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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">MnpWz59VVKbgmLbh3nbbs9t</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230805</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Calcifica&#231;&#227;o do Arco A&#243;rtico Observada na Radiografia de T&#243;rax Pode Servir Como um Preditor Independente de Acidente Vascular Cerebral Recorrente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5427-3480</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;akan</surname>
            <given-names>Fahri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6024-8655</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sunal</surname>
            <given-names>Asli Sert</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2404-6447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Adar</surname>
            <given-names>Adem</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Onalan</surname>
            <given-names>Orhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">&#199;erkezk&#246;y State Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tekirda&#287;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">&#199;erkezk&#246;y State Hospital, Tekirda&#287; &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Baskent University Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Alanya Application And Research Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Antalya</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Baskent University Faculty of Medicine &#8211; Alanya Application And Research Center, Antalya &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Karabuk University Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Karabuk</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Karabuk University Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fahri &#199;akan</bold> &#8226; &#199;erkezk&#246;y State Hospital &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; &#199;erkezk&#246;y, Tekirda&#287;, 59500 &#8211; Turquia. E-mail: <email>dr.fahri.cakan@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230805</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: A Calcifica&#231;&#227;o do Arco A&#243;rtico Observada na Radiografia de T&#243;rax Pode Servir Como um Preditor Independente de Acidente Vascular Cerebral Recorrente</title>
            </caption>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/MnpWz59VVKbgmLbh3nbbs9t/f474d8526061ee9bbe3cfb6fafc83282a25c47ab.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/MnpWz59VVKbgmLbh3nbbs9t/de295c97e560a8e4a468341b1b5d3dcd3d3520fb.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/MnpWz59VVKbgmLbh3nbbs9t/df65cab8f52cc22754054e16b8c09f3379a5fd06.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Apesar dos avan&#231;os nas modalidades de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento, h&#225; necessidade de marcadores preditivos para acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) recorrentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre calcifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico (CAA) e recorr&#234;ncia de AVC em pacientes com AVC durante o acompanhamento de um ano.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Todos os pacientes com AVC que sofreram seu primeiro evento foram avaliados para participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo. Foram registrados pacientes que sofreram AVC recorrentes durante o acompanhamento de um ano. A CAA foi avaliada por radiografia de t&#243;rax. Com base na ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC recorrente, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos. A CAA foi classificada em quatro categorias de acordo com o seu grau, e a presen&#231;a de CAA foi inclu&#237;da na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre CAA e AVC recorrente foi avaliada por meio de uma curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor. Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia &lt;0,05 foi considerado aceit&#225;vel para todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Um total de 203 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo (46,8% mulheres, m&#233;dia de idade 69&#177;12,3). AVC recorrente foi detectado em 49 pacientes. CAA, hipertens&#227;o e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foram mais frequentes em pacientes com AVC recorrente. Pacientes com AVC recorrente apresentaram menor taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular e maior largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gl&#243;bulos vermelhos (RDW). Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, CAA (hazard ratio [HR], 3,544; IC 95%:1,653-7,598, p=0,001) e RDW (HR,1,214; IC 95%:1,053-1,400, p=0,008) foram identificados como preditores independentes de AVC recorrente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A presen&#231;a de CAA (&#8805; grau 1) e RDW foram significativamente associadas ao desenvolvimento de AVC recorrente dentro de um ano. Esses achados podem ter significado progn&#243;stico no acompanhamento de pacientes com AVC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="key-points">
        <title>Destaques</title>
        <p>&#8226; O AVC recorrente &#233; uma importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade.</p>
        <p>&#8226; A calcifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico &#233; um importante marcador cl&#237;nico da carga de doen&#231;a vascular.</p>
        <p>&#8226; A calcifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico na radiografia de t&#243;rax pode ser um fator chave em acidentes vasculares cerebrais recorrentes.</p>
        <p>&#8226; A RDW demonstrou ser um indicador eficaz de AVC recorrente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Aorta Tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Eritr&#243;citos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Apesar dos avan&#231;os no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento, a carga das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares permanece elevada em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares tornou-se uma importante &#225;rea de estudo na pr&#225;tica contempor&#226;nea. O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) &#233; um evento cerebrovascular comum com carga significativa de morbidade e mortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. A etiologia do AVC isqu&#234;mico &#233; atribu&#237;da a um evento tromb&#243;tico ou emb&#243;lico que leva &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo para o c&#233;rebro. Seja tromb&#243;tico ou emb&#243;lico, a etiologia do AVC afeta tanto o progn&#243;stico quanto os resultados. Nos &#250;ltimos 50 anos, a incid&#234;ncia de AVC e as taxas de mortalidade p&#243;s-AVC diminu&#237;ram significativamente nos pa&#237;ses de rendimento elevado, principalmente devido &#224;s mudan&#231;as nos fatores de risco cardiovascular e os avan&#231;os no tratamento do AVC agudo. Al&#233;m disso, o AVC isqu&#234;mico recorrente tem sido associado ao aumento da mortalidade e &#224; depend&#234;ncia funcional, embora esta &#225;rea continue a ser insuficientemente investigada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Estudos mostraram taxas de recorr&#234;ncia variadas, desde 7-20% dentro de um ano para 16-35% dentro de cinco anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax faz parte da rotina do exame cardiovascular e &#233; um teste simples, facilmente acess&#237;vel e comumente usado. Isso fornece informa&#231;&#245;es significativas aos m&#233;dicos sobre doen&#231;as do par&#234;nquima pulmonar e diversas condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Por exemplo, calcifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico (CAA) surge da inflama&#231;&#227;o e calcifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico resultante da progress&#227;o do dano endotelial e da hipertens&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Descobriu-se que a CAA est&#225; associada a v&#225;rios fatores de risco cardiovascular e tem significado cl&#237;nico em eventos tromb&#243;ticos. Exemplos incluem aterosclerose, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, AVC, eventos card&#237;acos adversos importantes e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> &#201; um par&#226;metro importante para avaliar riscos e poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; sa&#250;de cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Foram identificadas rela&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas entre o grau de CAA, gravidade da doen&#231;a cardiovascular e mortalidade. A extens&#227;o da CAA correlaciona-se com a gravidade da doen&#231;a cardiovascular e tem implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas para a mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A detec&#231;&#227;o de CAA nesses pacientes pode servir como fator orientador na identifica&#231;&#227;o de potenciais eventos cerebrovasculares e na previs&#227;o de recorr&#234;ncia. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a e o grau de CAA e o AVC recorrente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Design de estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo de coorte prospectivo foi realizado no Hospital Estadual Cerkezkoy do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de entre janeiro de 2022 e junho de 2022. O consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de todos os participantes seguindo os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos da pesquisa com seres humanos descritos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica N&#227;o Intervencionista do Tekirdag City Hospital (ID #26). Todos os pacientes com idade&#8805; 18 anos que consentiram participar foram avaliados para inclus&#227;o neste estudo. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de AVC, ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, AVC hemorr&#225;gico, malignidade, gravidez, infec&#231;&#227;o ativa e achados radiogr&#225;ficos de t&#243;rax inadequados. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por um per&#237;odo de um ano por meio de consultas ambulatoriais. Os indiv&#237;duos que desenvolveram eventos cerebrovasculares recorrentes durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento tamb&#233;m foram registrados. Os pacientes foram divididos ema dois grupos com base na incid&#234;ncia de acidentes cerebrovasculares e acidentes cerebrovasculares recorrentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Os fatores de risco cardiovascular de todos os pacientes foram examinados. A hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, e AVC foi registrada. Pacientes que j&#225; haviam recebido antidiab&#233;ticos orais e/ou tratamento com insulina ou tiveram um n&#237;vel de glicemia de jejum &#8805;126 mg/dL duas vezes foi considerado diab&#233;tico. Foram considerados hipertensos pacientes que j&#225; haviam recebido tratamento anti-hipertensivo ou apresentavam press&#227;o arterial &#8805;130/80 mmHg pelo menos duas vezes. Pacientes com n&#237;vel de colesterol total &gt;200 mg/dL, n&#237;vel de colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) &gt;100 mg/dL ou uso de hipolipemiantes foram considerados hiperlipid&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFG) foi calculada usando a equa&#231;&#227;o da Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado por meio dos valores do peso corporal (kg) dividido pela altura ao quadrado (m) (&#205;ndice de Quetelet). A &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (ASC) foi calculada como a raiz quadrada do produto do peso (kg) e altura (cm) dividido por 3.600.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O uso de &#225;lcool, tabaco e medicamentos dos participantes foi registrado.</p>
        <p>Testes bioqu&#237;micos de rotina, perfis lip&#237;dicos, testes de fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana e dados de hemograma completo foram registrados para todos os participantes. O estado do ritmo foi classificado como ritmo sinusal ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o/flutter atrial. Para os indiv&#237;duos com ritmo sinusal, foi realizada monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do ritmo-holter para detectar poss&#237;veis eventos arr&#237;tmicos e registrados aqueles com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico foi realizado em todos os pacientes utilizando um transdutor de 2,5-3,25 MHz (sistema Philips Affiniti 50 S4-2 Probe, Andover-EUA) seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi calculada usando o m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A massa ventricular esquerda (g) foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula de Devereux.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> O &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda foi calculado dividindo a massa ventricular esquerda pela &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal. A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda foi definida como um &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda &gt;95 g/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> para mulheres e &gt;115 g/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> para homens. A espessura relativa da parede foi calculada como o dobro da espessura da parede posterior dividida pelo di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e a geometria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi categorizada em quatro categorias: geometria normal, remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica, hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica e hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de radiografia de t&#243;rax</title>
        <p>Radiografia de t&#243;rax p&#243;stero-anterior foram obtidas enquanto o paciente estava em p&#233;. A dist&#226;ncia focal do paciente foi de 150 cm. Foi utilizado controle de exposi&#231;&#227;o automatizado com tens&#227;o de tubo fixa de 117 kV.A CAA foi graduada da seguinte forma: grau 0, sem calcifica&#231;&#227;o vis&#237;vel; grau 1, pequenas manchas de calcifica&#231;&#227;o ou calcifica&#231;&#227;o fina no arco a&#243;rtico; grau 2, uma ou mais &#225;reas de calcifica&#231;&#227;o espessada; e grau 3, calcifica&#231;&#227;o circular do arco a&#243;rtico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Escore de quatro graus para calcifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico. A) Sem calcifica&#231;&#227;o, B) Calcifica&#231;&#227;o grau I, C) Calcifica&#231;&#227;o grau II, D) Calcifica&#231;&#227;o grau III.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230805-30805-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros de tra&#231;o</title>
        <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o <italic>Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST</italic>) foi usada como quadro etiol&#243;gico para AVC isqu&#234;mico, e os pacientes foram avaliados em cinco subgrupos:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> 1) aterosclerose de grandes art&#233;rias, 2) cardioembolismo, 3) oclus&#227;o de pequenos vasos, 4) AVC de outra etiologia determinada e 5) AVC de etiologia indeterminada. A gravidade do AVC foi determinada usando o <italic>National Institutes of Health Stroke Score</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A classifica&#231;&#227;o de Bamford<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> foi utilizada para avaliar o territ&#243;rio vascular afetado dividindo-o em quatro classes: AVC de circula&#231;&#227;o anterior total, AVC de circula&#231;&#227;o anterior parcial, s&#237;ndrome lacunar e s&#237;ndrome de circula&#231;&#227;o posterior. A escala de Rankin modificada (mRS) foi usada para avaliar a incapacidade p&#243;s-AVC e avaliar a recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O software IBM SPSS Statistics (IBM Corp. Lan&#231;ado em 2011. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Vers&#227;o 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp) foi usado para todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi avaliada pelo exame visual dos histogramas, gr&#225;ficos Q&#8211;Q e o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia (&#177; desvio padr&#227;o), as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal como mediana (intervalo interquartil) e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas como n&#250;meros e porcentagens. O teste t de Student (n&#227;o pareado) foi utilizado para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal entre os dois grupos, enquanto o teste U de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelos testes qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. O valor Kappa foi utilizado para calcular a variabilidade interobservador. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada para comparar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre CAA e eventos cerebrovasculares recorrentes. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada, um valor de p bilateral inferior a 0,1 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo para inclus&#227;o na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada. Os testes de Pearson ou Spearman foram usados para analisar as correla&#231;&#245;es entre os par&#226;metros. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre CAA e eventos cerebrovasculares recorrentes foi avaliada por meio de uma an&#225;lise da curva <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic> (ROC). Um valor p bilateral &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo para todas as compara&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>No total, 409 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo durante o per&#237;odo especificado. Os seguintes pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo: hist&#243;ria anterior de AVC (n=62), ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (n=53), AVC hemorr&#225;gico (n=51), malignidade (n=4), gravidez (n=2), infec&#231;&#227;o ativa (n=6), e radiografia de t&#243;rax inadequada (n=7). Onze pacientes se recusaram a participar do estudo e 10 foram perdidos no acompanhamento. Os 203 pacientes restantes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Destes, 95 eram do sexo feminino, representando 46,8% do total da popula&#231;&#227;o. A idade m&#233;dia dos participantes foi de 69 (&#177;12,3) anos. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas b&#225;sicas dos participantes do estudo s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230805-30805-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> Total (n=203) </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> AVC recorrente (n=154) </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> AVC n&#227;o recorrente (n=49) </th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero (feminino), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (46,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (46,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (46,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,556</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (ano)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (&#177;12,3)</td>
                <td align="center">68,4 (&#177;12,6)</td>
                <td align="center">71,1 (&#177;11,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,231</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,964</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">165 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">166 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">165 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,935</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">27,1 (5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">27,0 (5,5)</td>
                <td align="center">27,1 (4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,958</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ASC (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,87 (&#177;0,17)</td>
                <td align="center">1,87 (&#177;0,17)</td>
                <td align="center">1,86 (&#177;0,17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,941</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">156 (77,2%%)</td>
                <td align="center">110 (71,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (93,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (36,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (34,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (44,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,125</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (20,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (19,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (24,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,286</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (4,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (4,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (47,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (47,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (49%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,488</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cigarro, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (28,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (26,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (32,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;lcool, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (9,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (9,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,497</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidor do Sistema Renina-Angiotensina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (60,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (54,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (77,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">119 58,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (59,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (57,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,468</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueador de canais de c&#225;lcio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (27,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (38,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (37,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (35,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (44,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,143</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insulina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (8,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (7,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (10,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,392</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anticoagulante, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (16,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (28,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrato, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,145</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antiplaquet&#225;rio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (38,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (37,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (40,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,433</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido Acetilsalic&#237;lico, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">108 (70,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (69,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,527</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antidiab&#233;tico Oral, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (30,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (27,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (38,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,105</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (20,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (22,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (30,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o do Arco A&#243;rtico</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">98 (48,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (55,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (24,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">71 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (31,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (44,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">31 (15,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (28,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;1</td>
                <td align="center">105 (51,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (44,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (75,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;2</td>
                <td align="center">24 (16,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (12,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (30,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Bamford</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LACS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (29,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">49(31,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">10(20,4%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PACS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (40,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">55(35,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">28(57,1%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>POCS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (22,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">38(24,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">8(16,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,118</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TACS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (6,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">11(7,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">3(6,1%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classifica&#231;&#227;o TOAST</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aterosclerose de grandes art&#233;rias, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (26,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (24,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (34,7%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lacunar, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (20,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (18,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (28,6%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardioembolismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (9,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (11,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,1%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outro, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,138</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Indeterminado, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (39,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (44,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (26,5%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escala de Rankin Modificada</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escala de AVC do NIH</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,047</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Neste estudo, 156 indiv&#237;duos (77,2%) apresentavam hipertens&#227;o, e essa propor&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente maior no grupo de evento cerebrovascular recorrente (93,9%, 46 indiv&#237;duos) do que no grupo n&#227;o recorrente (110 indiv&#237;duos, 71,4%) (p&lt;0,001). Al&#233;m disso, o uso de bloqueadores do sistema renina-angiotensina (77,6%) e anticoagulantes (28,6%) foi significativamente maior no grupo de eventos recorrentes do que nos demais grupos (p=0,003 e p=0,012, respectivamente). A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi detectada em 34 indiv&#237;duos (22,1%) no grupo de primeiro evento cerebrovascular e em 15 indiv&#237;duos (30,6%) no grupo de evento recorrente, mostrando diferen&#231;a significativa (p=0,042). Al&#233;m disso, o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc calculado, independentemente do ritmo, foi maior no grupo de eventos cerebrovasculares recorrentes, com mediana de 5 (2), do que nos demais grupos (p&lt;0,001).</p>
      <p>Ao final do primeiro ano de acompanhamento, foi observado AVC recorrente em 49 pacientes (24,1%) pacientes. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos com base no status de recorr&#234;ncia do AVC (AVC n&#227;o recorrente, 154 pacientes; AVC recorrente, 49 pacientes). Os dois grupos tinham caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas semelhantes. Uma compara&#231;&#227;o dos dois grupos &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas neurol&#243;gicas, o AVC parcial de circula&#231;&#227;o anterior foi o subtipo mais comum de AVC. Foi encontrado em 55 indiv&#237;duos (35,7%) no grupo de AVC n&#227;o recorrente e em 28 indiv&#237;duos (57,1%) no grupo de evento recorrente. Os grupos foram semelhantes segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Bamford. Pela classifica&#231;&#227;o TOAST, predominaram casos de causa desconhecida em todo o grupo, o que foi not&#225;vel. Esse padr&#227;o foi observado n&#227;o apenas em indiv&#237;duos que vivenciaram seu primeiro evento cerebrovascular mas tamb&#233;m em 17 indiv&#237;duos (34,7%) com aterosclerose de grandes art&#233;rias e 14 indiv&#237;duos (28,6%) com infartos lacunares entre aqueles com eventos cerebrovasculares recorrentes. Os casos de AVC com etiologia indeterminada ficaram em terceiro lugar. No entanto, essas diferen&#231;as n&#227;o eram estatisticamente muito significativas. Os escores Rankin modificado e o da NIH Stroke Scale foram maiores no grupo de eventos cerebrovasculares recorrentes (p=0,021 e 0,047, respectivamente).</p>
      <p>A CAA foi comparada entre os grupos. A CAA foi detectada em 105(51,7%) pacientes. Houve uma diferen&#231;a significativa nos graus da CAA entre os grupos (p&lt;0,001). Um paciente (2%) apresentou CAA grau 3, e 14 (28,6%) pacientes apresentaram CAA grau 2 no grupo AVC recorrente. Esses n&#250;meros foram de apenas 2 (1,3%) com CAA grau 3, e 17 (11%) com CAA grau 2 no grupo de evento cerebrovascular n&#227;o recorrente. Portanto, os pacientes com CAA foram combinados e analisados como um &#250;nico grupo. AAC (grau &#8805;1) foi observada em 37 indiv&#237;duos (75,5%) no grupo de eventos cerebrovasculares de AAC e em 68 (44,1%) no grupo de eventos cerebrovasculares n&#227;o recorrentes. O grupo de eventos cerebrovasculares recorrentes apresentou preval&#234;ncia de CAA significativamente maior (p&lt;0,001). Entre os participantes, 60 radiografias de t&#243;rax selecionadas aleatoriamente foram avaliadas por dois cardiologistas e um neurologista que desconheciam os achados do estudo quanto &#224; variabilidade interobservador e houve um grau razoavelmente alto de consist&#234;ncia entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es. (Valor Kappa = 0,816, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de cada grupo s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. No grupo de eventos cerebrovasculares recorrentes, a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) foi estatisticamente significativamente menor em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de eventos cerebrovasculares n&#227;o recorrentes [77 mL/min/1,73 m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> (33) vs. /1,73 m2 (23), p=0,018]. Al&#233;m disso, a largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gl&#243;bulos vermelhos (RDW) foi significativamente maior no grupo de eventos cerebrovasculares recorrentes (16,3 [3,8] fL) do que no grupo de eventos cerebrovasculares n&#227;o recorrentes (15,2 [2,1] fL) (p=0,001). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais par&#226;metros laboratoriais.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Achados laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th>AVC n&#227;o recorrente</th>
                <th>AVC recorrente</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros laboratoriais</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">111 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">117 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,541</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG (mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alanina Aminotransferase (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,737</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aspartato Aminotransferase (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,372</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,657</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 (&#177;0,5)</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 (&#177;0,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,768</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (98)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (74)</td>
                <td align="center">0,916</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">186 (&#177;44,4)</td>
                <td align="center">178 (&#177;51)</td>
                <td align="center">0,185</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">111 (&#177;37,3)</td>
                <td align="center">108 (&#177;41,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,561</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,632</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gl&#243;bulo Branco (n, x103)</td>
                <td align="center">8,15 (&#177;2,44)</td>
                <td align="center">8,20 (&#177;2,87)</td>
                <td align="center">0,924</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">13,0 (&#177;2)</td>
                <td align="center">12,5 (&#177;2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,112</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas (n, x103)</td>
                <td align="center">233 (96)</td>
                <td align="center">249 (84)</td>
                <td align="center">0,052</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PDW (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16,7 (&#177;2,6)</td>
                <td align="center">16,5 (&#177;2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,509</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cr&#237;tico de plaquetas (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,22 (0,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24 (0,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neutr&#243;filo (n, x103)</td>
                <td align="center">4,75 (2,22)</td>
                <td align="center">4,60 (2,88)</td>
                <td align="center">0,881</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linf&#243;cito (n, x103)</td>
                <td align="center">2,05 (&#177;0,69)</td>
                <td align="center">1,95 (&#177;0,86)</td>
                <td align="center">0,141</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RDW (fL)</td>
                <td align="center">15,2 (2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">16,3 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>T3 livre (ng/L)</td>
                <td align="center">2,45 (0,64)</td>
                <td align="center">2,37 (0,80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,261</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>T4 livre (ng/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (0,20)</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,528</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TSH (mUI/L)</td>
                <td align="center">1,36 (1,32)</td>
                <td align="center">1,33 (1,28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,885</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro Sist&#243;lico Final do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,691</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda (%)</td>
                <td align="center">59,88 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">59,6 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa Ventricular Esquerda (gr)</td>
                <td align="center">203,05 (69)</td>
                <td align="center">207,28 (67)</td>
                <td align="center">0,949</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de Massa Ventricular Esquerda (gr/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">109,49 (31,7)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (38,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,991</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura relativa da parede</td>
                <td align="center">0,54 (&#177;0,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,55 (&#177;0,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,574</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro A&#243;rtico (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">33,46 (&#177;3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">33,49 (&#177;4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,908</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura do Septo Interventricular (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura da Parede Posterior (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,563</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro Atrial Esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,275</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o estimada da art&#233;ria pulmonar (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (15,8)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (17,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (&#8805;moderado), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia mitral (&#8805;moderado), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,363</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o Tric&#250;spide (&#8805;moderado), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,616</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Geometria Ventricular Esquerda</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertrofia Conc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td align="center">82 (53,2)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (53,1)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Conc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td align="center">64 (41,6)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (42,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,991</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertrofia Exc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Geometria Normal</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; RDW: Gl&#243;bulos Vermelhos; PDW: Largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria; TSH: horm&#244;nio estimulador da tireoide.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os grupos foram semelhantes em termos de par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, exceto pela press&#227;o estimada da art&#233;ria pulmonar. A press&#227;o estimada da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi maior no grupo com AVC recorrente [16 (&#177;17,8) mmHg] do que no grupo com AVC n&#227;o recorrente [9 (&#177;15,8) mmHg]), e essa diferen&#231;a foi estatisticamente significativa (p=0,009).</p>
      <p>CAA, RDW e regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica foram associadas &#224; recorr&#234;ncia de AVC na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada (p&lt;0,1) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o independente e forte entre CAA (OR 3,544, p&lt;0,001), RDW (OR 1,214, p=0,008) e AVC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise univariada e multivariada para padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                <th colspan="3">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#946;</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>&#946;</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>Taxa de risco (IC 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1.239</td>
                <td align="center">0,130</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">-0,286</td>
                <td align="center">0,751</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o do Arco A&#243;rtico (&#8805;1)</td>
                <td align="center">1.260</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td align="center">1.265</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">3,544 (1,653 - 7,598)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular</td>
                <td align="center">-0,008</td>
                <td align="center">0,432</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o estimada da art&#233;ria pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,190</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escala de AVC do NIH</td>
                <td align="center">-0,041</td>
                <td align="center">0,567</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escala de Rankin Modificada</td>
                <td align="center">0,201</td>
                <td align="center">0,398</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anticoagulante</td>
                <td align="center">0,863</td>
                <td align="center">0,174</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidor RAS</td>
                <td align="center">0,259</td>
                <td align="center">0,621</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc</td>
                <td align="center">-0,128</td>
                <td align="center">0,564</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RDW</td>
                <td align="center">0,135</td>
                <td align="center">0,070</td>
                <td align="center">0,194</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
                <td align="center">1,214 (1,053-1,400)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td align="center">2.270</td>
                <td align="center">0,097</td>
                <td align="center">2.376</td>
                <td align="center">0,066</td>
                <td align="center">10,766 (0,857 - 135,171)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Constante</td>
                <td align="center">-4.652</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>IC: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; RDW: gl&#243;bulos vermelhos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o foi realizada para investigar melhor a associa&#231;&#227;o potencial entre CAA e RDW. Pacientes com CAA tiveram maior RDW (p=0,014). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o grau da CAA e o RDW (p=0,055, r=0,135). No entanto, houve correla&#231;&#227;o moderada entre o grau de CAA e AVC recorrente (p&lt;0,001, r=0,277). Estes resultados sugerem que a RDW n&#227;o &#233; um fator de confus&#227;o significativo.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise da curva ROC produziu uma forte capacidade preditiva de CAA grau &#8805; 1 para AVC recorrente (AUC=0,657, p&lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>). A presen&#231;a de CAA na radiografia de t&#243;rax apresentou sensibilidade e especificidade de 75,5% e 55,8%, respectivamente, para AVC recorrente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor de calcifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico para acidente vascular cerebral recorrente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230805-30805-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; &#193;rea sob a curva para calcifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">AUC</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Sensibilidade</th>
                <th>Especificidade</th>
                <th>VPP</th>
                <th>VPN</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>0,657</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,572 - 0,742</td>
                <td align="center">0,755</td>
                <td align="center">0,558</td>
                <td align="center">33,33%</td>
                <td align="center">87,76%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>AUC: &#225;rea sob a Curva; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; VPP: valor preditivo positivo; VPN: valor preditivo negativo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar potenciais fatores de risco para AVC recorrente e determinar sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a CAA. Consistente com esses dados, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, que &#233; um subgrupo espec&#237;fico desta condi&#231;&#227;o, foi considerada um preditor de ambos incidentes e AVC recorrente, que &#233; um subgrupo espec&#237;fico desta condi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrado que o valor do RDW &#233; maior em pacientes com AVC recorrente. Essas descobertas podem servir como diretrizes cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      <p>Este estudo incluiu pacientes com qualquer forma de AVC. Portanto, espera-se que n&#227;o haja diferen&#231;a significativa em fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos. No entanto, uma descoberta interessante &#233; digna de nota nos resultados. No grupo de AVC recorrente, a hipertens&#227;o foi significativamente mais prevalente em um n&#237;vel estatisticamente significativo. A hipertens&#227;o foi o fator de risco cardiovascular mais comum. Embora seja geralmente considerado o fator de risco mais importante para o primeiro AVC, o seu papel no risco de recorr&#234;ncia permanece obscuro. Embora seja um fator de risco independente para eventos cerebrovasculares, tamb&#233;m representa um risco dentro do espectro de eventos cerebrovasculares. Se o subagrupamento e a classifica&#231;&#227;o fossem realizados para outros fatores de risco, diferen&#231;as poderiam ter sido detectadas. No entanto, &#233; importante ter em mente que a hipertens&#227;o continua a ser um fator de risco para acidentes vasculares cerebrais. Acreditamos que a diferen&#231;a observada no uso de bloqueadores do SRA entre os grupos tamb&#233;m decorre desta entidade cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>A maior incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e o maior uso de anticoagulantes no grupo de AVC recorrente foram considerados resultado da rela&#231;&#227;o entre essas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Foi avaliado o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc, independentemente da presen&#231;a de FA nos grupos. Um escore mediano significativamente maior de CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub> &#8211; VASc foi observado no grupo de AVC recorrente. Conforme mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, al&#233;m da hipertens&#227;o, os grupos eram semelhantes, e acreditamos que essa diferen&#231;a pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; hipertens&#227;o, que &#233; um componente do c&#225;lculo do escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc.</p>
      <p>No grupo de AVC recorrente, foi observada menor TFG. Isso pode ser atribu&#237;do ao fato de os indiv&#237;duos do grupo de AVC recorrente apresentarem pior desempenho e maior morbidade, o que pode ter levado a uma maior preval&#234;ncia de problemas nutricionais. Consequentemente, a perda de massa muscular pode afetar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina e a TFG.</p>
      <p>Em uma grande metan&#225;lise que incluiu dez estudos, foram examinados preditores de AVC recorrente, e um hist&#243;rico de AVC ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT) e a presen&#231;a de aterosclerose significativa de grandes art&#233;rias foram associados a AVC recorrente. Nesta metan&#225;lise, os achados foram avaliados com base nos achados da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, e tamb&#233;m foi discutida a aus&#234;ncia de um estudo que os avaliasse por meio de TC ou USG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Al&#233;m desta metan&#225;lise, um estudo recente investigou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre calcifica&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica na tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax e eventos cerebrovasculares. Neste estudo, o grau CAA &#8805; 1 foi associado a AVC recorrente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Este estudo tamb&#233;m mencionou estudos realizados com raios X; no entanto, esses estudos n&#227;o classificaram CAA da mesma maneira que no estudo atual. Al&#233;m disso, condi&#231;&#245;es especializadas como o escore de Agatston n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das neste estudo. Embora a tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax seja certamente superior &#224; radiografia de t&#243;rax em corte transversal, considerando os achados obtidos em nosso estudo, pode-se argumentar que a radiografia de t&#243;rax &#233; mais custo-efetiva. Mais pesquisas poderiam explorar a concord&#226;ncia entre estudos que avaliam as duas modalidades. Na verdade, as radiografias de t&#243;rax prontamente dispon&#237;veis podem ser usadas para determinar o risco de um paciente sofrer AVC recorrente. As radiografias de t&#243;rax costumam fazer parte das interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares de rotina em muitos ambientes cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>Se considerarmos o conceito de &#8220;aterosclerose de grandes art&#233;rias&#8221; mencionado na metan&#225;lise, a aorta &#233; o ponto de partida dessas art&#233;rias. A calcifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico &#233; um importante indicador de aterosclerose de grandes art&#233;rias. A hip&#243;tese do nosso estudo &#233; consistente com os achados desta meta-an&#225;lise. Em nosso estudo, uma etiologia indeterminada foi mais comum no grupo de AVC n&#227;o recorrente (44,1%), enquanto a aterosclerose de grandes art&#233;rias foi observada em maior taxa no grupo de AVC recorrente (34,7%). Essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa, possivelmente devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de potenciais participantes (p=0,138). Outro ponto importante &#233; que as radiografias de t&#243;rax s&#227;o mais econ&#244;micas, envolvem menos exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o e s&#227;o mais facilmente aplic&#225;veis do que as modalidades tomogr&#225;ficas e angiogr&#225;ficas. Al&#233;m disso, &#224; luz da pandemia, as radiografias de t&#243;rax s&#227;o realizadas rotineiramente em muitos centros de sa&#250;de durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o como pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica preferencial.</p>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o tem um efeito significativo sobre o leito vascular. Primeiro, o aumento da press&#227;o vascular leva &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular, um importante indicador de dano vascular relacionado &#224; hipertens&#227;o. O efeito oclusivo da hipertens&#227;o desempenha um papel na etiologia do AVC isqu&#234;mico. Adicionalmente, a carga de press&#227;o pode causar ruptura e hemorragia de vasos cerebrais, bem como fornecimento de sangue prejudicado ao tecido cerebral devido a efeitos de compress&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Outros fatores que desempenham um papel na doen&#231;a vascular oclusiva atrav&#233;s da calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular incluem inflama&#231;&#227;o, estresse oxidativo, idade avan&#231;ada e o sistema renina-angiotensina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> As c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares, semelhantes aos osteoblastos, s&#227;o derivadas de c&#233;lulas mesenquimais. Sob a influ&#234;ncia desses fatores, as c&#233;lulas musculares passam por uma transi&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica para um fen&#243;tipo semelhante ao dos osteoblastos e produzem c&#225;lcio. Assim, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular come&#231;a com a produ&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio na &#237;ntima ou m&#233;dia das paredes dos vasos sangu&#237;neos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A CAA leva ao aumento da rigidez arterial, resultando em diminui&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia vascular, e est&#225; associada &#224; hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Como resultado, o fluxo sangu&#237;neo cerebral diminui, levando a uma nutri&#231;&#227;o prejudicada nas regi&#245;es cerebrais relacionadas. Por exemplo, foi relatada uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre CAA e calcifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria renal, um indicador significativo de doen&#231;a arterial renal. Existem duas descobertas importantes sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre AVC recorrente e CAA. CAA &#233; um prot&#243;tipo significativo de calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular, que &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica que afeta todo o leito vascular. Portanto, &#233; um indicador de risco em pacientes com AVC isqu&#234;mico. Isso indicou que o processo de calcifica&#231;&#227;o era progressivo. Na verdade, esses pacientes sofreram AVC recorrentes. Este achado &#233; importante para demonstrar danos em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, que &#233; um desfecho crucial em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, pois resultou em desfechos cl&#237;nicos, como AVC recorrente.</p>
      <p>A largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos RDW reflete a heterogeneidade do volume dos gl&#243;bulos vermelhos. Em nosso estudo, foram encontrados valores mais elevados de RDW no grupo de AVC recorrente, e essa diferen&#231;a foi estatisticamente significativa na previs&#227;o de AVC recorrentes. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre RDW e o risco de AVC isqu&#234;mico, doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e &#234;mbolos cerebrais foi relatada anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrado que cada aumento de 1% no RDW est&#225; associado a um aumento de 13% no risco de AVC isqu&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Nossos dados, consistentes com os de outros estudos, fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais. Nossos achados s&#227;o consistentes com os de um estudo recente de Shen et al., que utilizou dados de acompanhamento de 5 anos. Semelhante ao nosso estudo, Shen et al. demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre altos n&#237;veis de RDW e aumento do risco de AVC isqu&#234;mico recorrente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica exata entre RDW e AVC recorrente n&#227;o foi estudada extensivamente. No entanto, semelhante &#224; CAA, foi sugerido que a inflama&#231;&#227;o e o estresse oxidativo podem desempenhar um papel no mecanismo. Consequentemente, a taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia dos gl&#243;bulos vermelhos diminui, e a produ&#231;&#227;o de eritropoetina &#233; inibida, resultando em aumento de n&#237;veis de RDW.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo teve certas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, foi realizado em um &#250;nico centro com uma amostra relativamente pequena, considerando as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Essas descobertas foram baseadas em dados observacionais e n&#227;o puderam ser controladas para vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre CAA e AVC recorrente deve ser determinada de acordo com mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos. A CAA foi avaliada para sua presen&#231;a; no entanto, outras caracter&#237;sticas, como espessura total ou caracter&#237;sticas de alto risco, como ulcera&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foram avaliadas. Al&#233;m disso, os escores gerais do NIHSS foram de baixo a moderado, o que pode limitar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para pacientes com AVC mais graves. Por fim, foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com hist&#243;ria de AVC e AIT, e esses dados podem n&#227;o aplicar para esta popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, foi observada uma rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre AVC recorrentes e CAA durante acompanhamento de um ano apesar do pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, foi observada uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre AVC recorrente e RDW. Ambos os par&#226;metros s&#227;o facilmente acess&#237;veis e clinicamente convenientes e podem trazer benef&#237;cios aos m&#233;dicos no monitoramento de pacientes com AVC.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>&#201;tica</title>
        <p>Este estudo atendeu os padr&#245;es internacionalmente aceitos para pr&#225;ticas de pesquisa e relat&#243;rios. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica N&#227;o Intervencionista do Tekirdag City Hospital (ID #26). O consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de todos os participantes seguindo os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos da pesquisa em seres humanos descritos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <institution content-type="original">Baskent University Faculty of Medicine - Alanya Application And Research Center, Antalya &#8211; Turkey</institution>
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        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Karabuk University Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Fahri &#199;akan &#8226;</bold> &#199;erkezk&#246;y State Hospital &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; &#199;erkezk&#246;y, Tekirda&#287;, 59500. E-mail: dr.fahri.cakan@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Aortic Arch Calcification Observed on Chest X-Ray May Serve as an Independent Predictor for Recurrent Stroke</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230805-30805-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Despite advances in diagnostic and treatment modalities, there is a need for predictive markers for recurrent strokes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This study aimed to investigate the relationship between aortic arch calcification (AAC) and stroke recurrence in stroke patients during a one-year follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> All stroke patients who experienced their first event were evaluated for participation in the study. Patients who experienced recurrent strokes during the one-year follow-up were recorded. AAC was assessed by chest radiography. Based on the occurrence of recurrent strokes the patients were divided into two groups. AAC was classified into four categories according to its degree, and the presence of AAC was included in the statistical analysis. The relationship between AAC and recurrent stroke was assessed using a receiver operating characteristic curve. A significance level of &lt;0.05 was deemed acceptable for all statistical analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 203 patients were included in the study (46.8% female, mean age 69&#177;12.3). Recurrent stroke was detected in 49 patients. AAC, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation were more frequent in patients with recurrent stroke. Patients with recurrent stroke had a lower glomerular filtration rate and a higher red cell distribution width (RDW). In multivariate regression analysis, AAC (hazard ratio [HR], 3.544; 95% CI:1.653-7.598, p=0.001) and RDW (HR,1.214; 95% CI:1.053-1.400, p=0.008) were identified as independent predictors of recurrent stroke.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The presence of AAC (&#8805; grade 1) and RDW were found to be significantly associated with the development of recurrent stroke within one year. These findings may have prognostic significance in the follow-up of stroke patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="key-points">
        <title>Highlights</title>
        <p>&#8226; Recurrent stroke is an important cause of morbidity and mortality.</p>
        <p>&#8226; AAC is an important clinical marker of vascular disease burden.</p>
        <p>&#8226; AAC on chest radiography can be a key factor in recurrent strokes.</p>
        <p>&#8226; RDW has been shown to be an effective indicator of recurrent stroke.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Thoracic Aorta</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Erythrocytes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Despite advances in diagnosis and management, the burden of cardiovascular disease remains high worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The prevention of cerebrovascular diseases has become an important area of study in contemporary practice. Stroke is a common cerebrovascular event with significant morbidity and mortality burden in the patient population. The etiology of ischemic stroke is attributed to a thrombotic or embolic event that leads to a decrease in blood flow to the brain. Whether thrombotic or embolic, the etiology of stroke affects both prognosis and outcomes. Over the past 50 years, the incidence of stroke and post-stroke mortality rates have significantly decreased in high-income countries, primarily because of the changes in cardiovascular risk factors and advancements in acute stroke treatment. Furthermore, recurrent ischemic stroke has been associated with increased mortality and functional dependency, although this area remains insufficiently researched.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Studies have shown varying recurrence rates ranging from 7-20% within one year to 16-35% within five years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Chest radiography is a routine part of cardiovascular examination and is a simple, readily accessible, and commonly used test. This provides significant information to clinicians regarding lung parenchymal disease and various cardiovascular conditions. For instance, Aortic arch calcification (AAC) arises from inflammation and calcification of the aortic arch resulting from the progression of endothelial damage and high blood pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> AAC has been found to be associated with numerous cardiovascular risk factors and holds clinical significance in thrombotic events. Examples include atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, major adverse cardiac events, and atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> It is an important parameter for assessing risks and potential complications related to cardiovascular health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Statistically significant relationships were identified between the AAC degree, cardiovascular disease severity, and mortality. The extent of AAC correlates with cardiovascular disease severity and has prognostic implications for mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The detection of AAC in these patients can serve as a guiding factor in identifying potential cerebrovascular events and predicting recurrence. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the presence and degree of AAC and recurrent stroke.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This prospective cohort study was performed at the Health Ministery Cerkezkoy State Hospital between January 2022 and June 2022. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants following the ethical principles of human research outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the Tekirdag City Hospital Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (ID #26). All patients aged &#8805; 18 years who consented to participate were evaluated for inclusion in this study. Exclusion criteria were as follows: previous stroke history, transient ischemic attack, hemorrhagic stroke, malignancy, pregnancy, active infection, and improper chest radiographic findings. Patients were followed up for a period of one year through outpatient clinic visits. Individuals who developed recurrent cerebrovascular events during the follow-up period were also recorded. Patients were divided into two groups based on the incidence of cerebrovascular accidents and recurrent cerebrovascular accidents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical parameters</title>
          <p>The cardiovascular risk factors of all patients were examined. A history of coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, and stroke was recorded. Patients who had previously received oral antidiabetic and/or insulin treatment or had a fasting blood glucose level of &#8805;126 mg/dL twice were considered diabetic. Patients who had previously received antihypertensive treatment or had a blood pressure of &#8805;130/80 mmHg at least twice were considered hypertensive. Patients with a total cholesterol level &gt;200 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) level &gt;100 mg/dL, or the use of lipid-lowering drugs were considered hyperlipidemic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the values of body weight (kg) divided by height squared (m) (Quetelet Index). Body surface area (BSA) was calculated as the square root of the product of weight (kg) and height (cm) divided by 3600.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Participants&#8217; alcohol, tobacco, and medication use were recorded.</p>
          <p>Routine biochemical tests, lipid profiles, thyroid function tests, and complete blood count data were recorded for all the participants. Rhythm status was classified as either sinus rhythm or atrial fibrillation/flutter. For individuals with sinus rhythm, rhythm-holter monitoring was conducted to detect possible arrhythmic events, and those with atrial fibrillation were recorded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic parameters</title>
          <p>Transthoracic echocardiographic examination was performed on all patients using a 2.5-3.25 MHz transducer (Philips Affiniti 50 S4-2 Probe system, Andover-USA) following the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated using the modified Simpson&#8217;s method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Left ventricular mass (g) was calculated using the Devereux formula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Left ventricular mass index was calculated by dividing left ventricular mass by the body surface area. Left ventricular hypertrophy was defined as a left ventricular mass index of &gt;95 g/m<sup>2</sup> for women and &gt;115 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men. Relative wall thickness was calculated as twice the posterior wall thickness divided by the left ventricular diastolic diameter, and the left ventricular geometry was categorized into four categories: normal geometry, concentric remodeling, concentric hypertrophy, and eccentric hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chest X-Ray evaluation</title>
          <p>Posteroanterior chest radiographs were obtained while the patient was in a standing position. The focal patient distance was 150 cm. Automated exposure control with a fixed tube voltage of 117 kV was used. AAC was graded as follows: grade 0, no visible calcification; grade 1, small spots of calcification or thin calcification on the aortic arch; grade 2, one or more areas of thickened calcification; and grade 3, circular calcification of the aortic arch (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Four-grade score for aortic arch calcification. A) No Calcification, B) Grade I Calcificaton, C) Grade II Calcification, D) Grade III Calcification.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230805-30805-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Stroke parameters</title>
          <p>The Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification was used as an etiological framework for ischemic stroke, and patients were evaluated within five subgroups:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> 1) large artery atherosclerosis, 2) cardioembolism, 3) small vessel occlusion, 4) stroke of other determined etiology, and 5) stroke of undetermined etiology. Stroke severity was determined using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Bamford classification<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> was used to assess the affected vascular territory by dividing it into four classes: total anterior circulation stroke, partial anterior circulation stroke, lacunar syndrome, and posterior circulation syndrome. The Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was used to assess post-stroke disability and evaluate functional recovery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The IBM SPSS Statistics software (IBM Corp. Released 2011. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp) was used for all statistical analyses. The normal distribution of continuous variables was assessed by visual examination of histograms, Q&#8211;Q plots, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Normally distributed continuous variables were presented as mean (&#177; standard deviation), non-normally distributed continuous variables as median (interquartile range), and categorical variables as numbers and percentages. The Student&#8217;s t-test (unpaired) was used to compare normally distributed continuous variables between the two groups, while the Mann-Whitney U test was used for non-normally distributed continuous variables. Categorical variables were compared using chi-square or Fisher&#8217;s exact tests. The Kappa value was used to calculate interobserver variability. A logistic regression analysis was performed to compare the relationship between AAC and recurrent cerebrovascular events. In the univariate regression analysis, a two-sided p-value of less than 0.1 was considered statistically significant for inclusion in the multivariate regression analysis. Pearson or Spearman tests were used to analyze the correlations between the parameters. The relationship between AAC and recurrent cerebrovascular events was evaluated using a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. A two-sided p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all comparisons.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In total, 409 patients were included in the study during the specified period. The following patients were excluded from the study: previous stroke history (n = 62), transient ischemic attack (n = 53), hemorrhagic stroke (n = 51), malignancy (n = 4), pregnancy (n = 2), active infection (n = 6), and improper chest radiography (n = 7). Eleven patients refused to participate in the study, and 10 were lost to follow-up. The remaining 203 patients were included in the study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). Of these, 95 were female, accounting for 46.8% of the total population. The average age of the participants was 69 (&#177;12.3) years. The basic demographic characteristics of the study participants are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flow chart for patient selection. CVD: cardiovascular disease; TIA: transient ischemic attack.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230805-30805-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and demographic characteristics of the sample</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Total (n=203) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Non-recurrent Stroke (n=154) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Recurrent Stroke (n=49) </th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender (Female), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (46.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (46.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (46.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.556</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (year)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (&#177;12.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">68.4 (&#177;12.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">71.1 (&#177;11.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.231</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.964</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Height (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">165 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">166 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">165 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.935</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m2)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.1 (5.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.0 (5.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.1 (4.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.958</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BSA (m2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.87 (&#177;0.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.87 (&#177;0.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.86 (&#177;0.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.941</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">156 (77.2%%)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (71.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (93.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (36.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (34.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (44.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.125</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary Artery Disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (20.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (19.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (24.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.286</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic Kidney Disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (4.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (4.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (47.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (47.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (49%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.488</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cigarette, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (28.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (26.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (32.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcohol, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (9.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (9.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (8.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.497</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitor, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (60.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (54.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (77.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">119 58.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (59.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (57.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.468</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium Channel Blocker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (27.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (38.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-Blocker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (37.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (35.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (44.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.143</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulin, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (8.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (7.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (10.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.392</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anticoagulant, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (16.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (28.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrate, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.145</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antiplatelet, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (38.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (37.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (40.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.433</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acetylsalicylic Acid, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (70.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (69.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.527</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oral Antidiabetic, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (30.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (27.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (38.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.105</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial Fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (20.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (22.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (30.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.042</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc Score</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Aortic Arch Calcification</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (48.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (55.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (24.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (31.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (44.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (15.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (28.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;1</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (51.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (44.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (75.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;2</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (16.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (12.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (30.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Bamford Classification</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LACS, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (29.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49(31.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10(20.4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PACS, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (40.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55(35.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28(57.1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>POCS, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (22.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38(24.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(16.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.118</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TACS, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (6.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(7.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(6.1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TOAST Classification</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Large Artery Atherosclerosis, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (26.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (24.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (34.7%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lacunar, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (20.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (18.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (28.6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardioembolism, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (9.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (11.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6.1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.138</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Undetermined, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (39.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (44.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (26.5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modified Rankin Scale</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NIH Stroke Scale</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.047</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In this study, 156 individuals (77.2%) had hypertension, and this proportion was significantly higher in the recurrent cerebrovascular event group (93.9%, 46 individuals) than in the non-recurrent group (110 individuals, 71.4%) (p&lt;0.001). Moreover, the use of renin-angiotensin system blockers (77.6%) and anticoagulants (28.6%) was significantly higher in the recurrent event group than in the other groups (p=0.003 and p=0.012, respectively). Atrial fibrillation was detected in 34 individuals (22.1%) in the first cerebrovascular event group and 15 individuals (30.6%) in the recurrent event group, showing a significant difference (p=0.042). Additionally, the calculated CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score, irrespective of rhythm, was higher in the recurrent cerebrovascular events group, with a median of 5 (2), than in the other groups (p&lt;0.001).</p>
        <p>At the end of the first year of follow-up, recurrent stroke was observed in 49 patients (24.1%) patients. The patients were divided into two groups based on their stroke recurrence status (non-recurrent stroke, 154 patients; recurrent stroke, 49 patients). The two groups had similar demographic characteristics. A comparison of the two groups is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Regarding neurological characteristics, partial anterior circulation stroke was the most common subtype of stroke. It was found in 55 individuals (35.7%) in the non-recurrent stroke group and 28 individuals (57.1%) in the recurrent event group. The groups were similar according to the Bamford classification. In terms of the TOAST classification, cases with an unknown cause predominated the entire group, which was notable. This pattern was observed not only in individuals experiencing their first cerebrovascular event but also in 17 individuals (34.7%) with large artery atherosclerosis and 14 individuals (28.6%) with lacunar infarcts among those with recurrent cerebrovascular events. Stroke cases with an undetermined etiology were ranked third. However, these differences were not statistically significant. The modified Rankin and NIH Stroke Scale scores were higher in the recurrent cerebrovascular event group (p=0.021 and 0.047, respectively).</p>
        <p>AAC was compared between the groups. AAC was detected in 105 (51.7%) patients. There was a significant difference in the AAC grades between the groups (p&lt;0.001). One patient (2%) had grade 3 AAC and 14 (28.6%) patients had grade 2 AAC in the recurrent CVA group. These numbers were only 2 (1.3%) with grade 3 AAC and 17 (11%) with grade 2 AAC in the nonrecurrent cerebrovascular event group. Therefore, patients with AAC were combined and analyzed as a single group. AAC (grade &#8805;1) was observed in 37 individuals (75.5%) in the AAC cerebrovascular event group and 68 (44.1%) in the non-recurrent cerebrovascular event group. The recurrent cerebrovascular event group had a significantly higher AAC prevalence (p&lt;0.001). Among the participants, 60 randomly selected chest radiographs were evaluated by two cardiologists and one neurologist, who were blinded to the study findings for interobserver variability, and there was a reasonably high degree of consistency between assessments. (Kappa value = 0.816, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>Laboratory and echocardiographic features of each group are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. In the recurrent cerebrovascular events group, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was statistically significantly lower compared to the non-recurrent cerebrovascular events group [77 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (33) vs. 85 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (23), p=0.018]. Additionally, the red cell distribution width (RDW) was significantly higher in the recurrent cerebrovascular event group (16.3 [3.8] fL) than in the non-recurrent cerebrovascular event group (15.2 [2.1] fL) (p=0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of other laboratory parameters.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Laboratory and Echocardiographic findings of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                  <th>Non-recurrent Stroke</th>
                  <th>Recurrent Stroke</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Laboratory parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.541</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GFR (mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alanine Aminotransferase (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.737</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspartate Aminotransferase (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.372</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.657</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3 (&#177;0.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3 (&#177;0.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.768</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglyceride (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (98)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (74)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.916</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">186 (&#177;44.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">178 (&#177;51)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.185</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (&#177;37.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (&#177;41.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.561</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.632</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White Blood Cell (n, x10<sup>3)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8.15 (&#177;2.44)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.20 (&#177;2.87)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.924</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.0 (&#177;2)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.5 (&#177;2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.112</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet (n, x103)</td>
                  <td align="center">233 (96)</td>
                  <td align="center">249 (84)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.052</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PDW (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.7 (&#177;2.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.5 (&#177;2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.509</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plateletcrit (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22 (0.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24 (0.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.047</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil (n, x10<sup>3)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4.75 (2.22)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.60 (2.88)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.881</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocyte (n, x10<sup>3)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2.05 (&#177;0.69)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.95 (&#177;0.86)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.141</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDW (fL)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.2 (2.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.3 (3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Free T3 (ng/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.45 (0.64)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.37 (0.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.261</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Free T4 (ng/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02 (0.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 (0.22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.528</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TSH (mIU/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.36 (1.32)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.33 (1.28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.885</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Echocardiographic parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left Ventricular End-Systolic Diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.691</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.88 (6.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.6 (8.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left Ventricular Mass (gr)</td>
                  <td align="center">203.05 (69)</td>
                  <td align="center">207.28 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.949</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left Ventricular Mass Index (gr/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">109.49 (31.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (38.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.991</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Relative Wall Thickness</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54 (&#177;0.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55 (&#177;0.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.574</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aortic Diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">33.46 (&#177;3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">33.49 (&#177;4.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.908</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interventricular Septal Thickness (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Posterior Wall Thickness (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.563</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left Atrial Diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.275</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estimated Pulmonary Artery Pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (15.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (17.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aortic Regurgitation (&#8805;moderate), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral Regurgitation (&#8805;moderate), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.363</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tricuspid Regurgitation (&#8805;moderate), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.616</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Left Ventricular Geometry</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concentric Hypertrophy</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (53.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (53.1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concentric Remodeling</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (41.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (42.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.991</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eccentric Hypertrophy</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal Geometry</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>GFR: Glomerular Filtration Rate; RDW: Red Blood Cell Distribution Width; PDW: Platelet distribution width; TSH: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The groups were similar in terms of echocardiographic parameters, except for estimated pulmonary artery pressure. The estimated pulmonary artery pressure was higher in the recurrent stroke group [16 (&#177;17.8) mmHg] than in the non-recurrent stroke group [9 (&#177;15.8) mmHg]), and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.009).</p>
        <p>AAC, RDW, and aortic regurgitation were associated with recurrent stroke in univariate logistic regression analysis (p&lt;0.1) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). In the multivariate regression analysis, an independent and strong association was found between AAC (OR 3.544, p&lt;0.001), RDW (OR 1.214, p=0.008), and stroke (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Univariate and Multivariate analysis for non-dipper blood pressure pattern</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Parameter</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariate analysis</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Multivariate analysis</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#946;</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>&#946;</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>Hazard Ratio (95% CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">1.239</td>
                  <td align="center">0.130</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial Fibrillation</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.286</td>
                  <td align="center">0.751</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aortic Arch Calcification (&#8805;1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.260</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  <td align="center">1.265</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">3.544 (1.653 - 7.598)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glomerular Filtration Rate</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.008</td>
                  <td align="center">0.432</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estimated Pulmonary Artery Pressure</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.190</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NIH Stroke Scale</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.041</td>
                  <td align="center">0.567</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modified Rankin Scale</td>
                  <td align="center">0.201</td>
                  <td align="center">0.398</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anticoagulant</td>
                  <td align="center">0.863</td>
                  <td align="center">0.174</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RAS Inhibitor</td>
                  <td align="center">0.259</td>
                  <td align="center">0.621</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc Score</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.128</td>
                  <td align="center">0.564</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDW</td>
                  <td align="center">0.135</td>
                  <td align="center">0.070</td>
                  <td align="center">0.194</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                  <td align="center">1.214 (1.053- 1.400)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aortic Regurgitation</td>
                  <td align="center">2.270</td>
                  <td align="center">0.097</td>
                  <td align="center">2.376</td>
                  <td align="center">0.066</td>
                  <td align="center">10.766 (0.857 - 135.171)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Constant</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.652</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CI: Confidence Interval</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Correlation analysis was performed to further investigate the potential association between AAC and RDW. Patients with AAC had a higher RDW (p=0.014). There was no correlation between the AAC grade and RDW (p=0.055, r=0.135). However, there was a moderate correlation between the AAC grade and recurrent stroke (p&lt;0.001, r=0.277). These results suggest that RDW is not a significant confounder.</p>
        <p>ROC curve analysis yielded a strong predictive ability of AAC grade &#8805; 1 for recurrent stroke (AUC=0.657, p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>). The presence of AAC on chest radiography had sensitivity and specificity of 75.5% and 55.8%, respectively, for recurrent stroke (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Receiver operating characteristic curve of aortic arch calcification for recurrent stroke.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230805-30805-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Area Under the Curve for Aortic Arch Calcification</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">AUC</th>
                  <th align="left">p</th>
                  <th align="left">95% CI</th>
                  <th align="left">Sensitivity</th>
                  <th align="left">Specificity</th>
                  <th align="left">PPV</th>
                  <th align="left">NPV</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>0.657</td>
                  <td>0.001</td>
                  <td>0.572 - 0.742</td>
                  <td>0.755</td>
                  <td>0.558</td>
                  <td>33.33%</td>
                  <td>87.76%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AUC: area Under the curve; CI: confidence interval; PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predictive value.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study aimed to evaluate potential risk factors for recurrent stroke and determine their association with AAC. Consistent with these data, aortic calcification, which is a specific subgroup of this condition, was found to be a predictor of both incident and recurrent strokes, which is a specific subgroup of this condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the RDW value is higher in patients with recurrent stroke. These findings may serve as clinical guidelines.</p>
        <p>This study included patients with any form of stroke. Therefore, it is expected that there will be no significant difference in classical risk factors. However, an interesting finding is worth noting in the results. In the recurrent stroke group, hypertension was found to be significantly more prevalent at a statistically significant level. Hypertension was the most common cardiovascular risk factor. Although it is generally considered the most important risk factor for the first stroke, its role in the risk of recurrence remains unclear. Although it is an independent risk factor for cerebrovascular events, it also poses a risk within the spectrum of cerebrovascular events. If subgrouping and classification were performed for other risk factors, differences could have been detected. However, it is important to bear in mind that hypertension remains a risk factor for strokes. We believe that the observed difference in the use of RAS blockers between groups also arises from this clinical entity.</p>
        <p>The higher incidence of atrial fibrillation and greater use of anticoagulant drugs in the recurrent stroke group were considered to be a result of the relationship between these clinical conditions. The CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score was evaluated, regardless of the presence of AF in the groups. A significantly higher median CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>&#8211;VASc score was observed in the recurrent stroke group. As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>, in addition to hypertension, the groups were similar, and we believe that this difference can be attributed to hypertension, which is a component of the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score calculation.</p>
        <p>In the recurrent stroke group, a lower GFR was observed. This could be attributed to the fact that the individuals in the recurrent stroke group had poorer performance and higher morbidity, which may have led to a higher prevalence of nutritional issues. Consequently, loss of muscle mass can affect serum creatinine levels and the GFR.</p>
        <p>In a large meta-analysis that included ten studies, predictors of recurrent stroke were examined, and a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and the presence of significant large artery atherosclerosis were found to be associated with recurrent stroke. In this meta-analysis, the findings were assessed based on MRI findings, and the absence of a study that evaluated them using CT or USG has also been discussed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In addition to this meta-analysis, a recent study investigated the relationship between aortic calcification on thoracic computed tomography and cerebrovascular events. In this study, AAC grade &#8805; 1 was associated with recurrent stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> This study also mentioned studies conducted using X-rays; however, these studies did not classify AAC in the same manner as in the current study. Additionally, specialized conditions such as the Agatston score were not included in this study. While thoracic computed tomography is certainly superior to chest radiography in a cross-sectional manner, considering the findings obtained from our study, it can be argued that chest radiography is more cost-effective. Further research could explore the concordance between studies that evaluated the two modalities. Indeed, readily available chest radiographs can be used to determine a patient&#8217;s risk of recurrent stroke. Chest X-rays are often a part of routine hospital admissions in many clinical settings.</p>
        <p>If we consider the concept of &#8220;large artery atherosclerosis&#8221; mentioned in the meta-analysis, the aorta is the starting point of these arteries. AAC is an important indicator of large artery atherosclerosis. The hypothesis of our study is consistent with the findings of this meta-analysis. In our study, an undetermined etiology was most common in the non-recurrent stroke group (44.1%), whereas large artery atherosclerosis was observed at a higher rate in the recurrent stroke group (34.7%). This difference was not statistically significant, possibly due to the small number of potential participants (p=0.138). Another important point is that chest X-rays are more cost-effective, involve less radiation exposure, and are more readily applicable than tomographic and angiographic modalities. Furthermore, in light of the pandemic, chest X-rays are routinely performed in many healthcare centers during hospitalization as a preferred clinical practice.</p>
        <p>Hypertension has a significant effect on the vascular bed. First, increased vascular pressure leads to vascular calcification, an important indicator of hypertension-related vascular damage. The occlusive effect of hypertension plays a role in the etiology of ischemic stroke. Additionally, pressure load can cause rupture and hemorrhage of cerebral vessels, as well as impaired blood supply to the brain tissue owing to compression effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Other factors that play a role in occlusive vascular disease through vascular calcification include inflammation, oxidative stress, advanced age, and the renin-angiotensin system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Vascular smooth muscle cells, similar to osteoblasts, are derived from mesenchymal cells. Under the influence of these factors, muscle cells undergo a phenotypic transition to an osteoblast-like phenotype and produce calcium. Thus, vascular calcification begins with the production of calcium in the intima or media of the blood vessel walls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> AAC leads to increased arterial stiffness, resulting in decreased vascular compliance, and is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> As a result, cerebral blood flow decreases, leading to impaired nutrition in the related brain regions. For example, a strong correlation has been reported between AAC and renal artery calcification, a significant indicator of renal artery disease. There are two important findings regarding the relationship between recurrent stroke and AAC. AAC is a significant prototype of vascular calcification, which is a systemic condition that affects the entire vascular bed. Therefore, it is an indicator of the risk in patients with ischemic stroke. This indicated that the calcification process was progressive. In fact, these patients experienced recurrent strokes. This finding is important in demonstrating end-organ damage, which is a crucial endpoint in cardiovascular diseases, as it has resulted in clinical outcomes, such as recurrent stroke.</p>
        <p>Red cell distribution width (RDW) reflects the heterogeneity of red blood cell volume. In our study, higher RDW values were found in the recurrent stroke group, and this difference was statistically significant in predicting recurrent strokes. The relationship between RDW and the risk of ischemic stroke, carotid artery disease, and cerebral emboli has been reported previously.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Additionally, it has been shown that every 1% increase in RDW is associated with a 13% increase in the risk of ischemic stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Our data, consistent with those of other studies, provide additional insights. Our findings are consistent with those of a recent study by Shen et al., which used 5-year follow-up data. Similar to our study, Shen et al. demonstrated a positive association between high RDW levels and an increased risk of recurrent ischemic stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The exact pathophysiological relationship between RDW and recurrent stroke has not been studied extensively. However, similar to AAC, it has been suggested that inflammation and oxidative stress may play a role in the mechanism. Consequently, the survival rate of red blood cells decreases, and erythropoietin production is inhibited, resulting in increased RDW levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study had certain limitations. First, it was conducted at a single center with a relatively small sample size considering cardiovascular diseases. These findings were based on observational data and could not be controlled for confounding variables. In addition, the causal relationship between AAC and recurrent stroke must be determined according to pathophysiological mechanisms. AAC was evaluated for its presence; however, other characteristics such as overall thickness or high-risk features such as ulceration were not evaluated. Furthermore, the overall NIHSS scores were low to moderate, which may limit the generalizability of the results to patients with more severe strokes. Finally, patients with a history of stroke and TIA were excluded, and these data may not apply to this patient population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this study, a statistically significant relationship was observed between recurrent strokes and AAC during one-year follow-up despite the small number of patients. In addition, a relationship was observed between recurrent stroke and RDW. Both parameters are easily accessible and clinically convenient and can provide benefits to clinicians in the monitoring of patients with stroke.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethics</title>
          <p>This study complied with the internationally accepted standards for research practice and reporting. This study was approved by the Tekirdag City Hospital Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (ID #26). Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants following the ethical principles of human research outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tekirdag City Hospital under the protocol number 26. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
