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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bwRvG7bBjz3kgd3wSmYfS9v</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700702</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00702</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230815</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Revelando Cardiomiopatia Arritmog&#234;nica do Ventr&#237;culo Direito na Esclerodermia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1535-5168</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sons&#246;z</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Rasih</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demirhan</surname>
            <given-names>U&#287;ur Ozan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bes</surname>
            <given-names>Cemal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ba&#351;ak&#351;ehir &#199;am &amp; Sakura City Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istambul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Ba&#351;ak&#351;ehir &#199;am &amp; Sakura City Hospital, Istambul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Reumatologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ba&#351;ak&#351;ehir &#199;am &amp; Sakura City Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istambul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Reumatologia, Ba&#351;ak&#351;ehir &#199;am &amp; Sakura City Hospital, Istambul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Mehmet Rasih Sons&#246;z &#8226; Department of Cardiology, Ba&#351;ak&#351;ehir &#199;am &amp; Sakura City Hospital &#8211; Ba&#351;ak&#351;ehir Olimpiyat Boulevard Street, 34480, Basaksehir, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>mrsonsoz@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230815</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Displasia Arritmog&#234;nica Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Escleroderma Sist&#234;mico</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pacientes com esclerose sist&#234;mica (ES) comumente relatam dispneia aos esfor&#231;os e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar deve ser suspeitada primeiro, pois a preval&#234;ncia nesses pacientes &#233; relatada como sendo de 5-19% e est&#225; associada a piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico diferencial adicional inclui <italic>shunt</italic> cong&#234;nito da esquerda para a direita e cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito (CAVD) quando est&#227;o presentes dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Nosso caso trata de uma senhora idosa com ES que foi inicialmente diagnosticada com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar pr&#233;-capilar.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Uma senhora de 66 anos deu entrada no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia com dispneia cr&#244;nica aos esfor&#231;os. Seu hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico inclu&#237;a ES, diagnosticada h&#225; 2 anos com base no fen&#244;meno de Raynaud, esclerodactilia e anticorpos s&#233;ricos anti-Scl70 positivos. Ela estava est&#225;vel com prednisolona oral e diltiazem. Ap&#243;s v&#225;rios meses, ela foi hospitalizada por pneumonia por COVID-19 e desenvolveu um epis&#243;dio de taquicardia ventricular (TV) sustentada na forma de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) com configura&#231;&#227;o de eixo superior. Ap&#243;s in&#237;cio da amiodarona intravenosa, o ritmo sinusal foi restaurado. O eletrocardiograma mostrou bloqueio incompleto de ramo direito com ondas T negativas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es II, III, aVF e V1-V6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref>, B). Foi encaminhada para triagem de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) e etiologia da TV. O exame cardiovascular revelou sopro sist&#243;lico no foco tric&#250;spide e edema pr&#233;-tibial. Os exames laboratoriais revelaram um elevado pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral NT-pro no plasma de 789 pg/mL. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico revelou fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda normal, dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas (via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito no eixo paraesternal longo 32 mm, no eixo paraesternal curto 36 mm), fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica reduzida do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) (altera&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea fracionada do VD 30% ) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref>), regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide moderada (press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar estimada em 38 mmHg). A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca confirmou dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (&#237;ndice de volume diast&#243;lico final do VD: 101 mL/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>; &#237;ndice de volume sist&#243;lico final do VD: 71mL/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>), movimento diss&#237;ncrono do ventr&#237;culo direito e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD 30%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B</xref>). O cateterismo card&#237;aco revelou press&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar discretamente elevada (21 mmHg) e resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar normal (1 unidade Wood). Portanto, a paciente foi diagnosticada com CAVD com base nos &#8220;Crit&#233;rios de P&#225;dua&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Foi planejada implanta&#231;&#227;o de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A) Eletrocardiograma mostrando epis&#243;dio de taquicardia ventricular na forma de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo. B) Eletrocardiograma demonstrando ritmo sinusal ap&#243;s cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica. Observe o bloqueio incompleto do ramo direito com ondas T negativas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es II, III, aVF e V1-V6.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230815-30815-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A) Corte apical quatro c&#226;maras ao ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou dilata&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o direito e redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito. B) A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca revelou dilata&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o direito, movimento diss&#237;ncrono do ventr&#237;culo direito e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD 30%). VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230815-30815-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este caso ilustra os desafios diagn&#243;sticos que podem surgir em pacientes com ES com achados suspeitos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. A CAVD &#233; uma cardiomiopatia com morfologia anormal do VD, caracterizada por AV e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Atualmente &#233; considerada um subgrupo de &#8220;cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica&#8221;, refletindo o conceito moderno de cardiomiopatia biventricular com envolvimento ventricular esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A coexist&#234;ncia de esclerodermia e CAVD, embora rara, foi relatada anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os autores apresentaram uma paciente que foi diagnosticada com ES aos 9 anos de idade, apresentou palpita&#231;&#245;es aos 15 anos com ecocardiograma normal e desenvolveu dispneia aos esfor&#231;os aos 20 anos, pois ocorreu dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Os autores diagnosticaram CAVD ap&#243;s indu&#231;&#227;o de epis&#243;dio de TV na forma de BRE em um estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e uma bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica demonstrando substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrogordurosa do VD.</p>
      <p>Outro exemplo de coexist&#234;ncia de duas doen&#231;as foi relatado por Arai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Os autores apresentaram uma mulher na faixa dos cinquenta anos com ES que desenvolveu dispneia durante o acompanhamento. O ecocardiograma mostrou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito. Embora os resultados do cateterismo card&#237;aco direito n&#227;o tenham sido compat&#237;veis, os autores suspeitaram de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e iniciaram bosentana. A paciente melhorou gradativamente, mas foi encontrado morta no banheiro 15 dias depois. A aut&#243;psia revelou uma parede ventricular direita fina macroscopicamente e uma substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrogordurosa da parede ventricular direita histologicamente.</p>
      <p>No nosso caso, a presen&#231;a de anormalidade de repolariza&#231;&#227;o no eletrocardiograma, TV na forma de BRE, dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e movimento diss&#237;ncrono sem acompanhamento de HP foram importantes pistas diagn&#243;sticas. N&#227;o realizamos bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica, pois n&#227;o &#233; necessariamente indicada para diagn&#243;stico de CAVD, pois a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca foi &#250;til para delinear tanto a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita quanto a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual.</p>
      <p>A dispneia aos esfor&#231;os e os achados de insufici&#234;ncia do VD em pacientes com ES devem primeiro alertar o m&#233;dico para a possibilidade de HP. No entanto, a CAVD &#233; uma cardiomiopatia rara, mas letal, e deve ser lembrada se um epis&#243;dio de TV na forma de BRE for acompanhado de dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD quando se exclui HP.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Basaksehir Cam&amp;Sakura City Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 10-229975770. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230815i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Unveiling Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy in Scleroderma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1535-5168</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sons&#246;z</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Rasih</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demirhan</surname>
            <given-names>U&#287;ur Ozan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bes</surname>
            <given-names>Cemal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Ba&#351;ak&#351;ehir &#199;am &amp; Sakura City Hospital, Istambul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Reumatologia, Ba&#351;ak&#351;ehir &#199;am &amp; Sakura City Hospital, Istambul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Mehmet Rasih Sons&#246;z &#8226; Department of Cardiology, Ba&#351;ak&#351;ehir &#199;am &amp; Sakura City Hospital &#8211; Ba&#351;ak&#351;ehir Olimpiyat Boulevard Street, 34480, Basaksehir, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey E-mail: mrsonsoz@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Systemic Scleroderma</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Tachycardia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients commonly report exertional dyspnea and pulmonary hypertension should be first suspected, as the prevalence in these patients is reported to be 5-19% and it is associated with worse clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Additional differential diagnosis includes congenital left-to-right shunt and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) when right ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction are present. Our case concerns an elderly lady with SSc who was initially diagnosed with precapillary pulmonary hypertension.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 66-year-old lady presented to the outpatient cardiology clinic with chronic exertional dyspnea. Her medical history included SSc which was diagnosed 2 years ago based on Raynaud&#8217;s phenomenon, sclerodactyly, and positive serum anti-Scl70 antibodies. She was stable with oral prednisolone and diltiazem. After several months, she was hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia and developed an episode of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) in the left bundle branch block (LBBB) form with superior axis configuration. After initiation of intravenous amiodarone, sinus rhythm was restored. Her electrocardiogram showed an incomplete right bundle branch block with negative T waves in leads II, III, aVF, and V1-V6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1a</xref>, b). She was referred for screening for pulmonary hypertension (PH) and etiology of the VT. Her cardiovascular examination revealed a systolic murmur at the tricuspid focus and pretibial edema. Laboratory tests revealed an elevated plasma NT-pro brain natriuretic peptide of 789 pg/mL. Transthoracic echocardiogram disclosed normal left ventricular systolic function, dilatation of the right heart chambers (right ventricular outflow tract in parasternal long axis 32 mm, in parasternal short axis 36 mm), reduced right ventricular (RV) systolic function (RV fractional area change 30%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2a</xref>), moderate tricuspid regurgitation (estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 38 mmHg). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging confirmed right ventricular dilatation (RV end-diastolic volume index:101 mL/m2; RV end-systolic volume index: 71mL/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>), right ventricular dyssynchronous movement, and right ventricular systolic dysfunction (RV ejection fraction 30%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2b</xref>). Cardiac catheterization disclosed mildly elevated pulmonary artery mean pressure (21 mmHg) and normal pulmonary vascular resistance (1 Wood unit). Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with ARVC based on the &#8220;Padua Criteria&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Implantation of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was planned.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Electrocardiogram showing a ventricular tachycardia episode in the form of left bundle branch block. B) Electrocardiogram showing sinus rhythm after electrical cardioversion. Note the incomplete right bundle branch block with negative T waves in leads II, III, aVF, and V1-V6.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230815-30815-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Apical four-chamber view on transthoracic echocardiogram showed right heart dilatation and reduced right ventricular systolic function. B) Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging disclosed the right heart dilatation, right ventricular dyssynchronous movement, and right ventricular systolic dysfunction (RV ejection fraction 30%). RV: right ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230815-30815-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This case illustrates the diagnostic challenges that can arise in SSc patients with suspicious findings of pulmonary hypertension. ARVC is a cardiomyopathy with abnormal RV morphology, characterized by VA and sudden cardiac death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is now regarded as a subgroup of &#8220;arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy,&#8221; reflecting the modern concept of biventricular cardiomyopathy with left ventricular involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The co-existence of scleroderma and ARVC, although rare, was reported before.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The authors presented a patient who was diagnosed with SSc at 9 years of age, had palpitations at the age of 15 with normal echocardiogram findings, and developed exertional dyspnea at the age of 20, as the RV dilatation and systolic dysfunction occurred. The authors diagnosed ARVC after inducing a VT episode in LBBB form on an electrophysiologic study and an endomyocardial biopsy demonstrating fibrofatty replacement of the RV.</p>
        <p>Another example of the coexistence of two diseases was reported by Arai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The authors presented a woman in her fifties with SSc who developed dyspnea during follow-up. The echocardiogram showed right ventricular systolic dysfunction and dilatation. Although the results of right heart catheterization were not compatible, the authors suspected pulmonary hypertension and started her on bosentan. The patient gradually improved but was found dead in the bathroom 15 days later. The autopsy revealed a thin right ventricular wall macroscopically and fibrofatty replacement of the right ventricular wall histologically.</p>
        <p>In our case, the presence of the repolarization abnormality on the electrocardiogram, VT in LBBB form, right ventricular dilatation, and dyssynchronous movement without accompanying PH were major diagnostic clues. We did not perform an endomyocardial biopsy, as it is not necessarily indicated to diagnose ARVC, because cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was useful for delineating both the right ventricular function and tissue characterization.</p>
        <p>The exertional dyspnea and findings of RV failure in SSc patients should first alert the clinician to the possibility of PH. However, ARVC is a rare but lethal cardiomyopathy and should be kept in mind if an episode of VT in LBBB form is accompanied by dilatation and systolic dysfunction of the RV when PH is excluded.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Basaksehir Cam&amp;Sakura City Hospital under the protocol number 10-229975770. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
