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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">KyjkFNCJn68BRTphGtv9BfQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230752</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#205;ndices Hematol&#243;gicos Inflamat&#243;rios, Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares e Mortalidade: Uma Revis&#227;o Narrativa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela Aparecida Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1876-524X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia Gon&#231;alves Resende</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Taluane V&#237;vian Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6377-241X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rios</surname>
            <given-names>Danyelle Romana Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Divin&#243;polis</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei, Divin&#243;polis, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Danyelle Romana Alves Rios &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei - Rua Sebasti&#227;o Gon&#231;alves Coelho, 400. CEP <postal-code>35501-296</postal-code>, Divin&#243;polis, MG - Brasil E-mail: <email>danyelleromana@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230752</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o a principal causa de morte em todo o mundo, o que gera um fardo econ&#243;mico significativo de bilh&#245;es por ano no sistema de sa&#250;de. A inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica &#233; conhecida por sua import&#226;ncia na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose e das DCV. Atualmente, os &#237;ndices hematol&#243;gicos inflamat&#243;rios, obtidos atrav&#233;s dos resultados do hemograma completo (HC), t&#234;m sido caracterizados como potenciais fatores progn&#243;sticos para mortalidade nas DCV. Esses &#237;ndices s&#227;o calculados a partir da contagem de neutr&#243;filos, linf&#243;citos, plaquetas e mon&#243;citos, s&#227;o de f&#225;cil acesso, possuem c&#225;lculos simples e t&#234;m baixo custo, o que facilita sua aplica&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi preparar uma s&#237;ntese de estudos que investigaram a rela&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices hematol&#243;gicos com o risco cardiovascular e mortalidade.</p>
        <p>A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science e Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de (BVS). Foram selecionados estudos que investigaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndices hematol&#243;gicos inflamat&#243;rios com risco cardiovascular e mortalidade.</p>
        <p>Foram obtidos 1.470 estudos na busca, sendo apenas 23 eleg&#237;veis. Descobrimos que o &#237;ndice hematol&#243;gico mais associado &#224; mortalidade geral, eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade cardiovascular foi o &#237;ndice de inflama&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica sist&#234;mica (SII), seguido pelo &#237;ndice de resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica (SIRI).</p>
        <p>Os &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios hematol&#243;gicos mostraram-se vantajosos para triagem e identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com alto risco cardiovascular e risco de mortalidade, podendo ser &#250;teis no direcionamento do tratamento desses pacientes, na obten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre progn&#243;stico e na melhoria da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Contagem de C&#233;lulas Sangu&#237;neas</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o a principal causa de morte no mundo, causando um fardo econ&#243;mico significativo de milhares de milh&#245;es por ano no sistema de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A aterosclerose, caracterizada pela obstru&#231;&#227;o das paredes das art&#233;rias e inflama&#231;&#227;o dos vasos sangu&#237;neos, leva a eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Sabe-se que a inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica &#233; considerada importante na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose e das DCV atrav&#233;s de mecanismos que incluem les&#227;o endotelial vascular, estresse oxidativo e trombose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Na aterosclerose, a desregula&#231;&#227;o do sistema imunol&#243;gico &#233; mediada pelos gl&#243;bulos brancos, o que ocorre atrav&#233;s da libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios e anti-inflamat&#243;rios causadores do surgimento de DCV, como doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) ou acidente vascular cerebral (AVC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A origem e o desenvolvimento das placas ateroscler&#243;ticas est&#227;o associados &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do processo inflamat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O aumento da contagem de plaquetas tem potencial para gerar processos inflamat&#243;rios e um estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico; isso ocorre devido &#224; ades&#227;o das plaquetas &#224; parede dos vasos sangu&#237;neos, aumentando a agrega&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Os principais leuc&#243;citos presentes na regi&#227;o lesada s&#227;o os neutr&#243;filos, que ativam os macr&#243;fagos, e promovem o recrutamento de mon&#243;citos e a citotoxicidade, formando um infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio. Em contraste, os linf&#243;citos regulam a resposta imune.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Atualmente, novos marcadores t&#234;m sido caracterizados como potenciais fatores progn&#243;sticos para mortalidade em DCV, denominados &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios hematol&#243;gicos. Estes s&#227;o obtidos atrav&#233;s de par&#226;metros de hemograma, calculados considerando a contagem de neutr&#243;filos, linf&#243;citos, plaquetas e mon&#243;citos. Esses marcadores s&#227;o vantajosos porque s&#227;o de f&#225;cil acesso, possuem c&#225;lculos simples e s&#227;o de baixo custo, o que facilita sua aplica&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, s&#227;o importantes para detectar indiv&#237;duos com alto risco de desenvolver DCV para que seja poss&#237;vel realizar interven&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias e obter informa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao seu progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os marcadores hematol&#243;gicos inflamat&#243;rios incluem a rela&#231;&#227;o NLR &#8211; neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos; PLR &#8211; rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas/linf&#243;citos; RLM &#8211; rela&#231;&#227;o mon&#243;citos/linf&#243;citos; raz&#227;o derivada de neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos (dNLR &#8211; neutr&#243;filos/leuc&#243;citos globais &#8211; neutr&#243;filos); &#205;ndice de Resposta Inflamat&#243;ria Sist&#234;mica (SIRI &#8211; neutr&#243;filo x mon&#243;cito/linf&#243;cito); &#205;ndice Agregado de Inflama&#231;&#227;o Sist&#234;mica (AISI &#8211; neutr&#243;filos x mon&#243;citos x plaquetas/linf&#243;citos); e o &#205;ndice Inflamat&#243;rio Sist&#234;mico (SII &#8211; plaquetas x neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230752-30752-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>O presente estudo &#233; uma revis&#227;o narrativa que visa reunir e preparar uma s&#237;ntese e uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica da potencial contribui&#231;&#227;o destes novos marcadores hematol&#243;gicos para o risco cardiovascular e a mortalidade.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gia de pesquisa</title>
        <p>A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science e Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de (BVS). O acesso &#224;s bases de dados foi feito pelo portal CAPES e os descritores utilizados foram: "doen&#231;a cardiovascular", "rela&#231;&#227;o linf&#243;citos neutr&#243;filos", "rela&#231;&#227;o de linf&#243;citos plaquet&#225;rios", "rela&#231;&#227;o linf&#243;citos mon&#243;citos", "&#237;ndice agregado de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica", "&#237;ndice de inflama&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica sist&#234;mica", "&#237;ndice de resposta &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica" e "rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito derivado". Foram selecionados estudos publicados at&#233; mar&#231;o de 2023.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results|discussion">
      <title>Resultados e Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No total, foram identificados 1.470 artigos e 565 artigos duplicados foram removidos manualmente, restando um total de 905 artigos que foram exportados para o aplicativo Mendeley Desktop. O acesso ao texto completo foi feito diretamente pelas bases de dados ou por link gerado pelo Mendeley.</p>
      <p>Posteriormente, dois avaliadores realizaram a leitura dos t&#237;tulos e resumos dos artigos identificados, sendo exclu&#237;dos 859 artigos que avaliavam a associa&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndices hematol&#243;gicos inflamat&#243;rios e outras condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ou estudos n&#227;o relacionados aos &#237;ndices, sendo selecionados 46 artigos para leitura na &#237;ntegra. Ap&#243;s leitura na &#237;ntegra, foram exclu&#237;dos 18 artigos que avaliavam a associa&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndices hematol&#243;gicos inflamat&#243;rios e outras condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ou estudos n&#227;o relacionados aos &#237;ndices, al&#233;m de quatro artigos de revis&#227;o e um artigo cujo texto completo n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel. No total, 23 artigos foram inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o. O fluxograma dos artigos selecionados &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Diagrama de fluxo dos artigos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230752-30752-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A an&#225;lise dos artigos inclu&#237;dos foi realizada por meio da extra&#231;&#227;o dos seguintes dados: ano de publica&#231;&#227;o, pa&#237;s onde o estudo foi realizado, desenho e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, &#237;ndices hematol&#243;gicos, desfechos avaliados e resultados encontrados.</p>
      <p>A maioria dos artigos selecionados foi publicada entre 2021 e 2022 (n=18, 77%), e os &#237;ndices mais avaliados foram SIRI e SII (n=15, 64%). Al&#233;m disso, a China e os Estados Unidos foram os pa&#237;ses respons&#225;veis por 86% (n=20) dos artigos publicados. Quanto ao desenho dos estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o, foram inclu&#237;dos 68% (n=18) estudos de coorte, 14% (n=2) caso-controle e 14% (n=3) estudos transversais. O resumo dos artigos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o narrativa &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resumo dos artigos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Resultado</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Autores</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Design de estudo</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&#205;ndices avaliados</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Resultados</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="5">Mortalidade<break/> geral</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">He et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte prospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com DCVA - N: 2.595 - Pesquisas Nacionais de Sa&#250;de e Exame Nutricional (NHANES)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">O aumento do SII (log-SII &#8805; 6,57) foi associado a pior sobrevida em pacientes com DCVA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Jin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte prospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Popula&#231;&#227;o geral<break/> Coorte Kailuan N: 85.154</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII<break/> SIRI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII (&#8805; 527,08) e SIRI (&#8805; 1,07) aumentaram o risco de AVE e mortalidade geral</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Ye et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com arteriosclerose obliterante de membros inferiores N: 211</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NLR<break/> PLR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NLR elevada tamb&#233;m se correlacionou com mortalidade em um ano</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Popula&#231;&#227;o dos EUA (NHANES)<break/> N&#250;mero: 32.328</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NRL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NLR &#8805; 3 foi associada a um maior risco de mortalidade por todas as causas</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Popula&#231;&#227;o geral N: 30.521 (coorte Dongfeng-Tongji -DFTJ) N: 25.761 (coorte NHANES)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">O SII foi associado a um aumento de 26-38% e 33-50% no risco de mortalidade por todas as causas e por DCV na coorte DFTJ e NHANES, respectivamente. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os n&#237;veis de SII e a mortalidade por c&#226;ncer na coorte DFTJ. Na coorte NHANES, os indiv&#237;duos com SII elevado apresentavam risco aumentado de mortalidade por todas as causas, DCV, c&#226;ncer e outras causas.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="8">Risco de DCV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Jin et al.<break/> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte prospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Popula&#231;&#227;o geral<break/> Coorte Kailuan N: 85.154</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII<break/> SIRI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII (&#8805; 527,08) e SIRI (&#8805; 1,07) aumentaram o risco de AVE e mortalidade geral</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Dziedzic et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Transversal</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia diagn&#243;stica por DAC N: 699</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII<break/> SIRI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com SCA (IAMCSST, IAMSSST) apresentaram valores elevados de SII e SIRI em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com DAC est&#225;vel</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Ye et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com arteriosclerose obliterante de membros inferiores N: 211</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NLR<break/> PLR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NLR e PLR foram positivamente associados &#224; gravidade da DAP, relacionando-se com um mau progn&#243;stico e risco de readmiss&#227;o dentro de um ano</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Chen; Yang.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte prospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes em di&#225;lise peritoneal ambulatorial cont&#237;nua N: 70</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">PLR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">PLR &#8805; 118,53 foi preditor de eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes em di&#225;lise peritoneal ambulatorial cont&#237;nua</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Zhang; Chen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Caso- controle</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NHANES - N: 6.576 Indiv&#237;duos sem PAD: 6.117<break/> Indiv&#237;duos com PAD: 459</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII &#8805; 809,86 foi associado a maior risco de DAP</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Xu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte prospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Adultos de meia-idade e idosos sem DCV e c&#226;ncer N:13.929 (coorte DFTJ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII &#8805; 436,8 foi associado a um risco aumentado de AVC, mas n&#227;o foi associado ao risco de doen&#231;a coronariana.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte prospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte Kailuan<break/> Indiv&#237;duos sem IAM, AVE e c&#226;ncer N: 45.809</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII<break/> SIRI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">O status din&#226;mico (aumento ou manuten&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices em n&#237;veis moderados ao longo de 4 anos) de SIRI e SII foram significativamente associados ao risco de DCV.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Wang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Transversal</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo de Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular Rural do Nordeste da China (NCRCHS) Residentes de regi&#245;es rurais da China N: 7.420</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NLR<break/> SII<break/> SIRI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SIRI mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos. N&#237;veis &#8805; 1,04 tendem a acompanhar risco aumentado de doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas. N&#237;veis aumentados de SIRI correlacionaram-se com risco cardiovascular em 10 anos.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="6">MACE (mortalidade cardiovascular, IAM n&#227;o fatal, AVC n&#227;o fatal, interna&#231;&#227;o por IC, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Saylik; Akbulut.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Transversal</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) prim&#225;ria N:843</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII &#8805; 554,9 foi um preditor independente de MACE em pacientes com IAMCSST e pode melhorar a predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos adversos se combinado com fatores de risco tradicionais<break/> SII foi superior a NLR e PLR na previs&#227;o de eventos adversos em pacientes com IAMCSST ap&#243;s ICP prim&#225;ria</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Fan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte prospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com SCA submetidos a ICP N: 1.553</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">dNLR<break/> SII</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">dNLR &#8805; 2,29 e SII &#8805; 628,60 foram &#250;teis na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SCA de alto risco ap&#243;s ICP</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Fan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte prospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com SCA submetidos a ICP N: 1.542</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">dNLR-PNI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">O escore combinado dNLR-PNI &#233; um par&#226;metro progn&#243;stico &#250;til para identificar pacientes com SCA de alto risco ap&#243;s ICP</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte prospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com SCA submetidos a ICP N: 1.701</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NLR<break/> PLR<break/> MLR<break/> SII<break/> SIRI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Todos os &#237;ndices foram associados a MACE em pacientes com SCA submetidos a ICP, SIRI &#8805; 1,20 pareceu ser o melhor entre os &#237;ndices e quando combinado com o escore de risco GRACE previu MACE com maior precis&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Yang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com DAC submetidos a ICP N: 5.602</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII &#8805; 694,3 foi associado a risco aumentado de MACE, AVE n&#227;o fatal, IAM n&#227;o fatal e mortalidade cardiovascular</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Han et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte prospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com SCA submetidos a ICP N: 1.724</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SIRI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SIRI &gt; 1,02 foi associado a maior risco de MACE. Adicionar SIRI &#224; pontua&#231;&#227;o de risco GRACE aumenta a capacidade de prever MACE</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="7">Mortalidade<break/> cardiovascular</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Urbanowicz et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) N:538</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NLR<break/> SIRI<break/> AISI<break/> SII</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NRL &#8805; 3,5 e SIRI &#8805; 5,4 foram os marcadores mais proeminentes de mortalidade em longo prazo ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem CEC</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Zhai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Controle de caso</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes internados na UTI card&#237;aca N: 5.577</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">PLR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">PLR &#8805; 271 foi relacionada ao aumento da taxa de mortalidade hospitalar, ao tempo prolongado de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI e ao tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Meng et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes cr&#237;ticos com IAM sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMSSST) N: 1.273</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">PLR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">PLR &#8805; 195,8 est&#225; associada a um risco aumentado de mortalidade em curto prazo em pacientes gravemente enfermos com IAMSSST</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Gupta et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte prospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Adultos ambulatoriais nos EUA sem DCV (NHANES) N: 21.599</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">MLR,<break/> NLR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">RLM &#8805; 0,30 apresentou o melhor valor preditivo para mortalidade cardiovascular. A adi&#231;&#227;o de MLR &#224; pontua&#231;&#227;o de risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica em 10 anos melhorou significativamente a classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco dos participantes.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Yuan; Ren; Gao.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com IC N: 9.107</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII &#8805; 2.327 pode ser usado como preditor de mortalidade em pacientes cr&#237;ticos com IC</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Popula&#231;&#227;o geral N: 30.521 (coorte Dongfeng-Tongji -DFTJ) N: 25.761 (coorte NHANES)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SII</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">O SII foi associado a um aumento de 26-38% e 33-50% no risco de mortalidade por todas as causas e por DCV na coorte DFTJ e NHANES, respectivamente. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os n&#237;veis de SII e a mortalidade por c&#226;ncer na coorte DFTJ. Na coorte NHANES, os indiv&#237;duos com SII elevado apresentavam risco aumentado de mortalidade por todas as causas, DCV, c&#226;ncer e outras causas.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Wang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com mais de 60 anos com IC N: 4.225</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SIRI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SIRI &#8805; 4,9 pode predizer mortalidade geral. N&#237;veis elevados de SIRI foram associados a interna&#231;&#245;es mais longas no hospital ou na UTI e ao aumento da necessidade de TRS.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; CV: cardiovascular; MACE: eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores; DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica; IAMCSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAMSSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; ICP: interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DFTJ: coorte Dongfeng-Tongji; NHANES: Pesquisa Nacional de Exames de Sa&#250;de e Nutri&#231;&#227;o; pontua&#231;&#227;o dNLR-PNI (a combina&#231;&#227;o do dNLR e do &#237;ndice nutricional progn&#243;stico [PNI]); GRACE: Registro Global de Eventos Coronarianos Agudos.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos (NLR) e Raz&#227;o derivada de neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos (d-NLR)</title>
        <p>A NLR tem sido proposta como um &#237;ndice que reflete o estado inflamat&#243;rio do indiv&#237;duo, pois engloba a resposta imune inata mediada por neutr&#243;filos e a resposta imune adquirida mediada por linf&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O aumento no n&#250;mero de neutr&#243;filos est&#225; associado &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios como interleucina-6, interleucina-8, fator de necrose tumoral &#945; (TNF-&#945;), esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ROS), enquanto a redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de linf&#243;citos, que ocorre devido &#224; apoptose de linf&#243;citos, tem o efeito de reduzir fatores anti-inflamat&#243;rios, gerando consequentemente disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial que leva ao estresse oxidativo vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Um estudo de coorte retrospectivo realizado com 32.328 indiv&#237;duos norte-americanos do National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre valores elevados de NLR, definidos como NLR &#8805; 3, com mortalidade geral (hazard ratio - HR: 1,43; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% - IC: 1,18 &#8211; 1,73), ap&#243;s 16,8 anos de acompanhamento. No entanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre NLR e mortalidade por causa espec&#237;fica n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Assim, a NRL mostrou-se um &#237;ndice importante, que pode ser utilizado para indicar maior risco de mortalidade geral.</p>
        <p>Em um estudo de coorte retrospectivo realizado com 211 pacientes com arteriosclerose obliterante de membros inferiores (ASO), a NRL foi associada a maior readmiss&#227;o de pacientes e maior taxa de mortalidade no per&#237;odo de um ano, mostrando-se um marcador &#250;til para monitorar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes com ASO de membros inferiores, que pode ser usada como preditor de alto risco cardiovascular e mortalidade geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A dNLR &#233; proposta como uma possibilidade de substituir o NLR quando h&#225; apenas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a contagem global de leuc&#243;citos e neutr&#243;filos, n&#227;o sendo necess&#225;ria a contagem de linf&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Um estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado com 1.542 pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) mostrou que valores elevados de dNLR (&#8805;2,30) est&#227;o associados a uma menor taxa de sobrevida, ap&#243;s acompanhamento de pacientes com dura&#231;&#227;o mediana de 3,1 anos. Esse &#237;ndice foi combinado com o &#237;ndice nutricional progn&#243;stico (PNI), que &#233; determinado pelo n&#237;vel de albumina e contagem de linf&#243;citos, uma vez que a albumina &#233; proposta como biomarcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o. O escore dNLR-PNI (HR: 3,05; IC 95%: 1,50 &#8211; 6,18, p = 0,002) foi um preditor independente de mortalidade geral e readmiss&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) grave. O escore dNLR-PNI pode ser um par&#226;metro progn&#243;stico &#250;til para identificar pacientes com SCA de alto risco ap&#243;s ICP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre os &#237;ndices SII e dNLR e mortalidade e reinterna&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi avaliada nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Observou-se que valores de dNLR &#8805; 2,29 (HR: 2,61; IC 95%: 1,45 - 4,69, p = 0,001) e SII &#8805; 628,60 (HR: 2,55; IC 95%: 1,42 - 4,57; p = 0,002) s&#227;o fatores de risco para mortalidade e reinterna&#231;&#227;o por IC, ap&#243;s acompanhamento por 3,1 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Foi demonstrado que o dNLR tem um papel valioso na identifica&#231;&#227;o de mau progn&#243;stico em pacientes com DCV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Raz&#227;o plaquetas/linf&#243;citos (PLR)</title>
        <p>As plaquetas, assim como os neutr&#243;filos, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios, como quimiocinas e citocinas, contribuindo para a inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular. A ativa&#231;&#227;o das plaquetas promove a produ&#231;&#227;o de trombos como consequ&#234;ncia da ruptura das placas ateroscler&#243;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em estudo caso-controle realizado por Zhai et al. (2021), foram avaliados 5.577 pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) cardiol&#243;gica e constatou-se que PLR &#8805; 271 est&#225; associada ao aumento da mortalidade hospitalar (odds ratio - OR: 1,55, IC 95%: 1,08 &#8211; 2,21), o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI aumentou 2,7 dias e o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar aumentou 7,9 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Chen e Yang (2020), em estudo de coorte prospectivo com 70 pacientes em di&#225;lise peritoneal ambulatorial cont&#237;nua, observaram que os valores de PLR&#8805;118,53 foram considerados fator de risco independente para eventos cardiovasculares, incluindo IAM, IC, angina inst&#225;vel e AVE (OR: 1,05; IC 95%, 1,02&#8211;1,08; p&lt; 0,01), ap&#243;s 22 meses de acompanhamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em um estudo de coorte retrospectivo realizado com 1.273 pacientes debilitados com IAM sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST), a PLR acima de 195,8 foi considerada estatisticamente significativa na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade em 28 dias (HR: 1,54; IC 95%: 1,09 &#8211; 2,18, p = 0,013). Portanto, este estudo mostrou que altos n&#237;veis de PLR est&#227;o associados &#224; mortalidade em curto prazo em pacientes com IAMSSST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ye et al., (2020) realizaram um estudo de coorte retrospectivo com 211 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de ASO de membros inferiores. N&#237;veis elevados de PLR foram associados a pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes com ASO, incluindo maior taxa de readmiss&#227;o de pacientes dentro de um ano, sendo &#250;til para a vigil&#226;ncia desses pacientes. A PLR elevada tamb&#233;m foi associada &#224; mortalidade em um ano nesses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Portanto, a PLR &#233; um marcador considerado vantajoso para predizer alto risco cardiovascular e aumento do risco de mortalidade geral em pacientes com ASO.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Raz&#227;o mon&#243;citos/linf&#243;citos (MLR)</title>
        <p>Os mon&#243;citos s&#227;o c&#233;lulas que produzem mediadores inflamat&#243;rios, podem migrar do sangue perif&#233;rico para o tecido lesado para promover o reparo e ap&#243;s a migra&#231;&#227;o passam a ser conhecidos como macr&#243;fagos, que s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela remo&#231;&#227;o de restos celulares ou tecidos necr&#243;ticos ap&#243;s les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Contudo, esta resposta inflamat&#243;ria focada na restaura&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pode causar remodelamento card&#237;aco oposto e complicar ainda mais o progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Gupta et al. (2021) conduziram um estudo longitudinal com 21.599 pacientes adultos ambulatoriais nos Estados Unidos sem DCV participantes do NHANES e analisaram a efic&#225;cia e a utilidade dos marcadores medidos no in&#237;cio do estudo, incluindo contagens de leuc&#243;citos, neutr&#243;filos, linf&#243;citos e mon&#243;citos, MLR, NLR e prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) para predizer mortalidade cardiovascular em um tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento de 9,6 anos. Valores de MLR acima de 0,30 foram associados a um maior risco de mortalidade por DCV (HR: 1,36; IC 95%: 1,15 - 1,60, p &lt; 0,001). Indiv&#237;duos com MLR elevada apresentaram maior risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA) em 10 anos (8,3% vs. 4,2%, p &lt; 0,001) e escore de risco de Framingham (12,1% vs. 6,0%, p &lt;0,001). Esse marcador foi melhor que a PCR, por exemplo, que, quando adicionada ao escore de risco de Framingham, n&#227;o teve efeito significativo na classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de DCVA em 10 anos. Portanto, a adi&#231;&#227;o de uma MLR elevada ao escore de risco de Framingham melhora a classifica&#231;&#227;o de DCVA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado com 1.701 pacientes com SCA submetidos a ICP, foram observados &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios hematol&#243;gicos PLR (HR: 1,77; IC 95%: 1,19 &#8211; 2,64; p = 0,005), NLR (HR: 1,77; IC 95%: 1,12 &#8211; 2,69; p = 0,008), MLR (HR: 1,80; IC 95%: 1,19 &#8211; 2,72; p = 0,006), SII (HR: 2,24; IC 95%: 1,47 &#8211; 3,41; p &lt; 0,001) e SIRI (HR: 2,56).; IC 95%: 1,68 &#8211; 3,90; p &lt; 0,001) foram positivamente associados a eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAM) que inclu&#237;ram mortalidade geral, IAM n&#227;o fatal e AVE n&#227;o fatal, ap&#243;s 30 meses de acompanhamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Portanto, sugere-se que a MLR, assim como todos os outros &#237;ndices hematol&#243;gicos inflamat&#243;rios, possa ser utilizada como fator progn&#243;stico e para predizer mortalidade em pacientes com DCV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>&#205;ndice Inflamat&#243;rio Sist&#234;mico (SII), &#205;ndice de Resposta Inflamat&#243;ria Sist&#234;mica (SIRI) e &#205;ndice Agregado de Inflama&#231;&#227;o Sist&#234;mica (AISI)</title>
        <p>O SII &#233; calculado considerando a contagem absoluta de plaquetas, neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos, sendo um marcador amplamente utilizado para indicar atividade inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica e pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes com DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os neutr&#243;filos participam da resposta imune e s&#227;o essenciais na regula&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e dos altos n&#237;veis de ROS, e sua atividade est&#225; diretamente relacionada &#224; progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP). Em contraste, os linf&#243;citos regulam a resposta imunit&#225;ria e as plaquetas podem libertar algumas mol&#233;culas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias que s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelo seu papel no desenvolvimento da DAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Zhang e Chen (2022) em estudo caso-controle realizado com a popula&#231;&#227;o NHANES inclu&#237;ram 6.117 indiv&#237;duos sem DAP e 459 indiv&#237;duos com DAP e avaliaram o risco de desenvolver DAP. N&#237;veis elevados de SII (&#8805; 809,86) foram associados a um risco aumentado de indiv&#237;duos apresentarem DAP (OR: 1,51, IC 95%: 1,18&#8211;1,93, p = 0,0012).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Yang et al. (2020) atrav&#233;s de um estudo de coorte prospectivo avaliaram 5.602 pacientes com DAC submetidos a ICP e mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o positiva significativa entre n&#237;veis aumentados de SII (&#8805; 694,3) com mortalidade cardiovascular (HR: 2,02; IC 95%: 1,43 - 2,86), n&#227;o fatal IAM (HR: 1,42; IC 95%: 1,09-1,85), AVE n&#227;o fatal (HR: 1,96; IC 95%: 1,28 - 2,99) e MACE (HR: 1,65; IC 95%: 1,36-2,01), ap&#243;s um tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 54,6 &#177; 35,1 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis aumentados de SII com pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes com DCVA, He et al. (2022) realizaram um estudo de coorte prospectivo e avaliaram 2.595 pacientes com DCVA inclu&#237;dos no NHANES, durante uma mediana de 7,7 anos de acompanhamento e determinaram que SII elevado (log-SII &#8805; 6,57) est&#225; relacionado a um risco 46% maior de mortalidade geral nesses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Outro estudo de coorte retrospectivo avaliou 9.107 pacientes com IC e identificou que aqueles pacientes que apresentavam valores elevados de SII (&#8805; 2.327) estavam sujeitos a maior risco de mortalidade geral em 30 dias (HR: 1,30; IC 95%: 1,16 &#8211; 1,47), 60 dias (HR: 1,27; IC 95%: 1,12 &#8211; 1,42), 180 dias (HR: 1,27; IC 95%: 1,16 &#8211; 1,40) e 365 dias (HR: 1,26; IC 95%: 1,16 &#8211; 1,37), tamb&#233;m como pior progn&#243;stico, pois tinham maior probabilidade de desenvolver infec&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas como diabetes, arritmias card&#237;acas, doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica e tiveram maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em estudo transversal, Saylik e Akbulut (2022) avaliaram 843 pacientes com IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea. Neste estudo, a implementa&#231;&#227;o do SII em conjunto com outros fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos, como idade, diabetes e hipertens&#227;o, melhorou a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco dos pacientes com IAMCSST. Pacientes com IAMCSST com SII alto (&#8805; 554,9) tiveram um risco aumentado de 8,5 vezes de MACE, um risco aumentado de 3,6 vezes de mortalidade card&#237;aca, um risco aumentado de 2,8 vezes de IAM n&#227;o fatal, um risco aumentado de 3,0 vezes de IAM n&#227;o fatal, um risco aumentado de 3,0 vezes de IAM n&#227;o fatal. AVC fatal, risco 11,1 vezes maior de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC e risco 4,1 vezes maior de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s seguimento mediano de 34,2 meses. O SII tamb&#233;m foi melhor que a NLR (p&lt;0,0001) e a PLR (p&lt;0,0001) para predizer MACE em pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos a ICP prim&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O estudo de Li et al. (2021) inclu&#237;ram 30.521 indiv&#237;duos da coorte Dongfeng-Tongji (DFTJ) e 25.761 indiv&#237;duos da coorte NHANES. Na coorte DFTJ, um valor elevado de SII foi associado a um risco aumentado de mortalidade total (HR: 1,26; IC 95%: 1,16 &#8211; 1,36) e DCV (HR: 1,50; IC 95%: 1,32 &#8211; 1,71). No NHANES, os indiv&#237;duos com SII elevado apresentavam alto risco de mortalidade total (HR: 1,38; IC 95%: 1,27 &#8211; 1,49) e DCV (HR: 1,33; IC 95%: 1,11 &#8211; 1,59). O intervalo de refer&#234;ncia considerado alto para a popula&#231;&#227;o NHANES foi de 392,70 a 824,09 e para a popula&#231;&#227;o DFTJ foi de 229,48 a 487,99. O acompanhamento m&#233;dio para a coorte NHANES foi de 7,6 anos e para a coorte DFTJ foi de 8,2 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Outro estudo realizado apenas com participantes da coorte DFTJ incluiu 13.929 adultos chineses de meia-idade e idosos sem DCV e c&#226;ncer e observou que um valor elevado de SII (&#8805; 436,8) aumentou o risco de AVE em 22,4% (HR: 1,22; IC 95%: 1,07 &#8211; 1,41), por&#233;m n&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o entre esse marcador e outros tipos de DCV e SCA; a mediana de acompanhamento no estudo foi de 8,28 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Um estudo de coorte retrospectivo avaliou 538 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) para indicar a sobrevida em longo prazo desses pacientes; o tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de 4,7 anos. NLR acima de 3,5 (HR: 2,21; IC 95%: 1,48 &#8211; 3,32, p &lt; 0,001) e SIRI acima de 5,4 (HR: 0,29; IC 95%: 0,09 &#8211; 0,92, p = 0,036) foram os marcadores mais relevantes para predizer mortalidade a longo prazo ap&#243;s este procedimento cir&#250;rgico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O SIRI &#233; calculado a partir dos valores absolutos de neutr&#243;filos, mon&#243;citos e linf&#243;citos. O aumento desse marcador est&#225; ligado a alto risco de IAM, mau progn&#243;stico para AVE e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Han et al. (2022) avaliaram, por meio de um estudo de coorte prospectivo, 1.724 pacientes com SCA submetidos a ICP e observaram que SIRI (1,74 &#177; 1,06) esteve associado a um mau progn&#243;stico nesses pacientes, sendo considerado um preditor de ECAM (HR: 1,13; IC 95%: 1,03 &#8211; 1,23, p =0,007), incluindo mortalidade geral e IAM n&#227;o fatal, ap&#243;s seguimento m&#233;dio de 927 dias. Esse &#237;ndice tamb&#233;m melhorou o valor progn&#243;stico do escore de risco Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE), muito v&#225;lido para indicar o risco cumulativo de morte e IAM em pacientes com SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Um estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado com 45.809 indiv&#237;duos sem IAM, AVE e c&#226;ncer, participantes da coorte Kaiuan, avaliou dois &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios hematol&#243;gicos, o SII e o SIRI, para predizer a incid&#234;ncia de DCV ao longo de 8,6 anos. Os dois marcadores podem sofrer altera&#231;&#245;es durante o desenvolvimento da DCV. Para realizar a avalia&#231;&#227;o, os &#237;ndices foram divididos em quatro categorias: "padr&#227;o est&#225;vel baixo", "padr&#227;o est&#225;vel moderado", "padr&#227;o aumentado" e "padr&#227;o reduzido". Indiv&#237;duos que manifestaram padr&#227;o aumentado de SII (&#8805;754,8) e SIRI (&#8805;1,56) foram associados a maior risco de DCV (HR: 1,24; IC 95%: 1,02 &#8211; 1,51; e HR: 1,38; IC 95%: 1,17 &#8211; 1,63, respectivamente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Outro estudo transversal realizado com 699 pacientes submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia por DAC, avaliou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre SII e SIRI com o grau de inflama&#231;&#227;o medido por esses marcadores e a gravidade da DAC avaliada pela cineangiocoronariografia. Os pacientes com IAMCSST apresentaram valores de SII e SIRI mais elevados comparativamente ao grupo IAMSSST, que foi superior aos pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel [579 (142&#8211;4467); 576 (103&#8211;4491); 494 (26&#8211;4634)] e [2,0 (0,6&#8211;27,9); 1,7 (0,3&#8211;15,8); 1,6 (0,1&#8211;26,2)], respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em um estudo transversal realizado com 7.420 residentes de regi&#245;es rurais da China, um valor elevado de SIRI (&#8805;1,04) indicou inflama&#231;&#227;o mais grave, que foi avaliada por meio de quatro marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o: SIRI, SII, NLR e rela&#231;&#227;o mon&#243;citos/lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (MHR). O elevado estado inflamat&#243;rio dos indiv&#237;duos aponta associa&#231;&#227;o com o desenvolvimento de DCV em at&#233; 10 anos (HR: 4,61; IC 95%: 2,65 &#8211; 8,02).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Li et al., (2022) avaliaram 1.701 pacientes com SCA submetidos a ICP em estudo de coorte realizado na China. Todos os &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios hematol&#243;gicos foram positivamente associados a eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores e SIRI &#8805; 1,20 foi o &#237;ndice que apresentou maior valor preditivo (HR: 2,56; IC 95%: 1,68 &#8211; 3,90; p &lt; 0,001) quando comparado com NLR (HR: 1,77). IC 95%: 1,16 &#8211; 2,69; p = 0,008), MLR (HR: 1,80; IC 95%: 1,19 &#8211; 2,72; p = 0,006), PLR (HR: 1,77; IC 95%: 1,19 &#8211; 2,64; p = 0,005). e SII (HR: 2,24; IC 95%: 1,47 &#8211; 3,41; p &lt; 0,001), ap&#243;s 30 meses de acompanhamento. Considerando que pacientes com SCA ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de ICP s&#227;o considerados de alto risco, o SIRI foi considerado um importante marcador para estimar o risco de ECAM e indicar a melhor interven&#231;&#227;o na terap&#234;utica desses pacientes por meio da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco individualizada quando associado ao escore de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco GRACE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Num estudo de coorte retrospectivo, Wang et al. (2022) avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre SIRI e desfechos cl&#237;nicos em 4.225 pacientes idosos (acima de 60 anos) com IC. No estudo, SIRI elevado (&#8805; 4,9) foi proposto significativamente como preditor de mortalidade geral em 90 dias e ap&#243;s um ano em pacientes idosos com IC (HR: 1,41, IC 95%: 1,18 &#8211; 1,68). Um valor elevado de SIRI tamb&#233;m foi associado ao aumento do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o ou persist&#234;ncia na UTI (HR: 0,85; IC 95%: 0,16 - 1,54) e &#224; necessidade de terapia renal substitutiva (TRS) (HR: 1,55; IC 95%: 1,06 - 2,28). Entretanto, os mecanismos que revelam essa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram esclarecidos no estudo. Portanto, o SIRI &#233; visto como um &#237;ndice clinicamente relevante para orientar o tratamento e indicar a gravidade da doen&#231;a em pacientes idosos, podendo tamb&#233;m ser utilizado para identificar pacientes com DCV que apresentam alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Jin et al. (2021) por meio de estudo de base populacional acompanharam 85.154 participantes da coorte Kailuan e estimaram a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares (IAM, AVE e mortalidade geral durante 10 anos). SII (&#8805; 527,08) e SIRI (&#8805; 1,07) foram positivamente associados a um risco aumentado de AVE (HR: 1,26; IC 95%: 1,16 - 1,38) para SII (HR: 1,19; IC 95%: 1,09 - 1,31) e SIRI, e tamb&#233;m est&#227;o associados a um risco aumentado de mortalidade geral (HR: 1,25; IC 95%: 1,17 - 1,33) para SII (HR: 1,39; IC 95%: 1,296 - 1,498) e SIRI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O AISI &#233; obtido atrav&#233;s da contagem de neutr&#243;filos, mon&#243;citos, plaquetas e linf&#243;citos. Este &#237;ndice re&#250;ne as c&#233;lulas fundamentais para a condu&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o, sendo um potencial marcador inflamat&#243;rio. Entretanto, esse &#237;ndice &#233; raramente mencionado na literatura e n&#227;o foi encontrada correspond&#234;ncia significativa quanto &#224; sua associa&#231;&#227;o com DCV e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Portanto, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar esta associa&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que o AISI &#233; um &#237;ndice complexo e pode ser um marcador eficaz de inflama&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desafios e perspectivas</title>
        <p>Embora v&#225;rios estudos tenham investigado o papel dos &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios hematol&#243;gicos na predi&#231;&#227;o do risco e mortalidade por DCV, &#233; necess&#225;rio elucidar como esses marcadores podem ser utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para rastrear pacientes de alto risco.</p>
        <p>Descobrimos que o &#237;ndice hematol&#243;gico mais associado &#224; mortalidade geral, eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade cardiovascular foi o SII seguido pelo SIRI. Ambos os marcadores s&#227;o &#237;ndices que possuem mais subtipos de leuc&#243;citos em seu numerador (neutr&#243;filos, plaquetas e mon&#243;citos). M&#250;ltiplas popula&#231;&#245;es de c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas participam na inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#233;mica e a inclus&#227;o destas c&#233;lulas no c&#225;lculo de um &#237;ndice pode refletir melhor o estado inflamat&#243;rio e melhorar a sua capacidade preditiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> H&#225; boas evid&#234;ncias de que os &#237;ndices derivados do c&#225;lculo das propor&#231;&#245;es entre contagens de linf&#243;citos, neutr&#243;filos, plaquetas e mon&#243;citos est&#227;o mais fortemente associados a condi&#231;&#245;es de inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica quando comparados com popula&#231;&#245;es de c&#233;lulas individuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A falta de estudos que discutam valores de refer&#234;ncia para outras popula&#231;&#245;es &#233; um obst&#225;culo que dificulta a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desses &#237;ndices, uma vez que a maioria dos estudos realizados abrangeu a popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa e norte-americana e podem n&#227;o ter validade externa para popula&#231;&#245;es de outros pa&#237;ses.</p>
        <p>Fest et al. (2018) propuseram intervalos de refer&#234;ncia para alguns desses marcadores hematol&#243;gicos inflamat&#243;rios a partir de uma amostra de 14.926 indiv&#237;duos do Estudo de Rotterdam, um estudo de coorte prospectivo de base populacional. O valor encontrado para NLR foi de 0,83 a 3,92, para PLR foi de 61 a 239 e para SII 189 a 1.168. Seu estudo tamb&#233;m constatou que houve diferen&#231;a nos valores adotados como refer&#234;ncia ao considerar as vari&#225;veis idade e sexo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A dificuldade de interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices, bem como a variabilidade dos pontos de corte, tamb&#233;m &#233; um desafio. Nesta revis&#227;o encontramos pontos de corte para SIRI que variaram de 1,04 a 5,5, para SII que variou de 436,8 a 2.327 e para PLR que variou de 118,53 a 271; portanto &#233; importante que cada popula&#231;&#227;o proponha pontos de corte por meio de valida&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. O conhecimento desses valores &#233; essencial para que a aplicabilidade desses marcadores seja poss&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>Assim, embora os &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios hematol&#243;gicos sejam marcadores promissores como preditores de DCV e mortalidade, ainda &#233; necess&#225;rio compreender suas limita&#231;&#245;es para que os desafios possam ser superados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios hematol&#243;gicos provaram ser vantajosos para rastrear e identificar pacientes com alto risco cardiovascular e risco de mortalidade. Podem tamb&#233;m contribuir para a compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos das DCV e podem ser &#250;teis no direcionamento do tratamento desses pacientes, na obten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o progn&#243;stico e na melhoria da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco. Portanto, a divulga&#231;&#227;o desses marcadores, bem como o conhecimento sobre sua utilidade, &#233; importante para que os profissionais de sa&#250;de possam aplic&#225;-los como ferramentas v&#225;lidas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de gradua&#231;&#227;o de Marcela Aparecida Lopes Nascimento pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem &#224;s ag&#234;ncias brasileiras FAPEMIG, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico &#8211; CNPq e Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES).</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230752i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Inflammatory Hematological Indices, Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: A Narrative Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela Aparecida Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1876-524X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia Gon&#231;alves Resende</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Taluane V&#237;vian Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6377-241X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rios</surname>
            <given-names>Danyelle Romana Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Divin&#243;polis</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei, Divin&#243;polis, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Danyelle Romana Alves Rios &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei - Rua Sebasti&#227;o Gon&#231;alves Coelho, 400. Postal Code <postal-code>35501-296</postal-code>, Divin&#243;polis, MG - Brazil E-mail: <email>danyelleromana@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, which generates a significant economic burden of billions per year on the healthcare system. Chronic inflammation is known for its importance in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and CVDs. Currently, inflammatory hematologic indices, obtained through the results of the complete blood count (CBC), have been characterized as potential prognostic factors for mortality in CVD. These indexes are calculated from neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet, and monocyte counts, are easily accessible, have simple calculations, and have low cost, which facilitates their application in practice.</p>
        <p>The aim of this paper was prepare a synthesis of studies that investigated the relationship of inflammatory hematologic indices with cardiovascular risk and mortality.</p>
        <p>The search was been conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Virtual Health Library (VHL) databases. Studies that investigated the association between inflammatory hematologic indices with cardiovascular risk and mortality were been selected.</p>
        <p>1,470 studies were obtained in the search, with only 23 being eligible. We found that the hematological index most associated with overall mortality, cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular mortality was the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) followed by the systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI).</p>
        <p>The hematological inflammatory indices proved advantageous for screening and identifying patients who have high cardiovascular risk and mortality risk, and may be useful in directing the treatment of these patients, obtaining information about prognosis, and improving risk stratification.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Cell Count</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in the world, causing a significant economic burden of billions per year on the healthcare system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Atherosclerosis, characterized by obstruction of the artery walls and inflammation of the blood vessels, leads to cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is known that chronic inflammation is considered important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and CVD through mechanisms that include vascular endothelial injury, oxidative stress, and thrombosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In atherosclerosis, dysregulation of the immune system is mediated by white blood cells, which occurs through the release of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors causing the emergence of CVD, such as coronary artery disease (CAD), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or cerebrovascular accident (CVA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The origin and development of atherosclerotic plaques are associated with the activation of the inflammatory process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Increased platelet count has the potential to generate inflammatory processes and a pro-thrombotic state; this occurs due to the adhesion of platelets to the blood vessel wall, increasing leukocyte aggregation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The main leukocytes present in the injured region are neutrophils, which activate macrophages, and promote the recruitment of monocytes and cytotoxicity, forming an inflammatory infiltrate. In contrast, lymphocytes regulate the immune response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Currently, new markers have been characterized as potential prognostic factors for mortality in CVD, called hematological inflammatory indices. These are obtained through blood count parameters, calculated considering the count of neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, and monocytes. These markers are advantageous because they are easily accessible, have simple calculations, and are low cost, which facilitates their application in practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Furthermore, they are important for detecting individuals who are at high risk of developing CVD so that it is possible to carry out prior interventions and obtain information related to their prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Inflammatory hematological markers include the NLR &#8211; neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR &#8211; platelets/lymphocytes ratio; MLR &#8211; monocytes/lymphocytes ratio; derived neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (dNLR &#8211; neutrophils/global leukocytes - neutrophils); Systemic Inflammatory Response Index (SIRI &#8211; neutrophil x monocyte/lymphocyte); Aggregate Systemic Inflammation Index (AISI &#8211; neutrophils x monocytes x platelets/lymphocytes); and the Systemic Inflammatory Index (SII &#8211; platelets x neutrophils /lymphocytes).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study is a narrative review that aims to gather and prepare a synthesis and a critical evaluation of the potential contribution of these new hematologic markers to cardiovascular risk and mortality.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230752-30752-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Search Strategy</title>
          <p>The search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Virtual Health Library (VHL) databases. Access to the databases was through the CAPES portal and the descriptors used were: "cardiovascular disease", "neutrophil lymphocyte ratio", "platelet lymphocyte ratio", "monocyte lymphocyte ratio", "aggregate index of systemic inflammation", "systemic immune-inflammation index", "systemic inflammation response index", and "derived neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio". Studies published until March 2023 were selected.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results|discussion">
        <title>Results and discussion</title>
        <p>In total, 1,470 articles were identified and 565 duplicate articles were manually removed, leaving a total of 905 articles that were exported to the Mendeley Desktop application. Access to the full text was directly through the databases or from a link generated by Mendeley.</p>
        <p>Subsequently, two evaluators read the titles and abstracts of the identified articles, and 859 articles were excluded, which evaluated the association between inflammatory hematological indices and other clinical conditions or studies that were unrelated to the indices, with 46 articles being selected for reading in full. After reading in full, 18 articles that evaluated the association between inflammatory hematological indices and other clinical conditions or studies that were unrelated to the indices were excluded, as well as four review articles and one article in which the full text was not available. In total, 23 articles were included in this review. The flowchart of selected articles is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flow diagram of articles included in the review.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230752-30752-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The analysis of the included articles was carried out by extracting the following data: year of publication, country where the study was carried out, study design and population, hematological indices, evaluated outcomes, and results found.</p>
        <p>The majority of selected articles were published between 2021 and 2022 (n=18, 77%), and the most evaluated indices were SIRI and SII (n=15, 64%). Furthermore, China and the United States were the countries responsible for 86% (n=20) of the articles published. Regarding the design of the studies included in this review, 68% (n=18) cohort studies, 14% (n=2) case-control, and 14% (n=3) transversal studies were included. The summary of articles included in this narrative review is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Summary of articles included in the review</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Outcome</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Authors</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Study design</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Study population</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Assessed indices</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Results</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="5">General mortality</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">He et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Prospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients with ASCVD - N: 2,595 - National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Increased SII (log-SII &#8805; 6.57) was associated with worse survival in patients with ASCVD</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Jin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Prospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">General population<break/> Kailuan cohort N: 85,154</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII<break/> SIRI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII (&#8805; 527.08) and SIRI (&#8805; 1.07) increased the risk of CVA and overall mortality</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Ye et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients with lower limb arteriosclerosis obliterans N: 211</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NLR<break/> PLR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">High NLR also correlated with one-year mortality</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">US population (NHANES)<break/> N: 32,328</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NRL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NLR &#8805; 3 was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">General population<break/> N: 30,521 (Dongfeng-Tongji -DFTJ cohort) N: 25,761 (NHANES cohort)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII was associated with a 26&#8211;38% and 33&#8211;50% increase in the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in the DFTJ and NHANES cohort, respectively. There was no significant association between SII levels and cancer mortality in the DFTJ cohort. In the NHANES cohort, individuals with elevated SII were at increased risk of all-cause mortality, CVD, cancer, and other causes.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="8">CVD Risk</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Jin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Prospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">General population<break/> Kailuan cohort N: 85,154</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII<break/> SIRI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII (&#8805; 527.08) and SIRI (&#8805; 1.07) increased the risk of CVA and overall mortality</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Dziedzic et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Transversal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography due to CAD N: 699</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII <break/> SIRI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients with ACS (STEMI, NSTEMI) had elevated SII and SIRI values compared to those with stable CAD</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Ye et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients with lower limb arteriosclerosis obliterans N: 211</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NLR<break/> PLR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NLR and PLR were positively associated with the severity of PAD, relating to a poor prognosis and risk of readmission within one year</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Chen; Yang.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Prospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis N: 70</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">PLR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">PLR &#8805; 118.53 was a predictor of cardiovascular events in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Zhang; Chen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Case-control</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NHANES - N: 6,576<break/> Individuals without PAD: 6,117<break/> Individuals with PAD: 459</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII &#8805; 809.86 was associated with a higher risk of PAD</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Xu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Prospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Middle-aged and older adults without CVD and cancer N:13,929 (DFTJ cohort)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII &#8805; 436.8 was associated with an increased risk of CVA but was not associated with the risk of CHD.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Prospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Kailuan cohort<break/> Individuals without AMI, CVA, and cancer N: 45,809</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII<break/> SIRI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Dynamic status (increase or maintenance of indexes at moderate levels over 4 years) of SIRI and SII were significantly associated with CVD risk.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Wang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Transversal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Northeast China Rural Cardiovascular Health Study (NCRCHS) Residents of rural regions of China N: 7,420</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NLR<break/> SII<break/> SIRI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SIRI showed a significant association with metabolic disorders. Levels &#8805; 1.04 tend to accompany an increased risk of metabolic diseases. Increased levels of SIRI correlated with 10-year cardiovascular risk.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="6">MACE (cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal AMI, non-fatal CVA, hospitalization for HF, revascularization)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Saylik; Akbulut.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Transversal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients with ST-segment elevation AMI (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) N:843</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII &#8805; 554.9 was an independent predictor of MACE in patients with STEMI and may improve the prediction of adverse events if combined with traditional risk factors<break/> SII was superior to NLR and PLR in predicting adverse events in patients with STEMI after primary PCI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Fan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Prospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients with ACS undergoing PCI N: 1,553</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">dNLR <break/> SII</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">dNLR &#8805; 2.29 and SII &#8805; 628.60 were useful in identifying patients with high-risk ACS after PCI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Fan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Prospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients with ACS undergoing PCI N: 1,542</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">dNLR-PNI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">The dNLR-PNI combined score is a useful prognostic parameter to identify high-risk ACS patients after PCI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Prospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients with ACS undergoing PCI N: 1,701</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NLR<break/> PLR <break/> MLR <break/> SII <break/> SIRI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">All indices were associated with MACE in patients with ACS undergoing PCI, SIRI &#8805; 1.20 seemed to be the best among the indices and when combined with the GRACE risk score it predicted MACE more accurately</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients with CAD undergoing PCI N: 5,602</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII &#8805; 694.3 was associated with increased risk of MACE, non-fatal CVA, non-fatal AMI, and cardiovascular mortality</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Han et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Prospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients with ACS undergoing PCI N: 1,724</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SIRI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SIRI &gt; 1.02 was associated with a higher risk of MACE. Adding SIRI to the GRACE risk score increases the ability to predict MACE</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="7">Cardiovascular mortality</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Urbanowicz et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients undergoing myocardial revascularization without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) N:538</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NLR <break/> SIRI<break/> AISI<break/> SII</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NLR &#8805; 3.5 and SIRI &#8805; 5.4 were the most prominent markers of long-term mortality after myocardial revascularization without CPB</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Zhai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Case-control</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients admitted to the cardiac ICU N: 5,577</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">PLR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">PLR &#8805; 271 was related to an increase in the in-hospital mortality rate, prolonged time in the ICU, and length of hospital stay</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Meng et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Critically ill patients with non-ST segment elevation AMI (NSTEMI) N: 1,273</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">PLR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">PLR &#8805; 195.8 is associated with an increased risk of short-term mortality in critically ill patients with NSTEMI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Gupta et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Prospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">US Outpatient Adults Without CVD (NHANES) N: 21,599</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">MLR, <break/> NLR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">MLR &#8805; 0.30 presented the best predictive value for cardiovascular mortality. Adding MLR to the 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score significantly improved participants' risk classification.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yuan; Ren; Gao. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients with HF N: 9,107</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII &#8805; 2,327 can be used as a predictor of mortality in critically ill patients with HF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">General population<break/> N: 30,521 (Dongfeng-Tongji -DFTJ cohort) N: 25,761 (NHANES cohort)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SII was associated with a 26&#8211;38% and 33&#8211;50% increase in the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in the DFTJ and NHANES cohort, respectively. There was no significant association between SII levels and cancer mortality in the DFTJ cohort. In the NHANES cohort, individuals with elevated SII were at increased risk of all-cause mortality, CVD, cancer, and other causes.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Wang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective cohort</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Patients over 60 years old with HF N: 4,225</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SIRI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SIRI &#8805; 4.9 can predict general mortality. Elevated SIRI levels were associated with longer hospital or ICU stays and increased need for RRT.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>ACS: acute coronary syndrome; CV: cardiovascular; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary interventions; HF: heart failure; DFTJ: Dongfeng-Tongji cohort; NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; dNLR-PNI (the combination of the dNLR and prognostic nutritional index [PNI]) score; GRACE: Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and Derived neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (d-NLR)</title>
          <p>The NLR has been proposed as an index that reflects the individual&#8217;s inflammatory status, as it encompasses the innate immune response mediated by neutrophils and the acquired immune response mediated by lymphocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The increase in the number of neutrophils is associated with the release of pro-inflammatory factors such as interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor &#945; (TNF-&#945;), reactive oxygen species (ROS), while the reduction in the number of lymphocytes, which occurs due to lymphocyte apoptosis, has the effect of reducing anti-inflammatory factors, consequently generating endothelial dysfunction that leads to vascular oxidative stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A retrospective cohort study carried out with 32,328 US individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) showed an association between elevated NLR values, defined as NLR &#8805; 3, with overall mortality (hazard ratio - HR: 1.43; 95% confidence interval - CI: 1.18 &#8211; 1.73), after 16.8 years of follow-up. However, the association between NLR and cause-specific mortality was not statistically significant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Thus, the NLR proved to be an important index, which can be used to indicate a higher risk of general mortality.</p>
          <p>In a retrospective cohort study carried out with 211 patients with lower limb arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO), NLR was associated with greater readmission of patients and a higher mortality rate over a period of one year, proving to be a useful marker for monitoring the evolution of the clinical condition of patients with lower limb ASO, which can be used as a predictor of high cardiovascular risk and general mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The dNLR is proposed as a possibility to replace the NLR when there is only information on the global leukocyte and neutrophil count, not requiring the lymphocyte count.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A prospective cohort study carried out with 1,542 patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) showed that high dNLR values (&#8805;2.30) are associated with a lower survival rate, after monitoring patients with a median duration of 3.1 years. This index was combined with the prognostic nutritional index (PNI), which is determined by albumin level and lymphocyte count since albumin is proposed as a biomarker of inflammation. The dNLR-PNI score (HR: 3.05; 95% CI: 1.50 &#8211; 6.18, p = 0.002) was an independent predictor of overall mortality and readmission for severe heart failure (HF). The dNLR-PNI score may be a useful prognostic parameter to identify patients with high-risk ACS after PCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The association between SII and dNLR indices and mortality and rehospitalization was also evaluated in this population. It was observed that dNLR values &#8805; 2.29 (HR: 2.61; 95% CI: 1.45 - 4.69, p = 0.001) and SII &#8805; 628.60 (HR: 2.55; 95% CI: 1.42 - 4.57; p = 0.002) are risk factors for mortality and re-hospitalization due to HF, after follow-up for 3.1 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> dNLR has been shown to have a valuable role in identifying poor prognosis in patients with CVD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Platelets/lymphocytes ratio (PLR)</title>
          <p>Platelets, like neutrophils, are also responsible for releasing pro-inflammatory factors such as chemokines and cytokines, contributing to vascular inflammation. The activation of platelets promotes the production of thrombi as a consequence of the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In a case-control study carried out by Zhai et al. (2021), 5,577 patients with cardiovascular disease admitted to the Cardiological Intensive Care Unit (ICU) were evaluated and PLR &#8805; 271 was found to be associated with increased in-hospital mortality (odds ratio - OR: 1 .55, 95% CI: 1.08 &#8211; 2.21), the length of stay in the ICU increased by 2.7 days, and the length of hospital stay increased by 7.9 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Chen and Yang (2020), in a prospective cohort study with 70 patients on continuous outpatient peritoneal dialysis, observed that PLR values &#8805; 118.53 were considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events including AMI, HF, unstable angina, and CVA (OR: 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02&#8211;1.08; p&lt; 0.01), after 22 months of follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In a retrospective cohort study carried out with 1,273 debilitated patients with non-ST segment elevation AMI (NSTEMI), PLR above 195.8 was considered statistically significant in predicting 28-day mortality (HR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.09 &#8211; 2.18, p = 0.013). Therefore, this study showed that high levels of PLR are associated with short-term mortality in patients with NSTEMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Ye et al., (2020) carried out a retrospective cohort study with 211 patients diagnosed with lower limb ASO. Elevated PLR levels were associated with a worse prognosis in patients with ASO, including a higher rate of readmission of patients within one year, being useful for the surveillance of these patients. Elevated PLR was also associated with one-year mortality in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Therefore, PLR is a marker considered advantageous for predicting high cardiovascular risk and increased risk of general mortality in patients with ASO.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Monocytes/lymphocytes ratio (MLR)</title>
          <p>Monocytes are cells that produce inflammatory mediators, can migrate from the peripheral blood to the injured tissue to promote repair, and after migration become known as macrophages, which are responsible for removing cellular debris or necrotic tissues after myocardial injury. However, this inflammatory response focused on myocardial restoration can cause opposite cardiac remodeling and further complicate the prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Gupta et al. (2021) conducted a longitudinal study with 21,599 United States outpatient adults without CVD participating in NHANES and analyzed the effectiveness and usefulness of markers measured at baseline, including leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts, MLR, NLR and C-reactive protein (CRP) to predict cardiovascular mortality in a mean follow-up time of 9.6 years. MLR values above 0.30 were associated with a higher risk of CVD mortality (HR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.15 - 1.60, p &lt;0.001). Individuals with elevated MLR had a higher 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk (8.3% vs. 4.2%, p &lt;0.001) and Framingham risk score (12.1% vs. 6.0%, p &lt;0.001). This marker was better than CRP, for example, which, when added to the Framingham risk score, did not have a significant effect on the 10-year ASCVD risk classification. Therefore, the addition of a high MLR to the Framingham risk score improves ASCVD classification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In a prospective cohort study carried out with 1,701 patients with ACS who underwent PCI, hematological inflammatory indices PLR (HR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.19 &#8211; 2.64; p = 0.005), NLR (HR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.12 &#8211; 2.69; p = 0.008), MLR (HR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.19 &#8211; 2.72; p = 0.006), SII (HR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.47 &#8211; 3.41; p &lt; 0.001) and SIRI (HR: 2.56; 95% CI: 1.68 &#8211; 3.90; p &lt; 0.001) were positively associated with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) that included general mortality, non-fatal AMI, and non-fatal CVA, after 30 months of follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Therefore, it is suggested that MLR, as well as all other inflammatory hematological indices, can be used as a prognostic factor and to predict mortality in patients with CVD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Systemic Inflammatory Index (SII), Systemic Inflammatory Response Index (SIRI), and Aggregate Systemic Inflammation Index (AISI)</title>
          <p>SII is calculated considering the absolute count of platelets, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, being a marker widely used to indicate systemic inflammatory activity and worse prognosis in patients with CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Neutrophils participate in the immune response and are essential in the regulation of chronic inflammation and high levels of ROS, and their activity is directly related to the progression of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). In contrast, lymphocytes regulate the immune response and platelets can release some pro-inflammatory molecules that are responsible for their role in the development of PAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Zhang and Chen (2022) in a case-control study carried out with the NHANES population included 6,117 individuals without PAD and 459 individuals with PAD and evaluated the risk of developing PAD. Elevated SII levels (&#8805; 809.86) were associated with an increased risk of individuals experiencing PAD (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.18&#8211;1.93, p = 0.0012).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Yang et al. (2020) through a prospective cohort study evaluated 5,602 patients with CAD undergoing PCI and showed a significant positive association between increased levels of SII (&#8805; 694.3) with cardiovascular mortality (HR: 2.02; 95% CI: 1.43 - 2.86), non-fatal AMI (HR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.09-1.85), non-fatal CVA (HR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.28 - 2.99), and MACE (HR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.36-2.01), after a mean follow-up time of 54.6 &#177; 35.1 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>To evaluate the association of increased SII levels with worse prognosis in patients with ASCVD, He et al. (2022) carried out a prospective cohort study and evaluated 2,595 patients with ASCVD included in NHANES, during a median of 7.7 years of follow-up and determined that elevated SII (log-SII &#8805; 6.57) is related to a 46% higher risk of overall mortality in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Another retrospective cohort study evaluated 9,107 patients with HF and identified that those patients who presented high SII values (&#8805; 2,327) were subject to a higher risk of overall mortality within 30 days (HR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.16 &#8211; 1.47), 60 days (HR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.12 &#8211; 1.42), 180 days (HR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.16 &#8211; 1.40), and 365 days (HR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.16 &#8211; 1.37), as well as a worse prognosis, as they were more likely to develop an infection, chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiac arrhythmias, chronic lung disease, and had longer hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In a cross-sectional study, Saylik and Akbulut (2022) evaluated 843 patients with ST-segment elevation AMI (STEMI) who underwent percutaneous intervention. In this study, the implementation of the SII together with other classic risk factors, such as age, diabetes, and hypertension, improved the risk stratification of patients with STEMI. STEMI patients with high SII (&#8805; 554.9) had an 8.5-fold increased risk of MACE, a 3.6-fold increased risk of cardiac mortality, a 2.8-fold increased risk of non-fatal AMI, a 3.0-fold increased risk of non-fatal CVA, 11.1 times higher risk of hospitalizations for HF, and 4.1 times higher risk of revascularization, after a median follow-up of 34.2 months. SII was also better than NLR (p&lt;0.0001) and PLR (p&lt;0.0001) for predicting MACE in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The study by Li et al. (2021) included 30,521 individuals from the Dongfeng-Tongji (DFTJ) cohort and 25,761 individuals from the NHANES cohort. In the DFTJ cohort, a high SII value was associated with an increased risk of total mortality (HR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.16 &#8211; 1.36) and CVD (HR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.32 &#8211; 1.71). In NHANES, individuals with high SII were at high risk of total mortality (HR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.27 &#8211; 1.49) and CVD (HR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.11 &#8211; 1.59). The reference range considered high for the NHANES population was 392.70 to 824.09 and for the DFTJ population, it was 229.48 to 487.99. The mean follow-up for the NHANES cohort was 7.6 years and for the DFTJ cohort was 8.2 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Another study carried out only with participants from the DFTJ cohort included 13,929 middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults without CVD and cancer and observed that a high SII value (&#8805; 436.8) increased the risk of CVA by 22.4% (HR: 1. 22; 95% CI: 1.07 &#8211; 1.41), however, no association was found between this marker and other types of CVD and ACS; the median follow-up in the study was 8.28 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A retrospective cohort study evaluated 538 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to indicate the long-term survival of these patients; the average follow-up time was 4.7 years. NLR above 3.5 (HR: 2.21; 95% CI: 1.48 &#8211; 3.32, p &lt; 0.001) and SIRI above 5.4 (HR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.09 &#8211; 0.92, p = 0.036) were the most relevant markers for predicting long-term mortality after this surgical procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The SIRI is calculated from the absolute values of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. The increase in this marker is linked to a high risk of AMI, poor prognosis for CVA, and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Han et al. (2022) evaluated through a prospective cohort study, 1,724 patients with ACS undergoing PCI and observed that SIRI (1.74 &#177; 1.06) was associated with a poor prognosis in these patients, being considered a predictor of MACE (HR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.03 &#8211; 1.23, p =0.007), including overall mortality, and non-fatal AMI, after a mean follow-up of 927 days. This index also improved the prognostic value of the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score, which is very valid for indicating the cumulative risk of death and AMI in patients with ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A prospective cohort study carried out with 45,809 individuals without AMI, CVA, and cancer, being participants of the Kaiuan cohort, evaluated two hematological inflammatory indices, the SII, and the SIRI, to predict the incidence of CVD over 8.6 years. The two markers may undergo changes during the development of CVD. To carry out the evaluation, the indices were divided into four categories: "low stable pattern", "moderate stable pattern", "increased pattern" and "reduced pattern". Individuals who manifested an increased pattern of SII (&#8805;754.8) and SIRI (&#8805;1.56) were associated with a higher risk of CVD (HR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.02 &#8211; 1.51; and HR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.17 &#8211; 1.63, respectively).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Another cross-sectional study carried out with 699 patients who underwent coronary angiography due to CAD, evaluated the association between SII and SIRI with the degree of inflammation measured by these markers and the severity of CAD assessed by coronary cineangiography. Patients with STEMI had higher SII and SIRI values compared to the NSTEMI group, which was higher than patients with stable CAD [579 (142&#8211;4467); 576 (103&#8211;4491); 494 (26&#8211;4634)] and [2.0 (0.6&#8211;27.9); 1.7 (0.3&#8211;15.8); 1.6 (0.1&#8211;26.2)], respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In a cross-sectional study carried out with 7,420 residents of rural regions of China, a high SIRI value (&#8805;1.04) indicated more severe inflammation, which was assessed using four markers of inflammation: SIRI, SII, NLR, and monocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio (MHR). The high inflammatory status of individuals points to an association with the development of CVD within 10 years (HR: 4.61; 95% CI: 2.65 &#8211; 8.02).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Li et al., (2022) evaluated 1,701 patients with ACS who underwent PCI in a cohort study carried out in China. All hematological inflammatory indices were positively associated with major adverse cardiovascular events and SIRI &#8805; 1.20 was the index that showed the highest predictive value (HR: 2.56; 95% CI: 1.68 &#8211; 3.90; p &lt; 0.001) when compared with NLR (HR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.16 &#8211; 2.69; p = 0.008), MLR (HR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.19 &#8211; 2.72; p = 0.006), PLR (HR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.19 &#8211; 2.64; p = 0.005), and SII (HR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.47 &#8211; 3.41; p &lt; 0.001), after 30 months of follow-up. Considering that patients with ACS after undergoing PCI are considered high risk, the SIRI was considered an important marker to estimate the risk of MACE and indicate the best intervention in the therapy of these patients through individualized risk stratification when associated with the GRACE risk assessment score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In a retrospective cohort study, Wang et al. (2022) evaluated the association between SIRI and clinical outcomes in 4,225 elderly patients (over 60 years old) with HF. In the study, elevated SIRI (&#8805; 4.9) was significantly proposed as a predictor of overall mortality at 90 days and after one year in elderly patients with HF (HR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.18 &#8211; 1.68). A high SIRI value was also associated with increased duration of hospitalization or ICU persistence (HR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.16 - 1.54) and the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) (HR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.06 - 2.28), however, the mechanisms that reveal this association were not clarified in the study. Therefore, the SIRI is seen as a clinically relevant index to guide treatment and indicate the severity of the disease in elderly patients, and can also be used to identify patients with CVD who are at high risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Jin et al. (2021) through a population-based study followed 85,154 participants from the Kailuan cohort and estimated the occurrence of cardiovascular events (AMI, CVA, and general mortality for 10 years). SII (&#8805; 527.08) and SIRI (&#8805; 1.07) were positively associated with an increased risk of CVA (HR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.16 - 1.38) for SII (HR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.09 - 1.31) and SIRI, and are also associated with an increased risk of overall mortality, (HR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.17 - 1.33) for SII (HR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.296 - 1.498) and SIRI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The AISI is obtained through the count of neutrophils, monocytes, platelets, and lymphocytes. This index brings together the fundamental cells for driving inflammation, being a potential inflammatory marker. However, this index is rarely mentioned in the literature, and no significant correspondence was found regarding its association with CVD and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Therefore, more studies are needed to evaluate this association, since AISI is a complex index and can be an effective marker of inflammation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Challenges and perspectives</title>
          <p>Although several studies have investigated the role of hematological inflammatory indices in predicting CVD risk and mortality, it is necessary to elucidate how these markers can be used in clinical practice to screen high-risk patients.</p>
          <p>We found that the hematological index most associated with overall mortality, cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular mortality was SII followed by SIRI. Both markers are indices that have more leukocyte subtypes in their numerator (neutrophils, platelets, and monocytes). Multiple blood cell populations participate in systemic inflammation and the inclusion of these cells in the calculation of an index can better reflect the inflammatory state and improve its predictive ability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> There is good evidence that indices derived from calculating the ratios between counts of lymphocytes, neutrophils, platelets, and monocytes are more strongly associated with conditions of chronic inflammation when compared to individual cell populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The lack of studies that discuss reference values for other populations is an obstacle that makes the use of these indices difficult, since most of the studies that were carried out covered the Chinese and North American population and may not have external validity for populations in other countries.</p>
          <p>Fest et al. (2018) proposed reference ranges for some of these inflammatory hematological markers from a sample of 14,926 individuals from the Rotterdam Study, a population-based prospective cohort study. The value found for NLR was 0.83 to 3.92, for PLR it was 61 to 239, and for SII 189 to 1,168. Their study also found that there was a difference in the values adopted as a reference when considering the variables age and sex.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The difficulty of interpreting the indices, as well as the variability of the cut-off points, also is a challenge. In this review we found cut-off points for SIRI that ranged from 1.04 to 5.5, for SII that ranged from 436.8 to 2,327, and for PLR that ranged from 118.53 to 271; therefore it is important for each population to propose cutoff points through clinical validation. Knowledge of these values is essential for the applicability of these markers to be possible.</p>
          <p>Thus, although hematological inflammatory indices are promising markers as predictors of CVD and mortality, it is still necessary to understand their limitations so that the challenges can be overcome.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Hematological inflammatory indices have proven to be advantageous for tracking and identifying patients with high cardiovascular risk and mortality risk. They can also contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of CVD and may be useful in directing the treatment of these patients, obtaining information about the prognosis, and in improving risk stratification. Therefore, the dissemination of these markers, as well as knowledge about their usefulness, is important so that health professionals can apply them as valid tools in clinical practice.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Marcela Aparecida Lopes Nascimento, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The authors thank the Brazilian agencies FAPEMIG, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development &#8211; CNPq and Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
