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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">nvnFGgSLb9zccdcLXysc87L</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230785</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Associa&#231;&#227;o de Press&#227;o Arterial Definida pelas Diretrizes ACC/AHA de 2017 e Risco de Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular para Pessoas de Meia-Idade e Idosas na China: Um Estudo de Coorte</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lu</surname>
            <given-names>Qingyang</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xie</surname>
            <given-names>Haijing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6928-023X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gao</surname>
            <given-names>Xuefeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Xicheng District Guangwai Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Xicheng District Guangwai Hospital - Cardiovascular Medicine, Beijing &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Chongming Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Medicine and Health Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Shanghai</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Chongming Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences - Oncology, Shanghai &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Academician of the World Academy of Productivity Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Changchun</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Academician of the World Academy of Productivity Sciences, Changchun &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Xuefeng Gao</bold> &#8226; Academician of the World Academy of Productivity Sciences &#8211; 8th floor, Building C, Hanbang Phoenix Legend, Intersection of 4th Ring Road and Yichang Road, Jingyue Tourism Development Zone Changchun 130028 &#8211; China. E-mail: <email>gaoxuefengdct@outlook.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230785</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: A Associa&#231;&#227;o de Press&#227;o Arterial Definida pelas Diretrizes ACC/AHA de 2017 e Risco de Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular para Pessoas de Meia-Idade e Idosas na China: Um Estudo de Coorte</title>
              <p>
                <italic>Fluxograma da popula&#231;&#227;o selecionada. DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/nvnFGgSLb9zccdcLXysc87L/90f7077bdb05ecbafca7939f47deb46d456db522.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/nvnFGgSLb9zccdcLXysc87L/a7a515f088a4f746608fd7c3c50f646d0f3a0601.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/nvnFGgSLb9zccdcLXysc87L/599d3c0f2f9f124bff4deeeeed0224582c63c7b4.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) &#233; uma s&#233;rie de doen&#231;as que afetam o cora&#231;&#227;o ou os vasos sangu&#237;neos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial (PA) definidos pelo American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) de 2017 diretriz e risco de DCV/doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA) para pessoas de meia-idade e idosos na China.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Um total de 6.644 pessoas de meia-idade e idosas do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de e Aposentadoria da China CHARLS (<italic>China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study</italic>) foram finalmente inclu&#237;das. De acordo com a diretriz ACC/AHA de 2017, todos os indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em quatro grupos: PA normal, PA elevada, hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1 e hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2. O desfecho deste estudo foi considerado o risco de DCV e DCVA. Modelos de regress&#227;o COX univariados e multivariados foram adotados para examinar a rela&#231;&#227;o da classifica&#231;&#227;o de PA ACC/AHA de 2017 com o risco de DCV. Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada foram utilizados para investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de PA e o risco de DCVA. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de subgrupos baseadas em idade, sexo e uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. P&lt;0,05 foi aceito como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Ap&#243;s ajustar todas as covari&#225;veis, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes de meia-idade e idosos com PA normal, descobrimos que pacientes com hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1/2 estavam associados a um maior risco de DCV, separadamente. Simultaneamente, tamb&#233;m observamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre indiv&#237;duos com PA elevada, hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1, hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2 e maior risco de DCVA no modelo totalmente ajustado. O resultado das an&#225;lises de subgrupos indicou que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1/2 e DCV/DCVA alta foi robusta em diferentes idades e sexos, e participantes sem uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA de acordo com as diretrizes de PA da ACC/AHA de 2017 pode ser aplicada &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Pessoa de Meia-Idade</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) &#233; uma s&#233;rie de doen&#231;as que afetam o cora&#231;&#227;o ou os vasos sangu&#237;neos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Atualmente &#233; reconhecida como a principal causa de morte em todo o mundo e &#233; respons&#225;vel por mais de 40% das mortes na China.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Na China, a preval&#234;ncia de DCV ainda est&#225; a aumentar com o desenvolvimento socioecon&#243;mico, o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o e as mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Estima-se que a preval&#234;ncia de DCV tenha se duplicado desde 1990, atingindo quase 94 milh&#245;es em 2016, o que imp&#244;s um fardo aos custos de sa&#250;de e econ&#243;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Portanto, compreender o impacto dos fatores de risco de DCV &#233; fundamental para otimizar as medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o de DCV.</p>
      <p>&#201; do conhecimento comum que a hipertens&#227;o est&#225; significativamente associada ao risco de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias mostram que pessoas de meia-idade e idosos t&#234;m maior probabilidade de sofrer de hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O manejo eficaz da hipertens&#227;o desempenha um papel importante na preven&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de DCV em pessoas de meia-idade e idosos. Atualmente, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &#8805;140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) &#8805;90 mmHg &#233; comumente usada para definir hipertens&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa com base nas diretrizes de press&#227;o arterial (PA) da CHL (<italic>Chinese Hypertension League</italic>) de 2018.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">7</xref></sup> No entanto, em 2017, o American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) divulgou uma diretriz atualizada sobre novos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para hipertens&#227;o:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1 foi definida como PAS com 130-139 mmHg ou PAD com 80-89 mmHg; hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2 foi definida como PAS&#8805;140 mmHg ou PAD&#8805;90 mmHg. As diretrizes da ACC/AHA podem superestimar a preval&#234;ncia e o n&#250;mero de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o. Ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro se as diretrizes ACC/AHA de 2017 se aplicam &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa. V&#225;rios estudos investigaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o definida pelas diretrizes ACC/AHA de 2017 e risco de DCV entre a popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Um estudo epidemiol&#243;gico realizado entre adultos com idade entre 35 e 49 anos em &#225;reas rurais, na China, mostrou que a hipertens&#227;o em est&#225;gio 1 definida pelas diretrizes ACC/AHA de 2017 estava associada a um maior risco de acidente vascular cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No estudo de Qi Y, et al., eles relataram que a hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1 do ACC/AHA de 2017 estava relacionada ao risco cardiovascular entre adultos chineses jovens e de meia-idade (35-59 anos), mas n&#227;o naqueles &#8805;60 anos de idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, Xie YX, et al., tamb&#233;m apontaram que o controle da PA em pacientes chineses idosos (&#8805;60 anos) com hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1 pode ajudar a reduzir o risco de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Claramente, os resultados dos estudos sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a hipertens&#227;o sob os novos crit&#233;rios e o risco de DCV na popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa ainda eram controversos at&#233; agora.</p>
      <p>Aqui, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o de PA ACC/AHA de 2017 e o risco de DCV para pessoas de meia-idade e idosos na China com base no banco de dados do <italic>China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study</italic> CHARLS. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m exploramos ainda mais a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o de PA ACC/AHA de 2017 e o risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Todos os dados deste estudo foram derivados do banco de dados CHARLS. O CHARLS adotou uma estrat&#233;gia de amostragem em v&#225;rios est&#225;gios cobrindo 28 prov&#237;ncias, 150 condados e 450 aldeias/comunidades urbanas, que coletou informa&#231;&#245;es dos sujeitos sobre informa&#231;&#245;es pessoais, fam&#237;lia, estado de sa&#250;de, medi&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, utiliza&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os m&#233;dicos e seguros de sa&#250;de, trabalho, aposentadoria e pens&#245;es, renda, consumo, ativos e informa&#231;&#245;es da comunidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Os dados de base do CHARLS foram coletados em 2011, onda 2 em 2013, onda 3 em 2015 e onda 4 em 2018.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O CHARLS foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de Revis&#227;o Institucional da Universidade de Pequim. Todos os participantes receberam consentimento informado por escrito.</p>
        <p>Para este estudo de coorte, selecionamos participantes do banco de dados CHARLS em 2011 (n=15.264). Exclu&#237;mos alguns indiv&#237;duos que atendiam aos seguintes crit&#233;rios: (1) participantes com hist&#243;rico de DCV no in&#237;cio do estudo (n=2.237); (2) participantes com registros ausentes de PAS ou PAD no in&#237;cio do estudo (n=2.996); (3) participantes com dados faltantes sobre informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas, comorbidades, hist&#243;rico de medica&#231;&#227;o e indicadores laboratoriais dos participantes (n=3.387). Um total de 6.644 adultos eleg&#237;veis com idade &#8805;45 anos foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo de coorte (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial</title>
        <p>Os entrevistadores do CHARLS foram at&#233; a casa de cada participante e mediram a PA. Ap&#243;s o participante ter descansado por pelo menos 10 minutos, a PAS e a PAD foram medidas no bra&#231;o esquerdo do participante de acordo com procedimentos padr&#227;o, e tr&#234;s vezes com pelo menos 45 segundos de intervalo no dia da entrevista do estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> De acordo com a diretriz ACC/AHA de 2017,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> todos os indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em quatro grupos: grupo PA normal (PAS&lt;120 mmHg e PAD&lt;80 mmHg), grupo PA elevada (PAS: 120&#8208;129 mmHg e PAD&lt;80 mmHg), grupo hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1 ( PAS: 130-139 mm Hg ou PAD: 80-89 mm Hg) e grupo de hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2 (PAS&#8805; 140 mm Hg ou PAD &#8805;90 mm Hg).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O resultado deste estudo foi o risco de DCV e o risco de DCVA em 10 anos evento. Semelhante a estudos anteriores, a DCV foi avaliada pelas seguintes perguntas: Um m&#233;dico lhe disse que voc&#234; foi diagnosticado com um acidente vascular cerebral&#8221; ou &#8220;Um m&#233;dico lhe disse que voc&#234; foi diagnosticado com um ataque card&#237;aco, angina, doen&#231;a coronariana, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou outros problemas card&#237;acos?&#8221; Os participantes que responderam &#8220;sim&#8221; &#224; pergunta durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento foram definidos como portadores de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De acordo com as diretrizes ACC/AHA de 2019,O risco de DCVA (%) foi calculado com base na idade, sexo, etnia, colesterol total (CT), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C), PAS, diabetes, tratamento para hipertens&#227;o e tabagismo.<sup>17</sup> Um estimador de risco DCVA Plus online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://tools.acc.org/dcva-risk-estimator-plus/#!/calculate/estimate/">https://tools.acc.org/dcva-risk-estimator-plus/#!/calculate/estimate/</ext-link>. Todos os pacientes foram classificados como de baixo risco (DCVA&lt;7,5%) e alto risco (DCVA&#8805; 7,5%) neste estudo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Covari&#225;veis potenciais</title>
        <p>Extra&#237;mos caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos participantes: idade (anos), sexo, altura (cm), peso (kg), consumo de &#225;lcool, tabagismo, comorbidades (diabetes, depress&#227;o e dislipidemia), hist&#243;rico de medica&#231;&#227;o (anti-hipertensivos, hipolipemiantes, insulina e hipoglicemiantes) e indicadores laboratoriais [CT (mg /dL), triglicer&#237;deos (TG, mg/dL), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade colesterol (LDL-C, mg/dL), HDL-C (mg/dL) e glicose (mg/dL)]. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup>) foi calculado pelo peso em quilogramas dividido pela altura em metros ao quadrado. Diabetes foi definido da seguinte forma: glicose plasm&#225;tica em jejum (FPG) &#8805;7,0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL), glicose plasm&#225;tica aleat&#243;ria &#8805;11,1 nm/L (200 mg/dL), hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) &#8805;48 nm/mol, hist&#243;ria autorreferida de diabetes ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o antidiab&#233;tica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>An&#225;lise descritiva dos dados: empregou-se o Teste Shapiro-Wilk para avaliar a normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, onde n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia abaixo de 0,05 indica distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica. Neste estudo, todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas exibiram distribui&#231;&#245;es assim&#233;tricas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Para representar a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados cont&#237;nuos, utilizamos a mediana e o intervalo interquartil [M (Q1, Q3)], enquanto as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas usando o teste de Kruskal-Wallis semempregando testes post hoc. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram representadas pelo n&#250;mero de casos e raz&#227;o de composi&#231;&#227;o n (%), e o teste &#967;<sup>2</sup> foi aplicado para compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais de todos os participantes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="13%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Total (n=1945)</th>
                  <th>Grupo PA normal (n=677)</th>
                  <th>Grupo PA elevada (n=269)</th>
                  <th>Grupo de hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1 (n=585)</th>
                  <th>Grupo de hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2 (n=414)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>Teste de normalidade</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">56,00 (51,00,62,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,00 (50,00,60,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">56,00 (51,00,62,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">56,00 (51,00,62,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,00 (52,00,66,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt;60</td>
                  <td align="center">1286 (66,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">500 (73,86)</td>
                  <td align="center">176 (65,43)</td>
                  <td align="center">377 (64,44)</td>
                  <td align="center">233 (56,28)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;60</td>
                  <td align="center">659 (33,88)</td>
                  <td align="center">177 (26.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (34,57)</td>
                  <td align="center">208 (35,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">181 (43,72)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,786</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">913 (46,94)</td>
                  <td align="center">317 (46,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (45,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">284 (48,55)</td>
                  <td align="center">190 (45,89)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">1032 (53.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">360 (53,18)</td>
                  <td align="center">147 (54,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">301 (51,45)</td>
                  <td align="center">224 (54,11)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altura, cm, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">156,40 (151,00.163,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">157,00 (151,20.163,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">157,10 (150,30.163,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">156,70 (151,60.164,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">155,25 (150,00.162,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,382</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso, kg, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">56,00 (49,50,63,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,00 (48,10,60,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">55,60 (49,60,62,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,10 (51,00,66,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,20 (49,50,64,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,061</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup>, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,66 (20,52,25,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">21,78 (19,91,23,97)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,41 (20,69,25,23)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,25 (21,17,26,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,43 (21,05,26,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,448</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bebida, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">652 (33,52)</td>
                  <td align="center">239 (35,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (29,74)</td>
                  <td align="center">204 (34,87)</td>
                  <td align="center">129 (31.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,240</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1335 (68,64)</td>
                  <td align="center">465 (68,69)</td>
                  <td align="center">197 (73,23)</td>
                  <td align="center">388 (66,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">285 (68,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,251</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (2,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (1,48)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1,86)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (2,74)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (3.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,249</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (3,80)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (2,81)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (3,72)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (4,44)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (4,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,362</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Depress&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (0,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,34)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0,97)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,428</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">296 (15,22)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (5.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (8,55)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (20,51)</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (28,74)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulina e medicamentos hipoglicemiantes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (2,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (1,48)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1,86)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (2,74)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (3.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,249</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medicamentos hipolipemiantes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (3,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (2,81)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (3,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (4.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (4,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,420</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CT, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">190,98 (167,40.214,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">187,89 (166,62.208,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">190,21 (161,60.212,24)</td>
                  <td align="center">193,69 (168,17.219,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">195,62 (171,65.220,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,421</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">100,89 (73,46.146,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">92,93 (69,03.129,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">97,35 (70,80.144,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">107,08 (77,88.150,45)</td>
                  <td align="center">107,97 (77,00.163,73)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,137</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">114,05 (93,94.136,47)</td>
                  <td align="center">111,73 (93,17.132,22)</td>
                  <td align="center">111,73 (90,46.130,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">115,98 (94,72.139,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">117,53 (97,04.141,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,635</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,64 (40,98,60,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">52,58 (42,91,61,47)</td>
                  <td align="center">51,03 (40,98,61,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,10 (40,59,59,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">48,33 (40,21,59,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,209</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicose, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">100,98 (93,06.111,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,46 (91,80.107,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">100,80 (92,16.111,42)</td>
                  <td align="center">101,88 (94,32.112,86)</td>
                  <td align="center">105,12 (94,68.116,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,062</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CT: colesterol total; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A regress&#227;o univariada de COX foi adotada para rastrear alguns fatores de confus&#227;o relacionados &#224; DCV. Para examinar a rela&#231;&#227;o da classifica&#231;&#227;o de PA ACC/AHA de 2017 com o risco de DCV em pessoas de meia-idade e idosos na China, realizamos modelos de regress&#227;o COX univariados e multivariados. Modelo 1: modelo de regress&#227;o COX univariado (sem ajuste); Modelo 2: idade, sexo e IMC ajustados; Modelo 3: idade ajustada, sexo, escolaridade, consumo de &#225;lcool, IMC, diabetes, anti-hipertensivos, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C e glicose. Foi calculada uma taxa de risco (HR) com IC95%. Utilizou a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada para rastrear alguns fatores de confus&#227;o relacionados ao risco de DCVA em 10 anos. Realizamos modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o da classifica&#231;&#227;o PA ACC/AHA de 2017 com o risco de DCV e o risco de DCVA em 10 anos. Modelo 4: modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada (sem ajuste); Modelo 5: idade, sexo e IMC ajustados; Modelo 6: idade ajustada, sexo, escolaridade, consumo de &#225;lcool, tabagismo, IMC, diabetes, anti-hipertensivos, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C e glicose. Posteriormente, tamb&#233;m realizamos an&#225;lises de subgrupos com base na idade, sexo e uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. O odds ratio (OR) e o intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% foram calculados neste estudo. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando os softwares estat&#237;sticos RStudio 4.0.3 e SAS 9.4, e p&lt;0,05 foi aceito como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas base</title>
        <p>Para avaliar o impacto dos n&#237;veis de PA no risco de DCV, exclu&#237;mos adicionalmente os participantes que perderam o acompanhamento antes de 2018 (n=4.699). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas iniciais de 1.945 participantes. Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em quatro grupos seguindo a diretriz ACC/AHA de 2017: grupo de PA normal, grupo de PA elevada, grupo de hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1 e grupo de hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2. Obviamente, em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros grupos, incluindo PA normal, PA elevada e hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1, os indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2 pareciam ser mais velhos e tinham um IMC mais elevado. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> tamb&#233;m mostra que &#224; medida que a PA aumenta, tamb&#233;m aumenta a incid&#234;ncia de DCV em 2013, 2015 e 2018. Al&#233;m disso, para aqueles com maior risco de DCVA (DCVA&#8805;7,5%), encontramos uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre PA elevada e um risco aumentado de DCVA em 10 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A incid&#234;ncia de DCV em 2, 4 e 7 anos em diferentes grupos de press&#227;o arterial. DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230785-30785-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A incid&#234;ncia de DCVA em diferentes grupos de press&#227;o arterial. DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230785-30785-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o de PA ACC/AHA de 2017 e o risco de DCV/DCVA</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o de PA da ACC/AHA de 2017 com o risco de DCV dos pacientes e risco aumentado de DCVA em 10 anos. Ap&#243;s ajustar todas as covari&#225;veis (Modelo 2), em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes de meia-idade e idosos com PA normal, descobrimos que pacientes com hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1 e hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2 estavam associados a um maior risco de DCV, separadamente.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA 2017ACC/AHA e o risco de DCV/DCVA</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Resultados 1</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Tamanho da amostra, n (%)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Modelo 1</th>
                  <th>Modelo 2</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Modelo 3</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>HR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>HR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>HR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">DCV</td>
                  <td align="center">PA normal</td>
                  <td align="center">147 (21,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">PA elevada</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (29,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.382 (1.050-1.819)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                  <td align="center">1,279 (0,971-1,686)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,080</td>
                  <td align="center">1,246 (0,944-1,643)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,120</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1</td>
                  <td align="center">201 (34,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.702 (1.376-2.105)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.526 (1.228-1.896)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.379 (1.105-1.720)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2</td>
                  <td align="center">166 (40,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.076 (1.662-2.592)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.735 (1.381-2.179)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.479 (1.168-1.874)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Resultados 2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td rowspan="2"> </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Modelo 4</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Modelo 5</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Modelo 6</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (IC95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (IC95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (IC95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">DCVA (&#8805;7,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">PA normal</td>
                  <td align="center">/</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">PA elevada</td>
                  <td align="center">/</td>
                  <td align="center">2.178 (1.848-2.568)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.826 (1.213-2.749)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">2.048 (1.645-2.550)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1</td>
                  <td align="center">/</td>
                  <td align="center">3.371 (2.951-3.851)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">4.540 (3.190-6.459)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">3.627 (3.023-4.352)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2</td>
                  <td align="center">/</td>
                  <td align="center">7.079 (6.096-8.221)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">13.881 (9.003-21.401)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">7.920 (6.410-9.786)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>PA: press&#227;o arterial; HR: raz&#227;o de risco; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; ACC/AHA: American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; DCVA:doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Modelo 1: modelo de regress&#227;o COX univariado (sem ajuste); Modelo 2: idade ajustada, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal. Modelo 3: idade ajustada, sexo, escolaridade, consumo de &#225;lcool, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, diabetes, anti-hipertensivos, triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade e glicose. Modelo 4: modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada (sem ajuste); Modelo 5: idade ajustada, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal; Modelo 6: idade ajustada, sexo, escolaridade, consumo de &#225;lcool, tabagismo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, diabetes, anti-hipertensivos, triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade e glicose.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Simultaneamente, tamb&#233;m observamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre indiv&#237;duos com PA elevada, hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1, hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2 e maior risco de DCVA no modelo totalmente ajustado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises de subgrupos baseadas em idade, sexo e uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos</title>
        <p>Analisamos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de PA e o risco de DCV/DCVA em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. Conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, para pessoas de meia-idade e idosos de diferentes idades, a hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1/2 foi associada a um risco aumentado de DCV (p&lt;0,05). A rela&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1/2 e DCV permaneceu nos subgrupos femininos. Entre a popula&#231;&#227;o masculina, a hipertens&#227;o em est&#225;gio 2 foi associada a um risco aumentado de DCV com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p=0,023), e a associa&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o em est&#225;gio 1 e risco de DCV tem signific&#226;ncia marginal (p=0,057). Entre participantes de meia-idade e idosos sem uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, tanto a hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1 quanto a hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2 foram relacionadas a um risco aumentado de DCV. Entretanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de PA e DCV n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa em pessoas de meia-idade e idosos em uso de anti-hipertensivos. Notavelmente, uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre diferentes n&#237;veis de PA e maior risco de DCVA foi observada em todas as an&#225;lises de subgrupos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lises de subgrupos com base em idade, sexo e uso de anti-hipertensivos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">An&#225;lises de subgrupos</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">DCV de 7 anos</th>
                  <th colspan="2">DCVA(&#8805;7,5%)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>HR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR (IC95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">An&#225;lise de subgrupo I: Idade&lt;60</td>
                  <td align="center">PA normal</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">PA elevada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,176 (0,820-1,686)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,377</td>
                  <td align="center">1,539 (0,888-2,669)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,124</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.388 (1.048-1.837)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                  <td align="center">3.200 (2.048-4.999)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.886 (1.403-2.535)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">12.486 (6.905-22.576)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">An&#225;lise de subgrupo I: Idade&#8805;60</td>
                  <td align="center">PA normal</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">PA elevada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,384 (0,892-2,148)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,147</td>
                  <td align="center">3.806 (1.608-9.007)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.593 (1.107-2.292)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                  <td align="center">5.261 (2.446-11.318)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.510 (1.039-2.194)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,031</td>
                  <td align="center">19.245 (7.168-51.668)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">An&#225;lise de subgrupo II: Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">PA normal</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">PA elevada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,178 (0,820-1,692)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,375</td>
                  <td align="center">3.449 (1.878-6.336)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,325 (0,991-1,772)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,057</td>
                  <td align="center">14.612 (8.635-24.727)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.429 (1.049-1.945)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                  <td align="center">67.329 (37.550-120.726)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">An&#225;lise de subgrupo II: Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">PA normal</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">PA elevada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,392 (0,903-2,148)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,135</td>
                  <td align="center">3.246 (2.380-4.426)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.591 (1.130-2.239)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                  <td align="center">4.902 (3.760-6.392)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.931 (1.350-2.762)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">12.288 (8.695-17.365)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">An&#225;lise de subgrupo III: Sem uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos</td>
                  <td align="center">PA normal</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">PA elevada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,287 (0,960-1,726)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,091</td>
                  <td align="center">2.963 (2.229-3.938)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.359 (1.064-1.736)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                  <td align="center">6.110 (4.777-7.815)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.504 (1.149-1.967)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">23.147 (16.768-31.952)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">An&#225;lise de subgrupo III: Uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos</td>
                  <td align="center">PA normal</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">PA elevada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,846 (0,353-2,029)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,708</td>
                  <td align="center">3.229 (1.264-8.247)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,265 (0,698-2,295)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,439</td>
                  <td align="center">4.631 (2.178-9.847)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,260 (0,696-2,281)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,445</td>
                  <td align="center">12.992 (5.921-28.505)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>PA: press&#227;o arterial; HR: raz&#227;o de risco; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; ACC/AHA: American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Para DCV: idade ajustada (n&#227;o ajustada na an&#225;lise de subgrupo I), g&#234;nero (n&#227;o ajustado na an&#225;lise de subgrupo II), escolaridade, consumo de &#225;lcool, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, diabetes, medicamentos anti-hipertensivos (n&#227;o ajustado na an&#225;lise de subgrupos III), triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade e glicose. Para DCVA: idade ajustada (n&#227;o ajustada na an&#225;lise de subgrupo I), g&#234;nero (n&#227;o ajustado na an&#225;lise de subgrupo II), escolaridade, consumo de &#225;lcool, tabagismo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, diabetes, medicamentos anti-hipertensivos (n&#227;o ajustado na an&#225;lise de subgrupos III), triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, colesterol.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo de coorte utilizou os dados do banco CHARLS para observar que pacientes com hipertens&#227;o em est&#225;gio 1/2 definida pela diretriz de hipertens&#227;o ACC/AHA de 2017 estavam associados a um maior risco de DCV em compara&#231;&#227;o com a PA normal entre pessoas de meia-idade e idosos na China. Al&#233;m disso, houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre indiv&#237;duos com PA elevada, hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1, hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2 e risco de DCVA em 10 anos.</p>
      <p>Em novembro de 2017, a ACC e a AHA divulgaram uma diretriz cl&#237;nica para a preven&#231;&#227;o, detec&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Ao contr&#225;rio do S&#233;timo Relat&#243;rio do <italic>Joint National Committee</italic> (JNC7) de 2003, que definiu hipertens&#227;o como PAS&#8805;140 mmHg ou PAD&#8805;90 mmHg na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> as diretrizes da ACC/AHA de 2017 recomendam o uso de um limiar de PA mais baixo para diagnosticar hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias recentes sugerem que a diretriz de hipertens&#227;o ACC/AHA de 2017 aumentou substancialmente a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A aplica&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes da ACC/AHA de 2017 tem sido um tema de preocupa&#231;&#227;o global, particularmente o impacto dos n&#237;veis de PA no risco de DCV. At&#233; agora, v&#225;rios estudos foram realizados para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de PA definidos pela diretriz de hipertens&#227;o ACC/AHA de 2017 e a incid&#234;ncia de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No entanto, esses resultados t&#234;m sido inconsistentes devido &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o. Um estudo retrospectivo incluindo 15.508.537 participantes coreanos com idades entre 20 e 39 anos demonstrou que a hipertens&#227;o em est&#225;gio 1 est&#225; associada a um risco maior de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Um estudo de coorte multiprovincial na China mostrou que a hipertens&#227;o em est&#225;gio 1 definida pela diretriz de hipertens&#227;o ACC/AHA de 2017 n&#227;o estava relacionada ao risco de DCV em participantes com idade &#8805;60 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, um estudo de coorte do norte da China ilustrou que a hipertens&#227;o em est&#225;gio 1 [taxa de risco = 1,25, IC 95%: 1,11-1,40] apresentava um risco maior de eventos cardiovasculares em compara&#231;&#227;o com a PA normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Em compara&#231;&#227;o, nosso estudo &#233; o primeiro realizado na China a investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de PA e o risco de DCV/DCVA em pessoas de meia-idade e idosos (&#8805;45 anos) com base no banco de dados CHARLS.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, ap&#243;s ajuste dos fatores de confus&#227;o, a hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1/2 foi correlacionada com um risco aumentado de DCV em 7 anos. Esses resultados indicaram que PAS &#8805;130 mmHg ou PAD &#8805;80 mmHg foi considerada um fator de risco para DCV de longo prazo em pessoas de meia-idade e idosas. No entanto, de acordo com as diretrizes de PA do CHL de 2018, PAS&#8805;140 mmHg e/ou PAD&#8805;90 mmHg &#233; comumente usada para definir hipertens&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa. A hipertens&#227;o tem sido reconhecida como um fator de risco para DCV. Em outras palavras, a classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA de acordo com as diretrizes de PA da ACC/AHA de 2017 pode ser aplicada &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa. Mais pesquisas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para verificar as descobertas no futuro. Pesquisas anteriores demonstraram que a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de DCVA &#233; um passo crucial no manejo da preven&#231;&#227;o de DCV. Este estudo sugere uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre PA elevada e risco aumentado de DCVA elevada em 10 anos. Portanto, &#233; importante permanecer vigilante para a ocorr&#234;ncia de DCVA de alto risco em pacientes com PA mais elevada (PAS&gt; 120 mm Hg ou PAD&gt; 80 mm Hg).</p>
      <p>Um estudo de coorte prospectivo da China mostrou que a hipertens&#227;o em est&#225;gio 1 estava associada a um risco aumentado de acidente vascular cerebral em mulheres rurais com idade &#8805; 45 anos, e a hipertens&#227;o em est&#225;gio 2 estava associada a um risco significativamente aumentado de acidente vascular cerebral em mulheres com mais de 35 anos de idade em compara&#231;&#227;o com a PA normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Neste estudo, descobrimos que a hipertens&#227;o em est&#225;gio 1/2 exerceu um impacto significativo no risco de DCV a longo prazo em homens e mulheres chineses.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem v&#225;rios pontos fortes. Usamos o banco de dados CHARLS que era uma amostra representativa nacionalmente de adultos chineses de meia e mais idade, e os resultados podem ter ampla generaliza&#231;&#227;o na China. Al&#233;m disso, a PA foi medida de forma objetiva e n&#227;o autorreferida no presente estudo. No entanto, este estudo tamb&#233;m tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, uma vez que todos os dados deste estudo foram derivados da base de dados CHARLS, o diagn&#243;stico de DCV e diabetes baseou-se nos auto-relatos dos participantes, o que pode subestimar a incid&#234;ncia real de DCV e diabetes. Em segundo lugar, embora tenhamos ajustado v&#225;rias covari&#225;veis que podem confundir a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o risco de DCV e os n&#237;veis de PA entre pessoas de meia-idade e idosos, alguns fatores de confus&#227;o, como indicadores laboratoriais, h&#225;bitos de vida, atividade f&#237;sica e hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o foram captados em este estudo. Mais estudos prospectivos precisam ser realizados no futuro para explorar esta associa&#231;&#227;o entre o risco de DCV e os n&#237;veis de PA definidos pela diretriz de hipertens&#227;o ACC/AHA de 2017. Em terceiro lugar, o resultado deste estudo baseou-se numa popula&#231;&#227;o de adultos chineses de meia-idade e mais velhos, pelo que os nossos resultados podem n&#227;o se aplicar a popula&#231;&#245;es de outros pa&#237;ses.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, este estudo indicou que a classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA de acordo com as diretrizes de PA da ACC/AHA de 2017 pode ser aplicada &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa. Quando PAS &#8805;130 mmHg ou PAD &#8805;80 mmHg, pessoas de meia-idade e idosos podem ter maior risco de DCV. Al&#233;m disso, deve ser dada maior aten&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade e idosos com PA elevada (PAS &gt;120 mmHg ou PAD &gt;80 mmHg) devido ao seu potencial elevado risco de DCVA.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230785i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Association of Blood Pressure Defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA Guidelines and Cardiovascular Disease Risk for Middle-Aged and Elderly People in China: A Cohort Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lu</surname>
            <given-names>Qingyang</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xie</surname>
            <given-names>Haijing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6928-023X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gao</surname>
            <given-names>Xuefeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Xicheng District Guangwai Hospital - Cardiovascular Medicine, Beijing &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Chongming Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences - Oncology, Shanghai &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Academician of the World Academy of Productivity Sciences, Changchun &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Xuefeng Gao</bold> &#8226; Academician of the World Academy of Productivity Sciences &#8211; 8th floor, Building C, Hanbang Phoenix Legend, Intersection of 4th Ring Road and Yichang Road, Jingyue Tourism Development Zone Changchun 130028 &#8211; China. E-mail: gaoxuefengdct@outlook.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: The Association of Blood Pressure Defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA Guidelines and Cardiovascular Disease Risk for Middle-Aged and Elderly People in China: A Cohort Study</title>
              <p>Flow chart of the selected population. CVD: cardiovascular disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230785-30785-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a series of diseases affecting the heart or blood vessels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To assess the relationship between blood pressure (BP) levels defined by the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline and CVD/atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk for middle-aged and elderly people in China.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A total of 6,644 middle-aged and elderly people from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were finally included. According to the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline, all subjects were divided into four groups: normal BP, elevated BP, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension. The outcome of this study was considered as the risk of CVD and ASCVD. Univariate and multivariate COX regression models were adopted to examine the relationship of the 2017 ACC/AHA BP classification with the risk of CVD. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between BP levels and ASCVD risk. Subgroup analyses based on age, gender, and use of antihypertensive drugs were performed. P&lt;0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> After adjusting all covariates, compared to middle-aged and elderly patients with normal BP, we found that patients with stage 1/2 hypertension were associated with a higher risk of CVD, separately. Simultaneously, we also observed a positive association between individuals with elevated BP, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and higher ASCVD risk in the fully adjusted model. The result of subgroup analyses implied that the relationship between stage 1/2 hypertension and CVD/ high ASCVD was robust in different ages and genders, and participants without using antihypertensive drugs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> BP classification under the 2017 ACC/AHA BP guidelines may apply to the Chinese population.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Middle Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a series of diseases affecting the heart or blood vessels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is currently recognized as the leading cause of death globally, and accounts for over 40% of deaths in China.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In China, the prevalence of CVD is still on the rise with socioeconomic development, an aging population, and lifestyle changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The prevalence of CVD is estimated to have doubled since 1990, reaching nearly 94 million in 2016, which has imposed a burden on health and economic costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Therefore, understanding the impact of CVD risk factors is critical to optimize CVD prevention measures.</p>
        <p>It is common knowledge that hypertension is significantly associated with the risk of CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Evidence shows that middle-aged and elderly people are more likely to suffer from hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Effective management of hypertension plays an important role in preventing the prevalence of CVD for middle-aged and elderly people. At present, systolic blood pressure (SBP) &#8805;140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP)&#8805;90 mmHg is commonly used to define hypertension in the Chinese population based on the 2018 Chinese Hypertension League (CHL) blood pressure (BP) guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, in 2017, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) released an updated guideline about new diagnostic criteria for hypertension:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> stage 1 hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) with 130-139 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with 80-89 mmHg; stage 2 hypertension was defined as SBP&#8805;140 mmHg or DBP&#8805;90 mmHg. ACC/AHA guidelines may overestimate the prevalence and number of patients with hypertension. Whether the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines apply to the Chinese population remains unclear. Several studies have investigated the association between hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines and CVD risk among the Chinese population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> An epidemiological study performed among adults aged 35-49 years in rural areas, in China showed that stage 1 hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines was associated with a higher risk of stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In the study of Qi Y, et al., they reported that the 2017 ACC/AHA stage 1 hypertension was related to cardiovascular risk among young and middle-aged Chinese adults (aged 35-59 years), but not in those &#8805;60 years of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In addition, Xie YX, et al., also pointed out that controlling BP in elderly Chinese patients (&#8805;60 years) with stage 1 hypertension may help to reduce the risk of CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Clearly, the results of studies on the relationship between hypertension under the new criteria and the risk of CVD for the Chinese population were still controversial so far.</p>
        <p>Herein, the present study aimed to assess the relationship between the 2017 ACC/AHA BP classification and the risk of CVD for middle-aged and elderly people in China based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) database. Additionally, we also further explored the relationship between the 2017 ACC/AHA BP classification and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>All data of this study was derived from the CHARLS database. The CHARLS adopted a multistage sampling strategy covering 28 provinces, 150 counties, and 450 villages/urban communities, which collected subjects&#8217; information on personal information, family, health status, physical measurement, utilization of medical services and health insurance, work, retirement and pensions, income, consumption, assets, and community information.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The CHARLS baseline data was collected in 2011, wave 2 in 2013, wave 3 in 2015 and wave 4 in 2018.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The CHARLS was approved by the Institutional Review Committee of Peking University. All participants received written informed consent.</p>
          <p>For this cohort study, we selected participants from the CHARLS database in 2011 (n=15,264). We excluded some individuals who met the following criteria: (1) participants with a history of CVD at baseline (n=2,237); (2) participants with missing SBP or DBP records at baseline (n=2,996); (3) participants with missing data on participants&#8217; demographic information, comorbidity, medication history, and laboratory indicators (n=3,387). A total of 6,644 eligible adults aged &#8805;45 years were included in this cohort study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood pressure classification</title>
          <p>The CHARLS interviewers went to each participant&#8217;s home and measured the BP. After the participant had rested for at least 10 minutes, SBP and DBP were measured on the participant&#8217;s left arm according to standard procedures, and three times at least 45 seconds apart on the day of the study interview.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> According to the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> all subjects were divided into four groups: normal BP group (SBP&lt;120 mm Hg and DBP&lt;80 mm Hg), elevated BP group (SBP: 120&#8211;129 mm Hg and DBP&lt;80 mm Hg), stage 1 hypertension group (SBP: 130&#8211;139 mm Hg or DBP: 80&#8211;89 mm Hg), and stage 2 hypertension group (SBP&#8805; 140 mm Hg or DBP &#8805;90 mm Hg).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <p>The outcome of this study was the CVD risk and 10-year risk of ASCVD event. Similar to previous studies, CVD was assessed by the following questions: Have you been told by a doctor that you have been diagnosed with a stroke&#8221; or &#8220;Have you been told by a doctor that you have been diagnosed with a heart attack, angina, coronary heart disease, heart failure, or other heart problems?&#8221; Participants who answered &#8220;yes&#8221; to the question during the follow-up period were defined as having CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>According to 2019 ACC/AHA guidelines, ASCVD risk (%) was computed based on age, gender, ethnicity, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), SBP, diabetes, treatment for hypertension, and smoking status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> An online ASCVD Risk Estimator Plus: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://tools.acc.org/ascvd-risk-estimator-plus/#!/calculate/estimate/">https://tools.acc.org/ascvd-risk-estimator-plus/#!/calculate/estimate/</ext-link>. All patients were classified as low-risk (ASCVD&lt;7.5%) and high-risk (ASCVD&#8805; 7.5%) in this study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Potential covariates</title>
          <p>We extracted general characteristics of participants: age (years), gender, height (cm), weight (kg), drinking, smoking, comorbidity (diabetes, depression, and dyslipidemia), medication history (antihypertensive drugs, hypolipidemic drugs, insulin, and hypoglycemic drugs) and laboratory indicators [TC (mg/dL), triglycerides (TG, mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, mg/dL), HDL-C (mg/dL) and glucose (mg/dL)]. Body mass index (BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup>) was calculated by weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Diabetes was defined as follows: fasting plasma glucose (FPG) &#8805;7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL), random plasma glucose &#8805;11.1 nm/L (200 mg/dL), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) &#8805;48 nm/mol, self-reported history of diabetes, or the use of anti-diabetic medication.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Descriptive analysis of data: we employed the Shapiro-Wilk Test to assess the normality of continuous variables, where a significance level below 0.05 indicates a skewed distribution. In this study, all continuous variables exhibited skewed distributions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). To depict the distribution of continuous data, we utilized the median and interquartile range [M (Q1, Q3)], while group comparisons were conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis test without employing post hoc tests. Categorical variables were depicted by the number of cases and composition ratio n (%), and the &#967;<sup>2</sup> test was applied for the comparison between groups.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The baseline characteristics of all participants</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="13%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Total (n=1945)</th>
                    <th>Normal BP group (n=677)</th>
                    <th>Elevated BP group (n=269)</th>
                    <th>Stage 1 hypertension group (n=585)</th>
                    <th>Stage 2 hypertension group (n=414)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>Normality test</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">56.00 (51.00,62.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">54.00 (50.00,60.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">56.00 (51.00,62.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">56.00 (51.00,62.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">58.00 (52.00,66.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years, n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt;60</td>
                    <td align="center">1286 (66.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">500 (73.86)</td>
                    <td align="center">176 (65.43)</td>
                    <td align="center">377 (64.44)</td>
                    <td align="center">233 (56.28)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805;60</td>
                    <td align="center">659 (33.88)</td>
                    <td align="center">177 (26.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">93 (34.57)</td>
                    <td align="center">208 (35.56)</td>
                    <td align="center">181 (43.72)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gender, n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.786</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">913 (46.94)</td>
                    <td align="center">317 (46.82)</td>
                    <td align="center">122 (45.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">284 (48.55)</td>
                    <td align="center">190 (45.89)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">1032 (53.06)</td>
                    <td align="center">360 (53.18)</td>
                    <td align="center">147 (54.65)</td>
                    <td align="center">301 (51.45)</td>
                    <td align="center">224 (54.11)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Height, cm, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">156.40 (151.00,163.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">157.00 (151.20,163.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">157.10 (150.30,163.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">156.70 (151.60,164.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">155.25 (150.00,162.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.382</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight, kg, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">56.00 (49.50,63.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">54.00 (48.10,60.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">55.60 (49.60,62.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">58.10 (51.00,66.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">57.20 (49.50,64.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.061</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup>, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">22.66 (20.52,25.21)</td>
                    <td align="center">21.78 (19.91,23.97)</td>
                    <td align="center">22.41 (20.69,25.23)</td>
                    <td align="center">23.25 (21.17,26.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">23.43 (21.05,26.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.448</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Drinking, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">652 (33.52)</td>
                    <td align="center">239 (35.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">80 (29.74)</td>
                    <td align="center">204 (34.87)</td>
                    <td align="center">129 (31.16)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.240</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1335 (68.64)</td>
                    <td align="center">465 (68.69)</td>
                    <td align="center">197 (73.23)</td>
                    <td align="center">388 (66.32)</td>
                    <td align="center">285 (68.84)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.251</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (2.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (1.48)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (1.86)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (2.74)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (3.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.249</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">74 (3.80)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (2.81)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (3.72)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (4.44)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (4.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.362</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Depression, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (0.67)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (0.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0.34)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (0.97)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.428</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antihypertensive drugs, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">296 (15.22)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (5.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (8.55)</td>
                    <td align="center">120 (20.51)</td>
                    <td align="center">119 (28.74)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insulin and hypoglycemic drugs, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (2.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (1.48)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (1.86)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (2.74)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (3.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.249</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypolipidemic drugs, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">71 (3.65)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (2.81)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (3.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (4.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (4.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.420</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TC, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">190.98 (167.40,214.95)</td>
                    <td align="center">187.89 (166.62,208.76)</td>
                    <td align="center">190.21 (161.60,212.24)</td>
                    <td align="center">193.69 (168.17,219.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">195.62 (171.65,220.36)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.421</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TG, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">100.89 (73.46,146.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">92.93 (69.03,129.21)</td>
                    <td align="center">97.35 (70.80,144.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">107.08 (77.88,150.45)</td>
                    <td align="center">107.97 (77.00,163.73)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.137</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">114.05 (93.94,136.47)</td>
                    <td align="center">111.73 (93.17,132.22)</td>
                    <td align="center">111.73 (90.46,130.67)</td>
                    <td align="center">115.98 (94.72,139.56)</td>
                    <td align="center">117.53 (97.04,141.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.635</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.64 (40.98,60.31)</td>
                    <td align="center">52.58 (42.91,61.47)</td>
                    <td align="center">51.03 (40.98,61.08)</td>
                    <td align="center">49.10 (40.59,59.15)</td>
                    <td align="center">48.33 (40.21,59.92)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.209</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Glucose, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">100.98 (93.06,111.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">98.46 (91.80,107.82)</td>
                    <td align="center">100.80 (92.16,111.42)</td>
                    <td align="center">101.88 (94.32,112.86)</td>
                    <td align="center">105.12 (94.68,116.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.062</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>BMI: body mass index; Tc: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Univariate COX regression was adopted to screen some confounding factors related to CVD. To examine the relationship of the 2017 ACC/AHA BP classification with the risk of CVD for middle-aged and elderly people in China, we performed univariate and multivariate COX regression models. Model 1: univariate COX regression model (no adjustment); Model 2: adjusted age, gender, and BMI; Model 3: adjusted age, gender, educational level, drinking, BMI, diabetes, antihypertensive drugs, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, and glucose. A hazard ratio (HR) with 95%CI was calculated. Used the univariate logistic regression analysis to screen some confounding factors related to the 10-year risk of ASCVD. We performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression models to assess the relationship of the 2017 ACC/AHA BP classification with the risk of CVD and the 10-year risk of ASCVD. Model 4: univariate logistic regression model (no adjustment); Model 5: adjusted age, gender, and BMI; Model 6: adjusted age, gender, educational level, drinking, smoking, BMI, diabetes, antihypertensive drugs, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, and glucose. Subsequently, we also conducted subgroup analyses based on the age, gender, and use of antihypertensive drugs. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated in this study. All analyses were performed using RStudio 4.0.3 and SAS 9.4 statistical software, and <italic>P</italic> &lt;0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>To evaluate the impact of BP levels on CVD risk, we additionally excluded participants who were lost to follow-up before 2018 (n=4699). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the baseline characteristics of 1,945 participants. All subjects were divided into four groups following the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline: normal BP group, elevated BP group, stage 1 hypertension group, and stage 2 hypertension group. Obviously, compared to other groups including normal BP, elevated BP, and stage 1 hypertension, individuals with stage 2 hypertension appeared to be older, and had a higher BMI. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> also displays that as BP increases, so does the incidence of CVD in 2013, 2015, and 2018. In addition, for those with higher ASCVD risk (ASCVD&#8805;7.5%), we found a positive correlation between elevated BP and an increased 10-year higher risk of ASCVD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The incidence of 2-year, 4-year, and 7-year CVD in different blood pressure groups. CVD: cardiovascular disease.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230785-30785-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The incidence of ASCVD in different blood pressure groups. ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230785-30785-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Relationship of 2017 ACC/AHA BP classification and CVD/ASCVD risk</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the relationship between the 2017 ACC/AHA BP classification with patients&#8217; risk of CVD and 10-year higher risk of ASCVD. After adjusting all covariates (Model 2), compared to middle-aged and elderly patients with normal BP, we found that patients with stage 1 hypertension and stage 2 hypertension were associated with a higher risk of CVD, separately.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The relationship between 2017ACC/AHA BP classification and the risk of CVD/ ASCVD</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="11%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" rowspan="2">
                      <bold>Outcomes 1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                      <bold>Variables</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                      <bold>Sample size, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <bold>Model 1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Model 2</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <bold>Model 3</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>HR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>HR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>HR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">CVD</td>
                    <td align="center">Normal BP</td>
                    <td align="center">147 (21.71)</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Elevated BP</td>
                    <td align="center">78 (29.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.382 (1.050-1.819)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.021</td>
                    <td align="center">1.279 (0.971-1.686)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.080</td>
                    <td align="center">1.246 (0.944-1.643)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.120</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Stage 1 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">201 (34.36)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.702 (1.376-2.105)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.526 (1.228-1.896)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.379 (1.105-1.720)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Stage 2 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">166 (40.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.076 (1.662-2.592)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.735 (1.381-2.179)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.479 (1.168-1.874)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">
                      <bold>Outcomes 2</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                      <bold>Variables</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td rowspan="2"> </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <bold>Model 4</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <bold>Model 5</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <bold>Model 6</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>OR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>OR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>OR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">ASCVD (&#8805;7.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Normal BP</td>
                    <td align="center">/</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Elevated BP</td>
                    <td align="center">/</td>
                    <td align="center">2.178 (1.848-2.568)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.826 (1.213-2.749)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">2.048 (1.645-2.550)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Stage 1 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">/</td>
                    <td align="center">3.371 (2.951-3.851)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">4.540 (3.190-6.459)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">3.627 (3.023-4.352)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Stage 2 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">/</td>
                    <td align="center">7.079 (6.096-8.221)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">13.881 (9.003-21.401)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">7.920 (6.410-9.786)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>BP: blood pressure; HR: hazard ratio; OR: odds ratio; C: confidence interval; ACC/AHA: American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease. Model 1: univariate COX regression model (no adjustment); Model 2: adjusted age, gender, body mass index. Model 3: adjusted age, gender, educational level, drinking, body mass index, diabetes, antihypertensive drugs, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose. Model 4: univariate logistic regression model (no adjustment); Model 5: adjusted age, gender, body mass index; Model 6: adjusted age, gender, educational level, drinking, smoking, body mass index, diabetes, antihypertensive drugs, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Simultaneously, we also observed a positive association between individuals with elevated BP, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and higher ASCVD risk in the fully adjusted model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Subgroup analyses based on age, gender, and use of antihypertensive drugs</title>
          <p>We analyzed the relationship between BP levels and the risk of CVD/ASCVD in different populations. As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>, for middle-aged and elderly people of different ages, stage 1/2 hypertension was associated with an increased risk of CVD (p&lt;0.05). The relationship between stage 1/ 2 hypertension and CVD remained in the female subgroups. Among the male population, stage 2 hypertension was linked with an increased risk of CVD with a statistical significance (p=0.023), and the association of stage 1 hypertension and CVD risk has a marginal significance (p=0.057). Among middle-aged and elderly participants without using antihypertensive drugs, both stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension were related to an increased risk of CVD. However, the relationship between BP levels and CVD was not statistically significant in middle-aged and elderly people with using antihypertensive drugs. Notably, a positive relationship between different BP levels and higher ASCVD risk was observed in all subgroup analyses.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Subgroup analyses based on age, gender, and use of antihypertensive drugs</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Subgroup analyses</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                    <th colspan="2">7-year CVD</th>
                    <th colspan="2">ASCVD (&#8805;7.5%)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>HR (95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">Subgroup analysis I: Age&lt;60</td>
                    <td align="center">Normal BP</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Elevated BP</td>
                    <td align="center">1.176 (0.820-1.686)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.377</td>
                    <td align="center">1.539 (0.888-2.669)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.124</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Stage 1 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.388 (1.048-1.837)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.022</td>
                    <td align="center">3.200 (2.048-4.999)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Stage 2 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.886 (1.403-2.535)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">12.486 (6.905-22.576)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">Subgroup analysis I: Age&#8805;60</td>
                    <td align="center">Normal BP</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Elevated BP</td>
                    <td align="center">1.384 (0.892-2.148)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.147</td>
                    <td align="center">3.806 (1.608-9.007)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Stage 1 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.593 (1.107-2.292)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                    <td align="center">5.261 (2.446-11.318)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Stage 2 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.510 (1.039-2.194)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.031</td>
                    <td align="center">19.245 (7.168-51.668)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">Subgroup analysis II: Male</td>
                    <td align="center">Normal BP</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Elevated BP</td>
                    <td align="center">1.178 (0.820-1.692)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.375</td>
                    <td align="center">3.449 (1.878-6.336)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Stage 1 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.325 (0.991-1.772)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.057</td>
                    <td align="center">14.612 (8.635-24.727)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Stage 2 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.429 (1.049-1.945)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.023</td>
                    <td align="center">67.329 (37.550-120.726)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">Subgroup analysis II: Female</td>
                    <td align="center">Normal BP</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Elevated BP</td>
                    <td align="center">1.392 (0.903-2.148)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.135</td>
                    <td align="center">3.246 (2.380-4.426)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Stage 1 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.591 (1.130-2.239)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.008</td>
                    <td align="center">4.902 (3.760-6.392)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Stage 2 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.931 (1.350-2.762)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">12.288 (8.695-17.365)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">Subgroup analysis III: Without using antihypertensive drugs</td>
                    <td align="center">Normal BP</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Elevated BP</td>
                    <td align="center">1.287 (0.960-1.726)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.091</td>
                    <td align="center">2.963 (2.229-3.938)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Stage 1 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.359 (1.064-1.736)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.014</td>
                    <td align="center">6.110 (4.777-7.815)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Stage 2 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.504 (1.149-1.967)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                    <td align="center">23.147 (16.768-31.952)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">Subgroup analysis III: Using of antihypertensive drugs</td>
                    <td align="center">Normal BP</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Elevated BP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.846 (0.353-2.029)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.708</td>
                    <td align="center">3.229 (1.264-8.247)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.014</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Stage 1 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.265 (0.698-2.295)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.439</td>
                    <td align="center">4.631 (2.178-9.847)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Stage 2 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.260 (0.696-2.281)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.445</td>
                    <td align="center">12.992 (5.921-28.505)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>BP: blood pressure; HR: hazard ratio; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; ACC/AHA: American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease. For CVD: adjusted age (not adjusted in subgroup analysis I), gender (not adjusted in subgroup analysis II), educational level, drinking, body mass index, diabetes, antihypertensive drugs (not adjusted in subgroup analysis III), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose. For ASCVD: adjusted age (not adjusted in subgroup analysis I), gender (not adjusted in subgroup analysis II), educational level, drinking, smoking, body mass index, diabetes, antihypertensive drugs (not adjusted in subgroup analysis III), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This cohort study used the data from the CHARLS database to observe that patients with stage 1/2 hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guideline were associated with a higher risk of CVD compared with normal BP among middle-aged and elderly people in China. Additionally, there was a positive association between individuals with elevated BP, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and 10-year higher ASCVD risk.</p>
        <p>In November 2017, the ACC and the AHA released a clinical guideline for the prevention, detection, and management of hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Unlike the 2003 Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC7) which defined hypertension as SBP&#8805;140 mmHg or DBP&#8805;90 mmHg in the general population,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines recommend using a lower BP threshold to diagnose hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Recent evidence suggests that the 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guideline substantially increased the prevalence of hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The application of the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines has been a topic of global concern, particularly the impact of BP levels on CVD risk. Up to now, several studies have been conducted to assess the association between BP levels defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guideline and CVD incidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, these results have been inconsistent due to the population&#8217;s selection. A retrospective study including 15,508,537 participants in Koreans aged 20-39 years demonstrated that stage 1 hypertension is connected with a higher risk for CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A multi-provincial cohort study in China showed that stage 1 hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guideline was not related to the risk of CVD for participants aged &#8805;60 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Similarly, a cohort study from Northern China illustrated that stage 1 hypertension [hazard ratios=1.25, 95% CI: 1.11-1.40] had a higher risk of cardiovascular events compared with normal BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In comparison, our study is the first conducted in China to investigate the relationship between BP levels and CVD/ASCVD risk in middle-aged and elderly people (&#8805;45 years old) based on the CHARLS database.</p>
        <p>In this present study, after adjusting confounding factors, stage 1/2 hypertension was correlated with an increased risk of 7-year CVD. These results indicated that SBP &#8805;130 mm Hg or DBP &#8805;80 mm Hg was considered to as a risk factor for long-term CVD in middle-aged and elderly people. However, according to the 2018 CHL BP guidelines, SBP&#8805;140 mmHg and/or DBP&#8805;90 mmHg is commonly used to define hypertension in the Chinese population. Hypertension has been recognized as a CVD risk factor. In other words, the BP classification under the 2017 ACC/AHA BP guidelines may apply to the Chinese population. More research is needed to verify the findings in the future. Previous research has demonstrated that assessing ASCVD risk is a crucial step in the management of CVD prevention. This study suggests a positive correlation between elevated BP and increased risk of 10-year high ASCVD. Therefore, it is important to remain vigilant for the occurrence of high-risk ASCVD in patients with higher BP (SBP&gt; 120mm Hg or DBP&gt;80 mm Hg).</p>
        <p>A prospective cohort study from China showed that stage 1 hypertension was associated with an increased risk of stroke in rural women aged &#8805;45, and stage 2 hypertension was associated with a significantly increased risk of stroke in women over 35 years of age compared with normal BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In this study, we found that stage 1/2 hypertension exerted a significant impact on long-term CVD risk in both Chinese males and females.</p>
        <p>Our study has several strengths. We used a CHARLS database which was a nationally representative sample of middle- and older-age Chinese adults, and the results might have broad generalizability in China. Additionally, BP was measured objectively and not self-reported in the present study. Nevertheless, this study also has several limitations. Firstly, since all data in this study was derived from the CHARLS database, the diagnosis of CVD and diabetes was based on the participants&#8217; self-reports, which may underestimate the actual incidence of CVD and diabetes. Secondly, although we have adjusted several covariates that might confound the relationship between CVD risk and BP levels among middle-aged and elderly people, some confounders, such as laboratory indicators, living habits, physical activity, and family history of hypertension were not captured in this study. More prospective studies need to be performed in the future to explore this association between CVD risk and BP levels defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guideline. Thirdly, the result of this study was based on a population of middle-aged and older Chinese adults, hence our findings may not apply to populations in other countries.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, this study indicated that the BP classification under the 2017 ACC/AHA BP guidelines may apply to the Chinese population. When SBP &#8805;130 mm Hg or DBP &#8805;80 mm Hg, middle-aged and elderly people may have a higher risk of CVD. Furthermore, heightened attention should be given to middle-aged and elderly individuals with elevated BP (SBP &gt;120 mm Hg or DBP &gt;80 mm Hg) due to their potential high risk of ASCVD.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
