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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">CStMJf4bMfstzdPQMxnhThw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230818</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Efeito da Administra&#231;&#227;o Precoce de Solu&#231;&#227;o Salina Hipert&#244;nica na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Descompensada Aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2227-6177</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Colluoglu</surname>
            <given-names>Tugce</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1947-8998</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kapan&#351;ahin</surname>
            <given-names>Tu&#287;ba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4707-2939</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aksu</surname>
            <given-names>Melahat Hicran</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9780-7051</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;nalan</surname>
            <given-names>Orhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1238-7439</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Akin</surname>
            <given-names>Ye&#351;im</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Karabuk University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Karabuk</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Karabuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Karabuk &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tugce Colluoglu</bold> &#8226; Karab&#252;k University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Karabuk &#8211; Turquia. E-mail: <email>incitugcecolluoglu@karabuk.edu.tr</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230818</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: O Efeito da Administra&#231;&#227;o Precoce de Solu&#231;&#227;o Salina Hipert&#244;nica na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Descompensada Aguda</title>
              <p>
                <italic>SSH: solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica DA: Diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a SNS: sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico SRAA: sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona TPH: Tempo de perman&#234;ncia no hospital PFR: Piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/CStMJf4bMfstzdPQMxnhThw/aa0222e34f469ecd7893c697b91ebca02f85c08d.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/CStMJf4bMfstzdPQMxnhThw/9c7d9ea0eb61844c791c2850142e71580d319142.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/CStMJf4bMfstzdPQMxnhThw/548658e5202e0b00b57189be5e273ba1c89cddfb.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> N&#227;o houve evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica sobre o tratamento inicial com solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica (SSH) na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca agudamente descompensada (ICAD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo avaliou o impacto do uso de SSH junto com um diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a (DA) como o primeiro tratamento diur&#233;tico para ICAD, com foco na fun&#231;&#227;o renal, n&#237;veis de eletr&#243;litos e resultados cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Neste estudo retrospectivo de caso-controle, 171 pacientes adultos (93 mulheres/78 homens) com ICAD foram inclu&#237;dos entre 1&#186; de janeiro de 2022 e 31 de dezembro de 2022. Os pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos: combina&#231;&#227;o inicial de SSH+DA e DA padronizada. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (PFR). A hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e a mortalidade por todas as causas foram avaliadas durante 6 meses de acompanhamento. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os grupos exibiram semelhan&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas basais. Diurese significativamente maior no 1&#186; dia (3975 [3000-5150] vs. 2583 [2000-3250], p=0,001) e natriurese na 2&#170; hora (116,00 [82,75-126,00] vs. 131,75-140,00] vs. 94,00-103,25] vs. 99,00 [96,00-103,00], p=0,295), TFG (48,50 [29,75-72,50 vs. 50,00[35,50-63,50, p=0,616) e creatinina (1,20 [0,90-1,70] vs. 1,20 [1,00-1,50], p=0,218) permaneceu est&#225;vel no grupo SSH combinado inicial quando comparado ao grupo DA padronizado (Cl-: 102,00[99,00-106,00] vs. 98,00[95,00-103,00], p=0,001, TFGe: 56,00 [41,00-71,00] vs. 55,00[35,00-71,00], p=0,050, creatinina: 1,10[0,90-1,40] vs. 1,20 [0,90-1,70], p=0,009). A piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (16,1% vs. 35,5%, p = 0,007) e o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (4 dias [3-7] vs. 5 dias [4-7], p = 0,004) foram menores na combina&#231;&#227;o inicial SSH+DA em compara&#231;&#227;o com o DA padronizado. A mortalidade hospitalar, a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e a mortalidade por todas as causas foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> SSH como terapia inicial, quando combinada com DA, pode proporcionar uma diurese segura e eficaz sem prejudicar a fun&#231;&#227;o renal na ICAD. Portanto, a SSH pode levar a um menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar para esses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Solu&#231;&#227;o Salina Hipert&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Testes de Fun&#231;&#227;o Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O agravamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (AIC) est&#225; associado ao aumento da mortalidade e morbilidade, contribuindo para uma carga econ&#243;mica significativa para a sociedade. Esses epis&#243;dios s&#227;o o principal fator por tr&#225;s da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), principalmente devido ao agravamento da congest&#227;o que requer diur&#233;ticos intravenosos (IV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As diretrizes atuais para IC recomendam um regime diur&#233;tico escalonado que inclui a administra&#231;&#227;o de IV diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a como terapia de primeira linha para agravamento da congest&#227;o. No entanto, com IV apenas com diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a, o tempo necess&#225;rio para atingir a descongest&#227;o ideal &#233; estendido, resultando em muitos pacientes com IC recebendo alta com congest&#227;o residual. A presen&#231;a de congest&#227;o residual est&#225; ligada a desfechos desfavor&#225;veis e readmiss&#227;o precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> &#201; digno de nota que os diur&#233;ticos do t&#250;bulo proximal est&#227;o sendo testados para melhorar a terapia descongestiva al&#233;m do tratamento padr&#227;o baseado em diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a, incluindo acetazolamida e inibidores do cotransportador 2 de s&#243;dio-glicose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na literatura, NaCI oral ou solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica (SSH) IV de NaCI a 3% tem sido usada para melhorar a resposta diur&#233;tica em pacientes com IC refrat&#225;ria e agudamente descompensada com perfil seguro. A produ&#231;&#227;o de urina e a perda de peso aumentaram significativamente com a administra&#231;&#227;o de SSH e altas doses IV De diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, os estudos acima mencionados avaliaram o efeito do SSH como uma op&#231;&#227;o de resgate entre pacientes com IC refrat&#225;ria e agudamente descompensada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O efeito da administra&#231;&#227;o inicial de SSH como parte de um regime diur&#233;tico inicial tem sido pouco estudado na IC agudamente descompensada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> &#192; medida que examinamos o corpo de literatura existente, torna-se evidente que existe uma lacuna na investiga&#231;&#227;o do benef&#237;cio potencial da administra&#231;&#227;o proactiva de SSH, em oposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o convencional como interven&#231;&#227;o de resgate, particularmente ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o de ensaios significativos que ligaram o seu uso com um regime diur&#233;tico combinado como terapia inicial na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca agudamente descompensada (ICAD). Portanto, pretendemos avaliar se a adi&#231;&#227;o inicial de SSH &#224; terapia padronizada com diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a IV entre pacientes com IC agudamente descompensada melhoraria a resposta diur&#233;tica, o descongestionamento bem-sucedido, o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e desfechos dif&#237;ceis com seguran&#231;a.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi conduzido como um estudo retrospectivo de caso-controle. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado e conduzido seguindo o n&#250;mero de aprova&#231;&#227;o 2023/1294 do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica para Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica N&#227;o Intervencionista da Universidade Karabuk. As Diretrizes STROBE para estudos de caso-controle e uma lista de verifica&#231;&#227;o foram utilizadas na prepara&#231;&#227;o deste manuscrito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O estudo foi realizado de acordo com os princ&#237;pios estabelecidos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra</title>
        <p>De acordo com a F&#243;rmula Kelsey, 111 (43/68) pacientes s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para uma pot&#234;ncia de 80%, e determinamos uma redu&#231;&#227;o de risco relativo de 70% no desfecho prim&#225;rio com a terapia com SSH com base no ensaio de Issa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cole&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
        <p>Identificamos todos os pacientes em toda a faixa de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) hospitalizados com diversas causas card&#237;acas entre 1&#186; de janeiro de 2022 e 31 de dezembro de 2022, na unidade de terapia intensiva coronariana do Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Karabuk, a partir dos registros m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos do hospital (n=1263). Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram evid&#234;ncias de IC agudamente descompensada, confirmada pelos n&#237;veis elevados de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) (&#8805;100 pg/mL), achados de congest&#227;o na ecocardiografia e radiografia de t&#243;rax ou tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax. Pacientes que receberam SSH como tratamento de resgate que n&#227;o o receberam no primeiro dia (n=38), pacientes que receberam tratamento IV com diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a como um protocolo de estudo fora do definido (n=30), taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) &#8804;20 mL/min/1,73m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> (n=102), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8804;90 mmHg (n=43) ou sinais de hipoperfus&#227;o definida pelos n&#237;veis de lactato &#8805;2mmol/L (n=24), hipernatremia (Na+ &#8805;145mEq/L) (n=44), edema pulmonar agudo (n=121), s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (n=455), eventos arr&#237;tmicos (n=59) e doen&#231;a valvular prim&#225;ria (n=176) n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos. Portanto, este estudo incluiu 171 pacientes com IC agudamente descompensada. O grupo controle consistiu em 108 pacientes escolhidos consecutivamente, de mesma idade e sexo, O grupo de controle consistiu em 108 pacientes escolhidos consecutivamente, de mesma idade e sexo, cujos diur&#233;ticos foram administrados apenas como diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a IV em bolus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma. &amp;: Em casos de resposta inadequada a diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a IV, a dose de diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a IV &#233; aumentada duas vezes. *: A hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a mortalidade por todas as causas foram avaliadas nos primeiros 6 meses ap&#243;s a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice. TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; IV: intravenoso; SSH: solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica; ICA: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca agudamente descompensada; DA: diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a; BUN: nitrog&#234;nio na urina no sangue; Cr: creatinina; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; Htc: hemat&#243;crito.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230818-30818-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis como idade, sexo, comorbidades, terapia m&#233;dica prescrita por diretrizes para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a prescritos, data de interna&#231;&#227;o, tempo de perman&#234;ncia no hospital, estado de hemodi&#225;lise e data do &#243;bito foram relatadas. Vari&#225;veis laboratoriais, incluindo testes de fun&#231;&#227;o renal (nitrog&#234;nio na urina, creatinina [Cr], TFGe), BNP, estado eletrol&#237;tico (Na+, K+, Cl-, Mg++, Ca++), Na+ urin&#225;rio na 2&#170; hora, hemoglobina e hemat&#243;crito (Htc), foram obtidos do banco de dados de prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos do hospital. O peso corporal e o d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio di&#225;rio foram obtidos a partir do relat&#243;rio do exame f&#237;sico di&#225;rio. A doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) foi definida como uma taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) de &lt;60 mL/min/1,73m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> calculada por pelo menos 3 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O tempo de perman&#234;ncia no hospital foi obtido no banco de dados eletr&#244;nico de sa&#250;de do hospital. Os dados sobre mortes foram obtidos do Sistema Turco de Notifica&#231;&#227;o de &#211;bitos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de solu&#231;&#227;o salina diur&#233;tica e hipert&#244;nica</title>
        <p>Os diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a intravenosos foram administrados com o dobro da dose dos diur&#233;ticos domiciliares, de acordo com a Diretriz 2022 da AHA/ACC/HFSA para o Tratamento da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O grupo caso foi composto por 63 pacientes que receberam 150 mL de SSH durante 30 minutos (300 mL/h) duas vezes ao dia, desde o primeiro dia de interna&#231;&#227;o at&#233; a alta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A medi&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
        <p>Todos os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados com o Philips EPIQ-7C Ultrasound System for Cardiology (Andover, EUA) com sonda X5-1 tanto na admiss&#227;o quanto na alta. Todos os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram armazenados para an&#225;lise offline. A FEVE foi medida pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson biplano modificado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A defini&#231;&#227;o de resultados e par&#226;metros de seguran&#231;a</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, que foi definida como um aumento no n&#237;vel de creatinina plasm&#225;tica de &#8805;0,3 mg/dL durante a estrat&#233;gia de tratamento diur&#233;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Os desfechos secund&#225;rios foram a necessidade de hemodi&#225;lise, descongest&#227;o bem-sucedida, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e mortalidade por todas as causas. O d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio foi definido como a resposta &#224; estrat&#233;gia diur&#233;tica durante as primeiras 24 horas. O congestionamento foi avaliado duas vezes: no momento da admiss&#227;o e no momento da alta hospitalar. Realizamos uma avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente para avaliar a congest&#227;o pulmonar e sist&#234;mica. O escore de congest&#227;o foi estabelecido por meio do uso de documenta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica e de um sistema de escore simples que atribuiu um ponto para cada achado de congest&#227;o (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12107/2023-0818_AO_Supplementary_Tables_ABC.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 1</ext-link>). O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o foi definido como o per&#237;odo entre a data da admiss&#227;o hospitalar e a data da alta hospitalar. A hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e a mortalidade por todas as causas foram avaliadas nos primeiros 6 meses ap&#243;s a data da alta &#237;ndice.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil), conforme apropriado. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;meros e porcentagens. O teste Qui-Quadrado, para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, e o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou o teste U de Mann-Whitney, para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foram realizados para comparar as caracter&#237;sticas basais e os efeitos do tratamento entre duas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento, conforme apropriado. Para avaliar as diferen&#231;as nos par&#226;metros laboratoriais e no peso corporal antes e depois de duas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento distintas, foi realizado o teste de Wilcoxon. O tamanho do efeito entre as duas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento foi analisado pelo tamanho do efeito r de Cohen: z/&#8730;n. A defini&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do efeito, calculado pelo coeficiente r, &#233;: r=0,10 &#233; considerado um efeito pequeno, r=0,30 &#233; um efeito m&#233;dio e r=0,50 &#233; um efeito grande.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Um valor p bicaudal de 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no software estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o 25.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas base</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais de 171 pacientes est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 73,7&#177;10,1 anos e 93 (54%) dos pacientes eram mulheres. Os pacientes com IC foram classificados em dois grupos com base na abordagem inicial do tratamento diur&#233;tico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">SSH+LD Combina&#231;&#227;o inicial (n = 63)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">LD Padronizado (n = 108)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">74,3&#177; 9,2</td>
                  <td align="center">73,3&#177;10,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,557</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo (F/M)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">36/27</td>
                  <td align="center">57/51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,580</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FEVE (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">45.00 (35.00-55.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">45.00 (35.00-59.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,414</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (79,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (85,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,328</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (55,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (52,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,725</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (48,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,503</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hiperlipidemia (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (39,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (42,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,710</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DRC (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (76,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (68,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,301</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (46,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,682</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Terapia M&#233;dica B&#225;sica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueadores (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (96,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (94,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,482</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RASi (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (64,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (73,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,201</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARM (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (72,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (73,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,859</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SGLT2i (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (35,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (36,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,900</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (52,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (53,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,813</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>SSH: solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica; LD: diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; RASi: inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona; ARM: antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticoides; SGLT2i: inibidores do cotransportador 2 de s&#243;dio-glicose.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efic&#225;cia e par&#226;metros laboratoriais</title>
        <p>A natriurese na 2&#170; hora (p=0,001) e o d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio nas primeiras 24 horas (p=0,001) foram maiores no grupo combo inicial do que no grupo DA padronizado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Uma redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa no peso corporal e na escore de congest&#227;o foi observada em ambos os grupos de tratamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12107/2023-0818_AO_Supplementary_Tables_ABC.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 2</ext-link>). No grupo DA padronizado, houve eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa dos n&#237;veis de Cr (p=0,009) e decl&#237;nio simult&#226;neo da TFGe (p=0,050) ao final do tratamento. Os n&#237;veis de Cr (p=0,218) e TFGe (p=0,616) n&#227;o foram alterados em pacientes com IC que receberam SSH antecipadamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Uma pequena diferen&#231;a no tamanho do efeito foi observada entre as duas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; Cr e TFGe (r = -0,243 para Cr e r = -0,195 para TFGe) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12107/2023-0818_AO_Supplementary_Tables_ABC.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 2</ext-link>). A mediana da altera&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de Na+ ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de SSH foi de 3 (1-8) mEq/L (p=0,001), enquanto n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o significativa observada nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Na+ com a administra&#231;&#227;o de DA. Embora a diferen&#231;a entre os tamanhos de efeito das duas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento no Na+ s&#233;rico tenha sido estatisticamente significativa, verificou-se que houve um tamanho de efeito m&#233;dio (r=-0,377, p=0,001) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12107/2023-0818_AO_Supplementary_Tables_ABC.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 2</ext-link>). Embora tenha sido observada uma diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Cl- com a administra&#231;&#227;o de DA (p=0,001), o Cl- s&#233;rico permaneceu constante com a combina&#231;&#227;o inicial de SSH (p=0,295). Os n&#237;veis de BNP diminu&#237;ram significativamente entre todos os pacientes, independentemente das estrat&#233;gias de tratamento diur&#233;tico empregadas (p=0,001 para a combina&#231;&#227;o inicial de SSH e DA padronizado), e o decl&#237;nio observado nos n&#237;veis de BNP foi determinado como sendo um efeito semelhante em ambas as abordagens de tratamento (r=- 0,012) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12107/2023-0818_AO_Supplementary_Tables_ABC.pdf">Tabela 2 suplementar</ext-link>). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os n&#237;veis de BNP na admiss&#227;o e na alta nas duas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12107/2023-0818_AO_Supplementary_Tables_ABC.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 3</ext-link>). A administra&#231;&#227;o de SSH resultou em um aumento nos n&#237;veis de Hct durante o tratamento, enquanto os n&#237;veis de Hct permaneceram est&#225;veis com DA (p=0,038 para SSH combinado inicial, p = 0,573 para DA padronizado) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de efic&#225;cia de acordo com duas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento diur&#233;tico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">SSH+LD Combina&#231;&#227;o inicial (n = 63)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">LD Padronizado (n = 108)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>D&#233;bito urin&#225;rio no 1&#186; dia (mL)*</td>
                  <td align="center">3975,00 (3000,00-5150,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">2583,33 (2000,00-3250,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Na+ urin&#225;rio na 2&#170; hora (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">116,00 (82,75-126,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,50 (54,00-89,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>SSH: solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica; LD: diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a. *O d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio foi definido como a resposta da estrat&#233;gia diur&#233;tica durante as primeiras 24 horas.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis laboratoriais, peso corporal e escore de congest&#227;o para os pacientes do estudo, tanto na admiss&#227;o quanto na alta, de acordo com duas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento diur&#233;tico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">SSH+LD Combina&#231;&#227;o inicial (n=63)</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                  <th colspan="2">LD padronizado (n=108)</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Admiss&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Alta</th>
                  <th>Admiss&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Alta</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso corporal (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,20 (67,30-78,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,00 (62.30-74.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">72,80 (67,70-82,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,40 (63,32-79,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore de congest&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">5,00 (4.00-6.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00 (0,00-1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5,00 (3,50-6,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00 (0,00-0,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cr (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,20 (0,90-1,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,20 (1,00-1,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,218</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 (0,90-1,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,20 (0,90-1,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,009</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TFG (mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">48,50 (29,75-72,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,00 (35,50-63,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,616</td>
                  <td align="center">56,00 (41,00-71,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">55,00 (35,00-71,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,050</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Na+ (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">137,00(131,75-140,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">140,00 (136,00-142,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">139,00 (137,00-141,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">139,00 (136,00-140,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,470</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>K+ (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,60 (4,20-5,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,30 (3,97-4,62)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4,50 (4,10-5,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,20 (4,00-4,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cl- (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">99,00 (94,00-103,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">99,00 (96,00-103,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,295</td>
                  <td align="center">102,00 (99,00-106,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,00 (95,00-103,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mg++ (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,70 (1,60-2,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,90 (1,70-2,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,017</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,90 (1,60-2,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,00 (1,70-2,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,128</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ca++ (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,90 (8,50-9,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,00 (8.60-9.40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,494</td>
                  <td align="center">8,90 (8,50-9,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,90 (8,50-9,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,945</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">898,50 (418,00-1725,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">538,00 (197,69-795,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">686,00 (332,32-1499,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">361,72 (183,00-816,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hb (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,00 (9,50-12,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,70 (10,00-12,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,016</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">11,60 (10,60-12,80)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,95 (10,37-12,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,495</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Htc (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,40 (30,25-39,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,30 (31,20-39,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,038</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">35,80 (33,60-39,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">36,20 (32,87-40,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,573</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>SSH: solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica; LD: diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a; BUN: nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue; Cr: creatinina; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; BNP: Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; Hb: hemoglobina; Htc: hemat&#243;crito.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros e resultados de seguran&#231;a</title>
        <p>A piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal ocorreu em 48 (28,4%) dos pacientes com ICA (10 [16,1%] pacientes no grupo de combina&#231;&#227;o inicial, 38 [35,5%] pacientes no grupo de DA padronizado, p = 0,007). Os pacientes que receberam SSH apresentaram menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar do que aqueles que receberam DA (4 dias [3-7 dias] vs. 5 dias [4-7 dias], p=0,004). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as na necessidade de hemodi&#225;lise, interna&#231;&#227;o por IC, mortalidade hospitalar e mortalidade geral entre as duas abordagens de tratamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados entre duas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento diur&#233;tico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">SSH+LD Combina&#231;&#227;o inicial (n = 63)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">LD Padronizado (n = 108)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Resultados</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WRF (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (16,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (35,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,007</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o (dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (3-7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (4-7)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,004</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Necessidade de hemodi&#225;lise (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,899</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interna&#231;&#227;o por IC* (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (7,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (13,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,313</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade hospitalar (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (4,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,649</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade por todas as causas* (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,496</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>WRF: piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. *A hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a mortalidade por todas as causas foram avaliadas nos primeiros 6 meses ap&#243;s a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta an&#225;lise retrospectiva fornece a efic&#225;cia do tratamento inicial da SSH combinada com DA com um perfil de seguran&#231;a favor&#225;vel em pacientes com ICA. N&#227;o houve deteriora&#231;&#227;o discern&#237;vel nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Na+ ou outros n&#237;veis de eletr&#243;litos, na fun&#231;&#227;o renal e no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar em pacientes com ICA que receberam SSH precoce. Na verdade, a diurese no 1&#186; dia de tratamento e os n&#237;veis urin&#225;rios de Na+ na 2&#170; hora foram maiores no grupo da combina&#231;&#227;o inicial. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas nos desfechos duros entre os pacientes que receberam administra&#231;&#227;o precoce de SSH, exceto PFR.</p>
      <p>A administra&#231;&#227;o de SSH via oral ou IV tem potencial para melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o glomerular atrav&#233;s da sua capacidade de aumentar o volume plasm&#225;tico em at&#233; 30%. Portanto, a SSH tamb&#233;m pode aumentar a perfus&#227;o renal, bloquear o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e induzir vasodilata&#231;&#227;o nos territ&#243;rios renais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Na verdade, pela primeira vez, Issa et al. mostraram que pacientes tratados com SSH+DA na fase aguda apresentaram menor creatinina s&#233;rica e cistatina C em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes tratados apenas com DA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, foi consistentemente observado que a TFGe n&#227;o diminuiu com o grupo inicial de combina&#231;&#227;o SSH + DA, em contraste com o &#250;nico grupo DA. A aus&#234;ncia de diminui&#231;&#227;o da TFG pode encorajar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de SSH como parte do tratamento diur&#233;tico inicial para uma diurese mais eficaz durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICA.</p>
      <p>Uma grande barreira para a ado&#231;&#227;o generalizada da SSH &#233; a preocupa&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;dicos de que seu uso possa exacerbar a IC devido &#224; alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de Na+ presente na SSH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, nenhum dos estudos anteriores mostrou evid&#234;ncias de que a SSH leva a n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Na+ significativamente elevados ap&#243;s agravamento da IC ou deteriora&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Na verdade, um estudo prospectivo controlado por placebo conduzido por Issa et al. n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;as significativas nos n&#237;veis de Na+ entre as duas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento durante a fase aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No entanto, nosso estudo observou um aumento moderado nos n&#237;veis de Na+ em pacientes tratados com a combina&#231;&#227;o inicial de SSH+DA. As principais diferen&#231;as neste achado contrastante podem ser atribu&#237;das ao protocolo SSH e ao desenho do estudo. Primeiramente, Issa et al. planejaram o protocolo de SSH como um curso de tr&#234;s dias de 100 mL de SSH duas vezes ao dia, uma infus&#227;o de 1 hora e infus&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina foram administradas no grupo placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em segundo lugar, embora o estudo de Issa et al. estudo foi prospectivo e controlado por placebo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> nosso estudo teve um tamanho amostral maior e as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes em ambos os grupos de terapia foram iguais. No geral, em contraste com as preocupa&#231;&#245;es dos m&#233;dicos, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Na+ ligeiramente aumentados em uma janela de tempo precoce tamb&#233;m podem estar associados a um aumento tempor&#225;rio nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos basais de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico atrial (ANP) devido ao reabastecimento plasm&#225;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Assim, o aumento dos n&#237;veis de ANP pode resultar em melhora da diurese por vasodilata&#231;&#227;o renal, atingindo o peso seco mais rapidamente e em uma redu&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida dos n&#237;veis de BNP de acordo com a estrat&#233;gia padronizada de DA. De fato, em nossa coorte de pacientes, descobriu-se que a queda nos n&#237;veis de BNP no mesmo n&#237;vel foi mais r&#225;pida na combina&#231;&#227;o inicial de SSH + DA em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de regime apenas com DA. Assim, este m&#233;todo terap&#234;utico pode oferecer uma abordagem custo-efetiva para reduzir o tempo de perman&#234;ncia no hospital e minimizar os custos de sa&#250;de. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de investiga&#231;&#245;es abrangentes e orientadas para os custos em grande escala produzir&#225; uma ilustra&#231;&#227;o mais clara deste conceito.</p>
      <p>As respostas sensoriais de sal e volume, incluindo <italic>feedback</italic> tubuloglomerular e libera&#231;&#227;o de renina, s&#227;o reguladas principalmente pelo cloreto no rim.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Portanto, o cloreto parece ser o principal fator que influencia a capacidade do rim de detectar sobrecarga de volume.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Recentemente, uma fam&#237;lia de serina-treonina quinases (sem lisina [K] [WNK]) foi reconhecida como um sensor molecular para sal e um regulador significativo da hemostasia eletrol&#237;tica e das fun&#231;&#245;es diur&#233;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> O cloreto ativa o cotransportador Na+/K+/2CI- e o cotransportador Na+/Cl- atrav&#233;s do sistema WNK. Em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, o cloreto serve como um inibidor da reabsor&#231;&#227;o renal de sal com estes transportadores espec&#237;ficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A redu&#231;&#227;o nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de cloreto no plasma leva ao aumento da reabsor&#231;&#227;o renal de sal, promovendo consequentemente o surgimento de resist&#234;ncia diur&#233;tica entre os pacientes que recebem diur&#233;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Lamentavelmente, o DA para terapia de congest&#227;o resulta na diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de cloreto e em uma resposta inadequada &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de DA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Assim, a administra&#231;&#227;o inicial inicial de SSH durante o tratamento pode prevenir eficazmente o aparecimento de resist&#234;ncia diur&#233;tica, evitando um decl&#237;nio nos n&#237;veis de Cl-, oferecendo assim uma resposta diur&#233;tica segura em pacientes com ICA que est&#227;o recebendo DA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o, observamos um aumento significativo nos n&#237;veis de Hct entre os pacientes inicialmente tratados com uma combina&#231;&#227;o de SSH e DA, em contraste com aqueles tratados apenas com DA. Esta observa&#231;&#227;o est&#225; alinhada com a literatura existente, em que a remo&#231;&#227;o de fluidos atrav&#233;s do tratamento diur&#233;tico na ICAD tem sido associada &#224; hemoconcentra&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a hemoconcentra&#231;&#227;o tem sido correlacionada com o aumento das doses de diur&#233;ticos, maior redu&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal, menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e melhor sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Vale a pena enfatizar que um regime diur&#233;tico guiado por hemoconcentra&#231;&#227;o pode ser promissor na avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado ideal de congest&#227;o e potencialmente prever resultados cl&#237;nicos significativos em pacientes com ICAD. A n&#227;o exibi&#231;&#227;o de um n&#237;vel de Hct aumentado durante um regime diur&#233;tico pode ser indicativa de um progn&#243;stico adverso, como PFR e uma interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar prolongada. Em nosso estudo, os pacientes tratados com SSH+DA apresentaram aumento acentuado nos n&#237;veis de Hct. Esse aumento correspondeu a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de PFR e a um menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, ressaltando assim os benef&#237;cios potenciais das abordagens terap&#234;uticas guiadas por hemoconcentra&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Seguindo os dados da literatura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi menor no grupo SSH do que no grupo DA. Esse achado pode ser potencialmente esclarecido pelo maior n&#237;vel de d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio e TFGe estabilizada durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o no grupo SSH desde o in&#237;cio da estrat&#233;gia diur&#233;tica durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
      <p>A piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal tem sido geralmente observada com a administra&#231;&#227;o de DA em pacientes com IC por diversas raz&#245;es, incluindo vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o de arter&#237;olas aferentes e ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> A administra&#231;&#227;o de SSH como tratamento inicial combinado com DA pode ter o potencial de mitigar os fatores acima mencionados que contribuem para a PFR em pacientes com ICA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Assim, o risco de desenvolver PFR pode ser relativamente menor com a administra&#231;&#227;o precoce de SSH. Isto sugere que a administra&#231;&#227;o precoce de SSH poderia servir como uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica segura desde o in&#237;cio da estrat&#233;gia diur&#233;tica, particularmente para pacientes que apresentam IC e DRC.</p>
      <p>Embora tenha havido resultados conflitantes em termos de mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com ICA que receberam SSH, estudos indicaram que um maior tempo de acompanhamento revela uma vantagem de sobrevida associada &#224; SSH em pacientes com ICA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> No presente estudo, analisamos a mortalidade por todas as causas nos primeiros 6 meses ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. A dura&#231;&#227;o limitada do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento pode ter dificultado a determina&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as na mortalidade por todas as causas entre as duas diferentes estrat&#233;gias de tratamento diur&#233;tico. Al&#233;m disso, a mortalidade hospitalar e a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC nos primeiros 6 meses n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os dois grupos de tratamento, apesar dos escores de congest&#227;o semelhantes na alta. A observa&#231;&#227;o desse achado pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas basais bastante semelhantes dos pacientes.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que vale a pena mencionar. Devido &#224; natureza retrospectiva do estudo, devemos interpretar nossos achados com cautela. Embora o d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio das primeiras 24 horas tenha sido calculado, o d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio total durante a interna&#231;&#227;o do paciente permaneceu desconhecido. A potencial falta de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica nas diferen&#231;as observadas nos desfechos dif&#237;ceis entre as duas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento pode ser atribu&#237;da ao tamanho limitado da amostra de pacientes inclu&#237;dos em nosso estudo. Al&#233;m disso, podemos ter rastreado num per&#237;odo relativamente curto a ocorr&#234;ncia de maus resultados. Estudos com maior tempo de triagem ou acompanhamento podem preencher essa lacuna. Os dados estavam sujeitos a vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A solu&#231;&#227;o salina hipert&#244;nica como parte de uma combina&#231;&#227;o inicial com DA pode fornecer uma diurese mais segura e eficaz sem prejudicar a fun&#231;&#227;o renal, mesmo em pacientes com DRC. A administra&#231;&#227;o precoce de SSH sem esperar pela resposta do DA pode levar a uma menor interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e a uma menor taxa de necessidade de hemodi&#225;lise em compara&#231;&#227;o com a administra&#231;&#227;o de DA isoladamente em pacientes com ICA. Portanto, o regime combinado inicial de SSH+DA pode diminuir os custos de sa&#250;de na ICA.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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      <fn>
        <label/>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
      </fn>
      <fn>
        <label/>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Karabuk University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2023/1294. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
      </fn>
      <fn>
        <label/>
        <p>Para tabelas suplementares, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12107/2023-0818_AO_Supplementary_Tables_ABC.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
      </fn>
      <fn>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230818i</article-id>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Effect of Early Administration of Hypertonic Saline Solution &#304;n Acute Decompensated Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2227-6177</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Colluoglu</surname>
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          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1947-8998</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kapan&#351;ahin</surname>
            <given-names>Tu&#287;ba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4707-2939</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aksu</surname>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9780-7051</contrib-id>
          <name>
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          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1238-7439</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Akin</surname>
            <given-names>Ye&#351;im</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Karabuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Karabuk &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Tugce Colluoglu</bold> &#8226; Karab&#252;k University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Karabuk &#8211; Turkey. E-mail: incitugcecolluoglu@karabuk.edu.tr </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: The Effect of Early Administration of Hypertonic Saline Solution &#304;n Acute Decompensated Heart Failure</title>
              <p>
                <italic>HSS: hypertoinic salin solution; LD: loop diuretics; SNS: sympathetic nervous system; RAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; LOS: length of stay in hospital; WRF: worsening renal function.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230818-30818-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> There was no scientific evidence about the initial treatment of hypertonic saline solution (HSS) in acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This study assessed the impact of using HSS along with a loop diuretic (LD) as the first diuretic treatment for ADHF, focusing on renal function, electrolyte levels, and clinical outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> In this retrospective case-control study, 171 adult patients (93 females/78 males) with ADHF were included between January 1, 2022, and December 31, 2022. Patients were allocated into two groups: upfront combo HSS+LD and standardized LD. The primary endpoint was worsening renal function (WRF). Hospitalization for HF and all-cause mortality were evaluated during 6 months of follow-up. The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The groups exhibited similarities in baseline characteristics.A significantly higher diuresis on the 1<sup>st</sup> day (3975 [3000-5150] vs. 2583 [2000-3250], p=0.001) and natriuresis on the 2<sup>nd</sup> hour (116.00 [82.75-126.00] vs. 68.50 [54.00-89.75], p=0.001) in the initial upfront combo HSS+LD were found in comparison with the standardized LD.When compared to the standardized LD, the utilization of HSS led to an increase in serum Na<sup>+</sup> (137.00 [131.75-140.00] vs. 140.00 [136.00-142.25], p=0.001 for upfront combo HSS, 139.00 [137.00-141.00] vs. 139.00 [136.00-140.00], p=.0470 for standardized LD), while chloride (99.00 [94.00-103.25] vs. 99.00[96.00-103.00], p=0.295), GFR (48.50 [29.75-72.50 vs. 50.00 [35.50-63.50, p=0.616), and creatinine (1.20 [0.90-1.70] vs. 1.20 [1.00-1.50], p=0.218) remained stable in the upfront combo HSS group when compared to standardized LD group (Cl<sup>-</sup>: 102.00 [99.00-106.00] vs. 98.00 [95.00-103.00], p=0.001, eGFR: 56.00 [41.00-71.00] vs. 55.00 [35.00-71.00], p=0.050, creatinine:1.10 [0.90-1.40] vs. 1.20 [0.90-1.70], p=0.009). Worsening renal function (16.1% vs 35.5%, p=0.007), and length of stay in the hospital (4 days [3-7] vs. 5 days [4-7], p=0.004) were lower in the upfront combo HSS+LD in comparison with the standardized LD. In-hospital mortality, hospitalization for HF, and all-cause mortality were similar between the two groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> HSS as an initial therapy, when combined with LD, may provide a safe and effective diuresis without impairing renal function in ADHF. Therefore, HSS may lead to a shorter length of stay in the hospital for these patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertonic Saline Solution</kwd>
        <kwd>Kidney Function Tests</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Worsening heart failure (WHF) is associated with increased mortality and morbidity, contributing a significant economic burden on society. These episodes are the leading factor behind hospitalization for heart failure (HF), mainly due to worsening congestion requiring intravenous (IV) diuretics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Current HF guidelines recommend a staged diuretic regimen which includes the administration of IV loop diuretics as a first-line therapy for worsening congestion. However, with IV loop diuretics alone, the time needed to achieve optimal decongestion is extended, resulting in many patients with HF being discharged with residual congestion. The presence of residual congestion is linked to unfavorable outcomes and early readmission.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Of note, proximal tubule diuretics are being tested to improve decongestive therapy on top of standard loop diuretic-based treatment including acetazolamide, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the literature, oral NaCI or IV 3% NaCI-hypertonic saline solution (HSS) has been used to improve diuretic response in refractory, acutely decompensated HF patients with a safe profile. Urine output and weight loss were significantly increased with the administration of HSS and high-dose IV loop diuretic in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, the above-mentioned studies evaluated the effect of HSS as a bail-out option among patients with refractory, acutely decompensated HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The effect of the initial administration of HSS as a part of an upfront diuretic regimen has been poorly studied in acutely decompensated HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> As we examine the existing body of literature, it becomes evident that there is a research gap in investigating the potential benefit of proactive administration of HSS as opposed to its conventional use as a rescue intervention, particularly following the publication of significant trials that have linked its use with a combined diuretic regimen as an initial therapy in ADHF. Therefore, we aim to evaluate whether the initial addition of HSS to standardized IV loop diuretic therapy among patients with acutely decompensated HF would improve diuretic response, successful decongestion, length of hospital stay, and hard endpoints safely.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and study population</title>
          <p>This study was conducted as a retrospective case-control study. The study protocol was approved and conducted following the Karabuk University Ethics Committee for Non-Interventional Clinical Research&#8217;s approval number 2023/1294. The STROBE guidelines for case-control studies and a checklist were used in the preparation of this manuscript.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The study was performed in accordance with the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size calculation</title>
          <p>According to the Kelsey Formula, 111 (43/68) patients are required for an 80% power, and we determined a 70% relative risk reduction in primary outcome with HSS therapy based on Issa et al.&#8217;s trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>We identified all patients across the entire range of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) hospitalized with various cardiac causes between January 1, 2022, and December 31, 2022, in the coronary intensive care unit at Karabuk University Hospital from the hospital&#8217;s electronic medical records (n=1263). Inclusion criteria were evidence of acutely decompensated HF, which was confirmed by the elevated levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) (&#8805;100 pg/mL), congestion findings in echocardiography, and chest X-ray or thorax computed tomography. Patients receiving HSS as a bailout treatment who did not receive it on the first day (n=38), patients receiving IV loop diuretics as an out of defined study protocol (n=30), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) &#8804;20 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>(n=102), systolic blood pressure &#8804;90 mmHg (n=43) or signs of hypoperfusion defined by the levels of lactate of &#8805;2mmol/L (n=24), hypernatremia (Na<sup>+</sup> &#8805;145mEq/L) (n=44), acute pulmonary edema (n=121), acute coronary syndrome (n=455), arrhythmic events (n=59), and primary valvular disease (n=176) were not included. Hence, this study included 171 patients with acutely decompensated HF. The control group consisted of 108 consecutively chosen age- and sex-matched patients whose diuretics were administered as IV bolus loop diuretics only (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flow chart. &amp;: In cases of inadequate response to iv.loop diuretics, the dose of iv.loop diuretics is increased twofold. * Hospitalization for heart failure and all-cause mortality were evaluated in the first 6 months after index hospitalization. eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; IV: intravenous; HSS: hypertonic salin solution; AHF: acutely decompensated heart failure; LD: loop diuretic; BUN: blood urine nitrogen; Cr: creatinine; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; Htc: hematocrit.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230818-30818-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Variables such as age, sex, comorbidities, prescribed guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure, prescribed loop diuretics, date of hospitalization, length of stay in the hospital, hemodialysis status, and date of death were reported. Laboratory variables, including renal function tests (blood urine nitrogen, creatinine [Cr], eGFR), BNP, electrolyte status (Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup>, Mg<sup>++</sup>, Ca<sup>++</sup>), urinary Na<sup>+</sup> on the 2<sup>nd</sup>hour, hemoglobin, and hematocrit (Htc), were obtained from the hospital&#8217;s electronic record database. Body weight and daily urine output were obtained from the daily physical examination report. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of &lt;60 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>calculated for at least 3 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Length of stay in the hospital was obtained from the hospital&#8217;s electronic healthcare database. Data on deaths was obtained from the Turkish Death Notification System.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diuretic and hypertonic saline solution protocol</title>
          <p>Intravenous loop diuretics were administered at twice the dose of home diuretics according to the 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The case group consisted of 63 patients who were administered 150 mL of HSS over 30 minutes (300 mL/h) twice a day from the first day of hospitalization until discharge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>The measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction</title>
          <p>All echocardiographic examinations were performed with the Philips EPIQ-7C Ultrasound System for Cardiology (Andover, USA) with an X5-1 probe both on admission and at discharge. All echocardiographic data were stored for offline analysis. LVEF was measured using the modified biplane Simpson&#8217;s method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>The definition of outcomes and safety parameters</title>
          <p>The primary endpoint was worsening renal function, which was defined as an increase in plasma creatinine level of &#8805;0.3 mg/dL during the diuretic treatment strategy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Secondary endpoints were the need for hemodialysis, successful decongestion, length of stay in the hospital, hospitalization for HF, and all-cause mortality. Urine output was defined as the response to the diuretic strategy during the first 24 hours. Congestion was assessed twice: at the time of admission and at the time of discharge from the hospital. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation to assess both pulmonary and systemic congestion. The congestion score was established through the use of physician documentation and a simple score system that assigned one point for each congestion finding (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12107/2023-0818_AO_Supplementary_Tables_ABC.pdf">Supplementary Table 1</ext-link>). Length of hospital stay was defined as the period between the date of hospital admission and the date of hospital discharge. Hospitalization for HF and all-cause mortality were evaluated in the first 6 months after the date of index discharge.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The normality of continuous variables was evaluated through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, or median (interquartile range) as appropriate. Categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages. The Chi-Square test, for categorical variables, and unpaired Student t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, for continuous variables, were performed to compare baseline characteristics and treatment effects between two treatment strategies, as appropriate. To assess the differences in laboratory parameters and body weight before and after two distinct treatment strategies, we performed the Wilcoxon test. The effect size between the two treatment strategies was analyzed by Cohen&#8217;s r effect size: z/&#8730;n. The definition of effect size, as calculated by the r coefficient, is: r=0.10 is considered a small effect, r=0.30 is a medium effect, and r=0.50 is a large effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A two-tailed p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were conducted using SPSS statistical software version 25.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>The baseline characteristics of 171 patients are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. The mean age of patients was 73.7&#177;10.1 years, and 93 (54%) of the patients were women. Patients with HF were classified into two groups based on the initial diuretic treatment approach (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of the study population</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal"> Upfront combo HSS+LD (n = 63) </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal"> Standardized LD (n = 108) </th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">74.3&#177; 9.2</td>
                    <td align="center">73.3&#177;10.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.557</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sex (F/M)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">36/27</td>
                    <td align="center">57/51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.580</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LVEF (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">45.00 (35.00-55.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">45.00 (35.00-59.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.414</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension (n,%)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (79.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">92 (85.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.328</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes Mellitus (n,%)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (55.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (52.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.725</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CAD (n,%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (42.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (48.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.503</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hyperlipidemia (n,%)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (39.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (42.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.710</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CKD (n,%)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (76.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">77 (68.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.301</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial Fibrillation (n,%)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (46.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.682</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Baseline Medical Therapy</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta blockers (n,%)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (96.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">101 (94.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.482</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RASi (n,%)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (64.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">79 (73.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.201</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MRA (n,%)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (72.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">79 (73.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.859</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SGLT2i (n,%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (35.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (36.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.900</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Loop diuretics (n,%)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (52.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (53.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.813</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>HSS: hypertonic saline solution; LD: loop diuretic; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; CAD: coronary artery disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; RASi: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efficacy and laboratory parameters</title>
          <p>Natriuresis in the 2<sup>nd</sup>hour (p=0.001) and urinary output in the first 24 hours (p=0.001) were greater in the upfront combo group than in the standardized LD group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). A statistically significant reduction in body weight and congestion score was observed in both treatment groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12107/2023-0818_AO_Supplementary_Tables_ABC.pdf">Supplementary Table 2</ext-link>). In the standardized LD group, there was a significant elevation of Cr levels (p=0.009) and a simultaneous decline in eGFR (p=0.050) at the end of the treatment. The levels of Cr (p=0.218) and eGFR (p=0.616) were not changed in patients with HF receiving upfront HSS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). A small difference in effect size was noted between the two treatment strategies in relation to Cr and eGFR (r=-0.243 for Cr and r=-0.195 for eGFR) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12107/2023-0818_AO_Supplementary_Tables_ABC.pdf">Supplementary Table 2</ext-link>). The median serum Na<sup>+</sup> level change after the administration of HSS was 3 (1-8) mEq/L (p=0.001), while there was no significant change observed in serum Na<sup>+</sup> levels with the administration of LD. Although the difference between the effect sizes of the two treatment strategies on serum Na<sup>+</sup> was statistically significant, it was found to have a medium effect size (r=-0.377, p=0.001) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12107/2023-0818_AO_Supplementary_Tables_ABC.pdf">Supplementary Table 2</ext-link>). While a decrease in serum Cl<sup>-</sup>levels was observed with the administration of LD (p=0.001), serum Cl<sup>-</sup> remained constant with the upfront HSS combo (p=0.295). BNP levels decreased significantly among all patients, irrespective of the diuretic treatment strategies employed (p=0.001 for upfront combo HSS and standardized LD), and the observed decline in BNP levels was determined to be a similar effect in both treatment approaches (r=-0.012) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12107/2023-0818_AO_Supplementary_Tables_ABC.pdf">supplementary Table 2</ext-link>). Additionally, there was no difference between BNP levels on admission and at discharge in the two treatment strategies (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12107/2023-0818_AO_Supplementary_Tables_ABC.pdf">Supplementary Table 3</ext-link>). The administration of HSS resulted in an increase in Hct levels during the treatment, while Hct levels remained stable with LD (p=0.038 for upfront combo HSS, p=0.573 for standardized LD) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The comparison of efficacy parameters according to two diuretic treatment strategies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal"> Upfront combo HSS+LD (n = 63) </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal"> Standardized LD (n = 108) </th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Urine output on the 1st day (mL)*</td>
                    <td align="center">3975.00 (3000.00-5150.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">2583.33 (2000.00-3250.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Urinary Na+ on the 2nd hour (mEq/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">116.00 (82.75-126.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.50 (54.00-89.75)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>HSS, hypertonic saline solution; LD, loop diuretics. *Urine output was defined as the response of the diuretic strategy during the first 24 hours.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The comparison of laboratory variables, body weight, and congestion score for study patients both on admission and at discharge according to two diuretic treatment strategies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Upfront combo HSS+LD (n = 63)</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Standardized LD (n = 108)</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Admission</th>
                    <th>Discharge</th>
                    <th>Admission</th>
                    <th>Discharge</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body weight (kg)</td>
                    <td align="center">72.20 (67.30-78.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.00 (62.30-74.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">72.80 (67.70-82.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.40 (63.32-79.32)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Congestion score</td>
                    <td align="center">5.00 (4.00-6.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00 (0.00-1.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">5.00 (3.50-6.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00 (0.00-0.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cr (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.20 (0.90-1.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.20 (1.00-1.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.218</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10 (0.90-1.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.20 (0.90-1.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.009</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GFR (mL/min/1.73m2)</td>
                    <td align="center">48.50 (29.75-72.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.00 (35.50-63.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.616</td>
                    <td align="center">56.00 (41.00-71.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">55.00 (35.00-71.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.050</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Na+ (mEq/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">137.00(131.75-140.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">140.00 (136.00-142.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">139.00 (137.00-141.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">139.00 (136.00-140.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.470</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>K+ (mEq/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.60 (4.20-5.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.30 (3.97-4.62)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">4.50 (4.10-5.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.20 (4.00-4.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cl- (mEq/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">99.00 (94.00-103.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">99.00 (96.00-103.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.295</td>
                    <td align="center">102.00 (99.00-106.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">98.00 (95.00-103.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mg++ (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.70 (1.60-2.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.90 (1.70-2.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.017</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.90 (1.60-2.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.00 (1.70-2.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.128</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ca++ (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.90 (8.50-9.32)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.00 (8.60-9.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.494</td>
                    <td align="center">8.90 (8.50-9.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.90 (8.50-9.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.945</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BNP (pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">898.50 (418.00-1725.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">538.00 (197.69-795.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">686.00 (332.32-1499.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">361.72 (183.00-816.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hb (g/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.00 (9.50-12.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.70 (10.00-12.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.016</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">11.60 (10.60-12.80)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.95 (10.37-12.92)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.495</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Htc (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">33.40 (30.25-39.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">35.30 (31.20-39.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.038</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">35.80 (33.60-39.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">36.20 (32.87-40.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.573</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>HSS: hypertonic saline solution; LD: loop diuretics; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr: creatinine; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; Hb: hemoglobin; Htc: hematocrit.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Safety parameters and outcomes</title>
          <p>Worsening renal function occurred in 48 (28.4%) of patients with AHF (10 [16.1%] patients in the upfront combo group, 38 [35.5%] patients in the standardized LD group, p=0.007). Patients receiving HSS exhibited a shorter length of stay in the hospital than those receiving LD (4 days [3-7 days] vs. 5 days [4-7 days], p=0.004). There were no differences in the necessity for hemodialysis, hospitalization for HF, in-hospital mortality, and overall mortality between the two treatment approaches (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The comparison of outcomes between two diuretic treatment strategies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Upfront combo HSS+LD (n = 63)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Standardized LD (n = 108)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Outcomes</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WRF (n,%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (16.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (35.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.007</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Length of hospital stay (day)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (3-7)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (4-7)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.004</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Need for hemodialysis (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.899</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitalization for HF* (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (7.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (13.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.313</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>In-hospital mortality (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (4.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.649</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>All-cause mortality* (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (4.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (2.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.496</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>WRF, worsening renal function; HF, heart failure. *Hospitalization for heart failure and all-cause mortality were evaluated in the first 6 months after index hospitalization.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This retrospective analysis provides the efficacy of the initial treatment of HSS combined with LD with a favorable safety profile in patients with AHF. There was no discernible deterioration in serum Na<sup>+</sup> levels or other electrolyte levels, renal function, and length of stay in the hospital in patients with AHF who received early HSS. In fact, diuresis on the 1<sup>st</sup>day of treatment and urinary Na<sup>+</sup> levels on the 2<sup>nd</sup> hour were found to be higher in the upfront combo group. Additionally, there were no significant differences in hard endpoints among patients who received early administration of HSS, except for WRF.</p>
        <p>The administration of oral or IV HSS has the potential to improve glomerular function through its ability to increase plasma volume by up to 30%. Therefore, HSS can also increase renal perfusion, block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and induce vasodilatation in renal territories.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Indeed, for the first time, Issa et al. showed that patients treated with HSS+LD in the acute phase exhibited lower serum creatinine and cystatin C compared to the patients treated with only LD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In our study, it was consistently observed that eGFR did not decrease with the initial upfront combo HSS+LD group in contrast to the only LD group. The absence of a decrease in GFR may encourage the utilization of HSS as a part of initial diuretic treatment for more effective diuresis during hospitalization for AHF.</p>
        <p>A large barrier to the widespread adoption of HSS is the concern among physicians that its usage may exacerbate HF due to the high Na<sup>+</sup> concentration present in HSS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, none of the previous studies has shown evidence that HSS leads to significantly elevated serum Na<sup>+</sup> levels following worsening HF or neurological deterioration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In fact, a prospective, placebo-controlled study conducted by Issa et al. found no significant differences in Na<sup>+</sup> levels between the two treatment strategies during the acute phase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> However, our study observed a moderate increase in Na<sup>+</sup> levels in patients treated with upfront combo HSS+LD. The main differences in this contrasting finding may be attributed to the HSS protocol and study design. Firstly, Issa et al. planned the HSS protocol as a three-day course of 100 mL of HSS twice a day, a 1-hour infusion and, saline infusion were given in the placebo group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Secondly, although the Issa et al. study was prospective and placebo-controlled,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> our study had a larger sample size, and the baseline characteristics of patients in both therapy groups were equal. Overall, in contrast to physicians&#8217; concerns, slightly increased serum Na<sup>+</sup> levels at an early time window may also be associated with a temporary increase in baseline serum atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels due to plasma refilling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Thus, increased ANP levels can result in improved diuresis by renal vasodilatation, reaching dry weight more rapidly, and a faster reduction in BNP levels according to standardized LD strategy. Indeed, in our patient cohort, it emerged that the drop in BNP levels at the same level was more rapid in the initial upfront combo HSS+LD compared to the LD-only regimen group. Thus, this therapy method may offer a cost-effective approach to reducing the length of stay in the hospital and minimizing healthcare costs. Conducting comprehensive, cost-oriented investigations on a large scale will yield a more clear illustration of this concept.</p>
        <p>Salt and volume sensory responses, including tubuloglomerular feedback and renin release, are primarily regulated by chloride in the kidney.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Therefore, chloride appears to be the primary factor that influences the kidney&#8217;s capacity to detect volume overload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Recently, a family of serine-threonine kinases (with-no-lysine [K] [WNK]) has been recognized as a molecular sensor for salt and a significant regulator of electrolyte hemostasis and diuretic functions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Chloride activates the Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>/2CI<sup>-</sup>cotransporter and the Na<sup>+</sup>/Cl<sup>-</sup>cotransporter through the WNK system. Ultimately, chloride serves as an inhibitor of renal salt reabsorption with these specific transporters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The reduction in chloride concentrations in plasma leads to increased renal salt reabsorption, consequently promoting the emergence of diuretic resistance among patients receiving diuretics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Regrettably, LD for congestion therapy results in decreased chloride levels and an inadequate response upon LD administration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Thus, initial upfront administration of HSS during treatment may effectively prevent the onset of diuretic resistance by averting a decline in Cl<sup>-</sup> levels, thereby offering a secure diuretic response in patients with AHF who are receiving LD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our investigation, we observed a significant rise in Hct levels among patients initially treated with a combination of HSS and LD, in contrast to those treated solely with LD. This observation aligns with existing literature wherein fluid removal through diuretic treatment in ADHF has been linked to hemoconcentration. Additionally, hemoconcentration has been correlated with increased diuretic doses, a greater reduction in body weight, a shorter length of stay in the hospital, and improved survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> It is worth emphasizing that a hemoconcentration-guided diuretic regimen can hold promise in assessing optimal congestion status and potentially predicting significant clinical outcomes in patients with ADHF. Failure to exhibit an increased Hct level during a diuretic regimen might be indicative of an adverse prognosis such as WRF and a prolonged hospital stay. In our study, the patients treated with HSS+LD displayed a marked increase in Hct levels. This increase corresponded to a decreased incidence of WRF and a shorter length of stay in the hospital, thereby underscoring the potential benefits of hemoconcentration-guided therapeutic approaches.</p>
        <p>Following the data in the literature,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> the length of stay in the hospital was shorter in the HSS group than in the LD group. This finding can be potentially clarified by the higher level of urine output and stabilized eGFR during hospitalization in the HSS group from the start of the diuretic strategy during their hospital stay.</p>
        <p>Worsening renal function has generally been observed with the administration of LD in patients with HF for several reasons, including vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> The administration of HSS as an initial treatment combined with LD may have the potential to mitigate the aforementioned factors that contribute to WRF in patients with AHF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Thus, the risk of developing WRF may be relatively lower with the administration of early HSS. It suggests that early administration of HSS could serve as a safe therapeutic option from the beginning of the diuretic strategy, particularly for patients presenting with both HF and CKD.</p>
        <p>Although there were conflicting results in terms of all-cause mortality in patients with AHF who received HSS, studies have indicated that an increased follow-up time reveals a survival advantage associated with HSS in patients with AHF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In the present study, we analyzed all-cause mortality within the first 6 months after hospital discharge. The limited duration of the follow-up period may have hindered the determination of differences in all-cause mortality between the two different diuretic treatment strategies. Furthermore, in-hospital mortality and hospitalization for HF in the first 6 months were not different between the two treatment groups despite similar congestion scores at discharge. The observation of this finding can be attributed to the quite similar baseline characteristics of patients.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>There are some limitations worth mentioning. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, one should interpret our findings with caution. While the urine output for the first 24 hours was calculated, the total urine output during the patient&#8217;s hospital stay remained unknown. The potential lack of statistical significance in the observed differences in hard endpoints between the two treatment strategies could be attributed to the limited sample size of patients included in our study. Moreover, we may have screened in a relatively short period for the occurrence of poor outcomes. Studies with longer screening or follow-up time may fill this gap. The data were subject to selection bias.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Hypertonic saline solution as a part of an initial upfront combo with LD may provide a safer and more effective diuresis without impairing renal function, even in patients with CKD. Early administration of HSS without waiting for the response of LD may lead to a shorter hospital stay and a lower rate of hemodialysis need in comparison to the administration of LD alone in patients with AHF. Therefore, the upfront combo HSS+LD regimen may decrease healthcare costs in AHF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Karabuk University under the protocol number 2023/1294. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For supplementary tables, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12107/2023-0818_AO_Supplementary_Tables_ABC.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
