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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3qtYLqSTxSfGjTgqDM5n68K</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230669</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Novo Modelo Incremental para Predi&#231;&#227;o de Mortalidade na Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar Pr&#233;-Capilar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2828-479X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa Alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Wanessa Alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Eliauria Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2351-6491</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Agostinho Hermes de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba &#8211; Campus I &#8211; Lot. Cidade Universit&#225;ria. CEP <postal-code>58051-900</postal-code>, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>marcelot@alumni.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230669</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <caption>
              <title>RDW: Red Cell Distribution Width; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; SpO<sub>2</sub>: satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio arterial perif&#233;rico.</title>
            </caption>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/3qtYLqSTxSfGjTgqDM5n68K/f81404aa17171edd341f5b630ec8c57b0c42509f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Na hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP), &#233; necess&#225;ria a identifica&#231;&#227;o de marcadores progn&#243;sticos de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o associados com disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e sobrevida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de anisocitose eritrocit&#225;ria (RDW, do ingl&#234;s red cell distribution width) com par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e sobrevida em pacientes com HP pr&#233;-capilar, com o desenvolvimento de um modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional, longitudinal, prospectivo, conduzido entre maio de 2019 e dezembro de 2022. Trinta e quatro pacientes com HP pr&#233;-capilar submeteram-se &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma bidimensional e hemograma. Um ponto de corte de 14,5% foi adotado para definir o RDW como alterado (&#8805;14,5%) ou normal (&lt;14,5%). Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O RDW m&#233;dio foi 14,4%. Houve uma diferen&#231;a significativa na satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio (SpO<sub>2</sub>) (p=0,028), <italic>strain</italic> do VD (p=0,047) e derrame peric&#225;rdico (p=0,002) entre os grupos com RDW normal e elevado. Durante um per&#237;odo mediano de 15 meses, 20,6% dos pacientes foram a &#243;bito. Os pacientes com RDW aumentado tiveram uma sobrevida global mais curta (44,7%, log-rank p=0,019), sendo um preditor de mortalidade na regress&#227;o univariada de Cox. A adi&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain</italic> do VD &lt; 16% e da SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8804;93% ao modelo incluindo somente RDW mostrou valor incremental na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade (&#967;<sup>2</sup>=8,2, p=0,049; &#967;<sup>2</sup>=12,4, p=0,041), com &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (do ingl&#234;s, Receiver Operating Characteristic) aumentada (0,729 vs. 0,837 vs. 0,909) e probabilidade de sobrevida diminu&#237;da (44.7% vs. 35.6% vs. 25%, log-rank p=0,019).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O RDW fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a gravidade da HP pr&#233;-capilar pela sua correla&#231;&#227;o com par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e mortalidade, a qual &#233; melhor predita por um modelo incluindo RDW, <italic>strain</italic> do VD e SpO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Eritr&#243;citos</kwd>
        <kwd>Deforma&#231;&#227;o Longitudinal Global</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) &#233; definida pela presen&#231;a de uma press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia igual ou maior a 20 mmHg, avaliada por cateterismo card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A HP pr&#233;-capilar &#233; caracterizada por uma press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar igual ou menor a 15 mmHg e inclui pacientes dos grupos 1, 3 e 4, alguns pacientes do grupo 5 e, raramente, pacientes do grupo 2 que apresentam uma combina&#231;&#227;o de HP pr&#233;-capilar e p&#243;s-capilar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados, a HP pode levar &#224; hipertrofia ventricular direita e &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca terminal. Nesse sentido, existe uma clara necessidade de se identificar marcadores progn&#243;sticos de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o associados com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e sobrevida em pacientes com HP.</p>
      <p>O &#237;ndice de anisocitose eritrocit&#225;ria (RDW, do ingl&#234;s <italic>red cell distribution width</italic>) &#233; um dos par&#226;metros obtidos do hemograma e mede a variabilidade no volume das hem&#225;cias circulantes. Quando elevada, reflete a presen&#231;a de uma disfun&#231;&#227;o na eritropoiese, maior destrui&#231;&#227;o, ou uma meia vida reduzida das hem&#225;cias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A causa mais comum de eleva&#231;&#227;o do RDW &#233; anemia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> mas estudos recentes mostram que seu aumento est&#225; associado com v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es, tais como HP, na qual tem um valor progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#227;o existem mecanismos claros para explicar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre RDW e doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Uma das principais hip&#243;teses &#233; o papel da inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, que causa mielossupress&#227;o, reduz a s&#237;ntese renal da eritropoietina e estimula a apoptose de precursores eritroides na medula &#243;ssea, aumentando a anisocitose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o do RDW com par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em pacientes com HP pr&#233;-capilar, bem como seu valor progn&#243;stico na sobrevida, com o desenvolvimento de um modelo incremental para a predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo observacional, longitudinal e prospectivo, conduzido de maio de 2019 a dezembro de 2022. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com um diagn&#243;stico de HP pr&#233;-capilar confirmado por cateterismo card&#237;aco direito, com idade maior que 18 anos, e acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de pneumologia de um hospital universit&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: a) pacientes com HP p&#243;s-capilar; b) presen&#231;a de congest&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica no ecocardiograma (E/E&#8217;&gt;14), disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grau 2 ou 3, ou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda reduzida; c) doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural ou valvular do lado esquerdo; d) cardiopatia cong&#234;nita corrigida ou n&#227;o; e) janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica inadequada; f) mulheres gr&#225;vidas; g) recusa em assinar o termo de consentimento.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba (n&#250;mero 3,616,337, CAAE: 21291419.6.0000.8069).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>O exame de ecocardiografia foi realizado usando um aparelho GE Vivid T8 com transdutor de 2,5 MHz M4h-5. As imagens foram adquiridas com o paciente em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo, segundo recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Foram adquiridas imagens de v&#237;deo correspondentes a tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi estimada usando o m&#233;todo biplanar de Simpson.</p>
        <p>O <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico foi avaliado em uma <italic>workstation</italic> pelo programa EchoPach V204, e o tra&#231;ado do endoc&#225;rdio foi realizado manualmente no final da di&#225;stole. A medida foi feita ap&#243;s o examinador verificar a qualidade do tra&#231;ado da borda endoc&#225;rdica. Se dois segmentos fossem considerados inadequados, o exame foi exclu&#237;do do estudo. Na janela apical, foram adquiridas se&#231;&#245;es focando o ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e o &#225;trio direito (AD), com quantifica&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do <italic>strain</italic> da parede livre.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames laboratoriais</title>
        <p>O valor de RDW foi obtido do hemograma, realizado at&#233; um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico bidimensional com Doppler. O RDW foi considerado alterado ou normal de acordo com o ponto de corte (14,5%) adotado na institui&#231;&#227;o em que o estudo foi conduzido. Ainda, n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP) foram medidos e comparados com o RDW.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfecho</title>
        <p>Os participantes foram inclu&#237;dos em diferentes momentos e acompanhados desde a data do ecocardiograma at&#233; o final do per&#237;odo do estudo ou data de &#243;bito. O desfecho foi definido como mortalidade durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vi&#233;s</title>
        <p>Para diminuir o risco de vi&#233;s, todos os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados por um &#250;nico examinador, cego quanto &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o de HP (grupo), e exames laboratoriais foram realizados no laborat&#243;rio do mesmo centro. As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas foram obtidas durante consulta de rotina pelo mesmo m&#233;dico atendente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tamanho amostral</title>
        <p>O tamanho amostral foi definido por conveni&#234;ncia, incluindo todos os pacientes acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de HP eleg&#237;veis para o estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) ou medianas e intervalos interquartis (distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas param&#233;tricas e n&#227;o param&#233;tricas foram comparadas usando o teste t de Student para amostras independentes e o teste de Mann-Whitney, respectivamente. Compara&#231;&#245;es de tr&#234;s ou mais grupos de vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas foram feitas usando o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, com teste post hoc de Dunn. O grau de correla&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis foi determinado pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman, dada &#224; aus&#234;ncia de normalidade na distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra.</p>
        <p>O teste exato de Fisher foi usado para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos de RDW (normal/alterado) e vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas como mortalidade. A sobrevida livre de eventos foi avaliada usando o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier, e as curvas foram comparadas usando o teste de log-rank.</p>
        <p>O m&#233;todo de regress&#227;o de Cox foi usado para identificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis e mortalidade, com c&#225;lculo do <italic>Hazard Ratio</italic> (HR) e intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. As vari&#225;veis com p&lt;0,05 na an&#225;lise univariada foram inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado.</p>
        <p>Modelos de Cox seriados determinaram o valor incremental do <italic>strain</italic> do VD e da satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio (SpO<sub>2</sub>) em predizer mortalidade ao adicionar, gradualmente, vari&#225;veis ao modelo contendo somente RDW. Um incremento no valor preditivo foi definido como um aumento estatisticamente significativo no teste do qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>), usando o teste omnibus. A probabilidade log &#8722;2 (-2LL) foi calculada para comparar a capacidade das vari&#225;veis em predizer o desfecho. A melhora do modelo em cada est&#225;gio foi descrita pela diminui&#231;&#227;o na &#8722;2LL.</p>
        <p>&#193;reas sob a curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) foram desenvolvidas para comparar os modelos. Um p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando o programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 23. As curvas ROC foram avaliadas com o programa MedCalc, e as figuras geradas pelo programa GraphPad Prism 9.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 34 pacientes com HP pr&#233;-capilar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, n&#227;o houve perda de seguimento. A idade mediana dos participantes foi 49 anos, e 82,4% dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino. De acordo com a classe funcional da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, a maioria dos pacientes apresentava grau III.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais, e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e grupos com &#205;ndice de Anisocitose Eritrocit&#225;ria (RDW) normal e aumentado</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="19%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Todos os pacientes (n = 34)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com RDW &lt;14,5% (n = 18)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes com RDW &#8805;14,5% (n = 16)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Idade (anos)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">49<break/> [37,8-66,5]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54<break/> [43,5-68,3]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41<break/> [37-66,5]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Mulheres, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28(82,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15(83,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13(81,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">IMC (kg/m&#178;)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26,8 &#177; 5,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27,7 &#177; 7,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25,7 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio (%)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">94<break/> [92-96]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">95,5<break/> [93-97]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92,5<break/> [90-95]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,028<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Classe funcional, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">I</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4" valign="middle">0,046<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">II</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (23,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (38,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (6,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">III</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (70,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (61,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (81,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle">
                  <bold>N&#250;mero de medicamentos em uso, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10(29,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5(27,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5(31,3)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4" valign="middle">0,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10(29,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7(38,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3(18,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11(32,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5(17,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6(37,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3(8,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(5,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2(12,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Etiologia, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Grupo I</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22(64,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12(66,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10(62,5)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">0,88<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Grupo III</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5(14,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3(16,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2(12,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Grupo IV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7(20,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3(16,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4(25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a do tecido conjuntivo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5(14,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4(22,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(6,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar idiop&#225;tica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15(44,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6(33,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9(56,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,41<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Hemoglobina (g/dL)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13,8 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13,5 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14,3 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,51<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Hemat&#243;crito (%)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42,5 &#177; 6,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41,7<break/> [39,3-43,8]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43,5<break/> [38,5-48,1]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">BNP (pg/ml)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36,0<break/> [13,2-349]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17,6<break/> [11-109]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">161,8<break/> [21-795]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">TAPSE (m<sup>m</sup>)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17,6 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19,1 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15,9 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">VRT (m/s)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,0 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,9 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,2 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,33<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">PASP (mmHg)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69,4 &#177; 23,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67,2 &#177; 23,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71,8 &#177; 23,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,57<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">FAC (%)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33,1 &#177; 13,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32,9 &#177; 14,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33,3 &#177; 12,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,93<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">S&#8242; (cm/s)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11,6 &#177; 3,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11,0[10-14]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11,0[10-13]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">TAPSE/PASP (mm/mmHg)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,29 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,3<break/> [0,22-0,37]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,19<break/> [0,17-0,36]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">&#193;rea do AD (cm<sup>2</sup>)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21,1 &#177; 8,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18,3<break/> [14,7-26,4]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19,0<break/> [10,3-29,6]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,81<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Press&#227;o do AD (mmHg)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,1 &#177; 9,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5,0[3-11,5]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8,0[3-15]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,41<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"><italic>Strain</italic> do AD (%)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26,6 &#177; 17,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27,6 &#177; 14,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25,2 &#177; 19,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,72<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Di&#226;metro do VD (mm)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41,5 &#177; 11,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41,6 &#177; 7,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41,5 &#177; 14,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"><italic>Strain</italic> do VD (%)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17,8 &#177; 6,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20,0 &#177; 6,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15,3 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,047<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Derrame peric&#225;rdico, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7(20,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7(43,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70,9 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68,8 &#177; 6,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67,4 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,54<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Massa ventricular esquerda (g)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">118,5 &#177; 37,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">131,1 &#177; 38,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">100,3 &#177; 27,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">E/e&#8242;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6,6 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6,7 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6,3 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,66<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>RDW: &#205;ndice de Anisocitose Eritrocit&#225;ria; IMC: &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal; BNP: Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Cerebral; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide; VRT: Velocidade de Regurgita&#231;&#227;o Tric&#250;spide; PASP: Press&#227;o Sist&#243;lica da Art&#233;ria Pulmonar; FAC: Fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea; S&#8242;: pico da velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide; AD: &#193;trio Direito; VD: Ventr&#237;culo Direito; FEEVE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo; E/e&#8242;: raz&#227;o entre a velocidade diast&#243;lica E do fluxo mitral e a velocidade diast&#243;lica e&#8217; do anel mitral. Valores expressos em mediana e intervalo interquartil; Valores expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste de Mann-Whitney;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste exato de Fisher;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia, 61,8% dos pacientes tomavam um ou dois medicamentos. Pacientes sem tratamento adequado haviam sido recentemente encaminhados para tratamento. A maioria estava usando um inibidor da fosfodiesterase-5, seguido de um antagonista de receptor de endotelina e/ou um an&#225;logo de prostaciclina (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Tabela S1</xref>).</p>
        <p>As etiologias mais comuns da HP foram hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP) idiop&#225;tica, tromboembolismo pulmonar, doen&#231;a do tecido conjuntivo e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Tabela S1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial e ecocardiogr&#225;fica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>), o valor mediano do RDW foi pr&#243;ximo ao limite superior de normalidade. Nenhum dos pacientes apresentou disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca esquerda, e a minoria apresentou derrame peric&#225;rdico.</p>
        <p>O RDW correlacionou-se inversamente com excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) e com TAPSE/ Press&#227;o Sist&#243;lica da Art&#233;ria Pulmonar (PSAP) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>), mas n&#227;o se correlacionou com nenhum outro par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). O RDW n&#227;o mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o com BNP nem com a hemoglobina.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o do &#205;ndice de Anisocitose Eritrocit&#225;ria (RDW) com excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) (1A) e com TAPSE/ Press&#227;o Sist&#243;lica da Art&#233;ria Pulmonar (PSAP) (TAPSE/PSAP) (1B).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230669-30669-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman entre &#205;ndice de Anisocitose Eritrocit&#225;ria (RDW) e par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">RDW</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#961; (correlation coefficient)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,218</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemat&#243;crito</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,201</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BNP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,295</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,390</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TRV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,162</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PASP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,160</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FAC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,032</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">S&#8242;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,091</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE/PASP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,393</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#193;rea do AD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,054</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o do AD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,167</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><italic>Strain</italic> do AD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,025</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Di&#226;metro do VD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><italic>Strain</italic> do VD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,290</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,09</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>RDW: &#237;ndice de anisocitose eritrocit&#225;ria; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide; VRT: velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; PASP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; FAC: fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea; S&#8242;: pico da velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide; AD: &#225;trio direito; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Observou-se uma leve predomin&#226;ncia de pacientes com RDW normal na amostra. A classe funcional e a SpO<sub>2</sub> foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos de RDW. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quando os pacientes foram comparados de acordo com a etiologia da HP (incluindo pacientes com ou sem doen&#231;a do tecido conjuntivo, e HAP idiop&#225;tica), ou com o n&#250;mero de medicamentos usados.</p>
        <p>Entre as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, somente o <italic>strain</italic> do VD mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref>). O RDW foi maior nos pacientes com TAPSE alterada (&lt;18 mm) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2B</xref>) e naqueles com derrame peric&#225;rdico (14% versus 15,4%, p=0,017).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;a do strain do Ventr&#237;culo Direito (VD) entre grupos com &#205;ndice de Anisocitose Eritrocit&#225;ria (RDW) normal e aumentada (2A). Compara&#231;&#227;o do RDW de acordo com o valor de normalidade para excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide TAPSE (2B) e estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica pelo TAPSE/ Press&#227;o Sist&#243;lica da Art&#233;ria Pulmonar (TAPSE/PSAP) (2C e 2D).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230669-30669-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>O efeito da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> sobre o RDW foi avaliado, considerando as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas TAPSE/PASP, &#225;rea atrial direita, BNP e classe funcional (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Tabela S2</xref>). O RDW foi diferente somente entre os grupos TAPSE/PSAP, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre risco baixo e alto e entre risco alto e intermedi&#225;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2C</xref>).</p>
        <p>Quando os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos quanto a TAPSE/PSAP (risco baixo/intermedi&#225;rio e alto) usando um ponto de corte de 0,19 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2D</xref>), observou-se uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa no RDW.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sobrevida</title>
        <p>O tempo mediano de seguimento foi 15 (10-40) meses, com um m&#237;nimo de 1 e um m&#225;ximo de 43 meses. Sete pacientes foram a &#243;bito, dos quais seis apresentavam um RDW &#8805; 14,5%. Houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre mortalidade e presen&#231;a de RDW normal ou alterado (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Tabela S3</xref>).</p>
        <p>Os pacientes com RDW aumentado apresentaram uma sobrevida global significativamente mais curta que pacientes com RDW normal. Curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia de Kaplan-Meier mostraram uma separa&#231;&#227;o significativa dos dois subgrupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier nos grupos de pacientes com &#205;ndice de Anisocitose Eritrocit&#225;ria (RDW) normal e aumentado.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230669-30669-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox univariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>) identificou o RDW &#8805; 14,5% como preditor de mortalidade, bem como um <italic>strain</italic> do VD &lt; 16% e uma SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 93%. Na regress&#227;o multivariada, no entanto, nenhuma das vari&#225;veis foi preditora independente de mortalidade.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o de Cox univariada e multivariada para predizer mortalidade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">HR (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p Value</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">HR (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.69<break/> (0.07&#8211;5.79)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.69</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.99<break/> (0.94&#8211;1.03)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.72</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8804;93%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.37 (1.34&#8211;95.51)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.026</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.479<break/> (0.980&#8211;73.389)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.052</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">RDW &#8805;14,5%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.55<break/> (1.02&#8211;71.66)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.048</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.592<break/> (0.127&#8211;19.966)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.718</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BNP &gt;300 pg/ml</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.27<break/> (0.35&#8211;14.55)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.38</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE &lt;18 mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.98<break/> (0.21&#8211;4.38)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.97</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">VRT (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.60<break/> (0.892&#8211;2.869)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.115</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PASP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.003<break/> (0.97&#8211;1.037)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.871</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FAC (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.002<break/> (0.953&#8211;1.055)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.928</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">S&#8242; &lt;9,5 cm/s</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.60<break/> (0.113&#8211;3.190)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.549</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE/PASP &lt;0.19 mm/mmHg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.375<break/> (0.262&#8211;7.220)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.707</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#193;rea do AD &gt;18 cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.838<break/> (0.861&#8211;9.351)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.086</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Strain do AD &lt;25%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.8 (0.56&#8211;41.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Strain do VD &lt;16%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.0 (1.3&#8211;93.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.028</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.938<break/> (0.412&#8211;37.604)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.234</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Derrame peric&#225;rdico</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.6 (2.0&#8211;65.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.006</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.088<break/> (0.551&#8211;30.322)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.168</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>HR: Hazard ratio; SpO<sub>2</sub>: Satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio arterial perif&#233;rico; RDW: Amplitude da Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos Gl&#243;bulos Vermelhos; BNP: Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Cerebral; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide; VRT: Velocidade de Regurgita&#231;&#227;o Tric&#250;spide; PASP: Press&#227;o Sist&#243;lica da Art&#233;ria Pulmonar; FAC: Fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea; S&#8242;: pico da velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide; AD: &#193;trio Direito; VD: Ventr&#237;culo Direito.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modelos para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade</title>
        <p>O valor incremental da adi&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que foram significativas na an&#225;lise univariada no modelo incluindo somente RDW tamb&#233;m foi avaliado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>). Quando o <italic>strain</italic> do VD &lt;16% foi adicionado, o modelo foi significativamente melhor em predizer mortalidade que o modelo incluindo RDW. Quando SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8804;93% foi adicionada, o modelo foi significativamente melhor que o modelo anterior. Os p-valores de cada modelo est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valor incremental do strain do Ventr&#237;culo Direito (VD) e satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio (SpO<sub>2</sub>) ao &#205;ndice de Anisocitose Eritrocit&#225;ria (RDW) na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230669-30669-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da curva ROC tamb&#233;m mostrou um aumento progressivo na sensibilidade, especificidade e &#225;rea sob a curva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>). De maneira semelhante, ao comparar as curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>), observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na probabilidade de sobrevida quando par&#226;metros laboratoriais, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos foram avaliados.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Compara&#231;&#227;o das curvas de sobrevida na aus&#234;ncia de vari&#225;veis preditoras e nos modelos 1 (RDW &#8805;14,5%), 2 (RDW &#8805;14,5% e strain do VD &lt;16%) e 3 (RDW &#8805;14,5%, strain do VD &lt;16%, e SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8804;93%), com as respectivas probabilidades: 70,2%; 44,7%; 35,6%; e 25%; B) Curvas Caracter&#237;sticas de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor (ROC) dos modelos 1, 2 e 3 para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade, com &#225;reas sob a curva &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (sensibilidade, especificidade), respectivamente, de: 0,729 &#177; 0,087 (85,7%, 63%); 0,837 &#177; 0,074 (71,4%, 85,2%); e 0,909 &#177; 0,053 (100%, 64%); RDW: &#237;ndice de anisocitose eritrocit&#225;ria; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; SpO<sub>2</sub>: satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230669-30669-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo &#233; o primeiro a analisar uma popula&#231;&#227;o composta de diferentes etiologias de HP pr&#233;-capilar, comparando anisocitose eritrocit&#225;ria com marcadores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos avan&#231;ados de les&#227;o subcl&#237;nica do VD. Foi poss&#237;vel avaliar n&#227;o s&#243; o impacto do RDW sobre a sobrevida do paciente, como tamb&#233;m o valor incremental de um modelo composto de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, o que &#233; muito &#250;til na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Nos pacientes estudados, o RDW n&#227;o se correlacionou com hemoglobina, e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na hemoglobina entre os grupos com RDW normal e elevado. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no RDW quando os grupos foram separados de acordo com a etiologia da HP, mostrando que sua altera&#231;&#227;o ocorre independentemente da causa.</p>
      <p>Estudos mostraram que o RDW &#233; significativamente maior nos pacientes com HP secund&#225;ria a diferentes etiologias, tais como DPOC, com valores de 15,1% e 13,7% nos pacientes com e sem HP, respectivamente (p&lt;0,001);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> doen&#231;as do tecido conjuntivo (14,9% <italic>versus</italic> 13,8%, p=0,02);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e tromboembolismo pulmonar (18,6% <italic>versus</italic> 17,0%, p=0.014).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os valores m&#233;dios de quase todos os principais par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos relacionados ao VD tamb&#233;m estavam alterados. O RDW mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com TAPSE e TAPSE/PSAP, e tamb&#233;m se observou uma diferen&#231;a significativa nos valores do RDW nos grupos com TAPSE normal e alterada. N&#227;o encontramos associa&#231;&#227;o do RDW com BNP e <italic>strain</italic> do AE.</p>
      <p>Um estudo com pacientes com esclerose sist&#234;mica com ou sem HP<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> mostrou que o RDW foi inversamente relacionado &#224; TAPSE (&#961;=-0,350; p=0,002), mas diretamente relacionado &#224; PSAP (&#961;=0,272; p=0,016) e a marcadores de sobrecarga atrial, tais como BNP (&#961;=0,294; p=0,008) e <italic>strain</italic> global do AE (&#961;=-0,396; p=0,027). Em pacientes com DPOC com e sem HP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> o RDW mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com PSAP (r=0,594, p&lt;0,001).</p>
      <p>N&#227;o h&#225;, na literatura, nenhum outro estudo que correlacione o RDW na HP pr&#233;-capilar com TAPSE/PSAP, a qual &#233; uma importante medida direta, n&#227;o invasiva, do acoplamento do VD e art&#233;ria pulmonar, recentemente usada na estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica da HP.</p>
      <p>Em nossa an&#225;lise, observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no <italic>strain</italic> do VD em pacientes com RDW aumentado (&#8805;14,5%), o que n&#227;o foi observado em outros par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos avaliando o VD. Assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o <italic>strain</italic> do VD seja considerado um par&#226;metro precoce de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca direita e que ele reflita a mudan&#231;a no RDW.</p>
      <p>Na literatura, h&#225; poucos estudos avaliando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre RDW e o <italic>strain</italic> na parede livre do VD na HP. Portanto, nossos achados podem ser considerados relevantes, uma vez que esse par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi descrito como um forte preditor de desfechos de longo prazo relacionados &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em pacientes com HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m demonstramos que o RDW estava significativamente aumentado no grupo com derrame peric&#225;rdio, o qual, quando presente na HP, &#233; uma vari&#225;vel independente associada com mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia de derrame foi similar &#224; relatada na literatura: 25%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> 15%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e 16%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os fatores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos que afetam adversamente o progn&#243;stico da HP s&#227;o disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e presen&#231;a de derrame peric&#225;rdico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, o RDW pode estar relacionado com o progn&#243;stico de HP, uma vez que os pacientes com um <italic>strain</italic> do VD pior ou com derrame apresentaram um RDW significativamente aumentado.</p>
      <p>A raz&#227;o TAPSE/PSAP foi inclu&#237;da na estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica do risco de mortalidade de um ano (baixo, intermedi&#225;rio e alto) na HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> que estratificou os valores de TAPSE/PSAP por tercil (baixo: &lt;0,19 mm/mmHg; intermedi&#225;rio: 0,19-0,32 mm/mmHg; alto: &gt;0,32 mm/mmHg), os pacientes no tercil baixo apresentaram um status hemodin&#226;mico, funcional e ecocardiogr&#225;fico pior que pacientes nos tercis intermedi&#225;rio e alto.</p>
      <p>Em nossa an&#225;lise, n&#227;o s&#243; o RDW foi significativamente maior no grupo com TAPSE/PSAP menor que 0,19 mm/mmHg em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes acima desse valor, mas tamb&#233;m se observou uma diferen&#231;a no RDW entre os tercis baixo e alto, m&#233;dio e alto, mas n&#227;o entre os tercis baixo e m&#233;dio. Assim, observamos que uma pior capacidade da contratilidade do VD em compensar o aumento na p&#243;s-carga foi associado a um aumento no RDW.</p>
      <p>Essa altera&#231;&#227;o laboratorial n&#227;o foi significativa quando as outras vari&#225;veis usadas para estratifica&#231;&#227;o (BNP, &#225;rea do AE e classe funcional) foram avaliadas. De acordo com um grupo de autores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> que avaliaram pacientes com DPOC e HP, o RDW se correlacionou positivamente com BNP (r=0,513, p=0,001). Esse resultado tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado em outro estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> em que o RDW foi maior nos pacientes com HP com BNP elevado (&#8805;300 pg/mL) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com BNP normal (&lt;300 pg/mL) (15,0% <italic>versus</italic> 14,4%, p=0,0264), diferente de nossos resultados.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, ao comparar os grupos com RDW normal e elevado, observou-se uma diferen&#231;a significativa na classe funcional, com uma predomin&#226;ncia das classes III e II, respectivamente. Em uma coorte,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> valores de RDW mais altos foram observados em pacientes com classes NYHA mais altas (13,8&#177;1,8% versus 16,5&#177;2,9%, p&lt;0,001). Ainda, em um estudo com 56 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica (HPTEC), os n&#237;veis de RDW correlacionaram-se positivamente com a classe funcional OMS (r=0,450, p=0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os resultados do nosso estudo tamb&#233;m sugeriram um valor progn&#243;stico significativo do RDW na predi&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade. Nesse sentido, uma meta-an&#225;lise<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> sugeriu que um RDW aumentado pode predizer um pior progn&#243;stico na HP (HR=1,27, IC95% 1,11-1,45).</p>
      <p>Em pacientes com HAP idiop&#225;tica, a mortalidade por todas as causas foi significativamente pior em pacientes com RDW &gt; 13,65% (p=0,007).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Resultados similares foram encontrados em 109 pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de Eisenmenger; 19,3% deles foram a &#243;bito durante um per&#237;odo mediano de 4,2 anos, uma propor&#231;&#227;o similar a nossos resultados. Um RDW mais alto foi encontrado em n&#227;o sobreviventes que em sobreviventes (16,9% <italic>versus</italic> 14,3%; p=0,015).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Em um estudo prospectivo do tipo coorte<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> de 77 pacientes com HP grupo 1 e HPTEC, o RDW m&#233;dio de todas as interna&#231;&#245;es foi preditivo de mortalidade (HR=1,47; IC95% 1,19-1,82).</p>
      <p>Dada a fisiopatologia da HP, que envolve inflama&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o RDW &#233; uma hip&#243;tese consider&#225;vel, que foi demonstrada em nosso estudo. Al&#233;m disso, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de um modelo que inclui par&#226;metros laboratoriais, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos capazes de melhor predizer a mortalidade na HP &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, dada a facilidade de obter esses marcadores.</p>
      <p>O RDW &#233; um par&#226;metro j&#225; inclu&#237;do no hemograma, um exame solicitado rotineiramente no seguimento dos pacientes. Ainda, a SpO<sub>2</sub> faz parte do exame f&#237;sico dos pacientes com HP e, como confirmado em nossos resultados, &#233; capaz de melhorar a predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade mesmo na presen&#231;a de par&#226;metros laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, destacando seu elevado valor incremental e sua import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica como um marcador progn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o na satura&#231;&#227;o mediana de oxig&#234;nio em pacientes com RDW aumentado pode apoiar a hip&#243;tese de um papel da hip&#243;xia arterial no aumento da anisocitose eritrocit&#225;ria em pacientes com HP. Foi demonstrado que, nesta doen&#231;a, as c&#233;lulas na parede vascular expressam quantidades elevadas de fator induzido por hip&#243;xia-1 alfa (HIF-1&#945;) e fator de crescimento do endot&#233;lio vascular endotelial, que s&#227;o expressos sob condi&#231;&#245;es de hip&#243;xia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Isso eleva a s&#237;ntese de eritropoietina, resultando em eritrocitose.</p>
      <p>Existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es potenciais em nosso estudo. O pequeno tamanho amostral e o fato de a pesquisa ter sido conduzida em um &#250;nico centro pode explicar a aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o do RDW com algumas vari&#225;veis, tais como BNP, j&#225; descrito em outros estudos, bem como a aus&#234;ncia de preditores independentes de mortalidade na an&#225;lise multivariada de Cox. Apesar do pequeno tamanho amostral, foi poss&#237;vel encontrar resultados que podem ser usados e estendidos em estudos futuros.</p>
      <p>Outro aspecto a ser considerado &#233; a presen&#231;a de heterogeneidade etiol&#243;gica na amostra. Por&#233;m, todos os participantes t&#234;m a mesma fisiopatologia em estudo, uma vez que todos eles possem HP pr&#233;-capilar.</p>
      <p>Ainda, dadas as limita&#231;&#245;es log&#237;sticas do servi&#231;o, os pacientes n&#227;o foram submetidos ao cateterismo card&#237;aco direito pr&#243;ximo aos exames laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, o que impossibilitou a avalia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos. O curto per&#237;odo de acompanhamento tamb&#233;m deve ser considerado.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo foi o primeiro a demonstrar uma associa&#231;&#227;o da anisocitose com acoplamento ventr&#237;culo-arterial, <italic>strain</italic> da parede livre do VD na HP pr&#233;-capilar, bem como com presen&#231;a de derrame peric&#225;rdico e sobrevida reduzida. N&#227;o existem outros estudos que avaliaram, em conjunto, RDW, <italic>strain</italic> do VD e SpO<sub>2</sub> para predizer desfechos na HP. Esses par&#226;metros, de baixo custo de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o, t&#234;m o potencial de serem usados como marcadores cl&#237;nicos progn&#243;sticos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Eliauria Rosa Martins pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba &#8211; Centro de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas (CCM) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 3.616.337. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <mixed-citation>25 Tuder RM, Chacon M, Alger L, Wang J, Taraseviciene-Stewart L, Kasahara Y, et al. Expression of Angiogenesis-related Molecules in Plexiform Lesions in Severe Pulmonary Hypertension: Evidence for a Process of Disordered Angiogenesis. J Pathol. 2001;195(3):367-74. doi: 10.1002/path.953.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>*Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do Material Suplementar 1, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0669-table-s1.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do Material Suplementar 2, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0669-table-s2.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do Material Suplementar 3, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0669-table-s3_ok.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240026i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>New Incremental Model for Predicting Mortality in Pre-Capillary Pulmonary Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2828-479X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa Alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Wanessa Alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Eliauria Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2351-6491</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Agostinho Hermes de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba &#8211; Campus I &#8211; Lot. Cidade Universit&#225;ria. Postal Code <postal-code>58051-900</postal-code>, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>marcelot@alumni.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <caption>
              <title>RDW: Red Cell Distribution Width; RV: right ventricle; SpO<sub>2</sub>: Peripheral Arterial Oxygen Saturation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230669-30669-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>In pulmonary hypertension (PH), the identification of easily obtainable prognostic markers associated with right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and survival is needed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the association of red cell distribution width (RDW) with clinical, echocardiographic parameters and survival in patients with pre-capillary PH, with the development of a mortality prediction model.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Observational, longitudinal, and prospective study conducted from May 2019 to December 2022. Thirty-four patients with pre-capillary PH underwent two-dimensional echocardiography and complete blood count. A cutoff point of 14.5% was considered to define RDW as altered (&#8805;14.5%) or normal (&lt;14.5%). P values &lt;0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The median RDW was 14.4%. There was a significant difference in peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>) (p=0.028), RV strain (p=0.047), and pericardial effusion (p=0.002) between the normal and elevated RDW groups. During a median follow-up of 15 months, 20.6% died. Patients with increased RDW had a shorter overall survival (44.7%, log-rank p=0.019), which was a predictor of mortality in univariate Cox regression (HR 8.55, p=0.048). The addition of RV strain &lt;16% and SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8804;93% to the model including RDW alone showed incremental value in predicting mortality (&#967;<sup>2</sup>=8.2, p=0.049; &#967;<sup>2</sup>=12.4, p=0.041), with increased area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.729 vs. 0.837 vs. 0.909) and decreased probability of survival (44.7% vs. 35.6% vs. 25%, log-rank p=0.019).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>RDW provides information on the severity of pre-capillary PH by correlating with echocardiographic parameters of RV dysfunction and mortality, which is best predicted by a model including RDW, RV strain and SpO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Erythrocytes</kwd>
        <kwd>Global Longitudinal Strain</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined by a mean pulmonary artery pressure &#8805; 20 mmHg as assessed by right heart catheterization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Pre-capillary PH is characterized by a pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP) &#8804; 15 mmHg and includes patients from groups 1, 3 and 4, some patients from group 5 and, rarely, patients from group 2 who have combined pre- and post-capillary PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In advanced stages, PH can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy and terminal right heart failure. In this sense, there is a clear need to identify easily obtainable prognostic markers associated with right ventricular dysfunction and survival in patients with PH.</p>
        <p>The red cell distribution width (RDW) is one of the parameters obtained from the complete blood count (CBC) and measures the variability in the volume of circulating red blood cells. When elevated, it reflects the presence of dysfunctional erythropoiesis, increased destruction, or reduced red cell lifespan.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The most common cause of RDW elevation is anemia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> but recent research shows that its increase is associated with several conditions, such as PH, in which it has prognostic value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are no clear mechanisms to explain the relationship between RDW and cardiovascular disease. One of the main hypotheses is the role of chronic inflammation, which causes myelosuppression, reduces renal synthesis of erythropoietin, and triggers apoptosis of erythroid precursors in the bone marrow, increasing anisocytosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of RDW with clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic parameters in patients with pre-capillary PH, as well as its prognostic value for survival, with the development of an incremental model for mortality prediction.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>This is an observational, longitudinal, and prospective study, conducted from May 2019 to December 2022. Patients with a diagnosis of pre-capillary PH confirmed by right heart catheterization, older than 18 years, and followed up at the pneumology outpatient clinic of a university hospital were included.</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria were: a) patients with post-capillary PH; b) presence of hemodynamic congestion on echocardiography (E/E&#8242;&gt; 14), grade 2 or 3 diastolic dysfunction, or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction; c) left-sided structural or valvular heart disease; d) corrected or uncorrected congenital heart disease; e) inadequate echocardiographic window; f) pregnant women; g) refusal to sign the informed consent form.</p>
          <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Centro de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, number 3,616,337, CAAE: 21291419.6.0000.8069.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiogram</title>
          <p>Echocardiography was performed using a GE Vivid T8 unit with a 2.5 MHz M4h-5 transducer. Images were acquired in the left lateral decubitus position according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Video images corresponding to three cardiac cycles were acquired. Ejection fraction was estimated using the Simpson biplane method.</p>
          <p>Myocardial strain was assessed on a workstation using the EchoPach V204 program, and endocardial tracing was performed manually at the end of diastole. The measurement was made after the examiner checked the quality of the endocardial border tracking. If two segments were found inadequate, the examination was excluded from the study. In the apical window, sections focusing on the right ventricle (RV) and right atrium (RA) were acquired, with quantification of mean free wall strain.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory tests</title>
          <p>RDW was obtained from CBC, performed up to one month after two-dimensional transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. The RDW was considered altered or normal according to the RDW cut-off value (14.5%) adopted in the institution where the study was conducted. In addition, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels were measured and compared with RDW.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcome</title>
          <p>Participants were included at different time points and were followed from the date of the echocardiogram until the end of the study period or the date of death. The endpoint was defined as mortality during the follow-up period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Bias</title>
          <p>To reduce the risk of bias, all echocardiographic examinations were performed by a single examiner blinded to patient PH classification (group), and laboratory tests were carried out in the laboratory of the same center. Clinical variables were obtained during routine consultation by the same attending physician.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size</title>
          <p>The sample size was defined, for convenience, by including all patients seen in the outpatient clinic of PH, who were eligible for the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were presented as means and standard deviations (normal distribution) or medians and interquartile ranges (non-normal distribution). Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies. Normality of data distribution was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.</p>
          <p>Parametric and non-parametric continuous variables were compared using Student's t-test for independent samples and Mann-Whitney U test, respectively. Comparisons of three or more groups of nonparametric variables were made using the Kruskal-Wallis test, with Dunn's post hoc test. The degree of correlation between two variables was determined by Spearman's correlation coefficient due to the absence of normality in the sample distribution.</p>
          <p>Fisher's exact test was used to assess the association between RDW groups (normal/altered) and categorical variables such as mortality. Event-free survival was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and curves were compared using the log-rank test.</p>
          <p>The Cox regression analysis was used to identify the association between variables and mortality, with calculation of hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Variables with p&lt;0.05 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate model.</p>
          <p>Sequential Cox models determined the incremental value of right ventricular (RV) strain and peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>) in predicting mortality by gradually adding variables to the model containing only RDW. An increment in predictive value was defined as a statistically significant increase in chi-square (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) utilizing the Omnibus Test of Model Coefficients. The &#8722;2 Log Likelihood (-2LL) was calculated to compare the capacity of the variables to predict the outcome. The improvement of the model at each stage was described by the decrease in &#8722;2LL.</p>
          <p>Areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were also developed to compare the models. A p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program, version 23. The ROC curves were evaluated with the MedCalc program. Figures were generated by GraphPad Prism 9 software.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient characteristics</title>
          <p>Thirty-four patients with pre-capillary PH were included (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>). During the study period, no patient was lost to follow-up. The median age of the participants was 49 years and 82.4% were female. According to the World Health Organization functional class, most patients had grade III.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic parameters of the study population and the groups with normal and increased RDW</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="19%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Parameters</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">All patients (n = 34)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Patients with RDW &lt;14.5% (n = 18)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Patients with RDW &#8805;14.5% (n = 16)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Age (years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">49<break/> [37.8-66.5]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">54<break/> [43.5-68.3]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">41<break/> [37-66.5]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Female, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28(82.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15(83.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13(81.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">BMI (kg/m&#178;)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26.8 &#177; 5.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">27.7 &#177; 7.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">25.7 &#177; 4.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Peripheral oxygen saturation (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">94<break/> [92-96]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">95.5<break/> [93-97]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">92.5<break/> [90-95]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.028<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Functional class, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4" valign="middle">0.046<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">II</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (23.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (38.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (6.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">III</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (70.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (61.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (81.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">IV</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Number of medications in use, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10(29.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5(27.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5(31.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4" valign="middle">0.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10(29.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7(38.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3(18.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11(32.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5(17.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6(37.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3(8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1(5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2(12.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Etiology, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Group I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">22(64.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12(66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10(62.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">0.88<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Group III</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5(14.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3(16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2(12.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Group IV</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7(20.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3(16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4(25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Connective tissue disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5(14.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4(22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1(6.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15(44.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6(33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9(56.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.41<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Hemoglobin (g/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13.8 &#177; 2.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13.5 &#177; 1.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14.3 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.51<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Hematocrit (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">42.5 &#177; 6.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">41.7<break/> [39.3-43.8]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">43.5<break/> [38.5-48.1]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">BNP (pg/ml)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">36.0<break/> [13.2-349]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">17.6<break/> [11-109]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">161.8<break/> [21-795]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">TAPSE (m<sup>m</sup>)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">17.6 &#177; 5.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">19.1 &#177; 6.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15.9 &#177; 4.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">TRV (m/s)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.0 &#177; 1.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.9 &#177; 0.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.2 &#177; 1.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.33<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">PASP (mmHg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">69.4 &#177; 23.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">67.2 &#177; 23.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">71.8 &#177; 23.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.57<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">FAC (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">33.1 &#177; 13.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">32.9 &#177; 14.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">33.3 &#177; 12.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.93<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">S&#8242; (cm/s)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11.6 &#177; 3.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11.0[10-14]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11.0[10-13]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">TAPSE/PASP<break/> (mm/mmHg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.29 &#177; 0.16</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.3<break/> [0.22-0.37]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.19<break/> [0.17-0.36]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">RA area (cm<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">21.1 &#177; 8.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">18.3<break/> [14.7-26.4]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">19.0<break/> [10.3-29.6]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.81<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">RA pressure (mmHg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9.1 &#177; 9.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5.0[3-11.5]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8.0[3-15]</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.41<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">RA strain (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26.6 &#177; 17.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">27.6 &#177; 14.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">25.2 &#177; 19.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.72<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">RV diameter (mm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">41.5 &#177; 11.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">41.6 &#177; 7.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">41.5 &#177; 14.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">RV strain (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">17.8 &#177; 6.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">20.0 &#177; 6.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15.3 &#177; 6.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.047<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Pericardial effusion present, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7(20.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7(43.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">70.9 &#177; 6.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">68.8 &#177; 6.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">67.4 &#177; 5.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.54<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Let ventricular mass (g)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">118.5 &#177; 37.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">131.1 &#177; 38.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">100.3 &#177; 27.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">E/e&#8242;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6.6 &#177; 2.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6.7 &#177; 1.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6.3 &#177; 2.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.66<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>RDW: red cell distribution width; IMC: body mass index; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TRV: tricuspid regurgitation velocity; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; FAC: fractional area change; S&#8242;: tricuspid annular peak systolic velocity; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; E/e&#8242;: ratio of early mitral inflow velocity (E) and peak early diastolic annular velocity (e&#8217;).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>Values expressed as median and interquartile range;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>b</label>
                <p>Values expressed as mean and standard deviation;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Mann-Whitney test;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Fisher&#8242;s exact test;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
                <p>Student&#8242;s t-test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Regarding therapy, 61.8% were taking one or two medications. Patients who were not on optimal therapy had recently been referred for treatment. The majority were using a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, followed by an endothelin receptor antagonist and/or a prostacyclin analog (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Table S1</xref>).</p>
          <p>The most common etiologies of PH were idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), pulmonary thromboembolism, connective tissue disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Table S1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory and echocardiographic results</title>
          <p>In the laboratory and echocardiographic evaluation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>), the median RDW value was close to the upper normal limit. None of the patients had left heart dysfunction. Pericardial effusion was present in a minority of participants.</p>
          <p>There was an inverse correlation of RDW with tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and TAPSE/Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 1</xref>), but not with the other echocardiographic parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>). RDW did not show a correlation with BNP or hemoglobin.</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation of RDW with TAPSE (1A) and TAPSE/PASP (1B). RDW: red cell distribution width; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230669-30669-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Spearman's correlation between RDW and echocardiographic and laboratory parameters</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Laboratory and echocardiographic variables</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">RDW</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">&#961; (correlation coefficient)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobin</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.218</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hematocrit</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.201</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">BNP</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.295</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.390</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">TRV</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.162</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">PASP</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.160</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">FAC</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.032</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">S&#8242;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.091</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE/PASP</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.393</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">RA area</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.054</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">RA pressure</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.167</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">RA strain</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.025</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">RV diameter</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">RV strain</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.290</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.09</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <p>RDW: red cell distribution width; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TRV: tricuspid regurgitation velocity; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; FAC: fractional area change; S&#8242;: tricuspid annular peak systolic velocity; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>There was a slight predominance of patients with normal RDW in the sample. Functional class and SpO<sub>2</sub> were significantly different between the RDW groups. There was no difference when patients were compared according to PH etiology (including patients with or without connective tissue disease and idiopathic PAH) and the number of medications used.</p>
          <p>Among the echocardiographic variables, only RV strain was significantly different (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2A</xref>). RDW was higher in the group with altered TAPSE (&lt;18 mm) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2B</xref>) and with pericardial effusion (14% versus 15.4%, p=0.017).</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Difference of RV strain between groups with normal and increased RDW (2A). Comparison of RDW according to the normality value for TAPSE (2B) and prognostic stratification by TAPSE/PASP (2C and 2D). RV: right ventricular; RDW: red cell distribution width; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230669-30669-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The effect of PH risk stratification<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> on RDW was assessed, considering the echocardiographic variables TAPSE/PASP, right atrium (RA) area, BNP and functional class (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Table S2</xref>). RDW differed only between the TAPSE/PASP groups, with significance between low and high risk and between intermediate and high risk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2C</xref>).</p>
          <p>When patients were divided into two groups for TAPSE/PASP (low/intermediate and high risk) using a cutoff of 0.19 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2D</xref>), a statistically significant difference in RDW was found.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Survival</title>
          <p>The median follow-up was 15 (10-40) months, with a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 43 months. Seven patients died, six of whom had RDW &#8805;14.5%. There was an association between mortality and the presence of normal or altered RDW (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Table S3</xref>).</p>
          <p>Patients with increased RDW had a significantly shorter overall survival than patients with normal RDW. Kaplan-Meier overall survival curves showed a significant separation of the two subgroups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier survival in the normal and increased RDW groups; RDW: red cell distribution width.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230669-30669-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Univariate Cox regression analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>) identified RDW &#8805;14.5% as a predictor of mortality, as well as RV strain &lt;16% and SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8804;93%. In multivariate regression, however, none of the variables was an independent predictor of mortality.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Univariate and multivariate Cox regression for predicting mortality</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Univariate Analysis</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Multivariate Analysis</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p Value</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Female</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.69<break/> (0.07&#8211;5.79)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.69</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Age</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.99<break/> (0.94&#8211;1.03)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.72</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8804;93%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11.37 (1.34&#8211;95.51)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.026</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8.479<break/> (0.980&#8211;73.389)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.052</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">RDW &#8805;14,5%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8.55<break/> (1.02&#8211;71.66)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.048</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.592<break/> (0.127&#8211;19.966)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.718</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">BNP &gt;300 pg/ml</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.27<break/> (0.35&#8211;14.55)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.38</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE &lt;18 mm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.98<break/> (0.21&#8211;4.38)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">TRV (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.60<break/> (0.892&#8211;2.869)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.115</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">PASP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.003<break/> (0.97&#8211;1.037)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.871</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">FAC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.002<break/> (0.953&#8211;1.055)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.928</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">S&#8242; &lt;9.5 cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.60<break/> (0.113&#8211;3.190)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.549</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE/PASP &lt;0.19 mm/mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.375<break/> (0.262&#8211;7.220)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.707</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">RA area &gt;18 cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.838<break/> (0.861&#8211;9.351)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.086</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">RA strain &lt;25%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.8 (0.56&#8211;41.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.15</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">RV strain &lt;16%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11.0 (1.3&#8211;93.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.028</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.938<break/> (0.412&#8211;37.604)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.234</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Pericardial effusion</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11.6 (2.0&#8211;65.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.006</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4.088<break/> (0.551&#8211;30.322)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.168</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <p>HR: hazard ratio; SpO<sub>2</sub>: peripheral arterial oxygen saturation; RDW: red cell distribution width; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TRV: tricuspid regurgitation velocity; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; FAC: fractional area change; S&#8242;: tricuspid annular peak systolic velocity; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Models for mortality prediction</title>
          <p>The incremental value of adding clinical and echocardiographic variables that were significant in the univariate analysis to the model including RDW only was also evaluated (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref>). When RV strain &lt;16% was added, the model was significantly better at predicting mortality than the model including RDW. When SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8804;93% was added, the model was significantly better than the previous model. The p-values for each model are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Incremental value of RV strain and SpO<sub>2</sub> to RDW in predicting mortality. RV: right ventricle; SpO<sub>2</sub>: peripheral arterial oxygen saturation; RDW: red cell distribution width.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230669-30669-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>ROC curve analysis also showed a progressive increase in sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5</xref>). Similarly, when comparing the survival curves (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5</xref>), there was a significant reduction in the probability of survival when laboratory, echocardiographic and clinical parameters were evaluated.</p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of survival curves in the absence of predictor variables and in models 1 (RDW &#8805;14.5%), 2 (RDW &#8805;14.5% and RV strain &lt;16%), and 3 (RDW &#8805;14.5%, RV strain &lt;16%, and SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8804;93%), with probabilities, respectively, of: 70.2%, 44.7%, 35.6%, and 25%. B) Receiver operator characteristic curves of models 1, 2 and 3 for mortality prediction, with areas under the curve &#177; SD (sensitivity, specificity), respectively, of: 0.729 &#177; 0.087 (85.7%, 63%); 0.837 &#177; 0.074 (71.4%, 85.2%); and 0.909 &#177; 0.053 (100%, 64%). RDW: Red Cell Distribution Width; RV: Right Ventricle; SpO<sub>2</sub>: Peripheral Arterial Oxygen Saturation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230669-30669-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study is the first to analyze a population composed of different etiologies of pre-capillary PH, comparing erythrocyte anisocytosis with advanced echocardiographic markers of subclinical RV injury. It was possible to evaluate not only the impact of RDW on patient survival, but also the incremental value of a model composed of clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic parameters, which is very useful in clinical practice.</p>
        <p>In the patients studied, RDW did not correlate with hemoglobin, and there was no significant difference in hemoglobin between the groups with normal and elevated RDW. Thus, it can be excluded that anisocytosis was influenced by hemoglobin levels in our results. Moreover, there was no difference in RDW when the groups were separated according to the etiology of PH, showing that its change occurs regardless of the cause.</p>
        <p>Studies have shown that RDW is significantly higher in patients with PH secondary to different etiologies, such as COPD, with values of 15.1% and 13.7% in patients with and without PH, respectively (p&lt;0.001);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> connective tissue diseases (14.9% <italic>versus</italic> 13.8%, p=0.02);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and pulmonary thromboembolism (18.6% <italic>versus</italic> 17.0%, p=0.014).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mean values of almost all key echocardiographic parameters related to the right ventricle were altered. RDW showed an inverse correlation with TAPSE and TAPSE/PASP, and there was also a significant difference in the values of RDW in the normal and altered TAPSE groups. We found no association of RDW with BNP and RA strain.</p>
        <p>A study with patients with systemic sclerosis with or without PH<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> showed that RDW was inversely related to TAPSE (&#961;=-0.350; p=0.002), but directly related to PASP (&#961;=0.272; p=0.016) and to markers of atrial overload such as BNP (&#961;=0.294; p=0.008) and RA global strain (&#961;=-0.396; p=0.027). In COPD patients with and without PH,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> RDW showed a positive correlation with PASP (r=0.594, p&lt;0.001).</p>
        <p>There is no other study in the literature correlating RDW in pre-capillary PH with TAPSE/PASP, which is an important direct noninvasive measure of RV-arterial coupling recently used in prognostic stratification of PH.</p>
        <p>In our analysis, RV strain was significantly reduced in patients with increased RDW (&#8805;14.5%), which was not observed in the other echocardiographic parameters assessing the RV. Thus, there is a possibility that RV strain is considered an early parameter of right heart dysfunction and that it reflects the change in RDW.</p>
        <p>In the literature, there is a paucity of studies evaluating the relationship between RDW and RV free wall strain in PH. Therefore, our findings can be considered relevant since this echocardiographic parameter has been described as a strong independent predictor of long-term outcomes related to systolic function in patients with PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We also demonstrated that RDW was significantly increased in the group with pericardial effusion, which when present in PH is a variable independently associated with mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The prevalence of effusion was similar to that reported in the literature: 25%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> 15%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and 16%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The echocardiographic factors that adversely affect the prognosis of PH are right ventricular dysfunction and the presence of pericardial effusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In this sense, RDW may be related to prognosis in PH, as patients with worse RV strain or with effusion had significantly increased RDW.</p>
        <p>The TAPSE/PASP ratio has been included in the prognostic stratification of 1-year mortality risk (low, intermediate, and high) in PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In a study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> that stratified TAPSE/PASP values by tertile (low: &lt;0.19 mm/mmHg; intermediate: 0.19-0.32 mm/mmHg; high: &gt;0.32 mm/mmHg), patients in the low tertile had significantly worse hemodynamic, functional, and echocardiographic status than patients in the intermediate and high tertiles.</p>
        <p>In our analysis, not only was RDW significantly higher in the group with TAPSE/PASP less than 0.19 mm/mmHg compared with patients above this value, but there was also a difference in RDW between the low and high, middle and high tertiles, but not between the low and middle tertiles. Thus, we found that a worse ability of RV contractility to compensate for the increase in afterload was associated with an increase in RDW.</p>
        <p>This laboratory change was not significant when the other variables used for stratification (BNP, RA area and functional class) were evaluated. According to a group of authors<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> who evaluated patients with COPD and PH, RDW correlated positively with BNP (r=0.513, p=0.001). This result was also demonstrated by another study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> in which the RDW was higher in patients with PH with elevated BNP (&#8805;300 pg/mL) compared to those with normal BNP (&lt;300 pg/mL) (15.03% <italic>versus</italic> 14.36%, p=0.0264), which is different from our results.</p>
        <p>On the other hand, when comparing the groups with elevated and normal RDW, there was a significant difference in functional class, with a predominance of classes III and II, respectively. In a cohort,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> higher RDW values were found in patients with higher NYHA classes (13.8&#177;1.8% versus 16.5&#177;2.9%, p&lt;0.001). Similarly, in a study of 56 patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), RDW levels were found to be positively correlated with WHO functional class (r=0.450, p=0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The results of our research also suggest a significant prognostic value of RDW in predicting mortality. In this regard, a meta-analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> suggested that increased RDW may predict a worse prognosis in PH (HR=1.27, 95% CI 1.11-1.45).</p>
        <p>In patients with idiopathic PAH, all-cause mortality was significantly worse in patients with RDW &gt;13.65% (p=0.007).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Similar results were found in 109 patients with Eisenmenger's syndrome, 19.3% of whom died during a median follow-up of 4.2 years, a proportion similar to our results. A higher RDW was found in non-survivors than in survivors (16.9% <italic>versus</italic> 14.3%, p=0.015).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In a prospective cohort study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> of 77 patients with group 1 PH and CTEPH, the mean RDW of all hospitalizations was predictive of mortality (HR=1.47; 95% CI 1.19-1.82).</p>
        <p>Given the pathophysiology of PH, which involves inflammation and microvascular dysfunction, its relationship with RDW is a considerable hypothesis, which was demonstrated in our study. Moreover, the identification of a model that includes laboratory, echocardiographic and clinical parameters capable of better predicting mortality in PH is fundamental in medical practice, given the ease of obtaining these markers.</p>
        <p>RDW is a parameter already included in the CBC, a test routinely requested in the follow-up of patients. In addition, peripheral oxygen saturation is part of the physical examination of patients with PH and, as confirmed in our results, is able to improve the prediction of mortality even in the presence of laboratory and echocardiographic parameters, highlighting its high incremental value and clinical importance as a prognostic marker.</p>
        <p>The reduced median oxygen saturation in patients with increased RDW may support the hypothesis of the role of arterial hypoxia in increasing erythrocyte anisocytosis in patients with PH. It has been shown that in this disease, cells in the vascular wall overexpress hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1&#945;) and vascular endothelial growth factor, which are expressed under hypoxic conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> This elevates erythropoietin synthesis, resulting in erythrocytosis.</p>
        <p>There are also some potential limitations of our study. The small sample size and the fact that the research was conducted in a single center may explain the lack of association of RDW with some variables, such as BNP, already described in other studies, as well as the absence of independent predictors of mortality in the multivariate Cox analysis. Despite the small sample size, it was possible to find results that can be used and extended in future studies. Another aspect to consider is the presence of etiologic heterogeneity in the sample, but all participants have the same pathophysiology under study, as they all have pre-capillary PH. In addition, due to logistical limitations of the center, patients did not undergo right heart catheterization close to the laboratory and echocardiographic exams, which prevented the evaluation of hemodynamic parameters. The short follow-up period is also an aspect to be considered.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our study was the first to demonstrate that there is an association of anisocytosis with ventricular-arterial coupling, RV-free wall strain in pre-capillary PH, and also with the presence of pericardial effusion and reduced survival. There are no other studies that evaluated RDW, RV strain and SpO<sub>2</sub> together to predict outcome in PH. These parameters, which are inexpensive and easy to obtain, have the potential to be used as clinical prognostic markers in this patient population.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Eliauria Rosa Martins, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba &#8211; Centro de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas (CCM) under the protocol number 3.616.337. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Material 1, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0669-table-s1.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Material 2, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0669-table-s2.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Material 3, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0669-table-s3_ok.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
