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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RBnYLx9KmtVmsPpqNR3sGYn</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230602</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fun&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Direito e Estresse Oxidativo Melhoram com a Administra&#231;&#227;o de Horm&#244;nios da Tireoide e Suco de Uva em um Modelo de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Proen&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5994-5218</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Turck</surname>
            <given-names>Patrick</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6054-4243</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos-Carraro</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Adriane Bello</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dani</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9482-7388</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Alex Sander da Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Alex Sander da Rosa Araujo &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2500. CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>alex.rosa@ufrgs.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230602</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Fun&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Direito e Estresse Oxidativo Melhoram com a Administra&#231;&#227;o de Horm&#244;nios da Tireoide e Suco de Uva em um Modelo de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</title>
              <p>
                <italic>O tratamento com horm&#244;nios tireoidianos (HT) e suco de uva (SU) melhora a contratilidade e a homeostase redox, conforme indicado pelo aumento da ESPAT (excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide), NRF2, glutationa peroxidase (GPx), n&#237;veis de sulfidrila (SH) total e redu&#231;&#227;o de xantina oxidase (XO), usando ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), no modelo de hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP) induzida por monocrotalina. Partes da figura foram desenhadas usando imagens da Servier Medical Art. A Servier Medical Art da Servier &#233; licenciada sob Creative Commons, com licen&#231;a n&#227;o portada de atribui&#231;&#227;o 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/RBnYLx9KmtVmsPpqNR3sGYn/4ddcf56db3d676f3c46c1c6d4fb4990ee04f1e5c.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/RBnYLx9KmtVmsPpqNR3sGYn/a72187881235d418ba7fe8a3bf81e53a9e29a62f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/RBnYLx9KmtVmsPpqNR3sGYn/a35aa55ebc5a209bf9c69927b189c730188a971b.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A remodela&#231;&#227;o adversa dos vasos pulmonares eleva a press&#227;o pulmonar e provoca hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP). A HAP resulta em aumento da p&#243;s-carga do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), causando hipertrofia ventricular e consequente insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. N&#227;o existe um tratamento espec&#237;fico para o remodelamento desadaptativo do VD secund&#225;rio &#224; HAP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo tem como objetivo explorar duas abordagens terap&#234;uticas, o suco de uva (SU) e os horm&#244;nios tireoidianos (HT), no tratamento do estresse oxidativo induzido pela HAP e nas altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais card&#237;acas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos relacionados &#224; resist&#234;ncia dos vasos pulmonares (rela&#231;&#227;o TA/TE), contratilidade do VD (ESPAT) e fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VD (rela&#231;&#227;o dos picos E/A) foram avaliados. Al&#233;m disso, foram medidos ROS totais, peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, enzimas antioxidantes, prote&#237;nas de manipula&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio, express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas pr&#243;-oxidantes e antioxidantes. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Ambos os tratamentos, com SU e HT, demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o na resist&#234;ncia pulmonar (~22%), al&#233;m de melhorias na ESPAT (inotropismo ~11%) e na rela&#231;&#227;o TA/TE (~26%) (p&lt;0,05). N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos na rela&#231;&#227;o do pico de E/A. Embora ROS e TBARS n&#227;o tenham sido estatisticamente significativos, os tratamentos com SU e HT diminu&#237;ram os n&#237;veis de xantina oxidase (~49%) e normalizaram a express&#227;o de HSP70 e prote&#237;nas de manipula&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio (p&lt;0,05). No entanto, apenas o tratamento com HT melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (~50%) e aumentou o imunoconte&#250;do de NRF2 (~48%) (p&lt;0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> At&#233; onde sabemos, este estudo &#233; pioneiro ao mostrar que o HT administrado em conjunto com o SU promoveu melhorias funcionais e bioqu&#237;micas em um modelo de HAP. Al&#233;m disso, nossos dados sugerem que os tratamentos com SU e HT se mostraram cardioprotetores, sejam combinados ou n&#227;o, e exibiram seus benef&#237;cios ao modular o estresse oxidativo e as prote&#237;nas de manipula&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Antioxidantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Dist&#250;rbios do manejo do C&#225;lcio</kwd>
        <kwd>Monocrotalina</kwd>
        <kwd>Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HAP) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica que afeta aproximadamente 15-26 por milh&#227;o de adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A HAP leva &#224; vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e ao aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A RVP elevada resulta em sobrecarga press&#243;rica, causando dilata&#231;&#227;o, hipertrofia e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), conhecida como <italic>cor pulmonale.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Essa disfun&#231;&#227;o resulta do comprometimento de prote&#237;nas manipuladoras de c&#225;lcio, como ATPase de c&#225;lcio do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (SERCA), receptor de rianodina e fosfolambam, devido ao aumento da p&#243;s-carga ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O estresse oxidativo tem sido considerado um importante fator mecanicista envolvido na progress&#227;o da hipertrofia para a insufici&#234;ncia do VD.</p>
      <p>A perturba&#231;&#227;o da homeostase redox est&#225; associada ao remodelamento adverso do VD e &#224; progress&#227;o para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Al&#233;m da produ&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial de ROS, outras fontes apresentam pap&#233;is importantes na gera&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres, como a xantina oxidase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a resposta antioxidante &#233; estimulada pelo fator de transcri&#231;&#227;o nuclear eritroide 2 (NFE2), relacionado ao fator 2 (NRF2), que reconhece o elemento responsivo antioxidante (ERA) comum do DNA e inicia a transcri&#231;&#227;o de genes antioxidantes. Condi&#231;&#245;es de estresse, horm&#244;nios e compostos fen&#243;licos podem induzir a express&#227;o de NRF2 e aumentar a capacidade antioxidante celular.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, foi descrito anteriormente que o consumo de suco de uva (SU) induz efeitos vasodilatadores, que a presen&#231;a de diversas mol&#233;culas antioxidantes, como catequina, quercetina e antocianidina, pode explicar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Os polifen&#243;is atuam como mol&#233;culas sinalizadoras, modulando a express&#227;o de NRF2 e afetando o estado redox celular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Al&#233;m desses compostos, os horm&#244;nios tireoidianos (HT) tamb&#233;m podem influenciar a ativa&#231;&#227;o do NRF2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os HT t&#234;m sido reconhecidos como cardioprotetores em modelos de infarto card&#237;aco, uma vez que o tratamento com HT melhorou a contratilidade ventricular em ratos infartados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os HT exercem efeito protetor sobre o ventr&#237;culo e o SU apresenta a&#231;&#227;o relevante como vasodilatador e, portanto, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da administra&#231;&#227;o de SU e HT, isolados e combinados, sobre a remodela&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, bem como sobre o estresse oxidativo em modelo experimental de HAP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas e grupos experimentais</title>
        <p>Ratos Wistar machos foram cedidos pelo Centro de Reprodu&#231;&#227;o e Experimenta&#231;&#227;o de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio (CREAL) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). A pesquisa foi conduzida de acordo com o Comit&#234; de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais (CEUA &#8211; UFRGS) (n&#250;mero de aprova&#231;&#227;o: 37372). Os animais foram divididos em cinco grupos experimentais (N=46): o grupo controle recebeu inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de soro fisiol&#243;gico e &#225;gua por gavagem; o grupo HAP recebeu inje&#231;&#227;o de monocrotalina (MCT); o grupo HAP+SU recebeu MCT e suco de uva por gavagem; o grupo HAP+HT recebeu MCT e T3/T4 por gavagem; o grupo HAP+HT+SU recebeu MCT, horm&#244;nios tireoidianos e, uma hora ap&#243;s esta administra&#231;&#227;o, suco de uva. No 21&#186; dia experimental, um ecocardiograma foi realizado, seguido de eutan&#225;sia. De acordo com o m&#233;todo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o, os animais foram numerados de 1 a 46 e o sorteio dos n&#250;meros foi realizado manualmente para compor os grupos experimentais. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas de forma duplo-cega.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da amostra</title>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra foi estimado utilizando o software Sigma Plot 11.0. A probabilidade de erro &#945; = 0,05 e o poder estat&#237;stico do teste (probabilidade de erro 1-&#946;) = 0,95 foram considerados. O n calculado foi de 10 amostras por grupo experimental (considerando tr&#234;s protocolos experimentais distintos) utilizando a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica intraventricular direita como desfecho principal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>HAP induzida por MCT</title>
        <p>No primeiro dia do protocolo experimental, uma dose &#250;nica de MCT (60 mg/kg intraperitoneal) foi administrada a ratos Wistar (180-220 g) para induzir a HAP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tratamento com suco org&#226;nico de uva roxa</title>
        <p>O SU integral org&#226;nico foi obtido da empresa <italic>Uva&#8217;s&#243;</italic> Produtos Org&#226;nicos (Garibaldi, RS, Brasil). O conte&#250;do total de compostos fen&#243;licos analisados resultou em 4.052,2 mg/L (flavonoides (87%), antocianinas (13%) e resveratrol (0,01%)). Os animais receberam SU por gavagem na dose de 7 &#181;L/g. A administra&#231;&#227;o do suco foi iniciada sete dias ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o do MCT e durou 14 dias, at&#233; o final do protocolo experimental. A dose de SU foi baseada em estudos anteriores, que mostram que 7 &#181;l/g equivale a cerca de 400 mL de suco (aproximadamente dois copos de 200 mL de suco/dia) para um adulto com peso de 70 kg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Administra&#231;&#227;o de HT</title>
        <p>A administra&#231;&#227;o de HT (T3 (2&#956;g/100g/dia) e T4 (8&#956;g/100g/dia) por gavagem) come&#231;ou sete dias ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o do MCT e durou 14 dias, at&#233; o final do protocolo experimental.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica e morfom&#233;trica</title>
        <p>Os animais foram anestesiados (cetamina 90 mg/kg; xilazina 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). As imagens foram obtidas por meio de Doppler bidimensional, modo M e pulsado (Philips HD7 Ultrasound System, Andover, MA, EUA), com transdutor S12-4 (Philips, Andover, MA, EUA). A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o e o tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo pela art&#233;ria pulmonar (TA/TE), a excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide (ESPAT) e a taxa de fluxo durante o enchimento r&#225;pido e lento do VD (rela&#231;&#227;o entre picos E/A) foram avaliadas. O &#237;ndice de Fulton foi calculado usando peso do VD/peso (ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) + septo (S)).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta da amostra</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, os animais foram eutanasiados, o VD foi dissecado e armazenado a -80 &#176;C.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo</title>
        <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres totais foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo de fluoresc&#234;ncia por meio da rea&#231;&#227;o com diacetato de diclorofluoresce&#237;na (DCFH-DA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> (nmol/mg de prote&#237;na). O dano lip&#237;dico foi avaliado pela determina&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias reativas ao &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico (TBARS) (nmol/mg de prote&#237;na).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o da resposta antioxidante</title>
        <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o da atividade da super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD) foi baseada na capacidade da SOD em inibir a auto-oxida&#231;&#227;o do pirogalol (unidades de SOD/mg de prote&#237;na).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A atividade da catalase (CAT) foi medida pelo consumo de H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> (pmol CAT/mg prote&#237;na). A glutationa peroxidase (GPx) foi determinada proporcionalmente ao consumo de NADPH (nmol por minuto/mg de prote&#237;na).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> O conte&#250;do total de sulfidrila foi medido pela rea&#231;&#227;o com DTNB (nmol TNB/mg de prote&#237;na).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de Western Blot</title>
        <p>As amostras foram submetidas &#224; eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (8-14%). As prote&#237;nas foram transferidas para uma membrana de difluoreto de polivinilideno (membrana de transfer&#234;ncia Immobilon-P; Millipore). A imunodetec&#231;&#227;o foi realizada utilizando os seguintes anticorpos: xantina oxidase (XO) (150 kDa) (H-110): sc-20991, Lote: D1511; HSP 70 (70 kDa) (K-20): as-1060; Lote: G3013; SOD2 (25kDa) (G-20): as-18504, Lote: G1013; catalase (64kDa) (H-300): sc-50508, Lote: L2812; NRF2 (57 kDa) (c-20): sc-722; Lote: h1613; p-fosfolambam (25 kDa) (Trh 17): sc-17024-R, Lote: K2409; fosfolambam (25 kDa) (FL-52): sc-30142, Lote: H1908; SERCA (100 kDa) (H-300): sc-30110, Lote: L0205; e rianodina (42 kDa) (H-300): sc-13942, Lote: F1808. Todos os anticorpos foram adquiridos da Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Anticorpos secund&#225;rios (conjugado de peroxidase de rabanete anti-cabra ou anti-coelho) foram utilizados para detec&#231;&#227;o por quimioluminesc&#234;ncia no sistema Quant LAS4000 (GE Healthcare) e a express&#227;o foi quantificada utilizando o software ImageJ. O m&#233;todo de Ponceau foi utilizado para normaliza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O tamanho da amostra para cada prote&#237;na foi de quatro animais por grupo, escolhidos aleatoriamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi determinada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilks. Para os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal de vari&#226;ncia homog&#234;nea, utilizamos a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) unidirecional, seguida do p&#243;s-teste de Tukey (F). Para os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e vari&#226;ncia n&#227;o homog&#234;nea, utilizamos a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de Welch (ANOVA), seguida do p&#243;s-teste de Games Holmes (W), os quais foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Para os dados que n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, utilizamos a an&#225;lise de Kruskal-Wallis com p&#243;s-teste de Dunn (K), e os dados foram apresentados como mediana e percentis 25 e 75. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no software SPSS Statistic 18. O teste de Grubbs do software GraphPad Prism foi utilizado para determinar valores discrepantes, que foram retirados das an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional e morfom&#233;trica do VD</title>
        <p>Considerando os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, observamos que a condi&#231;&#227;o de HAP reduziu a rela&#231;&#227;o TA/TE, conforme demonstrado pelos grupos HAP e HAP+HT+SU. No entanto, os tratamentos isolados foram eficazes na melhoria deste par&#226;metro, como observado nos grupos HAP+SU e HAP+HT (p&lt;0,05). Da mesma forma, os tratamentos atenuaram a diminui&#231;&#227;o da ESPAT, que foi observada apenas no grupo HAP (p&lt;0,05). Sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o dos picos E/A do VD, houve diminui&#231;&#227;o no grupo HAP; apenas o grupo HAP+HT apresentou melhora em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo HAP (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados morfom&#233;tricos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                  <th>Controle (n=10)</th>
                  <th>HAP (n=10)</th>
                  <th>HAP+SU (n=9)</th>
                  <th>HAP+HT (n=7)</th>
                  <th>HAP+HT+SU (n=10)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dados morfom&#233;tricos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso VD (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64 [0,61-0,65]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56 [0,53-0,60]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53 [0,52-0,65]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62 [0,59-0,66]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60 [0,58-0,64]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de Fulton (VD/VE+S)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42 &#177; 0,07*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40 &#177; 0,07*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48 &#177; 0,10*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42 &#177; 0,07*</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dados Ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TA/TE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15 &#177; 0,05*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20 &#177; 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15 &#177; 0,03*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ESPAT (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21 [0,21-0,22]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18 [0,16-0,19]*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19 [0,18-0,21]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20 [0,18-0,21]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19 [0,18-0,19]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12 &#177; 0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76 &#177; 0,06*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79 &#177; 0,15*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27 &#177; 0,46</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73 &#177; 0,09*</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804;0,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>HAP: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar; SU: suco de uva; HT: horm&#244;nios tireoidianos; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TA/TE: raz&#227;o entre o tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o e o tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo pela art&#233;ria pulmonar; ESPAT: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide; E/A: velocidade de enchimento ventricular precoce/velocidade de enchimento ventricular tardio para o VD. ANOVA unidirecional (p&#243;s-teste de Tukey), dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Teste de Kruskal-Wallis (p&#243;s-Dunn), dados apresentados como mediana e percentis 25 e 75. *diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Imagem representativa dos dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do VD. O ESPAT est&#225; marcado para os grupos (A) CTR: Controle, (B) HAP: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar; (C) HAP+SU: Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar mais Suco de Uva, (D) HAP+HT: Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar mais Horm&#244;nios Tireoidianos, e (E) HAP+HT+SU: Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar mais Horm&#244;nios Tireoidianos mais Suco de Uva.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230602-30602-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ao analisar o &#237;ndice de Fulton, o grupo HAP+HT apresentou aumento significativo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo HAP+SU (p&lt;0,05). N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa no p&#243;s-teste em rela&#231;&#227;o ao peso do VE. Por&#233;m, foi observado aumento do &#237;ndice de Fulton em todos os grupos submetidos &#224; HAP em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Marcadores de estresse oxidativo</title>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de TBARS e ROS, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2A</xref> e B). A enzima pr&#243;-oxidante xantina oxidase (XO) apresentou express&#227;o proteica aumentada no grupo HAP em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle. No entanto, foi detectado um efeito positivo dos tratamentos, pois os grupos tratados apresentaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de XO nos grupos HAP+SU, HAP+HT e HAP+HT+SU em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo HAP (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2C</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, o grupo HAP apresentou express&#227;o elevada de HSP70 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. Por&#233;m, os grupos HAP+HT e HAP+HT+SU apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o de HSP70 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo HAP (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2D</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de marcadores de estresse oxidativo (A) TBARS, (B) ROS, (C) XO, e (D) HSP70. Os dados foram expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (n=9-4/grupo). (*) Diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. (#) Diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo HAP. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de (A) pela ANOVA de Welch com p&#243;s-teste de Games Holmes e de (B), (C), (D) e (E) ANOVA unidirecional com p&#243;s-teste de Tukey (p&lt;0,05). CTR: Controle; HAP: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar; HAP+SU: Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar mais Suco de Uva; HAP+HT: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar mais horm&#244;nios tireoidianos; HAP+HT+SU: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar mais horm&#244;nios tireoidianos mais suco de uva.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230602-30602-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resposta antioxidante</title>
        <p>Ao avaliarmos os antioxidantes enzim&#225;ticos, a atividade de SOD e CAT n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3A e B</xref>). A express&#227;o da prote&#237;na SOD2 foi diminu&#237;da nos grupos HAP e HAP+HT+SU em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle (p&lt;0,05). A express&#227;o da catalase n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3C e D</xref>). Considerando a atividade da glutationa peroxidase (GPx), os animais com HAP apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o quando comparados ao controle. Por&#233;m, a atividade dessa enzima foi aumentada nos grupos HAP+SU, HAP+HT e HAP+HT+SU em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos controle e HAP (p&lt;0,05). Al&#233;m disso, houve diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de grupos sulfidrila nos grupos HAP em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle, HAP+SU, HAP+HT e HAP+HT+SU (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3E e F</xref>). Como o NRF2 &#233; capaz de controlar a transcri&#231;&#227;o de diversas enzimas antioxidantes, a express&#227;o desse fator foi avaliada. O grupo HAP+HT+SU apresentou n&#237;veis aumentados de prote&#237;na NRF2 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3G</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resposta antioxidante: (A) atividade SOD, (B) atividade CAT, (C) express&#227;o da prote&#237;na SOD2, (D) express&#227;o da prote&#237;na CAT, (E) atividade GPX, (F) grupo Sulfidril e (G) express&#227;o da prote&#237;na NRF2. Os dados foram expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (n=10-4/grupo). (*) Diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. (#) Diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo HAP. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de (B), (C) e (E) pela ANOVA de Welch com p&#243;s-teste de Games Holmes e de (A), (C), (D), (F) e (G) ANOVA unidirecional com P&#243;s-teste de Tukey (p&lt; 0,05). CTR: controle; HAP: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar; HAP+SU: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar mais suco de uva; HAP+HT: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar mais horm&#244;nios tireoidianos; HAP+HT+SU: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar mais horm&#244;nios tireoidianos mais suco de uva.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230602-30602-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prote&#237;nas de manejo de c&#225;lcio</title>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; express&#227;o da prote&#237;na p-fosfolambam, foi observada diminui&#231;&#227;o no grupo co-tratado em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4A</xref>). Quanto aos n&#237;veis de fosfolambam total, houve aumento no grupo HAP+SU em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos controle e HAP. Por outro lado, esta prote&#237;na foi diminu&#237;da nos grupos HAP+HT e HAP+HT+SU em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo HAP+SU (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4B</xref>). Apesar disso, quando avaliada a rela&#231;&#227;o p-fosfolambam/fosfolambam, n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4C</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; express&#227;o da SERCA, houve aumento nos n&#237;veis proteicos no grupo HAP; entretanto, os grupos HAP+SU, HAP+HT e HAP+HT+SU apresentaram express&#227;o diminu&#237;da da prote&#237;na em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo HAP (p&lt;0,05). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; express&#227;o da prote&#237;na receptora de rianodina, houve diminui&#231;&#227;o nos grupos HAP+HT e HAP+HT+SU em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos HAP e HAP+SU (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4D e E</xref>). Sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o SERCA/fosfolambam total, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4F</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Prote&#237;na de manejo do c&#225;lcio. (A) P-fosfolambam, (B) fosfolambam total, (C) Raz&#227;o P-fosfolambam/Fosfolambam total, (D) SERCA, (E) Receptor de rianodina e (F) Raz&#227;o SERCA/fosfolambam total. Os dados foram expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (n=4/grupo). (*) Diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. (#) Diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo HAP. ($) Diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo HAP+SU. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de (A) por Kruskal-Wallis com p&#243;s-teste de Dunn, de (B), (D) e (E) por ANOVA unidirecional com p&#243;s-teste de Tukey e de (C) e (F) por ANOVA de Welch com p&#243;s-teste de Games Holmes (p&lt;0,05). CTR: controle; HAP: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar; HAP+SU: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar mais suco de uva; HAP+HT: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar mais horm&#244;nios tireoidianos; HAP+HT+SU: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar mais horm&#244;nios tireoidianos mais suco de uva.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230602-30602-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente trabalho &#233; inovador ao considerarmos que, pela primeira vez, descreveu a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o efeito protetor do SU nos vasos pulmonares e a a&#231;&#227;o do HT contra o remodelamento adverso do VD em um modelo de HAP. Em nosso protocolo experimental, tanto SU quanto HT melhoraram par&#226;metros funcionais, como as rela&#231;&#245;es ESPAT, TA/TE e E/A, al&#233;m de modularem a express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas reguladoras de c&#225;lcio. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estresse oxidativo, a xantina oxidase (XO), a prote&#237;na de choque t&#233;rmico 70 kDa (HSP70) e a NrF2 foram responsivas &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de SU e HT, o que culminou na restaura&#231;&#227;o da homeostase redox (Figura Central).</p>
      <p>A HAP induziu a hipertrofia do VD, o que corrobora outros estudos utilizando o mesmo protocolo experimental.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Embora a resposta hipertr&#243;fica do VD seja uma tentativa de superar o aumento da p&#243;s-carga card&#237;aca causado pela hipertens&#227;o pulmonar; suas consequ&#234;ncias a longo prazo s&#227;o delet&#233;rias &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Essa hipertrofia est&#225; associada a altera&#231;&#245;es na rela&#231;&#227;o TA/TE e E/A, bem como no ESPAT. O LA reduzido representa um fechamento prematuro da valva pulmonar devido &#224; hipertens&#227;o. Ratos com HAP tamb&#233;m exibem uma extens&#227;o da TE, levando a uma rela&#231;&#227;o TA/TE reduzida neste grupo. A an&#225;lise ESPAT, por outro lado, representa uma forma de avaliar a contratilidade do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A HAP apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o no ESPAT, indicando que o VD diminuiu a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til. Al&#233;m disso, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no grupo HAP, indicando diminui&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia ventricular e comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Tomados em conjunto, estes dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos corroboram o fato que a HAP leva &#224; insufici&#234;ncia do VD. O tratamento da HAP com SU e HT demonstrou melhora nos par&#226;metros funcionais, j&#225; que, nos grupos HAP+HT e HAP+SU, a rela&#231;&#227;o TA/TE n&#227;o foi diferente do controle, significando menor resist&#234;ncia na vasculatura pulmonar. Ludke et al<italic>.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m demonstraram que o tratamento por seis semanas com SU evitou as altera&#231;&#245;es na rela&#231;&#227;o TA/TE induzidas pela HAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ESPAT, ambos os tratamentos, isolados ou combinados, melhoraram a contratilidade do VD. A melhora do inotropismo pode estar associada a altera&#231;&#245;es na express&#227;o das prote&#237;nas de manejo do c&#225;lcio. Nossos resultados mostraram uma normaliza&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o das prote&#237;nas de manejo do c&#225;lcio, principalmente no grupo HAP+SU+HT, apresentando valores mais pr&#243;ximos aos encontrados no grupo controle. Isso sugere que a combina&#231;&#227;o de tratamentos parece evidenciar um potencial cardioprotetor na HAP. As prote&#237;nas de manipula&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio tamb&#233;m foram sens&#237;veis ao redox, indicando o papel cr&#237;tico das ROS no modelo de HAP.</p>
      <p>Mosele et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> e Castro et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> mostraram que a prote&#231;&#227;o do sistema cardiovascular pelo tratamento com SU e HT, respectivamente, envolveu a atenua&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo. Em nosso estudo, os n&#237;veis de sulfidrila diminu&#237;ram em ratos com HAP, indicando redu&#231;&#227;o na capacidade antioxidante n&#227;o enzim&#225;tica desses animais. Este contexto pode ser prejudicial, uma vez que os HAP diminu&#237;ram a express&#227;o de SOD, reduzindo a prote&#231;&#227;o antioxidante n&#227;o enzim&#225;tica e enzim&#225;tica. Por outro lado, embora os n&#237;veis reduzidos de SOD tamb&#233;m tenham diminu&#237;do no HAP+ HT+SU, o HT mais o SU preveniram a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de sulfidrila e contra-regularam a resposta antioxidante ao estresse oxidativo imposto pela HAP.</p>
      <p>Os radicais &#226;nion super&#243;xido s&#227;o convertidos em per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio, que pode desempenhar um papel importante em muitas vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> No entanto, os n&#237;veis suprafisiol&#243;gicos de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio podem superar a resposta antioxidante e perturbar a homeostase redox.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> CAT e GPx s&#227;o relevantes para manter n&#237;veis adequados desta ROS. A HAP reduziu a atividade da GPx, implicando uma resposta antioxidante inadequada. Um perfil semelhante foi encontrado por Dos Santos Lacerda et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> em cujo estudo a HAP levou &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de GPx. Al&#233;m disso, Sun et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> mostraram que pacientes com HAP associada &#224; esclerose sist&#234;mica apresentaram GPx reduzido. SU e HT, isolados ou combinados, foram eficazes no aumento da GPx em nosso estudo. Corroborando esse resultado, em modelo experimental gestacional, Proen&#231;a et al. demonstraram que o tratamento com SU protegeu o cora&#231;&#227;o do feto contra o estresse oxidativo por meio de melhorias nos n&#237;veis de GPx.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Bed&#234; et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>tamb&#233;m observaram melhorias nos antioxidantes e aumento dos n&#237;veis de GPx ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de SU em ratos tratados com dieta rica em gordura. Esses dados est&#227;o associados ao aumento dos n&#237;veis de NrF2 induzido pelo tratamento com HT e SU em nosso estudo, uma vez que a ativa&#231;&#227;o de NrF2 resulta em maior express&#227;o de enzimas antioxidantes e desencadeia efeitos citoprotetores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Assim, a modula&#231;&#227;o do NrF2 pode ser sugerida como mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o do SU e HT na cardioprote&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo tamb&#233;m avaliou a express&#227;o de XO, prote&#237;na relacionada &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o de ROS, que estava aumentada no grupo HAP. Como fonte de ROS, um trabalho anterior descreveu uma intera&#231;&#227;o molecular entre XO e TLR4 na ativa&#231;&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos, induzindo a transloca&#231;&#227;o de NF-kB e promovendo inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Ambos os tratamentos SU e HT, isolados ou combinados, foram eficazes na redu&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de XO. Corroborando isso, Castro et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> observaram redu&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o de XO em ratos infartados tratados com HT; esse resultado foi correlacionado com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de MyD88, prote&#237;na relacionada ao processo inflamat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ruptura na homeostase redox desencadeia uma resposta ao estresse que envolve o recrutamento de prote&#237;nas chaperonas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Intracelularmente, a HSP70 desempenha papel relevante como chaperona, promovendo o enovelamento e redobramento de prote&#237;nas, al&#233;m de exibir efeito anti-inflamat&#243;rio e atenuar o estresse celular. Em nosso estudo, observamos um elevado imunoconte&#250;do de HSP70 no grupo HAP. O aumento na express&#227;o desta prote&#237;na pode indicar um mecanismo compensat&#243;rio ao dano card&#237;aco induzido pela HAP. A administra&#231;&#227;o de SU e HT reduziu os n&#237;veis de HSP70, indicando um ambiente celular menos oxidado.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica do VD, para verificar o tamanho dos cardiomi&#243;citos e a deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno, seria importante no estudo do remodelamento card&#237;aco induzido pela HAP. Nesse sentido, consideramos a aus&#234;ncia desta avalia&#231;&#227;o no protocolo experimental uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Al&#233;m disso, este relat&#243;rio continua em fase de protocolo experimental e necessita de mais estudos para compreender os mecanismos relacionados &#224; efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a desta abordagem terap&#234;utica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo demonstra, pela primeira vez, que o tratamento com SU com HT, isolado ou combinado, pode melhorar par&#226;metros vasculares funcionais do VD e pulmonares de ratos com HAP. Essa prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular pode estar associada &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o das prote&#237;nas de manejo do c&#225;lcio, melhorando o inotropismo do VD e promovendo o restabelecimento da homeostase redox celular. Estes resultados s&#227;o relevantes e abrem uma perspectiva de novas estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas para mitigar as complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares da HAP.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq). Os autores tamb&#233;m agradecem &#224; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; UFRGS, ao Ibravin (Instituto Brasileiro do Vinho) e &#224; Uva&#8217;s&#243; que forneceram o suco de uva para o experimento e &#224; FAPERGS - Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; pesquisa do Estado do RS.</p>
    </ack>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
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      </fn>
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        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por CNPq e FAPERGS.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230602i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Right Ventricular Function and Oxidative Stress Improve with the Administration of Thyroid Hormones and Grape Juice in a Pulmonary Hypertension Model</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Proen&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5994-5218</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Turck</surname>
            <given-names>Patrick</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6054-4243</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos-Carraro</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Adriane Bello</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dani</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9482-7388</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Alex Sander da Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Alex Sander da Rosa Araujo &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2500. Postal Code 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: alex.rosa@ufrgs.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Right Ventricular Function and Oxidative Stress Improve with the Administration of Thyroid Hormones and Grape Juice in a Pulmonary Hypertension Model</title>
              <p>
                <italic>Treatment with thyroid hormones (TH) and grape juice (GJ) improves contractility and redox homeostasis, indicated by increased TAPSE (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion), NRF2, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total sulfhydryl (SH) levels, and reduced xanthine oxidase (XO) level, using right ventricle (RV), in the pulmonary arterial hypertension model (PAH) induced by monocrotaline. Parts of the figure were drawn by using pictures from Servier Medical Art. Servier Medical Art by Servier is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230602-30602-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Adverse remodeling of lung vessels elevates pulmonary pressure and provokes pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PAH results in increased right ventricle (RV) afterload, causing ventricular hypertrophy and the onset of heart failure. There is no specific treatment for maladaptive RV remodeling secondary to PAH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This study aims to explore two therapeutic approaches, grape juice (GJ) and thyroid hormones (TH), on PAH-induced oxidative stress and cardiac functional changes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Parameters of echocardiography related to lung vessel resistance (AT/ET ratio), RV contractility (TAPSE), and RV diastolic function (E/A peaks ratio) were evaluated. Also, total ROS, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, calcium handling proteins, pro-oxidant and antioxidant protein expression were measured. Values of p&lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Both GJ and TH treatments demonstrated reductions in pulmonary resistance (~22%) and improvements in TAPSE (inotropism ~11%) and AT/ET ratio (~26%) (p&lt;0.05). There were no changes amongst groups regarding the E/A peak ratio. Although ROS and TBARS were not statistically significant, GJ and TH treatments decreased xanthine oxidase (~49%) levels and normalized HSP70 and calcium handling protein expression (p&lt;0.05). However, only TH treatment ameliorated diastolic function (~50%) and augmented NRF2 immunocontent (~48%) (p&lt;0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> To the best of our knowledge, this study stands as a pioneer in showing that TH administered together with GJ promoted functional and biochemical improvements in a PAH model. Moreover, our data suggest that GJ and TH treatments were cardioprotective, combined or not, and exhibited their beneficial effects by modulating oxidative stress and calcium-handling proteins.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Antioxidants</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcium Handling Disorders</kwd>
        <kwd>Monocrotaline</kwd>
        <kwd>NF-E2-Related Factor 2</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Pulmonary hypertension (PAH) is a pathological condition that affects approximately 15-26 per million adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>PAH exhibits pulmonary vasoconstriction, leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The elevated PVR results in pressure overload, which causes dilatation, hypertrophy and dysfunction of the right ventricle (RV), known as c<italic>or pulmonale.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This dysfunction results from the impairment of calcium-handling proteins such as sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA), ryanodine receptor and phospholamban due to the increased ventricular afterload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Oxidative stress has been considered an important mechanical factor involved in the progression from hypertrophy to RV failure.</p>
        <p>The disruption of redox homeostasis is related to the adverse remodeling of RV and progression to heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In addition to the mitochondrial production of ROS, other sources exhibit important roles in free radical generation, such as xanthine oxidase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> On the other hand, the antioxidant response is stimulated by the transcription factor nuclear erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (NRF2), which recognizes the common DNA antioxidant responsive element (ARE) and initiates the transcription of antioxidant genes. Stress conditions, hormones and phenolic compounds can induce NRF2 expression and increase cellular antioxidant capacity.</p>
        <p>In this context, it was previously described that grape juice (GJ) consumption induces vasodilator effects, which the presence of many antioxidant molecules, such as catechin, quercetin, and anthocyanidin, in the GJ can explain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Polyphenols act as signaling molecules, modulating NRF2 expression and affecting cellular redox status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Besides these compounds, thyroid hormones (TH) can also influence NRF2 activation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Moreover, TH were recognized as cardioprotective in a cardiac infarction model, since treatment with TH improved ventricular contractility in infarcted rats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Since the TH exert a protective effect on the ventricle and the GJ shows a relevant action as a vasodilator, the objective of the study was to assess the effects of GJ and TH administration, isolated and combined, on cardiovascular remodeling and oxidative stress in an experimental model of PAH.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical considerations and experimental groups</title>
          <p>The Center for Reproduction and Experimentation of Laboratory Animals (CREAL) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) provided the male Wistar rats. The research was conducted in accordance with the Committee for Ethical Use of Animals (CEUA &#8211; UFRGS) (approval number: 37372). The animals were divided into five experimental groups (N=46): control received an intraperitoneal injection of saline and water by gavage; PAH received monocrotaline injection (MCT); PAH+GJ received MCT and grape juice by gavage; PAH+TH received MCT and T3/T4 by gavage; PAH+TH+GJ received MCT, thyroid hormones and, one hour after this administration, grape juice. On the 21<sup>st</sup> experimental day, echocardiography was performed, followed by euthanasia. According to the randomization method, the animals were numbered from 1 to 46, and the number draw was performed manually to compose the experimental groups. The analyses were performed in a double-blind manner.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determination of sample size</title>
          <p>The sample size was estimated using the Sigma Plot 11.0 Software. The probability of error &#945; = 0.05 and statistical test power (1-&#946; error probability) = 0.95 were considered. The calculated n was 10 samples per experimental group (considering three distinctive experimental protocols) using right intraventricular systolic pressure as the main outcome.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>MCT-induced PAH</title>
          <p>On the first day of the experimental protocol, a single dose of MCT (60 mg/kg intraperitoneal) was administered to Wistar rats (180-220 g) to induce PAH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Organic red grape juice treatment</title>
          <p>Organic whole GJ was obtained from <italic>Uva&#8217;s&#243;</italic> Organic Products (Garibaldi, RS, Brazil) company. The total phenolic compound content analyzed resulted in 4,052.2 mg/L (flavonoids (87%), anthocyanins (13%), and resveratrol (0.01%)). Animals received GJ via gavage at a dose of 7 &#181;L/g. Juice administration started seven days after the MCT injection and lasted for 14 days until the end of the experimental protocol. The dose of GJ was based on previous studies showing that 7 &#181;l/g accounts for circa 400 mL of juice (approximately two 200 mL glasses of juice/day) for an adult weighing 70 kg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>TH administration</title>
          <p>TH administration (T3 (2&#956;g/100g/day) and T4 (8&#956;g/100g/day) by gavage) started seven days after MCT injection and lasted for 14 days until the end of the experimental protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic and morphometric analysis</title>
          <p>The animals were anesthetized (ketamine 90 mg/kg; xylazine 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). Images were obtained using two-dimensional, M-mode and pulsed Doppler (Philips HD7 Ultrasound System, Andover, MA, USA), with an S12-4 transducer (Philips, Andover, MA, USA). The ratio between the acceleration time and ejection time of blood flow through the pulmonary artery (AT/ET), the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and the flow rate during fast and slow filling of the RV (E/A peaks ratio) were assessed. Fulton index was calculated using RV weight/(left ventricle (LV) + septum (S)) weight.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample Collection</title>
          <p>After echocardiography evaluation, animals were euthanized, the RV dissected, and stored at -80&#176;C.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Oxidative stress evaluation</title>
          <p>The concentration of total free radicals was determined by the fluorescence method through reaction with dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> (nmol/mg protein). Lipid damage was evaluated through determination of the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (nmol/mg protein).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determination of antioxidant response</title>
          <p>The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity quantification was based on the ability of SOD to inhibit pyrogallol auto-oxidation (units of SOD/mg protein).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The catalase activity (CAT) was measured through the consumption of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> (pmol CAT/mg protein). Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was determined proportionally to NADPH consumption (nmol per minute/mg protein).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The total sulfhydryl content was measured by the reaction with DTNB (nmol TNB/mg protein).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Western Blot analysis</title>
          <p>Samples were subjected to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel (8-14%). Proteins were transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Immobilon-P transfer membrane; Millipore). Immunodetection was performed using the following antibodies: xanthine oxidase (XO) (150 kDa) (H-110): sc-20991, Lot: D1511; HSP 70 (70 kDa) (K-20): as-1060, Lot: G3013; SOD2 (25kDa) (G-20): as-18504, Lot: G1013; catalase (64kDa) (H-300): sc-50508, Lot: L2812; NRF2 (57 kDa) (c-20): sc-722, Lot: h1613; p-phospholamban (25 kDa) (Trh 17): sc-17024-R, Lot: K2409; phospholamban (25 kDa) (FL-52): sc-30142, Lot: H1908; SERCA (100 kDa) (H-300): sc-30110, Lot: L0205; and ryanodine (42 kDa) (H-300): sc-13942, Lot: F1808. All antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Secondary antibodies (anti-mouse, anti-goat or anti-rabbit radish peroxidase conjugate) were used for detection by chemiluminescence on Quant LAS4000 system (GE Healthcare), and expression was quantified using ImageJ software. The Ponceau method was used for normalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The sample size for each protein was four animals per group, randomly chosen.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data distribution was determined using the Shapiro-Wilks test. For data showing normal distribution of homogeneous variance, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, followed by Tukey&#8217;s post-test (F). For data showing normal distribution and non-homogeneous variance, Welch&#8217;s analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, followed by the Games Holmes post-test (W), and presented as mean &#177; standard deviation. For data that did not show normal distribution, Kruskal-Wallis analysis with Dunn&#8217;s post-test was used (K), and the data was presented as median and 25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles. Values of p&lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using SPSS Statistic 18 Software. The GraphPad Prism software&#8217;s Grubbs test was used to determine outlier values, which were removed from the statistical analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Functional and morphometric RV evaluation</title>
          <p>Considering the echocardiographic parameters, we observed that the PAH condition reduced the AT/ET ratio, as shown by the PAH and PAH+TH+GJ groups. However, isolated treatments were effective in improving this parameter, as seen in the PAH+GJ and PAH+TH groups (p&lt;0.05). Likewise, the treatments mitigated the decrease in TAPSE, observed only in the PAH group (p&lt;0.05). Regarding the RV E/A peaks ratio, there was a decrease in the PAH group; only the PAH+HT group showed an improvement in relation to the PAH group (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Morphometric and Echocardiographic Data</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                    <th>Control (n=10)</th>
                    <th>PAH (n=10)</th>
                    <th>PAH+GJ (n=9)</th>
                    <th>PAH+TH (n=7)</th>
                    <th>PAH+TH+GJ (n=10)</th>
                    <th>Value p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Morphometric Data</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weigth LV (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64 [0.61-0.65]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56 [0.53-0.60]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.53 [0.52-0.65]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62 [0.59-0.66]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.60 [0.58-0.64]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.048</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fulton Index (RV/LV+S)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.27 &#177; 0.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42 &#177; 0.07*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.40 &#177; 0.07*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48 &#177; 0.10*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42 &#177; 0.07*</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8804;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Echocardiographic Data</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AT/ET</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26 &#177; 0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15 &#177; 0.05*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19 &#177; 0.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20 &#177; 0.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15 &#177; 0.03*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TAPSE (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.21 [0.21-0.22]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18 [0.16-0.19]*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19 [0.18-0.21]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20 [0.18-0.21]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19 [0.18-0.19]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/A</td>
                    <td align="center">1.12 &#177; 0.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76 &#177; 0.06*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79 &#177; 0.15*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.27 &#177; 0.46</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73 &#177; 0.09*</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8804;0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; GJ: grape juice; TH: thyroid hormones; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; AT/ ET: ratio between acceleration time and ejection time of blood flow through pulmonary artery; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; E/A: early ventricular filling velocity / late ventricular filling velocity for RV. One-way ANOVA (post Tukey test), data presented as mean &#177; standard deviation. Kruskal-Wallis&#8217; test (post-Dunn&#8217;s) data presented as median and 25<sup><italic>th</italic></sup> and 75<sup><italic>th</italic></sup> percentiles. * significant difference compared to the control group.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Representative image of echocardiographic data in the RV. The TAPSE is marked for the groups (A) CTR: Control, (B) PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension, (C) PAH+GJ: pulmonary arterial hypertension plus grape juice, (D) PAH+TH: pulmonary arterial hypertension plus thyroid hormones, and (E) PAH+TH+GJ: pulmonary arterial hypertension plus thyroid hormones plus grape juice.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230602-30602-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>When analyzing the Fulton index, the PAH+TH group showed a significant increase in relation to the PAH+GJ group (p&lt;0.05). No significant difference was observed in the post-test regarding LV weight. However, an increase in the Fulton index was observed in all groups subjected to PAH in relation to the control (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Oxidative stress markers</title>
          <p>Regarding TBARS and ROS levels, there was no significant difference between the groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2A</xref> and B). The pro-oxidant enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO) showed increased protein expression in the PAH group in relation to the control. Nevertheless, a positive effect of treatments was detected, as treated groups presented a decrease in XO levels in PAH+GJ, PAH+TH and PAH+TH+GJ groups in relation to the PAH group (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2C</xref>). Besides that, the PAH group showed elevated HSP70 expression compared with the control group. However, the PAH+TH and PAH+TH+GJ groups showed a decrease in HSP70 expression in relation to the PAH group (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2D</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Analysis of oxidative stress markers (A) TBARS, (B) ROS, (C) XO, e (D) HSP70. Data were expressed as mean and standard deviation (n=9-4/group). (*) Significant difference compared to the control group. (#) Significant difference in relation to the PAH group. Statistical analysis of (A) by Welch&#8217;s ANOVA with Games Holmes post-test and of (B), (C), (D) and (E) one-way ANOVA with the Tukey post-test (p&lt;0.05). CTR: control; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; PAH+GJ: pulmonary arterial hypertension plus grape juice; PAH+TH: pulmonary arterial hypertension plus thyroid hormones; PAH+TH+GJ: pulmonary arterial hypertension plus thyroid hormones plus grape juice.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230602-30602-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Antioxidant response</title>
          <p>When evaluating enzymatic antioxidants, SOD and CAT activity showed no differences between the groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3A and B</xref>). SOD2 protein expression was decreased in the PAH and PAH+TH+GJ groups in relation to the control (p&lt;0.05). Catalase expression was not different between the groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3C and D</xref>). Considering the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, PAH animals presented a decrease when compared to the control. However, the activity of this enzyme was increased in the PAH+GJ, PAH+TH and PAH+TH+GJ groups in relation to the control and PAH groups (p&lt;0.05). Moreover, there was a decrease in the levels of sulfhydryl groups in the PAH groups in relation to the control, PAH+GJ, PAH+TH, and PAH+TH+GJ (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3E and F</xref>). Since NRF2 is capable of controlling the transcription of several antioxidant enzymes, the expression of this factor was evaluated. PAH+TH+GJ group showed increased NRF2 protein levels compared with the control group (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3G</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Antioxidant response: (A) SOD activity, (B) CAT activity, (C) SOD2 protein expression, (D) CAT protein expression, (E) GPX activity, (F) Sulphydryl group, and (G) NRF2 protein expression. Data were expressed as mean and standard deviation (n=10-4/group). (*) Significant difference compared to the control group. (#) Significant difference in relation to the PAH group. Statistical analysis of (B), (C), and (E) by Welch&#8217;s ANOVA with Games Holmes post-test and of (A), (C), (D), (F) and (G) one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-test (p&lt; 0.05). CTR: control; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; PAH+GJ: pulmonary arterial hypertension plus grape juice; PAH+TH: pulmonary arterial hypertension plus thyroid hormones; PAH+TH+GJ: pulmonary arterial hypertension plus thyroid hormones plus grape juice.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230602-30602-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Calcium handling proteins</title>
          <p>In respect of p-phospholamban protein expression, a decrease was observed in a co-treated group compared to the control group (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4A</xref>). As for total phospholamban levels, there was an increase in the PAH+GJ group in relation to the control and PAH groups. On the other hand, this protein was decreased in PAH+TH and PAH+TH+GJ groups as compared to PAH+GJ group (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4B</xref>). Despite that, when the p-phospholamban/phospholamban ratio was evaluated, there was no significant change between groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4C</xref>). Concerning SERCA expression, there was an increase in protein levels in the PAH group; however, the PAH+GJ, PAH+TH and PAH+TH+GJ groups showed diminished SERCA protein expression in relation to the PAH group (p&lt;0.05). Regarding ryanodine receptor protein expression, there was a decrease in PAH+TH and PAH+TH+GJ groups in relation to the PAH and PAH+GJ groups (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4D</xref> and E). Concerning the SERCA/total phospholamban ratio, there was no difference between groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4F</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Calcium-handling protein. (A) P-phospholamban, (B) Total phospholamban, (C) P-phospholamban/Total phospholamban ratio, (D) SERCA, (E) Ryanodine receptor, and (F) SERCA/Total phospholamban ratio. Data were expressed as mean and standard deviation (n=4/group). (*) Significant difference compared to the control group. (#) Significant difference in relation to the PAH group. ($) Significant difference in relation to the PAH+GJ group. Statistical analysis of (A) by Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn&#8217;s post-test, of (B), (D) and (E) by one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-test and of (C) and (F) by Welch&#8217;s ANOVA with Games post-test Holmes (p&lt;0.05). CTR: cControl; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; PAH+GJ: pulmonary arterial hypertension plus grape juice; PAH+TH: pulmonary arterial hypertension plus thyroid hormones; PAH+TH+GJ: pulmonary arterial hypertension plus thyroid hormones plus grape juice.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230602-30602-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present work is innovative, considering that, for the first time, it described the association between the protective effect of GJ on pulmonary vessels and the action of TH against RV adverse remodeling in a PAH model. In our experimental protocol, both GJ and TH improved functional parameters such as TAPSE, AT/ET and E/A ratios, as well as modulating the expression of calcium regulatory proteins. Regarding the oxidative stress, xanthine oxidase (XO), 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70), and NrF2 were responsive to both GJ and TH administration, which culminated in the restoration of redox homeostasis (Central Illustration).</p>
        <p>HAP-induced RV hypertrophy, which corroborates other studies using the same experimental protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Although the RV hypertrophic response is an attempt to overcome the increase in cardiac afterload caused by pulmonary hypertension, its long-term consequences are harmful to cardiac function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> This hypertrophy is associated with changes in AT/ET and E/A ratio, as well as TAPSE. The reduced AT represents a premature closure of the pulmonary valve due to hypertension. The PAH rats also exhibit an extension of ET, leading to a reduced AT/ET ratio in this group. TAPSE analysis, on the other hand, represents a way to assess RV contractility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> PAH showed a reduction in TAPSE, indicating that RV decreased contractile function. Moreover, the E/A ratio showed a significant reduction in the PAH group, indicating a decrease in ventricle compliance and impaired diastolic function. Taken together, these echocardiographic data support that PAH leads to RV failure. The treatment of PAH with GJ and TH showed improvement in functional parameters since in the PAH+HT and PAH+GJ groups, the AT/ET ratio was not different from the control, meaning less resistance in the pulmonary vasculature. Ludke et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> also demonstrated that treatment for six weeks with GJ prevented PAH-induced AT/ET ratio changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Regarding the TAPSE, both treatments, isolated or in combination, improved RV contractility. The inotropism improvement can be associated with changes in calcium handling protein expression. Our results showed, especially in the PAH+GJ+TH group, a normalization of calcium handling protein expression, exhibiting values closer to those found in the control group. This suggests that the combination of treatments seems to evidence a cardioprotective potential in PAH. The calcium-handling proteins were also redox-sensitive, indicating the critical role of ROS in the PAH model.</p>
        <p>Mosele et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> and Castro et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> showed that the protection of the cardiovascular system by GJ and TH treatment, respectively, involved attenuation of oxidative stress. In our study, sulfhydryl levels decreased in PAH rats, indicating a reduction in the non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity of these animals. This context can be detrimental since PAH decreased SOD expression, reducing both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant protection. On the other hand, although reduced SOD levels were also diminished in the PAH+TH+GJ, TH plus GJ prevented the decrease in sulfhydryl levels and counter-regulated the antioxidant response to the PAH-imposed oxidative stress.</p>
        <p>Anion superoxide radicals are converted to hydrogen peroxide, which can play an important role in many signaling pathways.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Nevertheless, supraphysiological hydrogen peroxide levels may overcome antioxidant response and disrupt redox homeostasis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> CAT and GPx are relevant to maintain adequate levels of this ROS. PAH reduced GPx activity, implying an inadequate antioxidant response. A similar profile was found by Dos Santos Lacerda et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> in which PAH led to a reduction in GPx levels. Moreover, Sun et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> showed that patients with systemic sclerosis-associated PAH had reduced GPx. GJ and TH, isolated or combined, were effective in increasing GPx in our study. Corroborating this result, in a gestational experimental model, Proen&#231;a et al. demonstrated that GJ treatment protected the heart of the fetus against oxidative stress through improvements in GPx.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Bed&#234; et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>also observed antioxidant improvements and increased GPx levels after GJ administration in rats treated with a high-fat diet. These data are associated with TH and GJ treatment-induced increases in NrF2 levels in our study since NrF2 activation results in enhanced expression of antioxidant enzymes and triggers cytoprotective effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Therefore, the NrF2 modulation can be suggested as a mechanism of action of GJ and TH in the cardioprotection.</p>
        <p>The present study also evaluated XO expression, a protein related to ROS production, which was increased in the PAH group. As a source of ROS, a previous work described a molecular interaction between XO and TLR4 in neutrophil activation, inducing NF-kB translocation and promoting inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Both GJ and TH treatments, isolated or combined, were effective in reducing XO expression. Corroborating this, Castro et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> observed a reduction in XO expression in TH-treated infarcted rats; this result was correlated with diminished MyD88 expression, which is a protein related to the inflammatory process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The disruption in the redox homeostasis triggers a stress response that involves the recruitment of chaperone proteins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Intracellularly, HSP70 plays a relevant role as a chaperone, promoting protein folding and refolding, as well as exhibiting an anti-inflammatory effect and attenuating cellular stress. In our study, we observed elevated HSP70 immunocontent in the PAH group. The increase in this protein expression can indicate a compensatory mechanism for cardiac damage induced by PAH. GJ and TH administration reduced HSP70 levels, indicating a cellular environment that was less oxidated.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitation of study</title>
          <p>Histological evaluation of the RV to verify cardiomyocyte size and collagen deposition would be important in the study of cardiac remodeling induced by PAH. In this sense, we consider the absence of this evaluation in the experimental protocol as a limitation of the study. Furthermore, this report is still in the experimental protocol phase and requires further studies to understand the mechanisms related to the efficacy and safety of this therapeutic approach.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our study demonstrates, for the first time, that the GJ with TH treatment, isolated or combined, can improve RV functional and pulmonary vascular parameters of rats with PAH. This cardiovascular protection can be associated with calcium handling protein expression modulation, improving RV inotropism, and promotion of the reestablishment of cellular redox homeostasis. These results are relevant and open a perspective of new therapeutic strategies to mitigate the cardiovascular complications of PAH.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq). The authors also thank the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; UFRGS, Ibravin (the Brazilian Wine Institute), Uva&#8217;s&#243; for providing the grape juice for the experiment, and FAPERGS - Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; pesquisa do Estado do RS</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Isabel Proen&#231;a, from Programa de P&#243;s-gradu&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas: Fisiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul under the protocol number 37372. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by CNPQ and FAPERGS.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
