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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">jghsPvWW6783F5xBD9vFj5C</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230622</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Curva de Aprendizagem da Mortalidade Hospitalar da Substitui&#231;&#227;o da V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica Transcateter: Insights do Registro Nacional Brasileiro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1267-0020</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardi</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Luiz de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6260-9626</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio S&#226;ndoli de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6782-750X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4903-5274</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Dimytri Alexandre Alvim de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9674-8528</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Eduardo Gomes Sarmento</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8212-1732</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mangione</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thiago</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Koenig S&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangione</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Valter Correia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Dourado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marino</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Jos&#233; Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7895-8281</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caramori</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo R. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tumelero</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Portela</surname>
            <given-names>Antenor Lages Fortes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prudente</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Henriques</surname>
            <given-names>Le&#244;nidas Alvarenga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1137-7527</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Solano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4762-0579</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Guedes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6942-355X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Prado</surname>
            <given-names>Guy F. A.</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Zacaris Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Ederlon Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7964-4279</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Meireles</surname>
            <given-names>George C&#233;sar Ximenes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pope</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Bastos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2434-2561</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guerios</surname>
            <given-names>Enio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3511-7375</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Beraldo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4788-7713</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano de Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5030-6727</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marchi</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Felippi de S&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0973-9357</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fund&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Henrique Fantin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1273-1823</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital SOS C&#225;rdio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital SOS C&#225;rdio, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Izabel</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Madre Teresa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Madre Teresa, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Naval Marcilio Dias</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Naval Marcilio Dias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">PUCRS</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>13</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Passo Fundo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Passo Fundo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>14</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Associa&#231;&#227;o Piauiense de Combate ao C&#226;ncer</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Teresina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PI</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Associa&#231;&#227;o Piauiense de Combate ao C&#226;ncer, Teresina, PI &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>15</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Encore</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Encore, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>16</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Albert Sabin</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Albert Sabin, Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label>17</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label>18</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardio-Pulmonar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio-Pulmonar, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19">
        <label>19</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alian&#231;a Rede D&#180;Or</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alian&#231;a Rede D&#180;Or, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20">
        <label>20</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21">
        <label>21</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Londrina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Londrina, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22">
        <label>22</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Assist&#234;ncia M&#233;dica ao Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Assist&#234;ncia M&#233;dica ao Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23">
        <label>23</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Hans Dieter Schmidt</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Joinville</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff24">
        <label>24</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clinicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; - Hospital de Clinicas, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff25">
        <label>25</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Mar&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Marilia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Mar&#237;lia, Marilia, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff26">
        <label>26</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa L&#250;cia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa L&#250;cia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Luiz de Melo Bernardi</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>ferber08@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230622</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Curva de aprendizagem do procedimento de substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica transcateter (TAVR) para mortalidade hospitalar no Brasil e preditores de mortalidade hospitalar</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/jghsPvWW6783F5xBD9vFj5C/695ff5fd293b634fa6c90e8108ed0c8ea08b0ebf.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/jghsPvWW6783F5xBD9vFj5C/f5f0fd155bf6326f23178434a53fd0385e3a0f6f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/jghsPvWW6783F5xBD9vFj5C/95f8acbb2a67d0d6b1f11b57bc0ffba7f5f7f35d.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Dados robustos sobre a curva de aprendizagem (LC) da substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica transcateter (TAVR) s&#227;o escassos nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a LC da TAVR no Brasil ao longo do tempo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Analisamos dados do registro brasileiro de TAVR de 2008 a 2023. Pacientes de cada centro foram numerados cronologicamente em n&#250;mero sequencial de caso (NSC). A LC foi realizada usando um <italic>spline</italic> c&#250;bico restrito ajustado para o EuroSCORE-II e o uso de pr&#243;teses de nova gera&#231;&#227;o. Ainda, os desfechos hospitalares foram comparados entre grupos definidos de acordo com o n&#237;vel de experi&#234;ncia, com base no NSC: 1&#186; ao 40&#186; caso (experi&#234;ncia inicial), 41&#186; ao 80&#186; caso (experi&#234;ncia b&#225;sica), 81&#186; ao 120&#186; caso (experi&#234;ncia intermedi&#225;ria) e 121&#186; caso em diante (experi&#234;ncia alta). An&#225;lises adicionais foram conduzidas de acordo com o n&#250;mero de casos tratados antes de 2014 (&gt;40 e &#8804;40 procedimentos). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi p &lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 3194 pacientes de 25 centros. A idade m&#233;dia foi 80,7&#177;8,1 anos e o EuroSCORE II m&#233;dio foi 7&#177;7,1. A an&#225;lise da LC demonstrou uma queda na mortalidade hospitalar ajustada ap&#243;s o tratamento de 40 pacientes. Um patamar de nivelamento na curva foi observado ap&#243;s o caso 118. A mortalidade hospitalar entre os grupos foi 8,6%, 7,7%, 5,9%, e 3,7% para experi&#234;ncia inicial, b&#225;sica, intermedi&#225;ria e alta, respectivamente (p&lt;0,001). A experi&#234;ncia alta foi preditora independente de mortalidade mais baixa (OR 0,57, p=0,013 vs. experi&#234;ncia inicial). Centros com baixo volume de casos antes de 2014 n&#227;o mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na probabilidade de morte com o ganho de experi&#234;ncia, enquanto centros com alto volume de casos antes de 2014 apresentaram uma melhora cont&#237;nua ap&#243;s o caso de n&#250;mero 10.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Observou-se um fen&#244;meno de LC para a mortalidade hospitalar do TAVR no Brasil. Esse efeito foi mais pronunciado em centros que trataram seus 40 primeiros casos antes de 2014 que naqueles que o fizeram ap&#243;s 2014.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade Hospitalar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica transcateter (TAVR, sigla do ingl&#234;s <italic>transcatheter aortic valve replacement</italic>) &#233; um procedimento multifacetado que requer um alto n&#237;vel de habilidades para garantir bons desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram a exist&#234;ncia de uma Curva de Aprendizagem ou <italic>Learning Curve</italic> (LC) e sua import&#226;ncia na melhoria da efic&#225;cia e da seguran&#231;a do tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, esses estudos revelaram taxas vari&#225;veis de melhoria do desfecho do paciente com o aumento da experi&#234;ncia, o que sugere que n&#227;o existe uma LC universal para TAVR. Al&#233;m disso, a maioria dos estudos avaliou dados de pa&#237;ses norte-americanos e europeus e, uma vez que as pr&#225;ticas de TAVR podem variar entre diferentes locais, existem limita&#231;&#245;es em extrapolar esses dados para outras regi&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento como o Brasil tem-se observado uma taxa mais lenta de ado&#231;&#227;o da TAVR em compara&#231;&#227;o a pa&#237;ses de alta renda,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> desde sua introdu&#231;&#227;o em 2008, o n&#250;mero de procedimentos de TAVR e de centros que os realizam tem aumentado significativamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, n&#227;o existe um estudo multic&#234;ntrico nacional avaliando especificamente o comportamento da LC da TAVR ao longo da hist&#243;ria do procedimento em pa&#237;ses latino-americanos. O estudo possivelmente forneceria informa&#231;&#245;es cruciais tanto para profissionais da sa&#250;de quanto para dirigentes, permitindo uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais precisa das pr&#225;ticas locais de TAVR, aloca&#231;&#227;o mais adequada de recursos e insights valiosos para melhorias cont&#237;nuas da t&#233;cnica. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi avaliar o impacto da LC da TAVR sobre os desfechos hospitalares desde o in&#237;cio do registro de TAVR no Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foram utilizados dados do Registro Brasileiro de TAVR (RIBAC-NT), um registro multic&#234;ntrico nacional em andamento, desenvolvido pela Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista (SBHCI). O protocolo inicial do registro foi publicado anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Em resumo, os centros participantes inclu&#237;ram todos os procedimentos consecutivos de TAVR por meio de uma plataforma <italic>online</italic> com monitoramento central remoto dos dados. Em 2020, um protocolo atualizado foi submetido e aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica central para estender a dura&#231;&#227;o do registro. Para fins da presente an&#225;lise, inclu&#237;mos centros com um m&#237;nimo de 25 pacientes consecutivos inclu&#237;dos no registro e centros com o protocolo de registro atualizado aprovado por seus comit&#234;s de &#233;tica locais, que os dispensava da obrigatoriedade do termo de consentimento assinado pelos participantes, uma vez que o estudo impunha um risco m&#237;nimo.</p>
      <p>N&#243;s inclu&#237;mos todos os procedimentos consecutivos de TAVR na an&#225;lise final. Exclu&#237;mos os casos em que a informa&#231;&#227;o hospitalar n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel. Usamos m&#250;ltiplas imputa&#231;&#245;es para manejar valores faltantes, e um modelo de pareamento preditivo m&#233;dio para as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas, e regress&#227;o log&#237;stica (logreg) para as vari&#225;veis bin&#225;rias (com dois n&#237;veis). Foram conferidos os valores imputados, a distribui&#231;&#227;o residual, e os coeficientes de converg&#234;ncia. A maioria das vari&#225;veis estava dispon&#237;vel no conjunto de dados. N&#243;s n&#227;o fizemos imputa&#231;&#227;o dos dados faltantes para os desfechos. A etapa de imputa&#231;&#227;o resultou em cinco conjuntos completos de dados, cada um contendo diferentes estimativas dos valores faltantes para todos os pacientes da coorte. Ap&#243;s a imputa&#231;&#227;o, n&#243;s reunimos e combinamos todos os cinco conjuntos para realizar as regress&#245;es log&#237;sticas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da LC e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Seguindo um m&#233;todo similar publicado anteriormente para avaliar LC da TAVR em m&#250;ltiplos centros,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>os pacientes de cada centro foram numerados em sequ&#234;ncia, cronologicamente. Para definir pontos de cortes &#243;timos e para determinar se houve um t&#233;rmino da LC, n&#243;s utilizamos um <italic>spline</italic> c&#250;bico restrito ajustado para o EuroSCORE-II e para o uso de V&#225;lvula Card&#237;aca Transcateter (VCT) de nova gera&#231;&#227;o como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>. Uma an&#225;lise <italic>grid search</italic> foi aplicada em um intervalo de n&#250;meros sequenciais de casos (NSCs) (do NSC 10 ao 350), com incrementos de 1. Ap&#243;s a defini&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte das sequ&#234;ncias de casos, os NSCs subsequentes foram divididos em quartis, e a mortalidade hospitalar comparada usando um teste de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. O ponto de corte &#243;timo foi definido como o n&#250;mero de casos necess&#225;rios para observar uma primeira queda significativa na curva de mortalidade (40 casos como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Os NSCs foram agrupados como: 1&#186; ao 40&#186; caso (experi&#234;ncia inicial), 41&#186; ao 80&#186; caso (experi&#234;ncia b&#225;sica), 81&#186; ao 120&#186; caso (experi&#234;ncia intermedi&#225;ria) e 121&#186; caso em diante (experi&#234;ncia alta). O final da LC foi determinado com base no menor valor de limite superior do intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% do teste de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica que fosse inferior ao limiar do n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o spline para mortalidade hospitalar (ajustada para EuroSCORE-II log-transformado e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca transcateter) para determinar a curva de aprendizagem da coorte global.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230622-30622-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Outra an&#225;lise foi realizada usando-se o ano de chegada no Brasil das VTC de mais nova gera&#231;&#227;o (2014) como um ponto de corte de agrupamento. Para determinar se houve uma diferen&#231;a no padr&#227;o da LC entre os centros que adotaram o procedimento de TAVR mais precocemente ou mais tardiamente, os hospitais foram divididos em dois grupos: i) aqueles que conclu&#237;ram a experi&#234;ncia inicial (&#8805;40 procedimentos) antes de 2014) e ii) aqueles que conclu&#237;ram a experi&#234;ncia inicial ap&#243;s 2014. N&#243;s comparamos as caracter&#237;sticas basais e os desfechos hospitalares entre os grupos segundo a experi&#234;ncia, usando a experi&#234;ncia inicial como controle. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi mortalidade hospitalar ou mortalidade em 30 dias para indiv&#237;duos com dura&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#227;o maior que 30 dias. Desfechos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares, sangramento maior ou de risco &#224; vida, e acidente vascular cerebral. Todos os desfechos foram classificados de acordo com os crit&#233;rios VARC-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram relatadas como n&#250;mero total de eventos e porcentagens. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e os dados sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal como mediana e Intervalo Interquartil (IIQ). A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o e as vari&#226;ncias foram verificadas usando histogramas e o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O teste do qui-quadrado, a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia univariada (ANOVA), ou o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi usado para comparar os dados basais e os desfechos n&#227;o ajustados. O teste post-hoc de Bonferroni foi realizado quando apropriado. Nenhum teste post-hoc foi conduzido ap&#243;s o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. O Teste de Tend&#234;ncia de Cochran-Armitage (TTCA) foi usado para todas as vari&#225;veis bin&#225;rias, em que a vari&#225;vel de dois n&#237;veis representa a resposta, e o NSC representa a vari&#225;vel explanat&#243;ria. Regress&#245;es log&#237;sticas foram constru&#237;das para avaliar a predi&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de experi&#234;ncia na morte hospitalar, ajustando-se quanto aos potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o (VTC de nova gera&#231;&#227;o vs. gera&#231;&#227;o antiga; abordagem transfemoral vs. n&#227;o transfemoral, &#8220;<italic>valve-in-valve</italic>&#8221;, e o EuroSCORE II). As VTC de gera&#231;&#227;o antiga eram aquelas da primeira linha de dispositivos comercialmente dispon&#237;veis no Brasil (Tabela S1). Outros preditores potenciais de morte hospitalar foram verificados, mas n&#227;o associados com o desfecho na presente coorte: gradiente m&#233;dio da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica no eco basal, v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide, anestesia geral, acesso percut&#226;neo, marca da v&#225;lvula, pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o, e p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o. Como o EuroSCORE-II inclui a maioria das vari&#225;veis da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, essas n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das no modelo devido &#224; colinearidade. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o R (v.3.5.3).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>1&#186; ao 40&#186; caso</th>
                  <th>41&#186; ao 80&#186; caso</th>
                  <th>81<sup>o</sup> ao 120&#186; caso</th>
                  <th>121&#186; caso em diante</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor p</th>
                  <th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">TTCA* Valor p </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Tamanho da amostra (n)</th>
                  <th>991</th>
                  <th>616</th>
                  <th>458</th>
                  <th>1129</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">80,9&#177;7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">80,9&#177;7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">81,7&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">79,9&#177;9,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">520 (52,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">283 (45,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (49,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">521 (46,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">344 (34,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">210 (34,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (32,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">360 (32,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,593</td>
                  <td align="center">0,170</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">NYHA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">512 (51,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">302 (49)</td>
                  <td align="center">190 (41,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">422 (47,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV</td>
                  <td align="center">276 (27,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (22,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (25,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (13,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (17,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (20,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,133</td>
                  <td align="center">0,255</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Marca-passo</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (7,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (8,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (9,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,944</td>
                  <td align="center">0,593</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (13,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (16,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (15,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (9,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICP pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">285 (29,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">169 (27,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">143 (31,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">213 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CABG pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (5,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (19,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (16,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (12,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cirurgia valvar pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (7,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,668</td>
                  <td align="center">0,958</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (14,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (13,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (11,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (7,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (6,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (6,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (5,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,335</td>
                  <td align="center">0,089</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica</td>
                  <td align="center">164 (16,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (18,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (17,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (8,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">177 (18,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (20,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (21,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (9,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3&#177;0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3&#177;0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4&#177;1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3&#177;0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,461</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">Echo basal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">59,1&#177;13,9</td>
                  <td align="center">58,9&#177;14</td>
                  <td align="center">59,1&#177;12,9</td>
                  <td align="center">58,3&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente m&#233;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">48&#177;17,6</td>
                  <td align="center">44,8&#177;18</td>
                  <td align="center">46,24&#177;17,4</td>
                  <td align="center">44&#177;17,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (5,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (3,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (3,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,160</td>
                  <td align="center">0,413</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">Risco cir&#250;rgico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EuroSCORE-II</td>
                  <td align="center">7,71 (8,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,42 (6,64)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,14 (8,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,37 (5,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>
                <italic>Fonte: Bernardi, 2023. Valores s&#227;o n (%) ou m&#233;dia (&#177;SD). TTCA: Teste de Tend&#234;ncia de Cochran-Armitage; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; CABG: bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 3194 pacientes submetidos &#224; TAVR em 25 centros brasileiros. Dez casos foram exclu&#237;dos por falta de informa&#231;&#227;o suficiente na interna&#231;&#227;o. O primeiro caso foi realizado em fevereiro de 2008 e o &#250;ltimo em fevereiro de 2023 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Havia 111 casos faltantes para a vari&#225;vel &#8220;abordagem transfemoral&#8221; e 63 para a gera&#231;&#227;o (nova/antiga) da pr&#243;tese, os quais foram tratados com m&#250;ltiplas imputa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais e do procedimento</title>
        <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref> resumem as caracter&#237;sticas basais e do procedimento da popula&#231;&#227;o geral e de cada grupo conforme n&#237;vel de experi&#234;ncia. Ao comparar os dados basais dos pacientes entre os grupos, observou-se que os grupos com experi&#234;ncia inicial, b&#225;sica e intermedi&#225;ria estavam equilibrados, com idade m&#233;dia similar e pequenas diferen&#231;as nas taxas de diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e DPOC, com um EuroSCORE II m&#233;dio de 7,7&#177;8, 7,4&#177;6.6, e 8,1&#177;8.3 respectivamente. No grupo com experi&#234;ncia alta, os pacientes apresentaram menos comorbidades e um EuroSCORE II significativamente mais baixo (5,4&#177;5,7; p=0,012, p=0,019, e p&lt;0,001 em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos com experi&#234;ncia inicial, b&#225;sica, e intermedi&#225;ria respectivamente).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento nos pacientes inclu&#237;dos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>1&#186; ao 40&#186; caso</th>
                  <th>41&#186; ao 80&#186; caso</th>
                  <th>81<sup>o</sup> ao 120&#186; caso</th>
                  <th>121&#186; caso em diante</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor p</th>
                  <th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">TTCA* Valor p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Tamanho amostral (n)</th>
                  <th>991</th>
                  <th>616</th>
                  <th>458</th>
                  <th>1129</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ano em que metade dos procedimentos foram realizados</td>
                  <td align="center">Abril/2015</td>
                  <td align="center">Maio/2016</td>
                  <td align="center">Janeiro/2017</td>
                  <td align="center">Abril/2019</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VCT de nova gera&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">363 (36,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">303 (49,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">292 (63,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (90)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valve-in-valve</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (4,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (5,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (4,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,271</td>
                  <td align="center">0,333</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anestesia geral</td>
                  <td align="center">744 (75,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">409 (71,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">324 (77)</td>
                  <td align="center">401 (43,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abordagem transfemoral</td>
                  <td align="center">955 (96,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">575 (93,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">433 (95,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">978 (96,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acesso percut&#226;neo</td>
                  <td align="center">707 (71,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">516 (84,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">405 (89,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">982 (96,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">406 (42,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">257 (43,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">184 (40,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">368 (37,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,042</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">MARCAS DAS V&#193;LVULAS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sapien XT</td>
                  <td align="center">188 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (21,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (17,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (5,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CoreValve</td>
                  <td align="center">413 (41,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">157 (25,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (11,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (2,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lotus</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (1,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (6,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (1,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sapien S3</td>
                  <td align="center">179 (18,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (18,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (27,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">528 (49,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Evolut R/PRO</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (13,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">167 (27,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">141 (30,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">251 (23,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Braile</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (0,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Portico</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (0,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acurate Neo/Neo2</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (4,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (2,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (3,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">146 (13,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Myval</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (1,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o informado</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">295 (30,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">173 (31,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (29,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">255 (28,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,557</td>
                  <td align="center">0,198</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Emboliza&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (2,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (2,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,070</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Necessidade de 2&#170; v&#225;lvula</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (1,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                  <td align="center">0,197</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ruptura de anel</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,371</td>
                  <td align="center">0,407</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tamponamento</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (3,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (3,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (2,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,345</td>
                  <td align="center">0,071</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cirurgia aberta de convers&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (3,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (1,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>
                <italic>Fonte: Bernardi, 2023. Valores s&#227;o n (%); VCT: v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca transcateter; TTCA: Teste de Tend&#234;ncia de Cochran-Armitage.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A maioria dos procedimentos foi transfemoral (96%), sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos. No entanto, &#224; medida que a experi&#234;ncia aumentava, uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de casos foi tratada com uma abordagem percut&#226;nea, sem anestesia geral. A t&#233;cnica <italic>valve-in-valve</italic> correspondeu a somente 4,4% dos procedimentos, com taxas similares entre os grupos. O uso de VCT de mais nova gera&#231;&#227;o aumentou consistentemente &#224; medida em que a experi&#234;ncia dos centros aumentou, de 36,7% a 90% nos centros com experi&#234;ncia inicial e alta, respectivamente. Emboliza&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula, necessidade de uma segunda v&#225;lvula, obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, e convers&#227;o para cirurgia aberta foram menos comuns nos centros com alta experi&#234;ncia (p&lt;0,05 para todos).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Curva de aprendizagem e desfechos</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ilustra a LC da TAVR com uma regress&#227;o <italic>spline</italic> para mortalidade hospitalar ajustada para o EuroSCORE II com transforma&#231;&#227;o log e para o uso de VCT de mais nova gera&#231;&#227;o, mostrando que foi necess&#225;rio tratar 40 casos at&#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia da primeira queda na probabilidade ajustada de morte. Uma mudan&#231;a na inclina&#231;&#227;o foi observada no NSC118, sinalizando uma estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade hospitalar ap&#243;s esse n&#237;vel de experi&#234;ncia. Estabeleceu-se que o final da LC tenha ocorrido no NSC303 com base no menor limite superior do intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% do teste de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica que estava abaixo do n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia.</p>
        <p>Ao comparar os grupos de experi&#234;ncia, observamos uma queda cont&#237;nua na mortalidade hospitalar n&#227;o ajustada a partir do grupo com experi&#234;ncia inicial (8,7%), b&#225;sica (8%), intermedi&#225;ria (6,1%), e alta (4,0%) (p&lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, observou-se uma diferen&#231;a significativa na incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares maiores, sangramento maior ou de risco &#224; vida, e acidente vascular cerebral. Ap&#243;s ajuste quanto aos fatores de confus&#227;o e usando o grupo experi&#234;ncia inicial como controle, somente o grupo com alta experi&#234;ncia foi associado com uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na mortalidade hospitalar (OR 0,52, p=0,002). A abordagem transfemoral (OR 0,51, p=0,014) e o uso de VCT de nova gera&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foram preditores de uma mortalidade hospitalar mais baixa (OR 0,69, p=0,029), al&#233;m de um EuroSCORE II mais baixo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Desfechos hospitalares ap&#243;s substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica transcateter (TAVR) segundo o n&#250;mero sequencial de casos; A) popula&#231;&#227;o geral; B) centros com alto volume de procedimentos de TAVR [&#8805;40 procedimentos] antes de 2014. C) centros com baixo volume de procedimentos de TAVR [&lt;40 procedimentos] antes de 2014; TTCA: Teste de Tend&#234;ncia de Cochran-Armitage.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230622-30622-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Forest plots para taxa de mortalidade hospitalar de acordo com as faixas de sequ&#234;ncia de casos nos centros de substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica transcateter (TAVR) com um volume maior (&gt;40 casos) e nos centros com um volume menor (&lt;40 casos) de pacientes tratados antes de 2014.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230622-30622-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Centros com experi&#234;ncia inicial antes e ap&#243;s 2014</title>
        <p>Oito dos 25 centros conclu&#237;ram a experi&#234;ncia inicial (primeiros 40 casos de TAVR) antes de 2014, correspondendo a 1916 pacientes com um n&#250;mero mediano de procedimentos por centro de 222 (IIQ 163-282). Os demais 17 centros completaram a experi&#234;ncia inicial ap&#243;s 2014, correspondendo a 1278 pacientes e um n&#250;mero mediano de procedimentos por centro de 56 (IIQ 34,5-115). As <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12107/2023-0622_AO_Supplemental_Tables.pdf">Tabelas suplementares S1 e S2</ext-link> descrevem as caracter&#237;sticas basais e do procedimento dos grupos (por n&#237;vel de experi&#234;ncia) e por sequ&#234;ncias de casos nos centros com experi&#234;ncia inicial antes de 2014 e ap&#243;s 2014. Em geral, os pacientes apresentaram escores de risco similares, segundo o EuroSCORE II (m&#233;dia de 7,0&#177;7,5 e 6,9&#177;6,8 para experi&#234;ncia inicial antes e ap&#243;s 2014, respectivamente). Nos centros com experi&#234;ncia inicial ap&#243;s 2014, VCTs de nova gera&#231;&#227;o foram implantadas com uma frequ&#234;ncia significativamente mais alta (70,3% vs. 55,4%, p&lt;0,001).</p>
        <p>Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>, a LC das duas coortes apresentaram diferentes padr&#245;es. Entre os centros com experi&#234;ncia inicial conclu&#237;da antes de 2014, observou-se um padr&#227;o t&#237;pico de LC, com uma queda inicial da mortalidade ocorrendo precocemente, ap&#243;s os primeiros dez casos. Uma mudan&#231;a na inclina&#231;&#227;o foi observada no CSN81, sinalizando uma estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade ap&#243;s esse n&#237;vel de experi&#234;ncia. J&#225; entre os centros com experi&#234;ncia inicial conclu&#237;da ap&#243;s 2014 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref>), observamos, inicialmente, uma mortalidade mais baixa, mas a curva manteve-se est&#225;vel at&#233; aproximadamente o NCS100. Depois disso, a curva caiu, embora com um alargamento do intervalo de confian&#231;a devido ao menor n&#250;mero de centros com mais de 100 casos nessa coorte.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o spline para mortalidade hospitalar (ajustada para EuroSCORE-II log-transformado e o uso de v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca transcateter) para determinar a curva de aprendizagem dos centros com experi&#234;ncia inicial antes de 2014.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230622-30622-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o spline para mortalidade hospitalar (ajustada para EuroSCORE-II log-transformado e o uso de v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca transcateter) para determinar a curva de aprendizagem dos centros com experi&#234;ncia inicial ap&#243;s 2014.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230622-30622-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Na coorte de centros que adotaram a TAVR antes de 2014, experi&#234;ncia intermedi&#225;ria e experi&#234;ncia alta apresentaram uma raz&#227;o de chances (<italic>odds ratio</italic>) de 0,47 (p=0,027) e 0,44 (p-0,003), respectivamente, para mortalidade hospitalar, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; experi&#234;ncia inicial ap&#243;s ajuste para o EuroSCORE II. N&#227;o encontramos uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre experi&#234;ncia adquirida e mortalidade hospitalar entre os centros que adotaram a TAVR mais tardiamente (ap&#243;s 2014) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> mostra as taxas de eventos n&#227;o ajustados das duas coortes de acordo com os diferentes n&#237;veis de experi&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste amplo registro nacional de TAVR no Brasil, n&#243;s avaliamos a LC analisando o impacto da experi&#234;ncia acumulada dos centros sobre a mortalidade hospitalar, e os resultados principais foram: 1) Vinte e cinco centros e 3194 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos; a experi&#234;ncia acumulada foi associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade hospitalar, com a LC mostrando uma primeira queda na mortalidade a partir do caso n&#250;mero 40 com uma estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da curva a partir do caso n&#250;mero 118; 2) alta experi&#234;ncia, determinada por uma experi&#234;ncia acumulada de mais de 120 casos, foi um preditor independente de mortalidade hospitalar mais baixa, e se associou com taxas mais baixas n&#227;o ajustadas de complica&#231;&#245;es, como sangramento clinicamente relevante, complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares maiores, e acidente vascular cerebral; 3) houve dois padr&#245;es distintos de LC nos centros que tiveram sua experi&#234;ncia inicial antes e ap&#243;s 2014, sugerindo uma poss&#237;vel atenua&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre experi&#234;ncia acumulada e menor mortalidade hospitalar nos centros que iniciaram seus programas de TAVR mais tardiamente; 4) al&#233;m do EuroSCORE II, a abordagem transfemoral e o uso de VCTs de nova gera&#231;&#227;o foram vari&#225;veis independentes associadas com mortalidade hospitalar mais baixa.</p>
      <p>O conhecimento da LC em procedimentos complexos e de alto custo como a TAVR &#233; crucial para os processos de planejamento que visam a melhoria cont&#237;nua das pr&#225;ticas cl&#237;nicas e a otimiza&#231;&#227;o de aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos futuros. Embora a LC da TAVR tenha sido avaliada em estudos anteriores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> nosso estudo &#233; o primeiro estudo multic&#234;ntrico conduzido em um pa&#237;s da Am&#233;rica do Sul, cuja realidade &#233; bem distinta da de pa&#237;ses de alta renda. No Brasil e em outras na&#231;&#245;es em desenvolvimento, o acesso da popula&#231;&#227;o &#224; TAVR tem sido significativamente restrito,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> devido principalmente a restri&#231;&#245;es econ&#244;micas e acesso limitado ao procedimento no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Por exemplo, at&#233; 2017, foram realizados menos de 10 procedimentos de TAVR por milh&#227;o de habitantes no Brasil, em compara&#231;&#227;o a mais de 100-150 em pa&#237;ses como os EUA, Fran&#231;a e Alemanha.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Essa varia&#231;&#227;o regional na acessibilidade &#224; TAVR e no volume de procedimentos pode ser um fator determinante da LC em um pa&#237;s. Em uma na&#231;&#227;o continental como o Brasil, uma an&#225;lise incorporando institui&#231;&#245;es de v&#225;rias regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia.</p>
      <p>Nossos dados s&#227;o consistentes com os de estudos multic&#234;ntricos internacionais que demonstraram um decl&#237;nio na incid&#234;ncia de eventos adversos precoces &#224; medida que as institui&#231;&#245;es ganharam experi&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Um dado importante foi que observamos uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade a partir do caso 40, similar a Russo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> que tamb&#233;m encontraram uma melhora a partir do caso 38. Contudo, esses achados contrastam com os do estudo de Wassef et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> que encontraram uma melhora a partir do caso 75; ambos foram grandes estudos multic&#234;ntricos, conduzidos principalmente em institui&#231;&#245;es de pa&#237;ses de alta renda. Essa melhora na mortalidade estendeu-se al&#233;m do procedimento n&#250;mero 120 em nosso estudo, e al&#233;m dos casos 170 e 150 nos estudos de Russo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e de Wassef et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> respectivamente. Apesar das distintas realidades, esses resultados demonstram que a LC geral no Brasil foi, de certa forma, compar&#225;vel &#224; de pa&#237;ses de alta renda com acesso bem mais amplo &#224; TAVR, refletindo que a t&#233;cnica do procedimento possui uma LC intr&#237;nseca relacionada &#224; profici&#234;ncia do operador.</p>
      <p>No entanto, &#233; essencial reconhecer que a TAVR evoluiu desde sua cria&#231;&#227;o. Nos &#250;ltimos 15 anos, novas vers&#245;es de dispositivos e t&#233;cnicas refinadas, incluindo abordagens menos invasivas, surgiram. Destaca-se um estudo que avaliou o desenvolvimento de TAVR em centros da Am&#233;rica Latina, a maioria deles no Brasil, revelando uma mudan&#231;a significativa na pr&#225;tica entre 2015 e 2020, com maior incorpora&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos minimalistas e ado&#231;&#227;o universal das vers&#245;es mais recentes de VCTs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Para determinar se essas mudan&#231;as temporais na TAVR afetaram a LC, n&#243;s conduzimos uma suban&#225;lise, dividindo centros com experi&#234;ncia inicial (primeiros 40 casos tratados) antes de 2014 daqueles com experi&#234;ncia inicial completada ap&#243;s 2014, ano em que a primeira VCT de nova gera&#231;&#227;o tornou-se comercialmente dispon&#237;vel no Brasil. Interessante notar que, o fen&#244;meno da LC, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o inicial da mortalidade hospitalar, foi praticamente ausente entre os centros que iniciaram a TAVR mais tardiamente, diferentemente dos centros que a adotaram mais cedo, em que se observou uma n&#237;tida LC inicial, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o na probabilidade de morte j&#225; ocorrendo ap&#243;s os primeiros dez casos. Esses dados s&#227;o similares aos de Russo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> que analisaram dados do registro TVT norte-americano, e n&#227;o encontraram evid&#234;ncia de uma LC em centros em que a experi&#234;ncia inicial ocorreu ap&#243;s 2015, com a pr&#243;tese com bal&#227;o expans&#237;vel Sapien S3 (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA). Esses centros n&#227;o apresentaram uma melhora significativa nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos com o aumento da experi&#234;ncia, e seus desfechos cl&#237;nicos iniciais j&#225; eram compar&#225;veis aos dos centros com maior experi&#234;ncia. Segundo os autores, esse resultado n&#227;o foi surpreendente, uma vez que a melhoria nos dispositivos, programas de <italic>proctoring</italic>, e dissemina&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento podem resultar em uma ado&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida de t&#233;cnicas de TAVR entre centros mais novos e de menor volume.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Muitos fatores na pr&#225;tica atual podem haver contribu&#237;do para esse in&#237;cio com melhores resultados nos centros mais novos de TAVR, como: 1) maior conhecimento geral por toda comunidade cient&#237;fica e acesso a um ac&#250;mulo importante de evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica ao longo da hist&#243;ria da TAVR;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> 2) experi&#234;ncia crescente e amplo acesso ao uso de VCTs mais modernas, simples, seguras e confi&#225;veis, o que por si s&#243; propicia a melhores desfechos cl&#237;nicos;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> 3) o trabalho intenso da comunidade cient&#237;fica, em colabora&#231;&#227;o com a ind&#250;stria, para melhorar as t&#233;cnicas de implantes das pr&#243;teses, combinado com extensos esfor&#231;os para dissemina&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> 4) melhor sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, com maior inclus&#227;o de pacientes com risco cir&#250;rgico mais baixo, al&#233;m do refinamento das t&#233;cnicas de imagem para melhor planejamento do procedimento;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> 5) programas de <italic>proctoring</italic> extensivos oferecidos pelas empresas das VCTs aos centros de TAVR.</p>
      <p>No entanto, embora n&#227;o tenhamos encontrado uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre redu&#231;&#227;o de mortes hospitalares com o ganho de experi&#234;ncia acumulada dos centros que iniciaram TAVR mais tardiamente, parece existir uma tend&#234;ncia de melhora, especialmente ap&#243;s os primeiros 120 casos. Vale notar que somente quatro das 17 institui&#231;&#245;es possu&#237;am pacientes no grupo de alta experi&#234;ncia em nosso estudo, acarretando em intervalos de confian&#231;a amplos da LC em raz&#227;o do n&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes nesse estrato.</p>
      <p>Portanto, n&#227;o podemos descartar a possibilidade de um erro tipo II em nossa observa&#231;&#227;o nessa coorte. Em uma LC t&#237;pica, esperar&#237;amos melhora dos resultados mais precocemente. Mas em nosso caso, precisamos tamb&#233;m considerar a possibilidade de um padr&#227;o de LC com come&#231;o mais lento de progress&#227;o, atingindo a profici&#234;ncia mais tardiamente nesses centros cuja experi&#234;ncia inicial da TAVR se deu ap&#243;s 2014. Apesar desses centros terem iniciado com uma taxa de mortalidade hospitalar mais baixa (7,6% vs. 10,9% dos centros que completaram sua experi&#234;ncia inicial antes de 2014), houve pouca ou nenhuma melhora at&#233; o caso 120. No entanto, mesmo lidando com pacientes de risco moderado a alto (EuroSCORE II m&#233;dio de quase oito), a taxa de mortalidade hospitalar foi notavelmente mais alta que &#224;quela relatada em outros estudos internacionais. Por exemplo, em um estudo do registro TVT, as institui&#231;&#245;es que come&#231;aram a trabalhar com a pr&#243;tese bal&#227;o expans&#237;vel Sapien S3 ap&#243;s 2015 mantiveram-se consistentemente com uma taxa de mortalidade baixa de aproximadamente 4%, mesmo mesmo tamb&#233;m tratando pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio a alto (escore STS m&#233;dio de 7,3%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Portanto, a falta de melhora imediata &#224; medida que os n&#250;meros de casos aumentaram em nossa an&#225;lise sugere que essas institui&#231;&#245;es de TAVR mais novas devem ter passado por um processo de aprendizagem inicialmente mais lento. Al&#233;m disso, a ocorr&#234;ncia relativamente alta de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares nessa coorte, o que &#233; frequentemente vista como um marcador de expertise de TAVR, corrobora essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
      <p>Uma pergunta que permanece &#233; por que o processo de aprendizagem desses centros foi atrasado em termos de redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade hospitalar. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o pode ser o volume limitado de TAVR realizada nessas institui&#231;&#245;es. Antes do caso 120, o n&#250;mero mediano anual de procedimentos foi 6,4 (IIQ 5 a 11) em compara&#231;&#227;o a 15 (IIQ 12,3 a 17,1) para a coorte de centros que tiveram sua experi&#234;ncia inicial antes de 2014. Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram consistentemente uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o volume de procedimentos e a melhora de desfechos, incluindo mortalidade em curto prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Contudo, nosso estudo n&#227;o foi delineado para avaliar o impacto nos desfechos cl&#237;nico do volume de procedimentos dos centros, uma vez que essa an&#225;lise seria extremamente complexa para ser interpretada considerando que muitos hospitais iniciaram seus programas de TAVR durante o per&#237;odo analisado, e a maiores deles operando com volumes limitados de casos (&lt;20 TAVR/ano), tornando-se um desafio estat&#237;stico analisar tal associa&#231;&#227;o. Dada a inclus&#227;o iminente do procedimento no sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico brasileiro, esta &#233; uma informa&#231;&#227;o de alta relev&#226;ncia e deve ser devidamente considerada em futuros estudos para o cont&#237;nuo avan&#231;o da TAVR no pa&#237;s. Portanto, &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia continuar com a an&#225;lise detalhada dos dados provenientes do registro brasileiro, bem como de outros pa&#237;ses de renda mais baixa. Essa investiga&#231;&#227;o aprofundada &#233; essencial para examinar os diversos fatores associados &#224; LC no contexto espec&#237;fico desses pa&#237;ses, garantindo assim melhores resultados e avan&#231;os significativos no tratamento da TAVR em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo observacional com dados de um registro de vida real com desfechos reportados localmente, sem uma adjudica&#231;&#227;o central. Embora desfechos padronizados pelos crit&#233;rios VARC-2 tenham sido utilizados, podem existir inconsist&#234;ncias em seus relatos. Esse foi o motivo pelo qual escolhemos mortalidade hospitalar por todas as causas para a an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria, para mitigar potenciais vieses de avalia&#231;&#227;o. Ainda n&#227;o foi avaliado o impacto da LC sobre desfechos cl&#237;nicos a m&#233;dio e longo prazo, uma vez que avaliamos somente eventos intra hospitalares. Al&#233;m disso, apesar de havermos ajustado o desfecho prim&#225;rio para o EuroSCORE II para ajustar ao n&#250;mero crescente de paciente de risco mais baixo tratados ao longo do tempo no registro ainda &#233; importante considerar o potencial impacto das vari&#225;veis n&#227;o medidas que possam atuar como fatores de confus&#227;o. Quanto &#224; nossa suban&#225;lise, a maioria dos centros que adotaram a TAVR tardiamente estavam pr&#243;ximos de sua experi&#234;ncia inical, o que pode haver contribu&#237;do para a falta de um decl&#237;nio significativo na mortalidade e, assim, o efeito da experi&#234;ncia pode ser sido impercept&#237;vel. Finalmentem a TAVR continua a evoluir rapidamente com o desenvolvimento de t&#233;cnicas mais refinadas e dispositivos superiores quase que anualmente. Portanto, nossos achados podem n&#227;o representar a pr&#225;tica mais atualizada.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Ao longo da hist&#243;ria da TAVR no Brasil, a experi&#234;ncia acumulada do procedimento das principais institui&#231;&#245;es no pa&#237;s associada a uma associou-se com uma redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade hospitalar, indicando um fen&#244;meno leg&#237;timo de LC. No entanto, essa rela&#231;&#227;o entre experi&#234;ncia e melhora dos resultados foi mais impactante nos primeiros anos da hist&#243;ria da TAVR no pa&#237;s. Nos centros que iniciarem seus programas de TAVR mais recentemente, apesar de terem obtido resultados cl&#237;nicos iniciais mais promissores, houve pouca evolu&#231;&#227;o dos seus resultados com o ganho progressivo de experi&#234;ncia.Esses achados contribuem para o entendimento da LC na TAVR e fornece <italic>insights</italic> para pesquisa futura nesse campo em r&#225;pida evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para tabelas suplementares, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12107/2023-0622_AO_Supplemental_Tables.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Fernando Luiz de Melo Bernardi pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Leforte sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 36697620.01001.5485. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230622i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Learning Curve for In-Hospital Mortality of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Insights from the Brazilian National Registry</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1267-0020</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardi</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Luiz de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6260-9626</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio S&#226;ndoli de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6782-750X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4903-5274</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Dimytri Alexandre Alvim de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9674-8528</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Eduardo Gomes Sarmento</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8212-1732</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mangione</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thiago</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Koenig S&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangione</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Valter Correia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Dourado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marino</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Jos&#233; Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7895-8281</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caramori</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo R. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12001">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tumelero</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13001">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Portela</surname>
            <given-names>Antenor Lages Fortes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14001">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prudente</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15001">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Henriques</surname>
            <given-names>Le&#244;nidas Alvarenga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16001">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1137-7527</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Solano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17001">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18001">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4762-0579</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Guedes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19001">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6942-355X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Prado</surname>
            <given-names>Guy F. A.</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Zacaris Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20001">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Ederlon Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21001">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7964-4279</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Meireles</surname>
            <given-names>George C&#233;sar Ximenes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22001">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pope</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Bastos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23001">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2434-2561</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guerios</surname>
            <given-names>Enio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24001">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3511-7375</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Beraldo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25001">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4788-7713</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano de Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26001">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5030-6727</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marchi</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Felippi de S&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0973-9357</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fund&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Henrique Fantin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1273-1823</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital SOS C&#225;rdio, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Madre Teresa, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11001">
        <label>11</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Naval Marcilio Dias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12001">
        <label>12</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13001">
        <label>13</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14001">
        <label>14</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Associa&#231;&#227;o Piauiense de Combate ao C&#226;ncer, Teresina, PI &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15001">
        <label>15</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Encore, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16001">
        <label>16</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Albert Sabin, Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17001">
        <label>17</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18001">
        <label>18</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio-Pulmonar, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19001">
        <label>19</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alian&#231;a Rede D&#180;Or, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20001">
        <label>20</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21001">
        <label>21</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Londrina, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22001">
        <label>22</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Assist&#234;ncia M&#233;dica ao Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23001">
        <label>23</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff24001">
        <label>24</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; &#8211; Hospital de Clinicas, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff25001">
        <label>25</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Mar&#237;lia, Marilia, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff26001">
        <label>26</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa L&#250;cia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernando Luiz de Melo Bernardi</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: ferber08@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Learning curve of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for in-hospital mortality in Brazil and predictors of in-hospital mortality.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230622-30622-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Robust data on the learning curve (LC) of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) are lacking in developing countries.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To assess TAVR&#8217;s LC in Brazil over time.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We analyzed data from the Brazilian TAVR registry from 2008 to 2023. Patients from each center were numbered chronologically in case sequence numbers (CSNs). LC was performed using restricted cubic splines adjusted for EuroSCORE-II and the use of new-generation prostheses. Also, in-hospital outcomes were compared between groups defined according to the level of experience based on the CSN: 1<sup>st</sup> to 40<sup>th</sup> (initial-experience), 41<sup>st</sup> to 80<sup>th</sup> (early-experience), 81<sup>st</sup> to 120<sup>th</sup> (intermediate-experience), and over 121<sup>st</sup> (high-experience). Additional analysis was performed grouping hospitals according to the number of cases treated before 2014 (&gt;40 and &#8804;40 procedures). The level of significance adopted was &lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 3,194 patients from 25 centers were included. Mean age and EuroSCORE II were 80.7&#177;8.1 years and 7&#177;7.1, respectively. LC analysis demonstrated a drop in adjusted in-hospital mortality after treating 40 patients. A leveling off of the curve was observed after case #118. In-hospital mortality across the groups was 8.6%, 7.7%, 5.9%, and 3.7% for initial-, early-, intermediate-, and high-experience, respectively (p&lt;0.001). High experience independently predicted lower mortality (OR 0.57, p=0.013 vs. initial experience). Low-volume centers before 2014 showed no significant decrease in the likelihood of death with gained experience, whereas high-volume centers had a continuous improvement after case #10.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> A TAVR LC phenomenon was observed for in-hospital mortality in Brazil. This effect was more pronounced in centers that treated their first 40 cases before 2014 than those that reached this milestone after 2014.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospital Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a multifaceted procedure that requires high-level of skills to ensure good clinical outcomes. Prior studies have demonstrated the existence of a learning curve (LC) and its importance in improving treatment efficacy and safety.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, these studies revealed differing rates of patient outcome improvement with increasing experience, suggesting that a universal LC for TAVR does not exist. Also, most studies evaluated data derived from North American and European countries and, as TAVR practices may vary among different locations, limitations exist in extrapolating these data other regions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Developing nations like Brazil have seen a slower rate of TAVR adoption in comparison to high-income countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Yet, since its introduction in 2008, the number of TAVR procedures and centers performing the procedure have increased significantly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nonetheless, there is no nationwide multicenter study specifically evaluating the behavior of TAVR LC throughout the history of the procedure in Latin American countries. It would possibly provide crucial information for both healthcare professionals and policymakers to evaluate TAVR practices, allocate resources appropriately, and valuable insights for ongoing improvement. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the impact of the TAVR LC for in-hospital outcomes since the beginning of the Brazilian nationwide TAVR registry.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Data from the Brazilian TAVR Registry (RIBAC-NT), an ongoing nationwide multicenter registry developed by the Brazilian Society of Hemodynamics and Interventional Cardiology (SBHCI), were used. The initial protocol of the registry has been previously published.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Briefly, participating centers included all consecutive TAVR procedures through an online platform with remote central data monitoring. In 2020, an updated protocol was submitted and approved by the central ethical committee to extend the duration of the registry. For the purpose of the present analysis, we have included centers with a minimum of 25 consecutive patients in the registry and those with the updated registry protocol approved by their local Ethics Committee, which contained a waiver of informed consent of the included patients, as the study posed minimal risk.</p>
        <p>We included all consecutive TAVR procedures in the final analyses. We excluded cases where in-hospital information was not available. We used multiple imputations to handle missing values, and a predictive mean matching model for numeric variables, and logistic regression (logreg) for binary variables (with two levels). Imputed values, residual distribution, and convergence coefficients were checked. Most variables were available in the dataset. We did not impute missing values for the outcomes. The imputation step resulted in five complete data sets, each of them containing different estimates of the missing values for all patients in the cohort. After imputation, we pooled and merged all five datasets to perform logistic regressions.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Learning curve assessment and statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Following a similar method previously described to assess the LC of TAVR in multiple centers,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> patients from each center were sequentially numbered chronologically. To define optimal cut-off points and to determine if there was an end of the LC, we used restricted cubic splines adjusted for EuroSCORE-II and a new-generation transcatheter heart valve (THV) as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>. A grid search analysis was applied across a range of case sequence numbers (CS#) from 10 to 350 by increments of 1. After the case sequence cutoffs were established, subsequent CS#s were divided into quartiles, and in-hospital mortality was compared using a logistic regression test. The optimal cut-off point was defined as number of cases necessary to observe a first significant drop in mortality curve (40 cases as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). The CS#s were grouped as: 1<sup>st</sup> to 40<sup>th</sup> case (initial-experience), 41<sup>st</sup> to 80<sup>th</sup> case (early-experience), 81<sup>st</sup> to 120<sup>th</sup> case (intermediate-experience) and over 121<sup>st</sup> case (high-experience). The end of the LC was determined based on the smallest upper bound of the 95% confidence interval of the logistic regression test that was below the significance level threshold.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Spline regressions for in-hospital death (adjusted to log-transformed EuroSCORE-II and the utilization of new generation THV) to determine the learning curve of the global cohort.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230622-30622-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Additional analysis was performed using the year of arrival of newer-generation THV in Brazil (2014) as a grouping cut-off. To determine whether there was a difference in the pattern of the LC between early and late TAVR adopters, hospitals were divided into two groups: i) those who had completed their initial experience before 2014 (&#8805;40 procedures before 2014) and ii) those who had completed their initial experience after 2014. We compared the baseline characteristics and in-hospital outcomes between the experience groups, using the group with initial experience as control. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, with 30-day mortality assessed for hospitalizations lasting longer than 30 days. Key secondary outcomes included major vascular complications, major or life-threatening bleeding, and any stroke. All outcomes were classified according to the VARC-2 criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Categorical variables were reported as total numbers of events and percentages. For continuous variables, normally distributed data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and skewed data as median and interquartile range (IQR). The normality of distribution and variances were checked using histograms and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, or the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparison of baseline data and unadjusted outcomes. Bonferroni post-hoc test was performed when appropriate. No post-hoc test was conducted following the Kruskal-Wallis test. The Cochran-Armitage trend test (CATT) was used for all binary variables, where the two-level variable represents the response, and the CSN represents the explanatory variable. Logistic regressions were built to assess the prediction of the experience groups on in-hospital death, adjusting for potential confounding factors (old vs. new generation THV, transfemoral vs. non-transfemoral approach, valve-in-valve procedures, and EuroSCORE-II). Old-generation THV were those from the first line of devices commercially available in Brazil (Table S1). Other potential predictors of in-hospital death were checked but were not associated with the outcome in the present cohort: mean aortic valve gradient in baseline echo, bicuspid aortic valve, general anesthesia, percutaneous access, valve brand, balloon pre-dilation and balloon post-dilation. As EuroSCORE-II includes most variables from <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>, these were not included in the model due to collinearity. P-values &lt;0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Analyses were carried out using R [v.3.5.3].</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the enrolled individuals</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>1<sup>st</sup> to 40<sup>th</sup> case</th>
                    <th>41<sup>st</sup> to 80<sup>th</sup> case</th>
                    <th>81<sup>st</sup> to 120<sup>th</sup> case</th>
                    <th>Over the 121<sup>st</sup> case</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p value</th>
                    <th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">CATT* p value </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Sample size (n)</th>
                    <th>991</th>
                    <th>616</th>
                    <th>458</th>
                    <th>1129</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">80.9&#177;7.3</td>
                    <td align="center">80.9&#177;7.5</td>
                    <td align="center">81.7&#177;7</td>
                    <td align="center">79.9&#177;9.3</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">520 (52.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">283 (45.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (49.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">521 (46.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.014</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">344 (34.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">210 (34.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">150 (32.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">360 (32.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.593</td>
                    <td align="center">0.170</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="7">NYHA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III</td>
                    <td align="center">512 (51.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">302 (49)</td>
                    <td align="center">190 (41.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">422 (47.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IV</td>
                    <td align="center">276 (27.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">140 (22.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">116 (25.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">117 (13.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (17.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (12)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (25)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (20.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.133</td>
                    <td align="center">0.255</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pacemaker</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (8.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (7.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (8.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (9.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.944</td>
                    <td align="center">0.593</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous MI</td>
                    <td align="center">125 (13.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">92 (16.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (15.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">98 (9.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">285 (29.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">169 (27.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">143 (31.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">213 (22)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous CABG</td>
                    <td align="center">152 (5.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">120 (19.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (16.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">117 (12.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                    <td align="center">0.038</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous Valve Surgery</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (7.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (6.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (8.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.668</td>
                    <td align="center">0.958</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cerebrovascular Disease</td>
                    <td align="center">144 (14.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">82 (13.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (11.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">87 (7.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous Stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">71 (6.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (6)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (6.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">61 (5.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.335</td>
                    <td align="center">0.089</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peripheral Vascular Disease</td>
                    <td align="center">164 (16.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">112 (18.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">82 (17.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">97 (8.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>COPD</td>
                    <td align="center">177 (18.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">121 (20.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">99 (21.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">108 (9.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">1.3&#177;0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">1.3&#177;0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">1.4&#177;1.2</td>
                    <td align="center">1.3&#177;0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.461</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="7">Baseline Echo</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">59.1&#177;13.9</td>
                    <td align="center">58.9&#177;14</td>
                    <td align="center">59.1&#177;12.9</td>
                    <td align="center">58.3&#177;13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean Gradient</td>
                    <td align="center">48&#177;17.6</td>
                    <td align="center">44.8&#177;18</td>
                    <td align="center">46.24&#177;17.4</td>
                    <td align="center">44&#177;17.8</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bicuspid aortic valve</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (5.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (3.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (3.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (3.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.160</td>
                    <td align="center">0.413</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="7">Surgical risk</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>EuroSCORE-II</td>
                    <td align="center">7.71 (8.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.42 (6.64)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.14 (8.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.37 (5.75)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>
                  <italic>Source: Bernardi, 2023. Values are n (%) or mean (&#177;SD). CATT: Cochran-Armitage trend test; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</italic>
                </attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="results">
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>A total of 3,194 TAVR patients from 25 Brazilian centers were included. Ten cases were excluded due to lack of sufficient in-hospital information. The first case was performed in February 2008 and the last in February 2023 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). There were 111 missing cases for the variable transfemoral approach and 63 for prosthesis generation which were handled with multiple imputations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline and procedural characteristics</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">2</xref> summarize the baseline and procedural characteristics of the overall population and each experience group level. When comparing patients&#8217; baseline data between the experience groups, the initial-, early- and intermediate- were quite balanced with similar mean ages and small differences in the rates of diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, and COPD, with a mean EuroSCORE II of 7.7&#177;8, 7.4&#177;6.6, 8.1&#177;8.3, respectively. In the high-experience group, patients had fewer comorbidities and a significantly lower EuroSCORE II (5.4&#177;5.7; p=0.012, p=0.019, and p&lt;0.001 against the initial-, early- and intermediate experience, respectively).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Procedural characteristics of the enrolled patients</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>1<sup>st</sup> to 40<sup>th</sup> case</th>
                    <th>41<sup>st</sup> to 80<sup>th</sup> case</th>
                    <th>81<sup>st</sup> to 120<sup>th</sup> case</th>
                    <th>Over the 121<sup>st</sup> case</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p value</th>
                    <th rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">CATT* p value </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Sample size (n)</th>
                    <th>991</th>
                    <th>616</th>
                    <th>458</th>
                    <th>1129</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Year when half of the procedures were performed</td>
                    <td align="center">April/2015</td>
                    <td align="center">May/2016</td>
                    <td align="center">January/2017</td>
                    <td align="center">April/2019</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>New-generation THV</td>
                    <td align="center">363 (36.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">303 (49.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">292 (63.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (90)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Valve-in-valve</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (4.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (3.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (5.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (4.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.271</td>
                    <td align="center">0.333</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>General anesthesia</td>
                    <td align="center">744 (75.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">409 (71.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">324 (77)</td>
                    <td align="center">401 (43.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Transfemoral approach</td>
                    <td align="center">955 (96.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">575 (93.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">433 (95.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">978 (96.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Percutaneous Access</td>
                    <td align="center">707 (71.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">516 (84.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">405 (89.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">982 (96.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Balloon Predilation</td>
                    <td align="center">406 (42.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">257 (43.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">184 (40.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">368 (37.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.042</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="7">Valve brand</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sapien XT</td>
                    <td align="center">188 (19)</td>
                    <td align="center">134 (21.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">81 (17.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (5.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CoreValve</td>
                    <td align="center">413 (41.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">157 (25.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (11.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (2.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lotus</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (1.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (6.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (1.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sapien S3</td>
                    <td align="center">179 (18.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">112 (18.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">126 (27.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">528 (49.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Evolut R/PRO</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (13.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">167 (27.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">141 (30.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">251 (23.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Braile</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (0.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (2.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (0.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Portico</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (1.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (0.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Acurate Neo/Neo2</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (4.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (2.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (3.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">146 (13.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Myval</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (1.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (1.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unreported</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (0.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Balloon Post-dilation</td>
                    <td align="center">295 (30.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">173 (31.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">125 (29.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">255 (28.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.557</td>
                    <td align="center">0.198</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Valve Embolization</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (2.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (2.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (1.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.070</td>
                    <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Need for 2nd Valve</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (2.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (4)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (2.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (1.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                    <td align="center">0.008</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary artery occlusion</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (0.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (1.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (1.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.015</td>
                    <td align="center">0.197</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Annulus rupture</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (0.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (0.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.371</td>
                    <td align="center">0.407</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tamponade</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (3.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (3.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (3.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (2.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.345</td>
                    <td align="center">0.071</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Conversion Open Surgery</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (3.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (2.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (1.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>
                  <italic>Source: Bernardi, 2023. Values are n (%). CATT: Cochran-Armitage trend test.</italic>
                </attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Most procedures were transfemoral (96%), with no significant difference between groups. However, as experience grew, a greater proportion of cases were treated by a percutaneous approach and without general anesthesia. Valve-in-valve accounted for only 4.4% of the procedures, with similar rates according to experience levels. The use of newer generation THV steadily increased as the centers&#8217; experience grew, from 36.7% to 90% in the initial- and high-experience, respectively. Valve embolization, the need for a second valve, coronary obstruction, and conversion to open surgery were all less common at the high-experience stratum (p&lt;0.05 for all).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Learning curve and outcomes</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> illustrates the LC of TAVR with a spline regression for in-hospital death adjusted to log-transformed EuroSCORE II and the use of new-generation THV, showing that it was necessary to treat 40 cases until a first drop in the adjusted probability of mortality. A change in slope was observed at CS#118, signaling a leveling off for in-hospital mortality after this experience level. The end of the LC was determined to be at CS#303 based on the smallest upper bound of the 95% confidence interval of the logistic regression test that was below the significance level threshold.</p>
          <p>When comparing the groups of experience, we observed a continuous drop in the unadjusted in-hospital mortality from the initial- (8.7%), early- (8%), intermediate- (6.1%), and high-experience (4.0%) (P&lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). There was also a significant difference in the incidence of major vascular complications, major or life-threatening bleeding, and stroke. After adjusting for confounders and having the initial-experience as control, only the high-experience group was associated with a significant reduction of in-hospital mortality (OR 0.52, p=0.002). Transfemoral approach (OR 0.51, p=0.014) and the use of new-generation THV were also predictive of reduced hospital mortality (OR 0.69, p=0.029) along with lower EuroSCORE II (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Univariate unadjusted post-transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in-hospital outcomes according to case sequence number; A) Overall population; B) Centers with high-volume of TAVR procedures [&#8805;40 procedures] before 2014; C) Centers with low-volume of TAVR procedures [&lt;40 procedures] before 2014. CATT: Cochran-Armitage trend test.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230622-30622-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plots for in-hospital death rate according to case sequence group at transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) centers with a greater volume (&gt;40 cases) and centers with a lower volume (&lt;40 cases) of patients treated before 2014.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230622-30622-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Centers with initial experience before and after 2014</title>
          <p>Eight of the 25 centers concluded their initial experience (first 40 TAVR cases) before 2014, accounting for a total of 1,916 patients with a median number of procedures per center of 222 (IQR 163 to 282). The remaining 17 centers completed their initial experience after 2014, accounting for 1,278 patients with a median number of procedures per center of 56 (IQR 34.5 to 115). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12107/2023-0622_AO_Supplemental_Tables.pdf">Supplemental tables S1 and S2</ext-link> describe baseline and procedural characteristics of the groups (by level of experience) by case sequences in the centers with initial experience before and after 2014. Overall, patients had similar risk scores as determined by EuroSCORE II (mean of 7.0&#177;7.5 and 6.9&#177;6.8 for initial experience before and after 2014, respectively). In centers with initial experience after 2014, new-generation THVs were implanted significantly more often (70.3% vs. 55.4%, p&lt;0.001).</p>
          <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>, the LC of the two cohorts differed in pattern. Among centers with initial experience concluded before 2014, a typical LC pattern was observed with an early initial drop in mortality occurring after the first 10 cases. A change in slope was observed at CS#81, signaling a leveling off for mortality after this experience level. Meanwhile, among centers with initial experience concluded after 2014 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref>), we observed an initial lower mortality, but the curve remained steady until approximately case #100. Following that, the curve dropped, albeit with a steady widening of the confidence interval due to the lower number of centers with more than 100 cases in this cohort.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Spline regressions for in-hospital death (adjusted to log-transformed EuroSCORE-II and the utilization of new generation THV) to determine the learning curve of centers with initial experience completed before 2014.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230622-30622-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Spline regressions for in-hospital death (adjusted to log-transformed EuroSCORE-II and the utilization of new generation transcatheter heart valve) to determine the learning curve of centers with initial experience completed after 2014.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230622-30622-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In the cohort of centers that adopted TAVR before 2014, intermediate- and high-experience had an odds ratio of 0.47 (p=0.027) and 0.44 (p=0.003), respectively, for in-hospital mortality in comparison to initial-experience after adjusting for EuroSCORE II. We did not find a significant relationship between acquired experience and hospital mortality among late adopters (after 2014) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> shows the unadjusted event rates of the two cohorts according to the different experience levels.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this large nationwide TAVR registry in Brazil, we assessed the LC by analyzing the impact of the accumulated experience of the centers on in-hospital mortality, and the main results are as follows: 1) a total of 25 centers and 3,194 patients were included; an accumulated experience was associated with a reduction in in-hospital mortality, with the LC showing a first drop in mortality from case #40 until leveling off in case #118; 2) high-experience, determined by an accumulated experience of more than 120 cases, was an independent predictor of lower in-hospital mortality, being also associated with lower unadjusted rates of complications such as clinically relevant bleeding, major vascular complications, and stroke; 3) there were two distinct patterns of LC in centers that had their initial experience before and after 2014, suggesting a possible attenuation of in-hospital mortality by the accumulated experience of centers that began their TAVR programs later; 4) besides EuroSCORE II, transfemoral approach and the use of new-generation THV were other independent variables associated with lower in-hospital mortality.</p>
        <p>The knowledge of the LC in complex procedures such as TAVR is crucial for planning processes that aim to continuously enhance clinical practices and optimize the allocation of future resources. Although previous studies have evaluated the LC of TAVR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> our study is the first multicenter study conducted in a South American country, whose reality is vastly different from that of high-income countries. In Brazil and other developing nations, population access to TAVR has been significantly restricted,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> largely due to economic constraints and limited access to the procedure in the public health system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> For instance, by 2017, less than 10 TAVR procedures were performed per one million inhabitants in Brazil, against more than 100-150 in countries like the USA, France, and Germany.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This regional variation in TAVR accessibility and volume of procedures may be a factor in determining the LC in a country. In a continental nation such as Brazil, an analysis incorporating institutions from various regions of the country is of utmost importance.</p>
        <p>Our findings are consistent with international multicenter studies that demonstrate a decline in the incidence of early adverse events as institutions gained experience.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Importantly, we have observed a decrease in mortality from the case #40 on, similar to Russo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> who also found an improvement from case #38. However, these findings contrast with the study of Wassef et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> who found an improvement beginning with case #75; both were large multicenter studies, mainly driven by institutions from high-income countries. This improvement in mortality after procedure #120 in our study, as well as beyond procedures #170 and #150 in the studies by Russo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and Wassef et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> respectively. Despite distinct realities, these findings demonstrate that the overall LC in Brazil was somehow comparable to that from higher-income countries with much broader access to TAVR, reflecting that the procedure technique has an intrinsic LC related to the operator&#8217;s proficiency.</p>
        <p>Nevertheless, it is essential to recognize that TAVR has evolved since its inception. In the past 15 years, numerous device iterations and refined techniques including less invasive approaches have emerged. Notably, a study that assessed the development of TAVR practices in Latin American centers, the majority of them from Brazil, revealed a significant change in practice between 2015 and 2020, with greater incorporation of minimalist procedures and universal adoption of the most recent versions of THVs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> To determine whether these temporal changes in TAVR practices affected the LC, we have performed a sub-analysis, dividing centers with initial experience (first 40 cases performed before 2014) from those with initial experience completed after 2014, the year in which the first new-generation THV became commercially available in Brazil. Interestingly, the LC phenomenon, with an initial reduction of in-hospital mortality, was practically absent among late TAVR adopters, unlike the early adopters, where a clear initial LC was seen, with a reduction in the probability of death already occurring after the first ten cases. Likewise, Russo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> analyzing data from the North American TVT registry, found no evidence of a LC in centers where initial experience occurred after 2015 with the latest balloon-expandable prosthesis Sapien S3 (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA). These centers did not exhibit a significant improvement in clinical outcomes with increased experience, and their initial clinical outcomes were already comparable to those of centers with greater experience. According to the authors, this result was not surprising, as device improvements, intensive proctoring programs, and knowledge dissemination may result in more rapid adoption of TAVR techniques among newer and lower-volume centers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Many factors in the current practice may have contributed to this better start by new TAVR centers, such as: 1) increased general knowledge of the entire scientific community and an impressive accumulation of scientific evidence over the course of TAVR&#180;s journey;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> 2) the increasing experience in the use of more modern, user-friendly, reliable and safer THVs, which led to enhanced clinical outcomes;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> 3) the intense work of the scientific community, in collaboration with the industry, to enhance prosthesis implant techniques, combined with extensive knowledge dissemination efforts;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> 4) improvement in patient selection with greater inclusion of lower surgical-risk patients, as well as refinement of imaging techniques for better procedural planning;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> 5) extensive proctoring programs for the TAVR centers provided by the THV companies.</p>
        <p>However, even though we did not find a significant link between reducing in-hospital deaths and the experience level of centers that started TAVR later, there seems to be an improvement trend, especially after the first 120 cases. It is important to note that only four out of 17 institutions fell into the high-experience group in our study, which led to wide confidence intervals due to the smaller number of patients. This means we cannot rule out the possibility of a type II error. In a typical LC, we would expect better results early on. But in this case, we need to consider the possibility of a LC that progressed slowly in the beginning, followed by a gradual but smaller improvement, until full proficiency achieved by the centers that completed their initial TAVR experience after 2014. Even though these centers began with a lower in-hospital mortality rate (7.6% vs. 10.9% for the centers completing the initial experience before 2014), there was minimal or no improvement by the 120th case. Despite dealing with patients at moderate to high-risk (mean EuroSCORE II of nearly 8.0), in-hospital mortality rate was notably higher than that reported in other international studies. For instance, in a study from the TVT registry, institutions that began working with the Sapien S3 balloon-expandable prosthesis after 2015 consistently maintained a low hospital mortality rate of about 4%, even when dealing with intermediate to high-risk patients (mean STS score of 7.3%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Therefore, the lack of immediate improvement as the case numbers increased in our analysis suggests that these newer TAVR institutions may have experienced an initial slow learning process. Additionally, the relatively high occurrence of vascular complications in our cohort, which is often seen as a marker of TAVR expertise, further supports this hypothesis.</p>
        <p>A question remains as to why the learning process of these centers was delayed in terms of reduced in-hospital mortality. A possible explanation may be the limited volume of TAVR performed at these institutions. Before case #120, the median annual number of procedures was only 6.4 (IQR 5 to 11) compared to 15 (IQR 12.3 to 17.1) for the cohort of centers that had their initial experience before 2014. Previous studies have consistently demonstrated a significant association between the volume of procedures and enhancement of outcomes, including short-term mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Nevertheless, our study was not designed to assess the impact of procedure volume of the centers, as this analysis would be complex to interpret considering that many TAVR hospitals have initiated their programs during the analyzed period, and many operated with limited case volumes (&lt;20 TAVR/year), posing a statistical challenge for an analysis of hospital-based outcomes. Given the imminent inclusion of the procedure in Brazil&#8217;s public health system, such information ought to be duly considered in future studies for further advancement of the field in the country. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to continue with the detailed analysis of data from the Brazilian registry, as well as from other lower-income countries. This in-depth investigation is essential to examine the various factors associated with the LC in the specific context of these countries, thereby ensuring better outcomes and significant advancements in the treatment of TAVR in patients with aortic stenosis.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>This is an observational study with data from a real-world registry with site-reported outcomes and remote monitoring but no central adjudication. Even though outcomes standardized by the VARC-2 criteria were utilized, there could be inconsistencies in reporting endpoints. That was the reason why we chose all-cause in-hospital mortality for the primary analysis, to mitigate potential assessment bias. Moreover, we did not evaluate the impact of the LC on mid- and late-term outcomes as we assessed only in-hospital events. There was no assessment of the LC for individual operators at each center either. Also, although we adjusted the primary endpoint for EuroSCORE II to account for the increasing number of lower-risk patients being treated over time, it&#8217;s still important to consider the potential impact of unmeasured variables that may act as confounding factors. Regarding our sub-analysis, most late adopters were still close to their initial experience, which may have contributed to the lack of a significant decline in mortality and thus the experience effect may still be unnoticeable. Finally, TAVR continues evolve rapidly, with the development of more refined techniques and superior devices almost annually. Therefore, our findings may not fully represent the most up-to-date practice.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Throughout the history of TAVR in Brazil, the accumulated experience of major institutions in the country has been associated with reduced in-hospital mortality indicating a true LC phenomenon. However, this relationship between initial experience and enhanced outcomes was more impactful during the early days of TAVR. For newer TAVR centers, despite better results in the beginning, there was a slower rate of clinical improvement as experience was gained. These findings contribute to the understanding of the LC in TAVR and provide insights for future research in this rapidly evolving field.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For supplemental tables, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12107/2023-0622_AO_Supplemental_Tables.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Fernando Luiz de Melo Bernardi, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Leforte under the protocol number CAAE 36697620.01001.5485. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
