise challenge can also provide further information on phenotyping HFpEF (Figuras 4A-4D).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Patients without evidence of PH at rest may exhibit abnormal responses in pulmonary circulation during exertion, such as paradoxical elevation of PVR during exercise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4A</xref>). This is indicative of latent pulmonary vascular disease in HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Recent data showed that latent pulmonary vascular disease has therapeutic implications as those patients responded worse to an atrial shunt device.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Illustrative data to represent the exercise hemodynamic profiles of HFpEF (A-E) and Pulmonary Hypertension (PH). PAWP: pulmonary artery wedge pressure; PAPm: mean pulmonary artery pressure; PH: pulmonary hypertension; PVD: pulmonary vascular disease; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230845-30845-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Conversely, patients with a resting hemodynamic profile of pre-capillary PH (resting PAWP&lt;15mmHg, mean PAP&gt;20mmHg, and PVR&gt;2 Wood units) can display a disproportionate increase in PAWP during exercise when compared to right atrial pressure reaching values of PAWP&#8805;25mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This phenotype combines Pulmonary Vascular Disease (pre-capillary PH) and occult HFpEF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4E</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Recognizing these patterns will enhance our understanding of the mechanisms behind exercise intolerance in these patients. Besides, it may carry significant therapeutic implications.</p>
          <p>Several leading healthcare centers worldwide are placing greater emphasis on exercise RHC. This emphasis represents a crucial step in enhancing the understanding of HFpEF and in formulating tailored strategies aimed at improving quality of life and clinical outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia under the protocol number 39592920.3.0000.5462. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
