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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">X94tMKwdnBjkCzVKpXwBqmD</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230705</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Adequa&#231;&#227;o Alimentar de Indiv&#237;duos com Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular Conforme Diretrizes Cl&#237;nicas no Programa Alimentar Brasileiro Cardioprotetor</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9406-4456</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sahade</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marcadenti</surname>
            <given-names>Aline</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torreglosa</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Ragne</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weber</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardete</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bersch-Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ngela Cristine</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Isa Galv&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Josilene Maria Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Mary Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carlos</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele Maria de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dantas</surname>
            <given-names>Clenise de Farias</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1115-688X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Daltro</surname>
            <given-names>Carla</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de da UFBA</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de da UFBA - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos - Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Empresa Brasileira de Servi&#231;os Hospitalares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Empresa Brasileira de Servi&#231;os Hospitalares (EBSERH), Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Escola de Nutri&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia - Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o da Escola de Nutri&#231;&#227;o da UFBA, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Pesquisa do Hcor</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Pesquisa do Hcor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico Universit&#225;rio de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico Universit&#225;rio de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ana Bezerra</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santa Cruz</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RN</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ana Bezerra, Santa Cruz, RN &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Messejana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universi&#225;rio Alcides Carneiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Campina Grande</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universi&#225;rio Alcides Carneiro - Universidade de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>13</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de da UFBA </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o da Escola de Nutri&#231;&#227;o da UFBA</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de da UFBA - Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o da Escola de Nutri&#231;&#227;o da UFBA &#8211; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luciana Brito</bold> &#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos - Unidade de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica - R. Dr. Augusto Viana, s/n. CEP 40110-040, Canela, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>lucianabritog@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230705</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/X94tMKwdnBjkCzVKpXwBqmD/e248e32e2addeda0bbaec38ab56ca216b6f5af82.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/X94tMKwdnBjkCzVKpXwBqmD/2b03387e454c4c084d90c9caf3866b47e0135818.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/X94tMKwdnBjkCzVKpXwBqmD/efe8ddbb1de58c1e1a7cb0fae14fd088b41d86fb.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Alcan&#231;ar as metas nutricionais estabelecidas pelas sociedades cient&#237;ficas &#233; um desafio constante e nem sempre alcan&#231;ado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Investigar a adequa&#231;&#227;o alimentar de indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV), participantes do Programa Alimentar Brasileiro Cardioprotetor residentes da regi&#227;o Nordeste do Brasil, segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> An&#225;lise transversal com dados do estudo de implementa&#231;&#227;o da Dieta Cardioprotetora Brasileira (DICA BR) que avaliou indiv&#237;duos com DCV, atendidos em centros especializados em sa&#250;de cardiovascular em oito estados do Nordeste. O consumo alimentar foi obtido por recordat&#243;rio alimentar de 24 horas e a adequa&#231;&#227;o da dieta seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da SBC. Foram considerados significantes valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 647 pacientes, com m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o) de idade de 63,1 (9,4) anos, sendo 50,2% do sexo feminino. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o alimentar, observou-se baixa adequa&#231;&#227;o de carboidratos (52,3%), prote&#237;nas (70,9%), lip&#237;dios (38,8%) e fibras (22,4%). Observou-se que a maioria das mulheres consumia dieta hipoproteica (59,2%) e idosos tinham maior inadequa&#231;&#227;o no consumo de carboidratos (52,6%). Em rela&#231;&#227;o a ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio, os homens apresentaram maior ingest&#227;o (72,9%), enquanto os idosos apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o de 13%. Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrado que os homens ingeriam mais fibras (28,1%) e indiv&#237;duos com maior escolaridade tinham um consumo elevado de &#225;cidos graxos saturados (70,5%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A maioria dos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou as metas dietoter&#225;picas preconizadas para preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular secund&#225;ria. Os achados do presente estudo refor&#231;am a necessidade de implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias estruturadas, a fim de estimular h&#225;bitos alimentares saud&#225;veis nesses indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria, Dieta</kwd>
        <kwd>Ingest&#227;o de Alimentos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="41"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Dados da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de demonstram que as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) lideram como a principal causa de mortalidade no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Brasil observa- se cen&#225;rio semelhante, em que essas doen&#231;as foram respons&#225;veis por aproximadamente 27% de todas as mortes, em 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Este dado &#233; alarmante, pois aproximadamente 20% dos indiv&#237;duos que tiveram algum evento cardiovascular, sofrem o segundo evento um ano ap&#243;s o primeiro<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria &#233; considerada ponto-chave para atingir de forma eficaz as metas terap&#234;uticas de prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular secund&#225;ria, &#233; definida como o conjunto de estrat&#233;gias preventivas, com objetivo de interromper a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos alimentares saud&#225;veis e mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, est&#227;o entre as estrat&#233;gias importantes para a preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares recorrentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Considerando esse contexto, foi desenvolvido o Programa Alimentar Brasileiro Cardioprotetor, denominado Dieta Cardioprotetora Brasileira (DICA BR),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> sendo um programa alimentar composto por prescri&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica com adapta&#231;&#245;es da dieta mediterr&#226;nea atrav&#233;s da valoriza&#231;&#227;o de alimentos fact&#237;veis para popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, baseado nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es nutricionais das diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar dos estudos demonstrarem a import&#226;ncia da alimenta&#231;&#227;o na preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular secund&#225;ria, alcan&#231;ar as metas terap&#234;uticas estabelecidas pelas sociedades cient&#237;ficas &#233; um desafio constante e nem sempre atingido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Apesar do amplo conhecimento sobre a import&#226;ncia da redu&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovascular, uma elevada parcela de indiv&#237;duos com DCV n&#227;o atinge adequadamente o controle destes fatores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora tenha sido observada mundialmente uma redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DCV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> as taxas de morte por essas doen&#231;as continuam elevadas em algumas regi&#245;es brasileiras, com destaque para a regi&#227;o Nordeste do pa&#237;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto, os estudos que avaliam as medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria nesta regi&#227;o s&#227;o escassos. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a adequa&#231;&#227;o alimentar de indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV), participantes do Programa Alimentar Brasileiro Cardioprotetor residentes da regi&#227;o Nordeste do Brasil, segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal, parte de um trabalho mais amplo, conduzido com dados de pacientes do estudo de implementa&#231;&#227;o da Dieta Cardioprotetora Brasileira (DICA BR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O processo de coleta de dados foi realizado no baseline entre 2013 a 2015, por nutricionistas previamente treinados. A descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada do desenho do estudo foi publicada anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra</title>
        <p>A amostra foi composta por pacientes atendidos em dez centros de refer&#234;ncia em sa&#250;de cardiovascular localizados na Regi&#227;o Nordeste do Brasil. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o adotados no estudo DICA BR foram idade igual ou superior a 45 anos, ambos os sexos e ter evid&#234;ncia de aterosclerose (doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular ou doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica), atual ou nos &#250;ltimos dez anos diagnosticada pelo m&#233;dico assistente.</p>
        <p>Foram considerados portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) aqueles pacientes que apresentassem uma ou mais das seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: DAC assintom&#225;tica (hist&#243;ria de angiografia coronariana ou angiotomografia coronariana com estenose ateroscler&#243;tica &#8805;70% do di&#226;metro de qualquer art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria); DAC sintom&#225;tica (hist&#243;ria de angina: diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico, mesmo sem exames complementares; hist&#243;ria de positividade ao teste de esfor&#231;o); DAC tratada (realiza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de angioplastia/Stent/revasculariza&#231;&#227;o) e infarto (hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; hist&#243;ria de anormalidade no movimento segmentar da parede card&#237;aca na ecocardiografia ou um defeito segmentar fixo em cintilografia).</p>
        <p>Por sua vez, o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a cerebrovascular (Acidente Vascular Cerebral-AVC isqu&#234;mico/ Acidente Isqu&#234;mico Transit&#243;rio-AIT/Acidente Vascular Encef&#225;lico-AVE), foi considerado quando o paciente apresentou um ou mais dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de AVC ou AIT; evid&#234;ncia de AVC pr&#233;vio na tomografia computadorizada ou na resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP), este foi considerando quando o indiv&#237;duo apresentou, um ou mais dos crit&#233;rios a seguir: DAP assintom&#225;tica (rela&#231;&#227;o tornozelo/bra&#231;o &lt;0,9 de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica em qualquer perna em repouso; estudo angiogr&#225;fico ou doppler demonstrando estenose &gt;70% em uma art&#233;ria n&#227;o card&#237;aca); DAP sintom&#225;tica (claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente); DAP tratada (cirurgia vascular para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica); Amputa&#231;&#227;o por causa arterial e aneurisma de aorta.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de n&#227;o inclus&#227;o foram: condi&#231;&#227;o psiqui&#225;trica e/ou neurocognitiva que impedisse a obten&#231;&#227;o de dados; expectativa de vida inferior a seis meses; gravidez ou lacta&#231;&#227;o; insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica com hist&#243;ria de encefalopatia ou anasarca; insufici&#234;ncia renal com indica&#231;&#227;o de di&#225;lise; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; transplante de &#243;rg&#227;os; gastroplastia; cadeirante e participantes que apresentassem dificuldade de alimenta&#231;&#227;o via oral.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados obtidos para este trabalho foram: tabagismo, sedentarismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial (HAS), diabetes mellitus (DM), dislipidemia, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana tratada (DAC e DAP tratada) e aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, conforme descrito em literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis socioecon&#244;micas, o n&#237;vel de escolaridade foi classificado em menor (analfabeto ou ensino fundamental) ou maior n&#237;vel (ensino m&#233;dio ou superior). Quanto &#224; classe social, esta foi classificada em menor (C, D e E) ou maior (A e B).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames laboratoriais</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos exames laboratoriais foi realizada com o paciente em jejum de 12 horas e o n&#227;o consumo de &#225;lcool nas 72 horas anteriores. Foram utilizados marcadores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais: triglic&#233;rides, colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade (HDL- c), lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade (LDL-c) e colesterol n&#227;o HDL, sendo classificados conforme recomenda&#231;&#245;es preconizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica</title>
        <p>Os dados de peso e altura foram utilizados para calcular a vari&#225;vel &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC). Para fins de an&#225;lise, os indiv&#237;duos foram agrupados com presen&#231;a de baixo peso, quando o IMC fosse inferior a 18,5kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e 23,0kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>; eutr&#243;fico com valores compreendidos entre 18,5-24,9kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e 23,0-27,9kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>; excesso de peso quando o IMC foi igual ou superior a 25,0kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e 28,0kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, respectivamente em adultos e idosos. A obesidade foi definida com IMC igual ou superior a 30,0kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, para ambos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de obesidade central foi determinada a partir da medida da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, conforme t&#233;cnica e pontos de corte preconizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o alimentar</title>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise da ingest&#227;o alimentar foi utilizado o recordat&#243;rio alimentar de 24 horas (R24H), sendo obtido segundo a metodologia de m&#250;ltiplas passagens,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um &#225;lbum fotogr&#225;fico de medidas e por&#231;&#245;es de alimentos, objetivando aumentar a confiabilidade das informa&#231;&#245;es coletadas. Para a an&#225;lise da composi&#231;&#227;o nutricional dos R24H obtidos, foi utilizado o programa Nutriquanti&#174;, o qual prioriza as tabelas de composi&#231;&#227;o nutricional brasileiras.</p>
        <p>A quantidade do valor energ&#233;tico total (VET) e prote&#237;nas ingeridas foi expressa por quilograma de peso. Para indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso e obesos foi considerado adequado o consumo energ&#233;tico na faixa de 20,0 a 25,0kcal/kgPatual/dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Entretanto, diante da aus&#234;ncia de recomenda&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia para ingest&#227;o de energia em indiv&#237;duos com aterosclerose com baixo peso e eutr&#243;ficos, foi estabelecido como adequada 30,0 a 35,0kcal/KgP e 25,0 a 30,0kcal/KgP, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A ingest&#227;o de macronutrientes (carboidratos e lip&#237;deos) foi avaliada em percentual utilizando-se como refer&#234;ncia o VET consumido. O consumo de prote&#237;na (igual ou superior a 0,8g/KgP),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> s&#243;dio (inferior a 2.000mg),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> carboidratos (45 a 60%), fibra alimentar (igual ou superior a 25g), lip&#237;dios (25 a 35%), &#225;cidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFA) de 5 a 10%, monoinsaturados (MUFA) 15%, saturados (AGsat) inferior a 7% e aus&#234;ncia de &#225;cidos graxos trans.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Quanto as adequa&#231;&#245;es nutricionais referentes ao consumo de c&#225;lcio, magn&#233;sio e pot&#225;ssio, em virtude da aus&#234;ncia de recomenda&#231;&#227;o especificas para indiv&#237;duos com DCV, estas foram consideradas de acordo com o sexo e a faixa et&#225;ria com base nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es de consumo de micronutrientes da EAR (<italic>Estimated Average Requirements</italic>), atrav&#233;s da <italic>Dietary reference intakes</italic> (DRI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Comit&#234; de &#233;tica</title>
        <p>O estudo foi conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos e o protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos do [removido para revis&#227;o cega por pares], bem como dos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica de cada centro colaborador. Todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise dos dados foi utilizado o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), vers&#227;o 17. Os dados foram apresentados por frequ&#234;ncia simples e relativa, m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana (Md) e intervalo interquart&#237;lico (IIQ), conforme natureza das vari&#225;veis. A normalidade das vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi testada utilizando a estat&#237;stica descritiva, an&#225;lise gr&#225;fica e testes de normalidade (Kolmogorov-Smirnov). As associa&#231;&#245;es foram testadas por meio da raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia com respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%), em que na an&#225;lise de raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia foi atribu&#237;do o valor 1 a categoria de refer&#234;ncia. Os indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em dois grupos, &#8220;dentro da recomenda&#231;&#227;o sim ou n&#227;o&#8221; para fins d e compara&#231;&#227;o, sendo utilizado o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson para compara&#231;&#227;o das propor&#231;&#245;es. Foram considerados significantes valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram selecionados 654 indiv&#237;duos, sendo que sete n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos na amostra, por n&#227;o terem comparecido a consulta inicial, totalizando 647 pacientes. Dos nove estados que comp&#245;em a regi&#227;o Nordeste do Brasil, apenas o estado do Piau&#237; n&#227;o participou do estudo. Os pacientes tinham m&#233;dia (DP) de idade de 63,1 (9,3) anos, com predomin&#226;ncia do sexo feminino, de idosos, de indiv&#237;duos com baixo n&#237;vel de escolaridade e sedent&#225;rios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, de estilo de vida, cl&#237;nicas e antropom&#233;tricas de 647 indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a cardiovascular, acompanhado em ambulat&#243;rios de refer&#234;ncia em aten&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular em oito estados do Nordeste do Brasil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Resultados</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sociodemogr&#225;ficas e de estilo de vida</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)*</td>
                <td align="center">63,1 (9,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">325 (50,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Analfabeto</td>
                <td align="center">210 (37,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fundamental</td>
                <td align="center">211 (37,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">100 (17,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Superior</td>
                <td align="center">37 (6,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classe social</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe A e B</td>
                <td align="center">112 (20,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe C, D e E</td>
                <td align="center">447 (80,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">463 (73,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">342 (53,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">27 (4,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cl&#237;nicas</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">625 (96,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">599 (92,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">580 (89,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">294 (45,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">261 (40,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                <td align="center">111 (17,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">61 (9,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana tratada</td>
                <td align="center">425 (65,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Antropometria</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixo peso</td>
                <td align="center">47 (7,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eutrofia</td>
                <td align="center">229 (35,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Excesso de peso</td>
                <td align="center">177 (27,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">188 (29,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade abdominal</td>
                <td align="center">486 (77,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Alcance das metas terap&#234;uticas</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">45 (7,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o-HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">57 (9,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides</td>
                <td align="center">341 (58,6%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>*Dados em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o alimentar, 49 indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o tinham o registro alimentar na consulta basal, portanto, a an&#225;lise da composi&#231;&#227;o nutricional foi realizada em 598 indiv&#237;duos. Observaram-se inadequa&#231;&#245;es do consumo de macronutrientes, fibras e micronutrientes, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Ades&#227;o as metas nutricionais para preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular secund&#225;ria em 598 indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a cardiovascular atendidos em dez ambulat&#243;rios especializados em sa&#250;de cardiovascular em oito estados da Regi&#227;o Nordeste do Brasil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Resultados</th>
                <th>Dentro das Recomenda&#231;&#245;es</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Taxa cal&#243;rica (Kcal/KgP)*</td>
                <td align="center">24,7 (22,6 - 28,0)</td>
                <td align="center">111 (18,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carboidratos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">55,6 (10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">313 (52,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na (g/KgP)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (0,7 - 1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">424 (70,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lip&#237;deos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24,6 (7,6)</td>
                <td align="center">232 (38,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cidos graxos trans (%)*</td>
                <td align="center">0,02 (0,01 - 0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">598 (100,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cidos graxos saturados (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7,8 (5,7 - 10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">244 (40,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MUFA (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6,9 (5,3 - 8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (2,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PUFA (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 (0,5 - 0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibras (g)</td>
                <td align="center">16,5 (11,4 - 23,2)</td>
                <td align="center">134 (22,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio (mg)</td>
                <td align="center">2.384,3 (1.720,6 - 3.180,6)</td>
                <td align="center">219 (36,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mg)</td>
                <td align="center">2.037,0 (1.491,1 - 2.649,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Magn&#233;sio (mg)</td>
                <td align="center">182,2 (132,1 - 239,5)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (4,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C&#225;lcio (mg)</td>
                <td align="center">471,0 (271,7 - 757,1)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (7,5%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>*Md: mediana; IIQ: intervalo interquart&#237;lico; MUFA: &#225;cidos graxos monoinsaturados; PUFA: &#225;cidos graxos poliinsaturados.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref> descrevem a preval&#234;ncia de inadequa&#231;&#245;es no consumo alimentar e raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncia, de acordo com g&#234;nero, faixa et&#225;ria e vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas. O resumo dos achados do estudo pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Preval&#234;ncia e raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncia brutas de inadequa&#231;&#245;es no consumo de calorias e macronutrientes, de acordo com g&#234;nero, faixa et&#225;ria e vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, de indiv&#237;duos com aterosclerose acompanhados em dez ambulat&#243;rios de refer&#234;ncia em sa&#250;de cardiovascular em oito cidades da Regi&#227;o Nordeste</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="8%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="4">Taxa cal&#243;rica inadequada</th>
                <th colspan="4">Consumo inadequado de Carboidratos</th>
                <th colspan="4">Baixo consumo proteico</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>p (%)</th>
                <th>RP</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>p (%)</th>
                <th>RP</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>p (%)</th>
                <th>RP</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">230</td>
                <td align="center">78,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 - 1,01</td>
                <td align="center">140</td>
                <td align="center">47,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 - 1,20</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">40,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
                <td align="center">0,56 - 0,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">256</td>
                <td align="center">83,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">145</td>
                <td align="center">47,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">103</td>
                <td align="center">59,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idoso</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">292</td>
                <td align="center">81,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,92 - 1,07</td>
                <td align="center">190</td>
                <td align="center">52,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,31</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 - 1,58</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">57,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
                <td align="center">0,69 - 1,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">194</td>
                <td align="center">81,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
                <td align="center">40,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">42,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Menor</td>
                <td align="center">329</td>
                <td align="center">82,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 - 1,19</td>
                <td align="center">191</td>
                <td align="center">48,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,75 - 1,16</td>
                <td align="center">123</td>
                <td align="center">77,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,64 - 1,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Maior</td>
                <td align="center">102</td>
                <td align="center">77,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">44,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">22,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classe social</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Menor</td>
                <td align="center">350</td>
                <td align="center">82,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 - 1,21</td>
                <td align="center">203</td>
                <td align="center">48,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,71 - 1,15</td>
                <td align="center">129</td>
                <td align="center">81,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,65 - 1,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Maior</td>
                <td align="center">82</td>
                <td align="center">76,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">43,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">18,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>AGSat: &#225;cidos graxos saturados; RP: raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Preval&#234;ncia e raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncia brutas de inadequa&#231;&#245;es no consumo de fibras, s&#243;dio e &#225;cidos graxos saturados, de acordo com g&#234;nero, faixa et&#225;ria e vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, de indiv&#237;duos com aterosclerose acompanhados em dez ambulat&#243;rios de refer&#234;ncia em sa&#250;de cardiovascular em oito cidades da Regi&#227;o Nordeste</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="8%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="left" colspan="4">Baixo consumo de fibras</th>
                <th align="left" colspan="4">Consumo elevado de s&#243;dio</th>
                <th align="left" colspan="4">Consumo elevado de AGSat</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>p (%)</th>
                <th>RP</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>p (%)</th>
                <th>RP</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>p (%)</th>
                <th>RP</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">210</td>
                <td align="center">71,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 - 0,95</td>
                <td align="center">213</td>
                <td align="center">72,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,34</td>
                <td align="center">1,19 - 1,52</td>
                <td align="center">176</td>
                <td align="center">60,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 - 1,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">254</td>
                <td align="center">83,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">166</td>
                <td align="center">54,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">178</td>
                <td align="center">58,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idoso</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">284</td>
                <td align="center">78,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 - 1,13</td>
                <td align="center">216</td>
                <td align="center">59,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 - 0,98</td>
                <td align="center">207</td>
                <td align="center">57,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,81 - 1,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">180</td>
                <td align="center">75,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">163</td>
                <td align="center">68,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">147</td>
                <td align="center">62,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Menor</td>
                <td align="center">313</td>
                <td align="center">78,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 - 1,23</td>
                <td align="center">245</td>
                <td align="center">61,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,76 - 1,00</td>
                <td align="center">225</td>
                <td align="center">56,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,71 - 0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Maior</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
                <td align="center">72,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">93</td>
                <td align="center">70,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">91</td>
                <td align="center">68,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classe social</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Menor</td>
                <td align="center">331</td>
                <td align="center">78,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 - 1,23</td>
                <td align="center">266</td>
                <td align="center">63,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,81 - 1,10</td>
                <td align="center">244</td>
                <td align="center">57,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 - 1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Maior</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
                <td align="center">72,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">66,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
                <td align="center">67,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>AGSat: &#225;cidos graxos saturados; RP: raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo foi verificado que a maior parte dos indiv&#237;duos apresentou elevada inadequa&#231;&#227;o &#224;s metas dietoter&#225;picas estabelecidas para preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular secund&#225;ria. Em outros estudos tamb&#233;m foram demonstrados relevantes inadequa&#231;&#245;es as metas nutricionais, corroborando os resultados apresentados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, foi verificado que indiv&#237;duos idosos tinham maior inadequa&#231;&#227;o de consumo de carboidratos, aqueles com maior escolaridade tinham consumo elevado de AGsat, al&#233;m do mais os homens apresentaram maior ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio e as mulheres maior inadequa&#231;&#227;o de fibras. Esses dados chamam aten&#231;&#227;o, pois indiv&#237;duos com essas caracter&#237;sticas provavelmente apresentem baixa adequa&#231;&#227;o alimentar. Vale ressaltar que as inadequa&#231;&#245;es alimentares podem ter influenciado o n&#227;o atendimento &#224;s metas terap&#234;uticas relacionadas ao perfil lip&#237;dico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> controle press&#243;rico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e glic&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> recomendam que, &#233; potencialmente ben&#233;fico a aplica&#231;&#227;o conjunta de estrat&#233;gias relacionadas a terapia medicamentosa e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica no manejo da aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores investigaram a associa&#231;&#227;o de padr&#245;es alimentares com eventos cardiovasculares reincidentes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>e que a ado&#231;&#227;o dos h&#225;bitos alimentares saud&#225;veis parece atuar sinergicamente com o controle dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O consumo alimentar &#8220;aterog&#234;nico&#8221;, evidenciado pelo consumo elevado de AGsat e s&#243;dio, predominou nos indiv&#237;duos estudados. Evid&#234;ncias demonstram poss&#237;veis nutrientes apontados como fatores de risco para DCV, dentre os quais podem ser citados: elevado consumo de s&#243;dio, AGsat, gordura trans<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> e carboidratos refinados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Em contraposi&#231;&#227;o, a redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de alimentos fontes desses nutrientes, tem demonstrado ser de extrema import&#226;ncia na preven&#231;&#227;o e controle das DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ao analisar a ingest&#227;o alimentar da amostra estudada, observa-se que poucos indiv&#237;duos estavam consumindo a quantidade de calorias necess&#225;rias para o seu estado nutricional. A literatura demonstra poss&#237;veis fatores que dificultam atingir as recomenda&#231;&#245;es nutricionais, dentre os quais: quest&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> e aus&#234;ncia de conhecimento ou m&#225; ades&#227;o as orienta&#231;&#245;es nutricionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que avaliar a qualidade da dieta &#233; extremamente relevante. No presente estudo, apesar da maioria dos indiv&#237;duos apresentarem dieta com caracter&#237;stica hipolipidica, observa-se elevado consumo de AGsat e baixo de &#225;cidos graxos insaturados, corroborando outros autores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que modifica&#231;&#245;es qualitativas na composi&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica da dieta parecem ter efeitos ben&#233;ficos na redu&#231;&#227;o de evento e mortalidade cardiovascular, apesar dos resultados serem conflitantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Em uma metan&#225;lise, foram observados resultados conflitantes de dietas com redu&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;deos e da substitui&#231;&#227;o de AGsat por PUFA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Isso pode ser atribu&#237;do ao fato de que a troca de AGsat por &#225;cidos graxos insaturados, al&#233;m de diminuir o LDL-c, pode reduzir o HDL-c, ocorrendo de forma mais intensa ao substituir AGsat por MUFA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entre estratos de maior escolaridade, o n&#237;vel de instru&#231;&#227;o demonstrou estar associado &#224; maior ingest&#227;o de AGsat. Sendo assim, ao analisarmos a escolaridade como medida indireta de renda, observa-se que indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico mais favor&#225;vel apresentam maior preval&#234;ncia de inadequa&#231;&#227;o de consumo de AGsat, corroborando outros autores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Neste contexto, cabe tamb&#233;m ressaltar que, no presente estudo aproximadamente 30% dos indiv&#237;duos tinham dieta hipoprot&#233;ica. Sabe-se que esses alimentos habitualmente apresentam custo mais elevado e est&#227;o menos dispon&#237;veis entre os indiv&#237;duos de menor renda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Foi evidenciado que uma pequena parcela de indiv&#237;duos atingiu a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de fibra alimentar, achado similar foi encontrado por outros estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> possivelmente devido a ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos alimentares pouco saud&#225;veis, baixa qualidade do carboidrato ingerido<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> e alto consumo de ultraprocessados identificado pelo consumo elevado de s&#243;dio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> No que se refere &#224;s diferen&#231;as de consumo de fibras alimentares entre os sexos, as mulheres apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de inadequa&#231;&#227;o. Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que o consumo de fibra alimentar reduz proporcionalmente na presen&#231;a de piores condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas, o que possivelmente poderia justificar o baixo consumo evidenciado entre as mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Uma metan&#225;lise demonstrou que a ingest&#227;o de fibras foi associada com uma redu&#231;&#227;o ben&#233;fica no colesterol total, LDL-c e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O consumo elevado de s&#243;dio foi maior entre homens, achado semelhante ao de outros autores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Segundo a Pesquisa de Or&#231;amento Familiar (POF), o consumo di&#225;rio de s&#243;dio no Brasil &#233; de aproximadamente 4.700 mg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Em virtude de a ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio ser considerada um importante marcador de qualidade da dieta na preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular secund&#225;ria, refor&#231;a-se a necessidade de aplica&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o, visando redu&#231;&#227;o de consumo de s&#243;dio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ainda em rela&#231;&#227;o ao consumo alimentar, o pot&#225;ssio, magn&#233;sio e c&#225;lcio s&#227;o nutrientes essenciais, que desempenham importante papel na preserva&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular e contratilidade card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> O consumo desses micronutrientes no presente estudo foi extremamente baixo, o que reflete a baixa qualidade da dieta, podendo ser justificada pelo consumo inadequado de alimentos fontes de vitaminas e minerais, al&#233;m da predomin&#226;ncia de indiv&#237;duos de baixo poder aquisitivo, favorecendo no menor acesso a uma alimenta&#231;&#227;o mais variada e saud&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entre as limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo, pode-se citar a aus&#234;ncia de m&#233;todos mais precisos para avaliar o estado nutricional. Entretanto, o IMC e a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foram avaliados conjuntamente, a fim de minimizar essa limita&#231;&#227;o. Ressalta-se que, esses indicadores apresentam baixo custo e f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Al&#233;m disso, deve-se considerar que &#233; poss&#237;vel que tenha ocorrido vi&#233;s de mem&#243;ria, visto que o R24H &#233; um instrumento dependente da mem&#243;ria do entrevistado. As limita&#231;&#245;es do uso deste instrumento residem no fato de que a ingest&#227;o alimentar em um &#250;nico dia pode n&#227;o refletir a dieta habitual do indiv&#237;duo. Entretanto, acreditamos que esses indiv&#237;duos apresentam baixa variabilidade de consumo alimentar, devido ao fato de a amostra ser composta predominantemente por indiv&#237;duos de classes sociais mais baixas.</p>
      <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que diante da aus&#234;ncia de recomenda&#231;&#245;es especificas para indiv&#237;duos com DCV, a adequa&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de micronutrientes foi realizada com base na DRI. Entretanto, essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es foram desenvolvidas para uma popula&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel e n&#227;o brasileira, portanto os achados devem ser analisados com cautela.</p>
      <p>A DICA BR &#233; o primeiro estudo nacional trabalhando a regionalidade e alimenta&#231;&#227;o relacionando-as com a sa&#250;de cardiovascular. Destaca-se que o programa &#233; in&#233;dito no pa&#237;s, pois considera a cultura alimentar das regi&#245;es brasileiras. A ades&#227;o &#224; h&#225;bitos alimentares saud&#225;veis &#233; um processo desafiador e din&#226;mico tanto para os pacientes quanto para os profissionais de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Diante do &#234;xito da Primeira Dieta Cardioprotetora Brasileira foi elaborado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de um manual de orienta&#231;&#245;es para profissionais de sa&#250;de da Aten&#231;&#227;o B&#225;sica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> com orienta&#231;&#245;es nutricionais para indiv&#237;duos portadores de fatores de risco cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>De fato, a interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica adequada permite uma melhor combina&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos alimentos e nutrientes, com propriedade cardioprotetora na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria das DCV. Dessa forma, &#233; importante estimular o maior consumo desses nutrientes, favorecendo o melhor controle dos fatores de risco cardiovascular. Destaca-se o fato desse trabalho ser um estudo regional, com objetivo de fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes para profissionais de sa&#250;de sobre o perfil de indiv&#237;duos nordestinos com DCV, bem como identificar fatores que possam exercer influ&#234;ncia na adequa&#231;&#227;o nutricional na preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular secund&#225;ria.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Os resultados do estudo indicaram que a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou as metas dietoter&#225;picas preconizadas para preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular secund&#225;ria, conforme a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Dessa forma, tinham uma dieta pobre em fibras, em micronutrientes e de baixa qualidade nutricional, com elevada ingest&#227;o de gordura saturada e baixa de &#225;cidos graxos insaturados, tudo isso predispondo a ocorr&#234;ncia de outros desfechos cardiovasculares. Foi identificado consumo excessivo de s&#243;dio, principalmente no sexo masculino, sendo um fator preocupante, pois esses indiv&#237;duos, devido ao risco cardiovascular muito elevado, requerem valores menores de consumo deste nutriente.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos imensamente a participa&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais de sa&#250;de e volunt&#225;rios de cada centro participante do Nordeste do Brasil.</p>
    </ack>
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230705i</article-id>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dietary Adequacy of Individuals with Cardiovascular Disease According to Clinical Guidelines in the Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional (BALANCE)</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9406-4456</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sahade</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
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          <name>
            <surname>Marcadenti</surname>
            <given-names>Aline</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torreglosa</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Ragne</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>4</sup>
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            <surname>Weber</surname>
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          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bersch-Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ngela Cristine</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Isa Galv&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
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            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
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          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Josilene Maria Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Mary Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carlos</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele Maria de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dantas</surname>
            <given-names>Clenise de Farias</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12001">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1115-688X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Daltro</surname>
            <given-names>Carla</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13001">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de da UFBA - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos - Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Empresa Brasileira de Servi&#231;os Hospitalares (EBSERH), Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia - Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o da Escola de Nutri&#231;&#227;o da UFBA, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Pesquisa do Hcor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico Universit&#225;rio de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ana Bezerra, Santa Cruz, RN &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11001">
        <label>11</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12001">
        <label>12</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universi&#225;rio Alcides Carneiro - Universidade de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13001">
        <label>13</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de da UFBA - Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o da Escola de Nutri&#231;&#227;o da UFBA &#8211; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Luciana Brito</bold> &#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos - Unidade de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica - R. Dr. Augusto Viana, s/n. Postal Code 40110-040, Canela, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: lucianabritog@yahoo.com.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230705-30705-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Achieving nutritional goals established by scientific societies is a constant challenge and not always achieved.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To investigate the dietary adequacy of individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD), participants in the Cardioprotective Brazilian Food Program residing in the Northeast region of Brazil, according to the recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Cross-sectional analysis with data from the study implementing the Brazilian Cardioprotective Diet (DICA BR), which evaluated individuals with CVD treated in specialized cardiovascular health centers in eight states in the Northeast region. Food consumption was obtained by 24-hour dietary records and dietary adequacy followed SBC recommendations. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> 647 patients were studied, with a mean (standard deviation) age of 63.1 (9.4) years, 50.2% of whom were female. When evaluating food intake, a low adequacy of carbohydrates (52.3%), proteins (70.9%), lipids (38.8%), and fiber (22.4%) was observed. It was observed that the majority of women consumed a low-protein diet (59.2%) and the elderly had a greater inadequacy in carbohydrate consumption (52.6%). Regarding sodium intake, men had a higher intake (72.9%), while the elderly showed a 13% reduction. Furthermore, it was shown that men ate more fiber (28.1%) and individuals with higher education had a high consumption of saturated fatty acids (70.5%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Most individuals did not achieve the recommended dietary therapy goals for secondary cardiovascular prevention. The findings of the present study reinforce the need to implement structured strategies to encourage healthy eating habits in these individuals.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Secondary Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet</kwd>
        <kwd>Eating</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Data from the World Health Organization demonstrate that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality in the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In Brazil, a similar scenario is observed, in which these diseases were responsible for approximately 27% of all deaths in 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This data is alarming, as approximately 20% of individuals who had a cardiovascular event suffer a second one a year later,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and secondary prevention is considered a key point to effectively achieve the therapeutic goals of cardiovascular protection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Secondary cardiovascular prevention is defined as a set of preventive strategies, aiming to stop the progression of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Adopting healthy eating habits and lifestyle changes are among the important strategies for preventing recurrent cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Considering this context, the Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional (BALANCE) was developed, called Brazilian Cardioprotective Diet (DICA BR),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> a food program consisting of dietary prescription with adaptations of the Mediterranean diet through the valorization of foods feasible for the Brazilian population, based on nutritional recommendations. of the guidelines of the <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although studies demonstrate the importance of nutrition in secondary cardiovascular prevention, achieving the therapeutic goals established by scientific societies is a constant challenge and not always achieved.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Despite extensive knowledge about the importance of reducing cardiovascular risk factors, a high proportion of individuals with CVD do not adequately control these factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although a reduction in mortality from CVD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> has been observed worldwide, death rates from these diseases remain high in some Brazilian regions, particularly the Northeast region of the country.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, studies that evaluate secondary prevention measures in this region are scarce, so the objective of the present study was to investigate the dietary adequacy of individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD), participants in the BALANCE Program, residents of the Northeast region of Brazil, according to recommendations of the <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This is a cross-sectional study, part of a broader work, conducted with data from patients of the BALANCE Program<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> implementation study. The data collection process was carried out at baseline between 2013 and 2015, by previously trained nutritionists. A detailed description of the study design has been previously published.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample</title>
          <p>The sample was made up of patients treated in ten cardiovascular health reference centers located in the Northeast Region of Brazil. The inclusion criteria adopted in the DICA BR study were: age equal to or greater than 45 years, both sexes and having evidence of atherosclerosis (coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral arterial disease), currently or in the last ten years diagnosed by the attending physician.</p>
          <p>Patients were considered to have coronary artery disease (CAD) if they presented one or more of the following characteristics: asymptomatic CAD (history of coronary angiography or coronary tomography angiography with atherosclerotic stenosis &#8805;70% of the diameter of any coronary artery); symptomatic CAD (history of angina: clinical diagnosis, even without additional tests; history of positive stress test); Treated CAD (previous angioplasty/Stent/revascularization) and Infarction (history of myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome; history of abnormality in the segmental movement of the heart wall on echocardiography or a fixed segmental defect on scintigraphy).</p>
          <p>In turn, the diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease (Ischemic Stroke-IS / Transient Ischemic Attack-TIA / Cerebral Vascular Accident-CVA) was considered when the patient presented one or more of the following criteria: medical diagnosis of stroke or TIA; evidence of previous stroke on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
          <p>Regarding the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), it was considered when the individual presented one or more of the following criteria: asymptomatic PAD (ankle/arm ratio &lt;0.9 systolic blood pressure in either leg at rest; angiographic study or Doppler demonstrating &gt;70% stenosis in a non-cardiac artery); symptomatic PAD (intermittent claudication); treated PAD (vascular surgery for atherosclerotic disease); Amputation due to arterial causes and aortic aneurysm.</p>
          <p>The non-inclusion criteria were: psychiatric and/or neurocognitive condition that prevented data collection; life expectancy of less than six months; pregnancy or lactation; liver failure with a history of encephalopathy or anasarca; renal failure requiring dialysis; Congestive heart failure; organ transplantation; gastroplasty; wheelchair users and participants who had difficulty feeding orally.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>The data obtained for this work were: smoking, physical inactivity, hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, treated coronary artery disease (treated CAD and PAD), and blood pressure measurement, as described in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Regarding socioeconomic variables, education was classified as lower (illiterate or elementary school) or higher level (high school or higher). As for social class, it was classified as lower (C, D, and E) or higher (A and B).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory tests</title>
          <p>The analysis of laboratory tests was carried out with the patient fasting for 12 hours and no alcohol consumption in the previous 72 hours. Traditional cardiovascular risk markers were used: triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL-c), low-density lipoproteins (LDL-c), and non-HDL cholesterol, classified according to recommended recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anthropometric assessment</title>
          <p>Weight and height data were used to calculate the variable body mass index (BMI). For analysis purposes, individuals were grouped as being underweight, when their BMI was less than 18.5kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and 23.0kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>; eutrophic with values between 18.5-24.9kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and 23.0-27.9kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>; excess weight when the BMI was equal to or greater than 25.0kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and 28.0kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, respectively in adults and the elderly. Obesity was defined as a BMI equal to or greater than 30.0kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, for both.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The presence of central obesity was determined by measuring waist circumference, according to the recommended technique and cutoff points.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of food intake</title>
          <p>For the analysis of food intake, the 24-hour food record (R24H) was used, which was obtained according to the multiple-pass methodology,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> with the use of a photographic album of food measurements and portions, aiming to increase the reliability of the information collected. To analyze the nutritional composition of the R24H obtained, the Nutriquanti&#174; program was used, which prioritizes Brazilian nutritional composition tables.</p>
          <p>The amount of total energy value (TEV) and proteins ingested was expressed per kilogram of weight. For overweight and obese individuals, energy consumption in the range of 20.0 to 25.0kcal/kgP/day was considered adequate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> However, given the lack of recommendation from the <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic> for energy intake in individuals with atherosclerosis with low weight and normal weight, 30.0 to 35.0kcal/KgP and 25.0 to 30.0kcal/KgP were established as adequate. Respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The intake of macronutrients (carbohydrates and lipids) was evaluated as a percentage using the TEV consumed as a reference. Consumption of protein (equal to or greater than 0.8g/KgP),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> sodium (less than 2,000mg),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> carbohydrates (45 to 60%), dietary fiber (equal to or greater than 25g), lipids (25 to 35%), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from 5 to 10%, monounsaturated (MUFA) 15%, saturated (SFA) less than 7% and absence of trans fatty acids.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Nutritional adjustments regarding the consumption of calcium, magnesium, and potassium, due to the lack of specific recommendations for individuals with CVD, were considered according to sex and age group based on the EAR (Estimated Average Requirements) micronutrient intake recommendations, through the Dietary reference intakes (DRI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethics Committee</title>
          <p>The study was conducted under ethical principles and the study protocol was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Hcor), as well as the ethics committees of each collaborating center. All participants signed the Free and Informed Consent Form (TCLE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>For data analysis, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program, version 17, was used. Data were presented by simple and relative frequency, mean and standard deviation (SD) or median (Md), and interquartile range (IIQ), according to the nature of the variables. The normality of quantitative variables was tested using descriptive statistics, graphical analysis, and normality tests (Kolmogorov-Smirnov). The associations were tested using the prevalence ratio with respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), in which the value 1 was assigned to the reference category in the prevalence ratio analysis. The individuals were divided into two groups, &#8220;within the yes or no recommendation&#8221; for comparison purposes, using Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test to compare proportions. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>654 individuals were selected, seven of whom were not included in the sample because they did not attend the initial consultation, totaling 647 patients. Of the nine states that make up the Northeast region of Brazil, only the state of Piau&#237; did not participate in the study. The patients had a mean (SD) age of 63.1 (9.3) years, with a predominance of females, elderly people, individuals with a low level of education, and sedentary (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sociodemographic, lifestyle, clinical, and anthropometric characteristics of 647 individuals with cardiovascular disease, followed up at reference cardiovascular care outpatient clinics in eight states in the Northeast of Brazil</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Results</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sociodemographic and lifestyle</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)*</td>
                  <td align="center">63,1 (9,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">325 (50,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Education level</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Illiterate</td>
                  <td align="center">210 (37,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fundamental</td>
                  <td align="center">211 (37,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High school</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (17,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Higher</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (6,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Social class</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Class A and B</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (20,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Class C, D, and E</td>
                  <td align="center">447 (80,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentary lifestyle</td>
                  <td align="center">463 (73,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ex-smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">342 (53,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (4,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Clinics</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">625 (96,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center">599 (92,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">580 (89,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acute myocardial infarction</td>
                  <td align="center">294 (45,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">261 (40,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (17,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peripheral arterial disease</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (9,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Treated coronary artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center">425 (65,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Anthropometry</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Underweight</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (7,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eutrophic</td>
                  <td align="center">229 (35,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overweight</td>
                  <td align="center">177 (27,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity</td>
                  <td align="center">188 (29,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abdominal obesity</td>
                  <td align="center">486 (77,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Achievement of therapeutic goals</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-c</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (7,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-HDL-c</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (9,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides</td>
                  <td align="center">341 (58,6%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Data in mean and standard deviation.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the assessment of food intake, 49 individuals did not have a food record at baseline, therefore, the analysis of nutritional composition was carried out in 598 individuals. Inadequacies in the consumption of macronutrients, fiber, and micronutrients were observed, as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Adherence to nutritional goals for secondary cardiovascular prevention in 598 individuals with cardiovascular disease treated in ten outpatient clinics specialized in cardiovascular health in eight states in the Northeast Region of Brazil</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Results</th>
                  <th>Within Recommendations</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calorie rate (Kcal/KgP)</td>
                  <td align="center">24.7 (22.6 - 28.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (18.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Carbohydrates (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55.6 (10.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">313 (52.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Protein (g/KgP)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (0.7 - 1.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">424 (70.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lipids (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24.6 (7.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">232 (38.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trans fatty acids (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02 (0.01 - 0.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">598 (100.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Saturated fatty acids (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.8 (5.7 - 10.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">244 (40.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MUFA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9 (5.3 - 8.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (2.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PUFA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 (0.5 - 0.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibers (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.5 (11.4 - 23.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (22.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium (mg)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,384.3 (1,720.6 - 3,180.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">219 (36.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium (mg)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,037.0 (1,491.1 - 2,649.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Magnesium (mg)</td>
                  <td align="center">182.2 (132.1 - 239.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (4.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium (mg)</td>
                  <td align="center">471.0 (271.7 - 757.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (7.5%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">4</xref> describe the prevalence of inadequacies in food consumption and prevalence reasons, according to gender, age group, and sociodemographic variables. The summary of the study findings can be seen in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Prevalence and gross prevalence ratios of inadequacies in the consumption of fiber, sodium, and saturated fatty acids, according to gender, age group, and sociodemographic variables, of individuals with atherosclerosis followed in ten reference cardiovascular health clinics in eight cities in the Northeast Region</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="8%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Low fiber consumption</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Sodium high consumption</th>
                  <th colspan="4">SFA high consumption</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>p (%)</th>
                  <th>PR</th>
                  <th>CI 95%</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>p (%)</th>
                  <th>PR</th>
                  <th>C I95%</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>p (%)</th>
                  <th>PR</th>
                  <th>CI (95%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">210</td>
                  <td align="center">71,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79 - 0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">213</td>
                  <td align="center">72,9</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19 - 1,52</td>
                  <td align="center">176</td>
                  <td align="center">60,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 - 1,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">254</td>
                  <td align="center">83,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">166</td>
                  <td align="center">54,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">178</td>
                  <td align="center">58,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Elderly</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">284</td>
                  <td align="center">78,7</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95 - 1,13</td>
                  <td align="center">216</td>
                  <td align="center">59,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77 - 0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">207</td>
                  <td align="center">57,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81 - 1,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">180</td>
                  <td align="center">75,9</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">163</td>
                  <td align="center">68,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">147</td>
                  <td align="center">62,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Education</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lower</td>
                  <td align="center">313</td>
                  <td align="center">78,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97 - 1,23</td>
                  <td align="center">245</td>
                  <td align="center">61,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76 - 1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">225</td>
                  <td align="center">56,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71 - 0,95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Higher</td>
                  <td align="center">95</td>
                  <td align="center">72,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">93</td>
                  <td align="center">70,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">91</td>
                  <td align="center">68,9</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Social class</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lower</td>
                  <td align="center">331</td>
                  <td align="center">78,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96 - 1,23</td>
                  <td align="center">266</td>
                  <td align="center">63,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81 - 1,10</td>
                  <td align="center">244</td>
                  <td align="center">57,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73 - 1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Higher</td>
                  <td align="center">78</td>
                  <td align="center">72,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">66,7</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td align="center">67,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SFA: Saturated Fatty Acids; PR: prevalence ratio; CI: confidence interval.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Prevalence and crude prevalence ratios of inadequacies in the consumption of calories and macronutrients, according to gender, age group, and sociodemographic variables, of individuals with atherosclerosis followed up in ten reference cardiovascular health outpatient clinics in eight cities in the Northeast Region</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="8%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Inadequate calorie rate</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Inadequate carbohydrate intake</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Low protein intake</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>p (%)</th>
                  <th>PR</th>
                  <th>CI 95%</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>p (%)</th>
                  <th>PR</th>
                  <th>CI 95%</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>p (%)</th>
                  <th>PR</th>
                  <th>CI (95%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">230</td>
                  <td align="center">78.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87-1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">140</td>
                  <td align="center">47.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86-1.20</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">40.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56-0.93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">256</td>
                  <td align="center">83.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">145</td>
                  <td align="center">47.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">103</td>
                  <td align="center">59.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Elderly</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">292</td>
                  <td align="center">81.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.92-.,07</td>
                  <td align="center">190</td>
                  <td align="center">52.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.31</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09-1.58</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">57.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69-1.14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">194</td>
                  <td align="center">81.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">95</td>
                  <td align="center">40.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                  <td align="center">42.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Education</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lower</td>
                  <td align="center">329</td>
                  <td align="center">82.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1.07</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97-1.19</td>
                  <td align="center">191</td>
                  <td align="center">48.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75-1.16</td>
                  <td align="center">123</td>
                  <td align="center">77.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                  <td>0.64-1.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Higher</td>
                  <td align="center">102</td>
                  <td align="center">77.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">44.7</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">22.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Social class</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lower</td>
                  <td align="center">350</td>
                  <td align="center">82.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97-1.21</td>
                  <td align="center">203</td>
                  <td align="center">48.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71-1.15</td>
                  <td align="center">129</td>
                  <td align="center">81.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65-1.27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Higher</td>
                  <td align="center">82</td>
                  <td align="center">76.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">43.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">18.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>PR: prevalence ratio; CI: confidence interval.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the present study, it was found that most individuals were highly inadequate in meeting the dietary goals established for secondary cardiovascular prevention. In other studies, relevant inadequacies in nutritional goals were also found, corroborating the results presented.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Furthermore, it was found that elderly individuals had a greater inadequacy of carbohydrate consumption, those with higher education had a high consumption of SFA, in addition, men had a higher intake of sodium, and women had a greater inadequacy of fiber. These data draw attention, as individuals with these characteristics are likely to show low dietary adequacy. It is worth mentioning that dietary inadequacies may have influenced the failure to meet therapeutic goals related to lipid profile<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>, blood pressure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and glycemic control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic> and the American Heart Association recommend that the joint application of strategies related to drug and non-pharmacological therapy in the management of atherosclerosis is potentially beneficial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Previous studies have investigated the association of dietary patterns with recurrent cardiovascular events<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> and that the adoption of healthy eating habits seems to act synergistically with the control of cardiovascular risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>&#8220;Atherogenic&#8221; food consumption, evidenced by the high consumption of SFA and sodium, predominated in the individuals studied. Evidence demonstrates possible nutrients identified as risk factors for CVD, including high consumption of sodium, SFA, trans fat,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> and refined carbohydrates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In contrast, reducing the consumption of foods that are sources of these nutrients has proven to be extremely important in the prevention and control of CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>When analyzing the food intake of the studied sample, it was observed that few individuals were consuming the number of calories necessary for their nutritional status. The literature demonstrates possible factors that make it difficult to achieve nutritional recommendations, including socioeconomic issues,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> and lack of knowledge or poor adherence to nutritional guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is important to highlight that evaluating the quality of the diet is extremely relevant. In the present study, despite most individuals having a low-fat diet, a high consumption of SFA and a low intake of unsaturated fatty acids was observed, corroborating other authors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Studies have demonstrated that qualitative changes in the lipid composition of the diet seem to have beneficial effects in reducing cardiovascular events and mortality, although the results are conflicting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In a meta-analysis, conflicting results were observed from lipid-reduced diets and the replacement of SFA by PUFA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> This can be attributed to the fact that the exchange of SFA for unsaturated fatty acids, in addition to reducing LDL-c, can reduce HDL-c, occurring more intensely when replacing SFA with MUFA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Among strata with higher education, the level of education is associated with greater SFA intake. Therefore, when analyzing education as an indirect measure of income, it is observed that individuals with a more favorable socioeconomic level have a higher prevalence of inadequate consumption of SFA, corroborating other authors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> In this context, it is also worth highlighting that, in the present study, approximately 30% of the individuals had a low-protein diet. It is known that these foods usually have a higher cost and are less available among lower-income individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It was evidenced that a small proportion of individuals met the dietary fiber recommendation, a similar finding was found by other studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> possibly due to the adoption of unhealthy eating habits, low quality of carbohydrate intake,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> and high consumption of ultra-processed foods identified by high sodium consumption.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Regarding differences in dietary fiber consumption between the sexes, women had a higher prevalence of inadequacy. Studies have shown that dietary fiber consumption reduces proportionally in the presence of worse socioeconomic conditions, which could justify the low consumption seen among women<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup>. A meta-analysis demonstrated that fiber intake was associated with a beneficial reduction in total cholesterol, LDL-c, and diastolic blood pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>High sodium consumption was higher among men, a finding similar to that of other authors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> According to the Family Budget Survey (FBS), daily sodium consumption in Brazil is approximately 4,700 mg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Because sodium intake is considered an important marker of diet quality in secondary cardiovascular prevention, the need to apply prevention actions is reinforced, aiming to reduce sodium consumption.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Still concerning food consumption, potassium, magnesium, and calcium are essential nutrients, which play an important role in preserving vascular tone and cardiac contractility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The consumption of these micronutrients in the present study was extremely low, which reflects the low quality of the diet, which can be justified by the inadequate consumption of foods that are sources of vitamins and minerals, in addition to the predominance of individuals with low purchasing power, favoring less access to a more varied and healthier diet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Among the limitations of this study, we can mention the lack of more accurate methods to assess nutritional status. However, BMI and waist circumference were assessed together to minimize this limitation. It is noteworthy that these indicators are low-cost and easy to apply in clinical practice. Furthermore, it must be considered that memory bias may have occurred, given that the R24H is an instrument dependent on the interviewee&#8217;s memory. The limitations of using this instrument lie in the fact that food intake on a single day may not reflect the individual&#8217;s usual diet. However, we believe that these individuals have low variability in food consumption since the sample is predominantly composed of individuals from lower social classes.</p>
        <p>It is important to highlight that given the absence of specific recommendations for individuals with CVD, the adequacy of micronutrient intake was carried out based on the DRI. However, these recommendations were developed for a healthy, non-Brazilian population, so the findings should be analyzed with caution.</p>
        <p>BALANCE Program is the first national study working on regionality and nutrition, relating them to cardiovascular health. It is noteworthy that the program is unprecedented in the country, as it considers the food culture of Brazilian regions. Adhering to healthy eating habits is a challenging and dynamic process for both patients and healthcare professionals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Given the success of the First Brazilian Cardioprotective Diet, a guidance manual for Primary Care health professionals<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> was prepared by the Ministry of Health, with nutritional guidelines for individuals with cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
        <p>Adequate dietary intervention allows for a better combination of multiple foods and nutrients, with cardioprotective properties in the secondary prevention of CVD. Therefore, it is important to encourage greater consumption of these nutrients, favoring better control of cardiovascular risk factors. It is worth highlighting the fact that this work is a regional study, aiming to provide relevant information to health professionals about the profile of northeastern individuals with CVD, as well as identifying factors that may influence nutritional adequacy in secondary cardiovascular prevention.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The results of the study indicated that most individuals did not achieve the dietary therapy goals recommended for secondary cardiovascular prevention, according to the <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic>. Therefore, they had a diet low in fiber, micronutrients, and low nutritional quality, with a high intake of saturated fat and low intake of unsaturated fatty acids, all of which predisposed the occurrence of other cardiovascular outcomes. Excessive sodium consumption was identified, especially in males, which is a worrying factor, as these individuals, due to their very high cardiovascular risk, require lower amounts of this nutrient.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We greatly appreciate the participation of health professionals and volunteers from each participating center in Northeast Brazil.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Luciana Brito, from Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Hcor) under the protocol number CAAE 03218512.0.1001.0060. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil, com base no Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Institucional do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de e coordenado pelo Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
