<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6tPnwsCz5SJH8m3bh8mGqqc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230585</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos de Longo Prazo do Implante Valvar Pulmonar e Evolu&#231;&#227;o da Pr&#243;tese em Pacientes com Tetralogia de Fallot Corrigida</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5545-8172</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caneo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1816-0785</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Turquetto</surname>
            <given-names>Aida Luiza Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boschiero</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Negri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amato</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Patrick</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5909-5126</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ishikawa</surname>
            <given-names>Walther Yoshiharu</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hodas</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Padilha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ligeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Melissa Ganeko</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Agostinho</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5806-6780</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miana</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanamati</surname>
            <given-names>Carla</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Rilvani Cavalcante</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Penha</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Massoti</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Raquel Brigoni</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6175-5595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade S&#227;o Francisco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bragan&#231;a Paulista</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade S&#227;o Francisco Faculdade de Medicina, Bragan&#231;a Paulista, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Fernando Caneo</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>caneo@me.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230585</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Efeitos de Longo Prazo do Implante Valvar Pulmonar e Evolu&#231;&#227;o da Pr&#243;tese em Pacientes com Tetralogia de Fallot Corrigida</title>
              <p>
                <italic>TF: tetralogia de Fallot.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/6tPnwsCz5SJH8m3bh8mGqqc/1bde7c1722c6998aa2e0b5ec0687cee2758f6a0e.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/6tPnwsCz5SJH8m3bh8mGqqc/0ea3da8c5e4709422a23a763bfe37240c80877b5.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/6tPnwsCz5SJH8m3bh8mGqqc/9b7d6bf8cba733eae48bde85f7c9888c48dbe250.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar pulmonar &#233; uma importante complica&#231;&#227;o de longo prazo em pacientes com tetralogia de Fallot (TF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar os efeitos do implante valvar pulmonar (IVP) na anatomia e fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e na evolu&#231;&#227;o em longo prazo da pr&#243;tese implantada em posi&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Uma an&#225;lise de coorte retrospectiva e unic&#234;ntrica foi realizada em 56 pacientes consecutivos com TF submetidos a IVP. O estudo incluiu pacientes de ambos os g&#234;neros, com idade &#8805; 12 anos e compreendeu avalia&#231;&#227;o de dados cl&#237;nicos e cir&#250;rgicos, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos obtidos mais de 1 ano ap&#243;s IVP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Ap&#243;s o IVP, houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa do volume sist&#243;lico final do VD indexado pela &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (ASC), de 89 mL/ASC para 69 mL/ASC (p &lt; 0,001) e do volume diast&#243;lico final indexado do VD, de 157 mL/ASC para 116 mL/ASC (p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, houve aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o corrigida do VD [ <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext> FEVDc </mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext> fluxo pulmonar ajustado (fluxo pulmonar anter&#243;grado </mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> fluxo regurgitante) </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mtext> volume diast&#243;lico final do VD</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> ] de 23% para 35% (p &lt; 0,001) e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 58% para 60% (p = 0,008). No entanto, foi observado um aumento progressivo no gradiente de pico da v&#225;lvula pulmonar ao longo do tempo, com 25% dos pacientes apresentando um gradiente superior a 60 mmHg. Pr&#243;teses menores (tamanhos 19 a 23) foram associadas a um risco 4,3 vezes maior de gradiente &gt; 60 mmHg em compara&#231;&#227;o com pr&#243;teses maiores (tamanhos 25 a 27; p = 0,029; intervalo de confian&#231;a: 1,18 a 17,8).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Conforme esperado, o IVP demonstrou melhorias nos volumes e na fun&#231;&#227;o do VD. O acompanhamento e a vigil&#226;ncia a longo prazo s&#227;o cruciais para avaliar a durabilidade da pr&#243;tese e detectar potenciais complica&#231;&#245;es. O dimensionamento adequado das pr&#243;teses &#233; essencial para melhorar a longevidade da pr&#243;tese.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Tetralogia de Fallot</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco Gen&#233;tico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2016/05925-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar pulmonar &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o comum de longo prazo observada em pacientes submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da tetralogia de Fallot (TF). Essa condi&#231;&#227;o leva a efeitos delet&#233;rios, como aumento progressivo dos volumes do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, ritmos card&#237;acos irregulares, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e risco elevado de morte s&#250;bita e prematura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O implante valvar pulmonar (IVP) surgiu como uma abordagem de tratamento promissora para resolver esses problemas. No entanto, determinar o momento ideal para o IVP exige uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco precisa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> &#201; importante notar que, mesmo com as melhorias iniciais no tamanho e fun&#231;&#227;o do VD ap&#243;s o IVP, a v&#225;lvula implantada ainda pode deteriorar-se ao longo do tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O momento ideal para o IVP continua a ser um desafio, pois &#233; necess&#225;rio haver um equil&#237;brio entre uma interven&#231;&#227;o demasiadamente precoce e os riscos de complica&#231;&#245;es, como endocardite ou necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o para novo IVP, devido &#224; durabilidade limitada das pr&#243;teses valvares. Por outro lado, intervir demasiadamente tarde pode limitar a recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional do VD, levando a arritmias de in&#237;cio tardio e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, independentemente do tamanho da pr&#243;tese, as taxas de reinterven&#231;&#227;o variam de acordo com o tipo de v&#225;lvula implantada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A aus&#234;ncia de uniformidade nos protocolos de sele&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;lvulas dentro e entre unidades de sa&#250;de, motivada pela prefer&#234;ncia do cirurgi&#227;o ou pelo per&#237;odo cronol&#243;gico da implanta&#231;&#227;o, interfere na an&#225;lise sistem&#225;tica dos desfechos publicados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Diferentemente dos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, nem todas as pr&#243;teses utilizadas comercialmente nos estudos est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no mercado nacional, principalmente no setor de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, devido aos seus custos elevados.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos do IVP na anatomia e fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e na evolu&#231;&#227;o em longo prazo da pr&#243;tese implantada na posi&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectivo e unic&#234;ntrico realizado em 56 pacientes consecutivos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio de corre&#231;&#227;o de TF submetidos a IVP devido a regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar moderada a grave entre 2011 e 2018 em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos institucional aprovou o estudo sob CAAE 50224615.7.0000.0068.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo incluiu pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o de TF e posteriormente receberam IVP quando sintom&#225;ticos ou aqueles assintom&#225;ticos com regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar grave com pelo menos um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: redu&#231;&#227;o objetiva progressiva na capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva do VD, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica progressiva do VD, regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide (pelo menos moderada) ou arritmias atriais/ventriculares sustentadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Recomenda&#231;&#245;es individualizadas para IVP foram feitas ap&#243;s revis&#245;es multidisciplinares. Foi necess&#225;rio o consentimento informado dos pacientes para participar do estudo. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade igual ou superior a 12 anos, com tempo de acompanhamento superior a 1 ano ap&#243;s IVP, que aceitaram participar do estudo e assinaram o termo de consentimento informado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Detalhes cir&#250;rgicos</title>
        <p>A cirurgia foi realizada com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e cora&#231;&#227;o batendo quando vi&#225;vel. Um remendo transanular foi utilizado em 55% dos pacientes para corrigir a TF, que foi trocado ou adicionado em 81% durante o IVP devido &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o do remendo de peric&#225;rdio bovino original. Uma pr&#243;tese de peric&#225;rdio bovino de fabrica&#231;&#227;o nacional (Braile Biom&#233;dica, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) foi implantada em todos os pacientes, com tamanho variando de 19 a 27 mm.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de imagem</title>
        <p>Coletamos e analisamos dados obtidos de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (RMC) e ecocardiografia. Os exames de RMC foram realizados em 2 momentos: antes da cirurgia (pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio) e mais de 1 ano ap&#243;s o IVP. O objetivo da RMC foi avaliar o volume sist&#243;lico final indexado (VSFI) do VD, o volume diast&#243;lico final indexado (VDFI) do VD, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (FEVD) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE). Utilizamos curvas de Kaplan-Meier para analisar a sobrevida livre de gradiente de pico superior a 60 mmHg e/ou indica&#231;&#227;o de troca valvar pulmonar de acordo com o tamanho da pr&#243;tese utilizada na cirurgia. O tempo de acompanhamento foi calculado utilizando a data do &#250;ltimo ecocardiograma obtido no acompanhamento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio ou antes da troca valvar pulmonar subtra&#237;da da data do IVP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a exames de RMC em um sistema de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) 1,5T (Philips Achieva scanner, Holanda). A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi avaliada por cine-RM com sequ&#234;ncia SSFP (<italic>steady-state free precession</italic>). Os volumes e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram medidos pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson em imagens de eixo curto e indexados pela &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea. O volume sist&#243;lico foi calculado deduzindo o VSFI do VDFI. O fluxo pulmonar e a regurgita&#231;&#227;o foram medidos com sequ&#234;ncias de contraste de fase. A angiografia por RM com contraste foi usada para visualizar a &#225;rvore vascular pulmonar e suas conex&#245;es, e o realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio foi usado para detectar fibrose mioc&#225;rdica (pela t&#233;cnica de limiariza&#231;&#227;o).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A fra&#231;&#227;o regurgitante pulmonar foi calculada a partir do mapa da velocidade de fase em um plano que corta o tronco pulmonar principal. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o corrigida do ventr&#237;culo direito (FEVDc) foi calculada dividindo-se o fluxo pulmonar ajustado (fluxo pulmonar anter&#243;grado menos o fluxo regurgitante) pelo VDF do VD: [<inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext> FEVDc = </mml:mtext><mml:mtext> fluxo pulmonar l&#237;quido (fluxo pulmonar anter&#243;grado - </mml:mtext><mml:mtext> fluxo regurgitante) / VDF do VD </mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>].<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi determinada atrav&#233;s de duas sequ&#234;ncias durante a imagem CMR. Em primeiro lugar, a sequ&#234;ncia de &#8220;contraste de fase&#8221; permite medi&#231;&#245;es diretas de fluxo no tronco pulmonar. Ao avaliar os fluxos anter&#243;grados e retr&#243;grados nesta regi&#227;o, torna-se poss&#237;vel calcular a diferen&#231;a entre esses fluxos por ciclo card&#237;aco. Essa diferen&#231;a representa o volume real de sangue ejetado pelo VD. Al&#233;m disso, as medidas do volume cavit&#225;rio do VD s&#227;o obtidas por meio de cine-RM com cortes cont&#237;guos no eixo curto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes incluiu a avalia&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es, volumes e fun&#231;&#227;o do VD seguindo as diretrizes recomendadas pela American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Foi utilizado um sistema Phillips iE33 (Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA, EUA), equipado com um transdutor multifrequencial (3,5 MHz e 5,0 MHz) e um transdutor de matriz X3 (1-3 MHz) para permitir a aquisi&#231;&#227;o em tempo real de dados volum&#233;tricos usando a t&#233;cnica de imagem de volume total. As imagens de repouso foram obtidas com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica cont&#237;nua, gravadas digitalmente e armazenadas no disco r&#237;gido e em CDs do aparelho em formato de arquivo CD/DVD (dados brutos) para an&#225;lise subsequente. A deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica off-line e a an&#225;lise da reconstru&#231;&#227;o tridimensional foram realizadas utilizando software dedicado (TOMTEC Imaging Systems, Unterschleissheim, Alemanha, vers&#227;o 4.3). Os valores resultantes representaram a avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia derivada de 3 ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos.</p>
        <p>O objetivo da avalia&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es residuais foi identificar e quantificar potenciais anormalidades na via de sa&#237;da do VD, estenose pulmonar supravalvar, regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide e comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular residual. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar foi avaliada por Doppler com mapeamento de fluxo a cores nos planos paraesternal transversal, paraesternal esquerdo alto e supraesternal transversal. Isso permitiu a identifica&#231;&#227;o de padr&#245;es de fluxo diast&#243;lico reverso na via de sa&#237;da do VD, no tronco pulmonar e nas art&#233;rias pulmonares. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar leve foi definida pela presen&#231;a de fluxo diast&#243;lico correspondente ao refluxo pulmonar detectado no mapeamento de fluxo a cores pr&#243;ximo &#224; valva pulmonar, juntamente com padr&#227;o Doppler de onda cont&#237;nua mostrando fluxo holodiast&#243;lico. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar moderada foi determinada pela detec&#231;&#227;o de fluxo diast&#243;lico no tronco pulmonar. Em contrapartida, a regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar importante foi caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de fluxo diast&#243;lico reverso nas art&#233;rias pulmonares, acompanhado de padr&#227;o protodiast&#243;lico na an&#225;lise Doppler de onda cont&#237;nua e intervalo de press&#227;o inferior a 100 ms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov avaliou a normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia/desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana/intervalo interquartil, dependendo da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o expressas como n&#250;meros/porcentagens. A an&#225;lise descritiva avaliou dados demogr&#225;ficos e cir&#250;rgicos. Testes t pareados avaliaram altera&#231;&#245;es nos volumes e fun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares antes e depois do IVP. A an&#225;lise atuarial de Kaplan-Meier avaliou a probabilidade de sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de gradiente de pico superior a 60 mmHg e a necessidade de troca de pr&#243;tese pulmonar, comparando diferentes tamanhos de pr&#243;tese. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica utilizou o SPSS, vers&#227;o 23, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O estudo incluiu um total de 56 pacientes, 71% do sexo masculino, em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio de corre&#231;&#227;o de TF com regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar pulmonar moderada a grave. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e cir&#250;rgicos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>N = 56</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade na avalia&#231;&#227;o (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (24-34)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (masculino: feminino)</td>
                <td align="center">40:16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade na corre&#231;&#227;o da TF (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2-5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de acompanhamento ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o da TF (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (22-30)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade no IVP (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (18-25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de acompanhamento ap&#243;s IVP (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (6-9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo entre corre&#231;&#227;o da TF e IVP (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (14-21)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IVP: implante valvar pulmonar; TF: tetralogia de Fallot.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s o IVP, houve uma melhora significativa no VSFI do VD e no VDFI do VD. Embora n&#227;o tenha havido altera&#231;&#227;o na FEVD medida pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson, observou-se aumento significativo quando utilizado o m&#233;todo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o corrigida, considerando o volume de regurgita&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, houve melhora no VSFI do VE, no VDFI do VE e na FEVE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es dos volumes e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito ap&#243;s implante valvar pulmonar. ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; FEVD: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VDFI: volume diast&#243;lico final indexado; VSFI: volume sist&#243;lico final indexado. Teste t pareado; signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica p &lt; 0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230585-30585-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es dos volumes e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ap&#243;s implante valvar pulmonar. ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VDFI: volume diast&#243;lico final indexado; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSFI: volume sist&#243;lico final indexado. Teste t pareado; signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica p &lt; 0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230585-30585-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Observamos um aumento progressivo e significativo do gradiente de pico da pr&#243;tese, provavelmente devido &#224; degenera&#231;&#227;o. Foram avaliados 14 pacientes (25%) com gradiente de pico na pr&#243;tese pulmonar &gt; 60 mmHg e indica&#231;&#227;o de troca valvar.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> demonstra pior desfecho em 10 anos para pacientes que receberam pr&#243;teses menores (tamanhos 19 a 23) em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que receberam pr&#243;teses maiores (tamanhos 25 e 27). Especificamente, pr&#243;teses menores foram associadas a um risco 4,3 vezes maior de desenvolver um gradiente de press&#227;o superior a 60 mmHg quando comparadas com pr&#243;teses de tamanhos maiores (p = 0,029; intervalo de confian&#231;a: 1,18 a 17,8).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise atuarial de Kaplan-Meier de sobrevida livre de gradiente de pico superior a 60 mmHg e/ou necessidade de troca valvar pulmonar.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230585-30585-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados do estudo ressaltam o impacto ben&#233;fico do IVP na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, conforme evidenciado por uma diminui&#231;&#227;o not&#225;vel no VSFI e no VDFI do VD. Os sinais de remodelamento do VD est&#227;o de acordo com os achados de Geva et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> que realizaram um estudo randomizado comparando IVP com e sem cirurgia de remodelamento do VD e observaram melhorias significativas nessas medidas no grupo IVP.</p>
      <p>Apesar da controv&#233;rsia cont&#237;nua em torno da potencial melhora da FEVD ap&#243;s o implante de pr&#243;tese pulmonar, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias convincentes que apoiam a fun&#231;&#227;o melhorada do VD quando se utiliza a FEVD corrigida, conforme proposto por Heng et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Essa m&#233;trica leva em considera&#231;&#227;o a presen&#231;a de regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. Com o emprego dessas t&#233;cnicas, torna-se poss&#237;vel avaliar o impacto do implante da pr&#243;tese pulmonar na fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e monitorar as altera&#231;&#245;es ao longo do tempo. Embora a controv&#233;rsia permane&#231;a, esses m&#233;todos fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas sobre as potenciais melhorias observadas na fun&#231;&#227;o do VD ap&#243;s tais interven&#231;&#245;es. Vliegen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m relataram melhorias na fun&#231;&#227;o do VD ap&#243;s IVP em pacientes com TF.</p>
      <p>Os desfechos favor&#225;veis observados ap&#243;s IVP ressaltam a import&#226;ncia da ado&#231;&#227;o de uma abordagem abrangente no manejo de pacientes com TF. Esta abordagem envolve v&#225;rios aspectos, incluindo estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco completa, sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e interven&#231;&#245;es personalizadas. Ao decidir sobre o momento ideal para IVP no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio de corre&#231;&#227;o de TF, v&#225;rios fatores devem ser levados em considera&#231;&#227;o, como VDFI do VD, FEVD, presen&#231;a de aneurisma na via de sa&#237;da do VD, anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e sintomas cl&#237;nicos. Ao considerar esses fatores, uma abordagem mais individualizada e personalizada pode ser empregada para garantir os melhores desfechos poss&#237;veis para pacientes com TF submetidos a IVP. Oosterhof et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> sugeriram que os limiares pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, incluindo o VDFI do VD e a FEVD, podem ajudar a orientar o momento apropriado para a interven&#231;&#227;o. Esses estudos destacam a import&#226;ncia de adaptar o momento do IVP &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas e ao perfil de risco de cada paciente. Em nosso estudo, realizamos uma avalia&#231;&#227;o personalizada, considerando fatores como VDFI, FEVD, capacidade funcional e sintomas cl&#237;nicos. Apesar dos efeitos positivos do IVP na fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com TF corrigida, alguns indiv&#237;duos ainda apresentam fadiga e capacidade funcional reduzida mesmo ap&#243;s serem submetidos a IVP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Esses achados sugerem que o IVP por si s&#243; pode n&#227;o restaurar completamente a capacidade funcional normal em todos os pacientes com TF. Consequentemente, mais pesquisas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para compreender melhor os fatores que contribuem para esses sintomas persistentes e para explorar interven&#231;&#245;es adicionais que possam ser ben&#233;ficas. Infelizmente, nosso estudo n&#227;o avaliou a capacidade funcional dos pacientes antes e depois do IVP, o que representa uma limita&#231;&#227;o da nossa pesquisa. No entanto, os resultados destacam a import&#226;ncia de considerar abordagens individualizadas na determina&#231;&#227;o do momento ideal para o IVP e a necessidade de investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais para melhorar os desfechos e abordar os sintomas persistentes em pacientes com TF.</p>
      <p>Embora o foco dos desfechos de IVP tenha sido historicamente centrado no VD, tamb&#233;m ocorre remodelamento do VE. Estudos anteriores relacionaram regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar significativa com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE e destacaram a import&#226;ncia da fun&#231;&#227;o do VE no progn&#243;stico da TF corrigida. Nossos achados mostraram que o IVP pode levar &#224; melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o do VE, semelhante a outras publica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A melhora observada na fun&#231;&#227;o do VE pode ser parcialmente explicada pela atenua&#231;&#227;o do fen&#244;meno de Bernheim, onde as altera&#231;&#245;es do VD impactam negativamente a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> A instala&#231;&#227;o de uma v&#225;lvula pulmonar competente melhora a efici&#234;ncia do VD e aumenta a pr&#233;-carga do VE, aumentando o volume diast&#243;lico final e a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE.</p>
      <p>O acompanhamento e a vigil&#226;ncia a longo prazo ap&#243;s IVP s&#227;o aspectos essenciais do cuidado de pacientes com TF. As caracter&#237;sticas estruturais e funcionais da v&#225;lvula bioprot&#233;tica s&#227;o fundamentais para um &#243;timo desempenho ap&#243;s IVP. Caldarone et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>em uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de 945 opera&#231;&#245;es em 726 pacientes submetidos a IVP, mostraram uma intera&#231;&#227;o significativa entre idade, tipo de v&#225;lvula e tamanho na longevidade da pr&#243;tese valvar pulmonar. As v&#225;lvulas bioprot&#233;ticas podem ser constru&#237;das de peric&#225;rdio bovino ou v&#225;lvulas porcinas com ou sem <italic>stents</italic> e com diversas propriedades geom&#233;tricas. As v&#225;lvulas bioprot&#233;ticas porcinas consistem em 3 folhetos da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica porcina reticulados com glutaralde&#237;do e montados em um <italic>stent</italic> de suporte met&#225;lico ou polim&#233;rico. As v&#225;lvulas peric&#225;rdicas s&#227;o fabricadas a partir de l&#226;minas de peric&#225;rdio bovino montadas dentro ou fora de um <italic>stent</italic> de suporte. Em nossa pr&#225;tica, a maioria das trocas valvares comumente utilizadas em unidades de sa&#250;de em todo o mundo est&#227;o prontamente dispon&#237;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, considerando o alto custo associado &#224;s pr&#243;teses comumente citadas na literatura, optamos por utilizar pr&#243;teses de fabrica&#231;&#227;o nacional na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o devido aos seus pre&#231;os mais acess&#237;veis. Embora a durabilidade dessas pr&#243;teses bovinas de fabrica&#231;&#227;o nacional na posi&#231;&#227;o pulmonar care&#231;a de dados espec&#237;ficos da literatura, e os estudos comparativos com outras op&#231;&#245;es valvares mundialmente reconhecidas sejam limitados, continuamos monitorando de perto seu desempenho e desfechos. Nosso estudo revelou um aumento progressivo no gradiente de pico da v&#225;lvula pulmonar ao longo do tempo, o que pode ser atribu&#237;do &#224; degenera&#231;&#227;o valvar. Esse aumento atinge seu grau m&#225;ximo aproximadamente 6 anos ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Esses achados enfatizam a import&#226;ncia do monitoramento cont&#237;nuo para avaliar a durabilidade a longo prazo das v&#225;lvulas implantadas e detectar poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es. Em uma revis&#227;o retrospectiva de 227 pacientes com TF submetidos &#224; troca valvar pulmonar usando biopr&#243;tese com <italic>stent</italic> no Children&#8217;s Hospital Boston entre 1994 e 2009, Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> n&#227;o identificaram o tipo de pr&#243;tese como preditor de deteriora&#231;&#227;o estrutural da valva nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Por&#233;m, n&#227;o utilizaram pr&#243;teses de peric&#225;rdio bovino. No entanto, reconheceram que a idade mais jovem no momento da substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula pulmonar e o sobredimensionamento da v&#225;lvula em pacientes com menos de 20 anos de idade no momento da troca da v&#225;lvula pulmonar eram preditores significativos de deteriora&#231;&#227;o estrutural da v&#225;lvula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A vigil&#226;ncia a longo prazo deve incluir a avalia&#231;&#227;o regular da fun&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula, da hemodin&#226;mica e dos sintomas do paciente para garantir uma interven&#231;&#227;o oportuna e otimizar os desfechos. Vliegen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> enfatizaram a import&#226;ncia de avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o valvar ao longo do tempo para monitorar potencial degenera&#231;&#227;o por meio de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.</p>
      <p>O dimensionamento da pr&#243;tese &#233; outro fator que merece aten&#231;&#227;o nos procedimentos de IVP. Nossa an&#225;lise revelou uma associa&#231;&#227;o preocupante entre pr&#243;teses menores (tamanho 19 a tamanho 23) e um maior risco de degenera&#231;&#227;o ao longo do tempo, necessitando de substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar mais precoce do que as pr&#243;teses maiores (tamanho 25 e tamanho 27). Frigiola et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> verificaram que pacientes que receberam pr&#243;teses menores apresentavam maior risco de degenera&#231;&#227;o e potencial necessidade de nova troca do que aqueles que receberam pr&#243;teses maiores. O maior risco de deteriora&#231;&#227;o valvar no grupo com pr&#243;teses de menor tamanho levanta preocupa&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o adequada da pr&#243;tese e seu impacto nos desfechos a longo prazo. Mais pesquisas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para refinar estrat&#233;gias de dimensionamento e otimizar a durabilidade a longo prazo.</p>
      <p>Em resumo, IVP afetou positivamente a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com TF. No entanto, desafios como a fadiga persistente e a redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional permanecem. A estratifica&#231;&#227;o abrangente do risco, a sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e as interven&#231;&#245;es personalizadas s&#227;o cruciais para um manejo eficaz. O acompanhamento e a vigil&#226;ncia a longo prazo s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar a durabilidade das v&#225;lvulas implantadas e detectar potenciais complica&#231;&#245;es. Compreender o impacto do IVP em pacientes com TF pode orientar as decis&#245;es de tratamento e melhorar o seu progn&#243;stico a longo prazo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Conforme esperado, o IVP demonstrou melhorias nos volumes e na fun&#231;&#227;o do VD. O acompanhamento e a vigil&#226;ncia a longo prazo s&#227;o cruciais para avaliar a durabilidade da pr&#243;tese e detectar potenciais complica&#231;&#245;es. O dimensionamento adequado das pr&#243;teses &#233; essencial para obter desfechos ideais. Esses achados destacam a import&#226;ncia do IVP no manejo de pacientes com TF, enfatizando a necessidade de monitoramento cuidadoso e a sele&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;teses adequadas para garantir sucesso em longo prazo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo possui v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es potenciais. Em primeiro lugar, o seu desenho retrospectivo e unic&#234;ntrico introduz potenciais vieses, uma vez que se baseia em dados hist&#243;ricos de apenas uma institui&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica. Essa abordagem pode n&#227;o capturar com precis&#227;o a evolu&#231;&#227;o das t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas e do conhecimento m&#233;dico, potencialmente tornando os achados menos aplic&#225;veis &#224;s pr&#225;ticas atuais. A variabilidade nos est&#225;gios em que os pacientes foram encaminhados para cirurgia de IVP, especialmente dadas as mudan&#231;as nas diretrizes cl&#237;nicas e nos crit&#233;rios de tomada de decis&#227;o de 2011 at&#233; o presente, sugere ainda que os pacientes estudados podem n&#227;o representar totalmente a atual popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos a IVP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> As restri&#231;&#245;es econ&#244;micas no sistema de sa&#250;de que influenciaram a escolha dos dispositivos prot&#233;ticos tamb&#233;m representam uma limita&#231;&#227;o significativa. Essas restri&#231;&#245;es podem ter impedido a ado&#231;&#227;o de tecnologias prot&#233;ticas mais novas e potencialmente mais eficazes, n&#227;o demonstrando assim totalmente os avan&#231;os nos desfechos de IVP. Finalmente, nosso estudo n&#227;o incluiu teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar para avaliar altera&#231;&#245;es na capacidade funcional ap&#243;s o IVP, o que restringe nossa capacidade de compreender de forma abrangente o significado cl&#237;nico das melhorias card&#237;acas observadas. Isso torna dif&#237;cil medir com precis&#227;o como o IVP afeta os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica e o bem-estar geral dos pacientes. Essas limita&#231;&#245;es real&#231;am a import&#226;ncia de mais pesquisas em ambientes mais diversos e contempor&#226;neos para validar e expandir os achados do presente estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Gatzoulis MA, Balaji S, Webber SA, Siu SC, Hokanson JS, Poile C, et al. Risk Factors for Arrhythmia and Sudden Cardiac Death Late after Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot: A Multicentre Study. Lancet. 2000;356(9234):975-81. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02714-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gatzoulis</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balaji</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webber</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siu</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hokanson</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poile</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk Factors for Arrhythmia and Sudden Cardiac Death Late after Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot: A Multicentre Study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>356</volume>
          <issue>9234</issue>
          <fpage>975</fpage>
          <lpage>981</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02714-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Rotes AS, Connolly HM, Warnes CA, Ammash NM, Phillips SD, Dearani JA, et al. Ventricular Arrhythmia Risk Stratification in Patients with Tetralogy of Fallot at the Time of Pulmonary Valve Replacement. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2015;8(1):110-6. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.114.001975.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rotes</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Connolly</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Warnes</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ammash</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Phillips</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dearani</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ventricular Arrhythmia Risk Stratification in Patients with Tetralogy of Fallot at the Time of Pulmonary Valve Replacement</article-title>
          <source>Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>110</fpage>
          <lpage>116</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCEP.114.001975</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Therrien J, Provost Y, Merchant N, Williams W, Colman J, Webb G. Optimal Timing for Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Adults after Tetralogy of Fallot Repair. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95(6):779-82. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.11.037.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Therrien</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Provost</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merchant</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colman</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webb</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Optimal Timing for Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Adults after Tetralogy of Fallot Repair</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>779</fpage>
          <lpage>782</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.11.037</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Kotoda K, Take A, Ohara T, Harada M, Kimura S, Hata E, et al. Experimental Study of Pulmonary Valve Replacement without the Aid of Extracorporeal Circulation--A Palliative Operation for Tetralogy of Fallot with Absent Pulmonary Valve. Nihon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi. 1985;33(10):1970-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kotoda</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Take</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ohara</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harada</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kimura</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hata</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Experimental Study of Pulmonary Valve Replacement without the Aid of Extracorporeal Circulation--A Palliative Operation for Tetralogy of Fallot with Absent Pulmonary Valve</article-title>
          <source>Nihon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi</source>
          <year>1985</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1970</fpage>
          <lpage>1974</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Fuller S. Tetralogy of Fallot and Pulmonary Valve Replacement: Timing and Techniques in the Asymptomatic Patient. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 2014;17(1):30-7. doi: 10.1053/j.pcsu.2014.01.012.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fuller</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tetralogy of Fallot and Pulmonary Valve Replacement: Timing and Techniques in the Asymptomatic Patient</article-title>
          <source>Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>30</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
          <pub-id>10.1053/j.pcsu.2014.01.012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Discigil B, Dearani JA, Puga FJ, Schaff HV, Hagler DJ, Warnes CA, et al. Late Pulmonary Valve Replacement after Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;121(2):344-51. doi: 10.1067/mtc.2001.111209.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Discigil</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dearani</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puga</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaff</surname>
              <given-names>HV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hagler</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Warnes</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Late Pulmonary Valve Replacement after Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>344</fpage>
          <lpage>351</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1067/mtc.2001.111209</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Nomoto R, Sleeper LA, Borisuk MJ, Bergerson L, Pigula FA, Emani S, et al. Outcome and Performance of Bioprosthetic Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;152(5):1333-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.06.064.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nomoto</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sleeper</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borisuk</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergerson</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pigula</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Outcome and Performance of Bioprosthetic Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>152</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1333</fpage>
          <lpage>1342</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.06.064</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Baird CW, Ch&#225;vez M, Sleeper LA, Borisuk MJ, Bacha EA, Burchill L, et al. Reintervention Rates after Bioprosthetic Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Patients Younger Than 30 Years of Age: A Multicenter Analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2021;161(2):345-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.06.157.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baird</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ch&#225;vez</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sleeper</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borisuk</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacha</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burchill</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reintervention Rates after Bioprosthetic Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Patients Younger Than 30 Years of Age: A Multicenter Analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>161</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>345</fpage>
          <lpage>362</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.06.157</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Mitchell MB. Pulmonary Valve Replacement for Congenital Heart Disease: What Valve Substitute Should we be Using? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;152(5):1230-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.07.031.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulmonary Valve Replacement for Congenital Heart Disease: What Valve Substitute Should we be Using?</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>152</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1230</fpage>
          <lpage>1232</lpage>
          <pub-id>10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.07.031</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Baumgartner H, Bonhoeffer P, De Groot NM, de Haan F, Deanfield JE, Galie N, et al. ESC Guidelines for the Management of Grown-up Congenital Heart Disease (New Version 2010). Eur Heart J. 2010;31(23):2915-57. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq249.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baumgartner</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonhoeffer</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Groot</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Haan</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deanfield</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galie</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ESC Guidelines for the Management of Grown-up Congenital Heart Disease (New Version 2010)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2915</fpage>
          <lpage>2957</lpage>
          <pub-id>10.1093/eurheartj/ehq249</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Bhatt AB, Foster E, Kuehl K, Alpert J, Brabeck S, Crumb S, et al. Congenital Heart Disease in the Older Adult: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131(21):1884-931. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000204.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bhatt</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuehl</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alpert</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brabeck</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crumb</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Congenital Heart Disease in the Older Adult: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>1884</fpage>
          <lpage>1931</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000204</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Powell AJ, Maier SE, Chung T, Geva T. Phase-velocity Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measurement of Pulsatile Blood Flow in Children and Young Adults: In Vitro and In Vivo Validation. Pediatr Cardiol. 2000;21(2):104-10. doi: 10.1007/s002469910014.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Powell</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maier</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chung</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geva</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Phase-velocity Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measurement of Pulsatile Blood Flow in Children and Young Adults: In Vitro and In Vivo Validation</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>104</fpage>
          <lpage>110</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s002469910014</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Vliegen HW, van Straten A, de Roos A, Roest AA, Schoof PH, Zwinderman AH, et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Assess the Hemodynamic Effects of Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Adults Late after Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation. 2002;106(13):1703-7. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000030995.59403.f8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vliegen</surname>
              <given-names>HW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Straten</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Roos</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roest</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schoof</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zwinderman</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Assess the Hemodynamic Effects of Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Adults Late after Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1703</fpage>
          <lpage>1707</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.0000030995.59403.f8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Heng EL, Gatzoulis MA, Uebing A, Sethia B, Uemura H, Smith GC, et al. Immediate and Midterm Cardiac Remodeling after Surgical Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Adults With Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: A Prospective Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Clinical Study. Circulation. 2017;136(18):1703-13. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.027402.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Heng</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gatzoulis</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uebing</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sethia</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uemura</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Immediate and Midterm Cardiac Remodeling after Surgical Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Adults With Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: A Prospective Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Clinical Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>136</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1703</fpage>
          <lpage>1713</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.027402</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, Hua L, Handschumacher MD, Chandrasekaran K, et al. Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, A Registered Branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(7):685-713. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2010.05.010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rudski</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lai</surname>
              <given-names>WW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afilalo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hua</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Handschumacher</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chandrasekaran</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>685</fpage>
          <lpage>713</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2010.05.010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(3):233-70. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jev014.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badano</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mor-Avi</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afilalo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armstrong</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ernande</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>233</fpage>
          <lpage>270</lpage>
          <pub-id>10.1093/ehjci/jev014</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Zoghbi WA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA, Kraft CD, Levine RA, et al. Recommendations for Evaluation of the Severity of Native Valvular Regurgitation with Two-dimensional and Doppler Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16(7):777-802. doi: 10.1016/S0894-7317(03)00335-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zoghbi</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Enriquez-Sarano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grayburn</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kraft</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levine</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for Evaluation of the Severity of Native Valvular Regurgitation with Two-dimensional and Doppler Echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>777</fpage>
          <lpage>802</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0894-7317(03)00335-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Silversides CK, Veldtman GR, Crossin J, Merchant N, Webb GD, McCrindle BW, et al. Pressure Half-time Predicts Hemodynamically Significant Pulmonary Regurgitation in Adult Patients with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16(10):1057-62. doi: 10.1016/S0894-7317(03)00553-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silversides</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veldtman</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crossin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merchant</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webb</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCrindle</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pressure Half-time Predicts Hemodynamically Significant Pulmonary Regurgitation in Adult Patients with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1057</fpage>
          <lpage>1062</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0894-7317(03)00553-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Geva T, Gauvreau K, Powell AJ, Cecchin F, Rhodes J, Geva J, et al. Randomized Trial of Pulmonary Valve Replacement with and without Right Ventricular Remodeling Surgery. Circulation. 2010;122(Suppl 11):201-8. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.951178.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Geva</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gauvreau</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Powell</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cecchin</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rhodes</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geva</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Randomized Trial of Pulmonary Valve Replacement with and without Right Ventricular Remodeling Surgery</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 11</supplement>
          <fpage>201</fpage>
          <lpage>208</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.951178</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Oosterhof T, van Straten A, Vliegen HW, Meijboom FJ, van Dijk AP, Spijkerboer AM, et al. Preoperative Thresholds for Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Patients with Corrected Tetralogy of Fallot Using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Circulation. 2007;116(5):545-51. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.659664.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oosterhof</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Straten</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vliegen</surname>
              <given-names>HW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meijboom</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Dijk</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spijkerboer</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Preoperative Thresholds for Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Patients with Corrected Tetralogy of Fallot Using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>545</fpage>
          <lpage>551</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.659664</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Li J, Luo S, Liu F, An Q. Systolic Function of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract is a Better Predictor to Exercise Performance after Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatr Cardiol. 2017;38(8):1556-61. doi: 10.1007/s00246-017-1695-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>An</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Systolic Function of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract is a Better Predictor to Exercise Performance after Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Tetralogy of Fallot</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1556</fpage>
          <lpage>1561</lpage>
          <pub-id>10.1007/s00246-017-1695-5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. van den Eynde J, S&#225; MPBO, Vervoort D, Roever L, Meyns B, Budts W, et al. Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Tetralogy of Fallot: An Updated Meta-Analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2022;113(3):1036-46. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.11.040.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van den Eynde</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;</surname>
              <given-names>MPBO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vervoort</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roever</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meyns</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Budts</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Tetralogy of Fallot: An Updated Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>1036</fpage>
          <lpage>1046</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.11.040</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Rotes AS, Johnson JN, Burkhart HM, Eidem BW, Allison TG, Driscoll DJ. Cardiorespiratory Response to Exercise before and after Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Patients with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: A Retrospective Study and Systematic Review of the Literature. Congenit Heart Dis. 2015;10(3):263-70. doi: 10.1111/chd.12207.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rotes</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burkhart</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eidem</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allison</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Driscoll</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiorespiratory Response to Exercise before and after Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Patients with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: A Retrospective Study and Systematic Review of the Literature</article-title>
          <source>Congenit Heart Dis</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>263</fpage>
          <lpage>270</lpage>
          <pub-id>10.1111/chd.12207</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Hwang TW, Kim SO, Kim MS, Jang SI, Kim SH, Lee SY, et al. Short-Term Change of Exercise Capacity in Patients with Pulmonary Valve Replacement after Tetralogy of Fallot Repair. Korean Circ J. 2017;47(2):254-62. doi: 10.4070/kcj.2016.0226.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hwang</surname>
              <given-names>TW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>SO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jang</surname>
              <given-names>SI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>SY</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Short-Term Change of Exercise Capacity in Patients with Pulmonary Valve Replacement after Tetralogy of Fallot Repair</article-title>
          <source>Korean Circ J</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>254</fpage>
          <lpage>262</lpage>
          <pub-id>10.4070/kcj.2016.0226</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Geva T. Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: The Roles of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Evaluating Pathophysiology and for Pulmonary Valve Replacement Decision Support. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2011;13(1):9. doi: 10.1186/1532-429X-13-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Geva</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: The Roles of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Evaluating Pathophysiology and for Pulmonary Valve Replacement Decision Support</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Magn Reson</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">9</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1532-429X-13-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Caldarone CA, McCrindle BW, Van Arsdell GS, Coles JG, Webb G, Freedom RM, et al. Independent Factors Associated with Longevity of Prosthetic Pulmonary Valves and Valved Conduits. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;120(6):1022-30. doi: 10.1067/mtc.2000.110684.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Caldarone</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCrindle</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Arsdell</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coles</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webb</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freedom</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Independent Factors Associated with Longevity of Prosthetic Pulmonary Valves and Valved Conduits</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1022</fpage>
          <lpage>1030</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1067/mtc.2000.110684</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Pibarot P, Dumesnil JG. Prosthetic Heart Valves: Selection of the Optimal Prosthesis and Long-term Management. Circulation. 2009;119(7):1034-48. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.778886.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pibarot</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dumesnil</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prosthetic Heart Valves: Selection of the Optimal Prosthesis and Long-term Management</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1034</fpage>
          <lpage>1048</lpage>
          <pub-id>10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.778886</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Chen PC, Sager MS, Zurakowski D, Pigula FA, Baird CW, Mayer JE Jr, et al. Younger age and Valve Oversizing are Predictors of Structural Valve Deterioration after Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Patients with Tetralogy of Fallot. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143(2):352-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.10.079.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sager</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zurakowski</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pigula</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baird</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mayer</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Younger age and Valve Oversizing are Predictors of Structural Valve Deterioration after Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Patients with Tetralogy of Fallot</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>143</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>352</fpage>
          <lpage>360</lpage>
          <pub-id>10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.10.079</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Frigiola A, Tsang V, Bull C, Coats L, Khambadkone S, Derrick G, et al. Biventricular Response after Pulmonary Valve Replacement for Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Dysfunction: Is Age a Predictor of Outcome? Circulation. 2008;118(Suppl 14):182-90. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.756825.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Frigiola</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsang</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bull</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khambadkone</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Derrick</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Biventricular Response after Pulmonary Valve Replacement for Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Dysfunction: Is Age a Predictor of Outcome?</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 14</supplement>
          <fpage>182</fpage>
          <lpage>190</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.756825</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Baumgartner H, De Backer J, Babu-Narayan SV, Budts W, Chessa M, Diller GP, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Adult Congenital Heart Disease. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(6):563-645. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa554.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baumgartner</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Backer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Babu-Narayan</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Budts</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chessa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diller</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2020 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Adult Congenital Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>563</fpage>
          <lpage>645</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa554</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Assenza GE, Krieger EV, Baumgartner H, Cupido B, Dimopoulos K, Louis C, et al. AHA/ACC vs ESC Guidelines for Management of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease: JACC Guideline Comparison. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(19):1904-18. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Assenza</surname>
              <given-names>GE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krieger</surname>
              <given-names>EV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumgartner</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cupido</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dimopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Louis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>AHA/ACC vs ESC Guidelines for Management of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease: JACC Guideline Comparison</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>1904</fpage>
          <lpage>1918</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica para An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa -CAPpesq sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 50224615.7.0000.0068. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP, n&#250;mero: 2016/05925-0</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230585i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Long-Term Effects of Pulmonary Valve Implantation and Prosthesis Evolution in Patients with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5545-8172</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caneo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1816-0785</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Turquetto</surname>
            <given-names>Aida Luiza Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boschiero</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Negri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amato</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Patrick</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5909-5126</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ishikawa</surname>
            <given-names>Walther Yoshiharu</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hodas</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Padilha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ligeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Melissa Ganeko</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Agostinho</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5806-6780</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miana</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanamati</surname>
            <given-names>Carla</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Rilvani Cavalcante</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Penha</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Massoti</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Raquel Brigoni</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6175-5595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade S&#227;o Francisco Faculdade de Medicina, Bragan&#231;a Paulista, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Luiz Fernando Caneo</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: caneo@me.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Long-Term Effects of Pulmonary Valve Implantation and Prosthesis Evolution in Patients with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot</title>
              <p>
                <italic>TOF: tetralogy of Fallot.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230585-30585-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Pulmonary valve regurgitation is a significant long-term complication in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> This study aims to investigate the effects of pulmonary valve implantation (PVI) on the anatomy and function of the right ventricle (RV) and the long-term evolution of the implanted prosthesis in the pulmonary position.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A single-center retrospective cohort analysis was performed in 56 consecutive patients with TOF who underwent PVI. The study included patients of both sexes, aged &#8805; 12 years, and involved assessing clinical and surgical data, pre- and post-operative cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, and echocardiogram data more than 1 year after PVI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> After PVI, there was a significant decrease in RV end-systolic volume indexed by body surface area (BSA), from 89 mL/BSA to 69 mL/BSA (p &lt; 0.001) and indexed RV end-diastolic volume, from 157 mL/BSA to 116 mL/BSA (p &lt; 0.001). Moreover, there was an increase in corrected RV ejection fraction [<inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext> RVEFC </mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext> net pulmonary flow (pulmonary forward flow </mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> regurgitant flow) </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mtext> end-diastolic volume </mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>] from 23% to 35% (p &lt; 0.001) and left ventricular ejection fraction from 58% to 60% (p = 0.008). However, a progressive increase in the peak pulmonary valve gradient was observed over time, with 25% of patients experiencing a gradient exceeding 60 mmHg. Smaller prostheses (sizes 19 to 23) were associated with a 4.3-fold higher risk of a gradient &gt; 60 mmHg compared to larger prostheses (sizes 25 to 27; p = 0.029; confidence interval: 1.18 to 17.8).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> As expected, PVI demonstrated improvements in RV volumes and function. Long-term follow-up and surveillance are crucial for assessing the durability of the prosthesis and detecting potential complications. Proper sizing of prostheses is essential for improved prosthesis longevity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Tetralogy of Fallot</kwd>
        <kwd>Right Ventricular Function</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetic Risk Score</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Pulmonary valve regurgitation is a common long-term complication observed in patients who have undergone surgical repair for tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). This condition leads to various detrimental effects such as progressive enlargement and impaired function of the right ventricle (RV), irregular heart rhythms, heart failure, reduced exercise capacity, and an elevated risk of sudden and premature death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Pulmonary valve implantation (PVI) has emerged as a promising treatment approach to address these issues. However, determining the optimal timing for PVI presents a challenge, requiring precise risk assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> It is important to note that, even after achieving initial improvements in RV size and function through PVI, the implanted valve may still deteriorate over time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Optimal timing of PVI remains challenging, as there needs to be a balance between intervening too early and risking complications, such as endocarditis or repeated PVI procedures, due to the limited durability of prosthetic valves. On the other hand, intervening too late may result in limited potential for RV functional recovery, leading to late-onset arrhythmias and heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Furthermore, regardless of the prosthesis size, reintervention rates vary according to the type of valve implanted.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The absence of uniformity in valve selection protocols within and among healthcare facilities, driven by surgeon preference or the chronological period of implantation, interferes with the systematic analysis of published outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In contrast to developed countries, not all commercially used prostheses from studies are available domestically, mainly in the public health sector, due to their elevated costs.</p>
        <p>This study aims to investigate the effects of PVI on the anatomy and function of the RV and the long-term evolution of the implanted prosthesis in the pulmonary position.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is single-center retrospective cohort study performed in 56 consecutive patients in the late postoperative repair of TOF who underwent PVI due to moderate to severe pulmonary regurgitation between 2011 and 2018 at our institution (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). The institution&#8217;s Ethics Committee on Human Research approved the study under CAAE 50224615.7.0000.0068.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
          <p>This study included patients who had undergone TOF repair and subsequently received PVI when symptomatic or when asymptomatic in those with severe pulmonary regurgitation with at least one of the following criteria: progressive objective reduction in exercise capacity, progressive RV dilation, progressive RV systolic dysfunction, progressive tricuspid regurgitation (at least moderate) or sustained atrial/ventricular arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Individualized recommendations for PVI were made after multidisciplinary reviews. Informed consent from the patients to participate in the study was required. The study included patients of both sexes, aged 12 years or older, with follow-up time of more than 1 year after PVI, who accepted to participate in the study and signed informed consent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Surgical details</title>
          <p>Surgery was performed using cardiopulmonary bypass and a beating heart when feasible. A transannular patch was used in 55% of the patients to repair the TOF, which was substituted or added in 81% during PVI due to the calcification of the original bovine pericardium patch. A domestically manufactured bovine pericardial prosthesis (Braile Biomedica, Sao Paulo, Brazil) was implanted in all patients, with a size ranging from 19 to 27 mm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Image evaluation</title>
          <p>We collected and analyzed data obtained from cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging and echocardiography. CMR examinations were conducted at two time points: before the surgery (preoperative) and more than one year after PVI. The purpose of CMR analysis was to evaluate the indexed end-systolic and diastolic volumes (ESVi and EDVi) of the RV, right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). We used Kaplan-Meier curves to analyze the survival free from peak gradient greater than 60 mmHg and/or indication for pulmonary valve replacement according to the prosthesis size used in the surgery. The follow-up time was calculated using the date of the last echocardiogram obtained in the postoperative follow-up or before the pulmonary valve replacement subtracted from the date of the PVI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular magnetic resonance</title>
          <p>All patients had CMR examinations on a 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system (Philips Achieva scanner, Netherlands). The ventricular function was evaluated with cine-MRI with SSFP (steady-state free precession) sequence. Volumes and ventricular function were measured by the Simpson&#8217;s method on short-axis images and were indexed to body surface area. Stroke volume was calculated by deducting the ESVi from the EDVi. Pulmonary flow and regurgitation were measured with phase contrast sequences. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography was used to visualize the pulmonary vascular tree and connections, and late gadolinium enhancement was used to detect myocardial fibrosis (by thresholding technique).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The pulmonary regurgitant fraction was calculated from phase-velocity mapping in a plane transecting the main pulmonary trunk. Corrected right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEFc) was calculated by dividing the net pulmonary flow (pulmonary forward flow minus the regurgitant flow) by the RVEDV: [ <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext> RVEFc </mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext> net pulmonary flow </mml:mtext><mml:mtext> (pulmonary forward flow - regurgitant flow) / RVEDV </mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> ].<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The ejection fraction is determined through two sequences during CMR imaging. Firstly, the &#8220;phase contrast&#8221; sequence enables direct flow measurements in the pulmonary trunk. By assessing both anterograde and retrograde flows in this region, it becomes possible to calculate the difference between these flows on a per-cardiac cycle basis. This difference represents the actual volume of blood ejected by the RV. Additionally, cavitary volume measurements of the RV are obtained using cine-MRI with contiguous short-axis slices.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Patient evaluation included the assessment of RV dimensions, volumes, and function following the guidelines recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A Phillips iE33 system (Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA, USA) was utilized, equipped with a multifrequency transducer (3.5 MHz and 5.0 MHz) and an X3 matrix transducer (1-3 MHz) to enable real-time acquisition of volumetric data using the full-volume imaging technique. Resting images were obtained with continuous electrocardiographic monitoring, recorded digitally, and stored on the device&#8217;s hard disk and CDs in CD/DVD file format (raw data) for subsequent analysis. Offline myocardial deformation and three-dimensional reconstruction analysis were performed using dedicated software (TOMTEC Imaging Systems, Unterschleissheim, Germany, version 4.3). The resulting values represented the average evaluation derived from three consecutive cardiac cycles.</p>
          <p>The objective of assessing residual lesions was to identify and quantify potential abnormalities in the RV outflow tract, supra-valvular pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, and residual interventricular communication. Pulmonary regurgitation was evaluated using Doppler imaging with color flow mapping in the transverse parasternal, high left parasternal, and transverse suprasternal planes. This allowed for identification of diastolic reverse flow patterns in the RV outflow tract, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary arteries. Mild pulmonary regurgitation was defined by the presence of diastolic flow corresponding to pulmonary reflux detected in the color flow mapping near the pulmonary valve, along with a continuous-wave Doppler pattern showing holodiastolic flow. Moderate pulmonary regurgitation was determined by detecting diastolic flow in the pulmonary trunk. In contrast, significant pulmonary regurgitation was characterized by the presence of diastolic reverse flow in the pulmonary arteries, accompanied by a proto-diastolic pattern in the continuous-wave Doppler analysis and a pressure half-time less than 100 ms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test assessed the normality of continuous variables. Data are presented as mean/standard deviation or median/interquartile range, depending on variable distribution. Categorical variables are expressed as numbers/percentages. Descriptive analysis examined demographic and surgical data. Paired t tests evaluated changes in ventricular volumes and functions before and after PVI. Kaplan-Meier actuarial analysis assessed the probability of survival free from a peak gradient exceeding 60 mmHg and the need for pulmonary prosthesis replacement, comparing different prosthesis sizes. Statistical analysis used SPSS, version 23, with statistical significance set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The study included a total of 56 patients, 71% male, in the late postoperative period of TOF correction with moderate to severe pulmonary valve regurgitation. Demographic and surgical data are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic characteristics of patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>N = 56</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age at evaluation (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (24-34)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex (male: female)</td>
                  <td align="center">40:16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age at TOF repair (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2-5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Follow-up time after TOF repair (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (22-30)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age at PVI (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (18-25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Follow-up time after PVI (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (6-9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time between TOF repair and PVI (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (14-21)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>PVI: pulmonary valve implantation; TOF: tetralogy of Fallot.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Following PVI, there was a significant improvement in RV ESVi and RV EDVi. Although there was no change in the RVEF measured by Simpson&#8217;s method, a significant increase was observed when the corrected ejection fraction method, considering the regurgitation volume, was utilized. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). Additionally, there was an improvement in LV ESVi, LV EDVi, and LVEF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Assessment of RV volume and ejection fraction changes following pulmonary valve implantation. BSA: body surface area; EDVi: indexed end-diastolic volume; EF: ejection fraction; ESVi: indexed end-systolic volume; RV: right ventricle. Paired t Test; statistical significance p &lt; 0.05.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230585-30585-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Assessment of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction changes following pulmonary valve implantation. BSA: body surface area; EDVi: indexed end-diastolic volume; EF: ejection fraction; ESVi: indexed end-systolic volume; LV: left ventricular. Paired t Test; statistical significance p &lt; 0.05.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230585-30585-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A progressive and significant increase in the peak gradient of the prosthesis was observed, probably due to degeneration. Fourteen patients (25%) were evaluated with a peak gradient in the pulmonary prosthesis &gt; 60 mmHg and an indication for valve re-replacement.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> demonstrates a worse outcome over 10 years for patients implanted with smaller prostheses (sizes 19 to 23) than individuals who received larger prostheses (sizes 25 and 27). Specifically, smaller prostheses were linked to a 4.3 times greater risk of developing a pressure gradient exceeding 60 mmHg when contrasted with the larger prosthetic sizes (p = 0.029; confidence interval: 1.18 to 17.8).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier actuarial analysis of freedom from peak gradient exceeding 60 mmHg and/or the need for pulmonary valve replacement.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230585-30585-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The study findings underscore the beneficial impact of PVI on ventricular function, as evidenced by a notable decrease in RV ESVi and RV EDVi. The signs of RV remodeling align with the findings of Geva et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> who conducted a randomized trial comparing PVI with and without RV remodeling surgery and observed significant improvements in these measures in the PVI group.</p>
        <p>Despite ongoing controversy surrounding the potential improvement of RVEF after pulmonary prosthesis implantation, there is compelling evidence supporting enhanced RV function when using the RVEFc, as proposed by Heng et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> This metric takes into account the presence of pulmonary regurgitation. By employing these techniques, it becomes possible to assess the impact of pulmonary prosthesis implantation on RV function and monitor changes over time. While the controversy remains, these methods provide valuable insights into the potential improvements observed in RV function following such interventions.</p>
        <p>The favorable outcomes observed after PVI underscore the importance of adopting a comprehensive approach to managing patients with TOF. This approach entails various aspects, including thorough risk stratification, patient selection, and personalized interventions. When deciding on the optimal timing for PVI in late postoperative TOF repair, several factors should be taken into consideration, such as RV EDVi, RVEF, the presence of aneurysm in the RV outflow tract, electrocardiographic abnormalities, and clinical symptoms. By considering these factors, a more individualized and tailored approach can be employed to ensure the best possible outcomes for TOF patients undergoing PVI. Oosterhof et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> suggested that preoperative thresholds, including RV EDVi and RVEF, can help guide the appropriate timing for intervention. These studies highlight the importance of tailoring the timing of PVI to each patient&#8217;s specific characteristics and risk profile. In our study, we conducted a personalized evaluation, considering factors such as EDVi, RVEF, functional capacity, and clinical symptoms. Despite the positive effects of PVI on RV function and clinical outcomes in patients with repaired TOF, some individuals still experience fatigue and reduced functional capacity even after undergoing PVI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> These findings suggest that PVI alone may not fully restore normal functional capacity in all patients with TOF. As a result, further research is necessary to understand better the factors contributing to these persistent symptoms and to explore additional interventions that may be beneficial. Unfortunately, our study did not assess the functional capacity of patients before and after PVI, which represents a limitation of our research. Nonetheless, the findings underscore the importance of considering individualized approaches in determining the optimal timing for PVI and the need for additional investigations to improve outcomes and address lingering symptoms in patients with TOF.</p>
        <p>Although the focus of PVI outcomes has historically centered on the RV, LV remodeling also occurs. Previous studies have linked significant pulmonary regurgitation with LV systolic dysfunction and highlighted the importance of LV function in the prognosis of repaired TOF. Our findings showed that PVI can lead improvement in LV function, similar to other publications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The observed improvement in LV function could be partly explained by mitigating of the Bernheim phenomenon, where RV alterations negatively impact LV function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Installing a competent pulmonary valve improves RV efficiency and increases LV preload, boosting LV end-diastolic volume and function.</p>
        <p>Long-term follow-up and surveillance after PVI are essential aspects of TOF patient care. Structural and functional characteristics of the bioprosthetic valve are fundamental for optimal performance after PVI. Calderone et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>in a retrospective analysis of 945 operations in 726 patients undergoing PVI, showed a significant interaction between age, valve type, and size on prosthetic pulmonary valve longevity. Bioprosthetic valves can be constructed of bovine pericardium or porcine valves with or without stents and with various geometric properties. Porcine bioprosthetic valves consist of three porcine aortic valve leaflets cross-linked with glutaraldehyde and mounted on a metallic or polymer supporting stent. Pericardial valves are manufactured from sheets of bovine pericardium mounted inside or outside a supporting stent. In our practice, the majority of valve substitutes commonly used in healthcare facilities worldwide are readily available.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> However, considering the high cost associated with the prostheses commonly referenced in the literature, we have opted to utilize domestically manufactured prostheses in our institution due to their more affordable pricing. While the durability of these domestically manufactured bovine prostheses in the pulmonary position lacks specific literature data, and comparative studies with other globally recognized valve options are limited, we continue closely monitoring their performance and outcomes. Our study revealed a progressive increase in the peak pulmonary valve gradient over time, which can be attributed to valve degeneration. This increase reaches its maximum degree approximately 6 years after hospital discharge. These findings emphasize the importance of ongoing monitoring to assess the long-term durability of the implanted valves and detect potential complications. In a retrospective review of 227 patients with TOF who underwent stented bioprosthetic pulmonary valve replacement at Children&#8217;s Hospital Boston between 1994 and 2009, Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> did not identify the type of prosthesis as a predictor of structural valve deterioration in this population. However, they did not use the bovine pericardial prosthesis. Nonetheless, they recognized that younger age at the time of pulmonary valve replacement and valve oversizing in patients under 20 years of age at the time of pulmonary valve replacement were significant predictors of structural valve deterioration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Long-term surveillance should include regular assessment of valve function, hemodynamics, and patient symptoms to ensure timely intervention and optimize outcomes. Vliegen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> emphasized the importance of assessing valve function over time to monitor potential degeneration using MRI.</p>
        <p>Prosthesis sizing is another factor that warrants attention in PVI procedures. Our analysis revealed a concerning association between smaller prostheses (size 19 to size 23) and a higher risk of degeneration over time, necessitating earlier valve re-replacement than larger prostheses (size 25 and size 27). Frigiola et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> found that patients who received smaller prostheses had a higher risk of degeneration and the potential need for re-replacement than those who received larger prostheses. The higher risk of valve deterioration in the group with smaller-size prostheses raises concerns regarding appropriate prosthesis selection and its impact on long-term outcomes. Further research is needed to refine sizing strategies and optimize long-term durability.</p>
        <p>In summary, PVI positively affected RV function and clinical outcomes in TOF patients. However, challenges such as persistent fatigue and reduced functional capacity remain. Comprehensive risk stratification, patient selection, and personalized interventions are crucial for effective management. Long-term follow-up and surveillance are necessary to assess the durability of implanted valves and detect potential complications. Understanding the impact of PVI on patients with TOF can guide treatment decisions and enhance their long-term prognosis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>As expected, PVI demonstrated improvements in RV volumes and function. Long-term follow-up and surveillance are crucial for assessing the durability of the prosthesis and detecting potential complications. Proper sizing of prostheses is essential for achieving optimal outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of PVI in managing patients with TOF, emphasizing the need for careful monitoring and appropriate prosthesis selection to ensure long-term success.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>This study has several potential limitations. Firstly, its retrospective, single-center design introduces potential biases, since it relies on historical data from only one medical institution. This approach may not accurately capture the evolution of surgical techniques and medical knowledge, potentially rendering the findings less applicable to current practices. The variability in the stages at which patients were referred for PVI surgery, especially given the changes in clinical guidelines and decision-making criteria from 2011 to the present, further suggests that the patients studied may not fully represent the current patient population undergoing PVI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Economic constraints within the healthcare system that influenced the choice of prosthetic devices also pose a significant limitation. These constraints may have prevented the adoption of newer, potentially more effective prosthetic technologies, thereby not fully showcasing the advancements in PVI outcomes. Finally, our study did not include cardiopulmonary exercise testing to evaluate functional capacity changes after PVI, which restricts our ability to comprehensively understand the clinical significance of the observed cardiac improvements. This makes it challenging to accurately measure how PVI affects patients&#8217; physical activity levels and overall well-being. These limitations highlight the importance of further research in more diverse and contemporary settings to validate and expand upon these findings.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa -CAPpesq under the protocol number CAAE 50224615.7.0000.0068. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by FAPESP, grant: 2016/05925-0</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
