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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">nL5GCpyQM9Z6VnYmwtnqHdq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000700701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230520</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ataque Isqu&#234;mico Transit&#243;rio em Paciente com <italic>Kinking</italic> Vascular de Subcl&#225;via e de Car&#243;tida Comum Direitas - Um Relato de Caso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1517-3548</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Frigotto</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Gleicielly</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Washington Luiz Batista da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Lais Antonucci</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Roberta Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Giovana Salviano Braga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano de Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paolino</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas Copacabana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Grande Rio Professor Jos&#233; de Souza Herdy</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Grande Rio Professor Jos&#233; de Souza Herdy, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Katia Gleicielly Frigotto &#8226; Hospital S&#227;o Lucas Copacabana - Tv. Frederico Pamplona, 32. CEP 22061-080, Copacabana, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>katiafrigotto@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230520</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as vasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Transtornos Cerebrovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Ataque Isqu&#234;mico Transit&#243;rio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O <italic>kinking</italic> vascular &#233; uma altera&#231;&#227;o angular vascular em que se forma um &#226;ngulo agudo em uma art&#233;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Causas embriog&#234;nicas e adquiridas podem levar a essa altera&#231;&#227;o. Estudos indicam que a aterosclerose, a hipertens&#227;o e o envelhecimento desempenham um papel significativo na produ&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades carot&#237;deas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Outras causas, como trauma, etiologia cong&#234;nita ou doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias, s&#227;o raras e geralmente associadas &#224; aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os fatores cong&#234;nitos tendem a se tornar clinicamente significativos na idade avan&#231;ada, agravados por hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabetes mellitus (DM), dislipidemia, tabagismo, e doen&#231;as reumatol&#243;gicas e card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Existem dois tipos de <italic>kinking</italic>. O primeiro &#233; cong&#234;nito, mais comum em mulheres no final dos 40 anos e in&#237;cio dos 50 anos, e clinicamente significativo na idade avan&#231;ada. O segundo tipo est&#225; ligado a fatores de risco ateroscler&#243;ticos, como HAS, dislipidemia, DM e tabagismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, o papel das anormalidades carot&#237;deas na produ&#231;&#227;o de sintomas isqu&#234;micos &#233; dif&#237;cil de determinar devido &#224; frequente associa&#231;&#227;o com les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas nas paredes dos vasos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na maioria dos casos, o <italic>kinking</italic> vascular &#233; assintom&#225;tico, mas pode haver sintomas neurol&#243;gicos, como ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT), dependendo do efeito hemodin&#226;mico da estenose arterial na perfus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica &#233; realizada por meio de dados da anamnese, exame f&#237;sico, e complementada com doppler de car&#243;tidas e vertebrais, angiotomografia computadorizada (ATC), angiografia ou angiorresson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (ARM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O tratamento pode incluir terapia antiagregante e anticoagulante, anti-hipertensivos, estatinas, terapia de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o cerebral e tratamento cir&#250;rgico, se indicado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O <italic>kinking</italic> &#233; mais comum na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna, mas &#233; raro nas art&#233;rias subcl&#225;via e car&#243;tida comum,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e n&#227;o h&#225; registros na literatura de casos simult&#226;neos nesses vasos. O objetivo desse trabalho &#233; descrever um caso de <italic>kinking</italic> vascular nas art&#233;rias subcl&#225;via e car&#243;tida comum, diagnosticado em um pronto-socorro de um hospital particular na cidade do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 77 anos, deu entrada no pronto-socorro por disartria e paresia de membros superiores enquanto tomava caf&#233; da manh&#227;, com melhora espont&#226;nea ap&#243;s 15 minutos. Previamente portadora de HAS, DM, dislipidemia, doen&#231;a de Parkinson e AIT.</p>
      <p>&#192; admiss&#227;o, os sinais vitais mostraram press&#227;o arterial de 203x106 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 78 bpm, frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 18 irpm, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio perif&#233;rica de 98% e temperatura axilar de 36 &#176;C.</p>
      <p>Exame neurol&#243;gico revela paciente acordada, desorientada, com miose e ptose &#224; direita, sem d&#233;ficit de for&#231;a.</p>
      <p>O doppler arterial da subcl&#225;via direita mostrou fluxos preservados, com um <italic>kink</italic> anat&#244;mico em sua origem. O ecodoppler das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e vertebrais esquerdas mostrou um <italic>kink</italic> em origem de car&#243;tida comum, com um aumento significativo de velocidade de pico sist&#243;lica na angula&#231;&#227;o mais aguda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>); os demais fluxos mantiveram seus valores e morfologia.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Doppler arterial de art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e vertebrais esquerdas, mostrando um kink em origem de car&#243;tida comum.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230520-30520-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A tomografia e angiotomografia de cr&#226;nio e pesco&#231;o demonstraram um arco a&#243;rtico alongado, tipo II, ateromatoso. Tronco braquiocef&#225;lico, art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e subcl&#225;vias foram descritos como ateromatosos, alongados e tortuosos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>). Confirmou-se tamb&#233;m o acotovelamento nas origens das art&#233;rias car&#243;tida comum e subcl&#225;via direitas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>). Foi observada tamb&#233;m uma placa mista na origem da car&#243;tida comum esquerda, determinando estenose leve. As car&#243;tidas e os ramos apresentaram ateromas difusos bilateralmente, com anatomias preservadas. Foi identificada hipoplasia do segmento A1 da art&#233;ria cerebral anterior direita e do segmento P1 das art&#233;rias cerebrais posteriores. Outra varia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica encontrada foram os demais segmentos das art&#233;rias cerebrais posteriores que recebiam irriga&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias comunicantes posteriores correspondentes com espessura aumentada. N&#227;o foram observadas evid&#234;ncias de malforma&#231;&#227;o vascular ou aneurismas aparentes.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Angiotomografia computadorizada 3D do pesco&#231;o, mostrando kinking na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita e na art&#233;ria comum direita.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230520-30520-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Tomografia computadorizada de cr&#226;nio e pesco&#231;o, mostrando kinking na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230520-30520-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A resson&#226;ncia e angioresson&#226;ncia magn&#233;ticas de cr&#226;nio indicaram gliose por micorangiopatia (Fazekas 3). Os achados s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com o hist&#243;rico e idade da paciente.</p>
      <p>O tratamento incluiu &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, clopidogrel, atorvastatina, e controle press&#243;rico e glic&#234;mico. Houve regress&#227;o dos sintomas em algumas horas e alta hospitalar em 11 dias. A paciente permanece sob tratamento conservador pela equipe multiprofissional.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es tortuosas vasculares podem ser categorizadas em tr&#234;s graus: no primeiro grau, o &#226;ngulo entre os dois segmentos &#233; de 60&#176; e 90&#176;; no segundo grau, a angula&#231;&#227;o varia de 30&#176; a 60&#176;; e, no terceiro grau, &#233; inferior a 30&#176;, formando um <italic>kinking</italic> que pode provocar sintomas neurol&#243;gicos associados &#224; etiologia isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na maioria dos casos, o <italic>kinking</italic> vascular, apesar de reduzir o suprimento sangu&#237;neo para o c&#233;rebro ao diminuir a press&#227;o arterial, n&#227;o leva &#224; isquemia cerebral pela compensa&#231;&#227;o via mecanismo autorregulador na perfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, pode ocorrer estreitamento do vaso, gerando um fluxo sangu&#237;neo turbulento, e subsequente ulcera&#231;&#227;o e emboliza&#231;&#227;o da &#237;ntima.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Isso resulta em sintomas semelhantes aos causados pela doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, como o AIT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os sintomas do <italic>kinking</italic> s&#227;o descritos na literatura como potencialmente desencadeados pela posi&#231;&#227;o da cabe&#231;a,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> principalmente na presen&#231;a de anormalidades anat&#244;micas, ou em indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> o que &#233; uma hip&#243;tese para o quadro apresentado pela paciente.</p>
      <p>O arco a&#243;rtico tipo II, onde a art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum esquerda emerge do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico em vez do arco a&#243;rtico, &#233; a variante cong&#234;nita mais comum da ramifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> representando 10,5% das origens da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, foram observadas outras varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas, como os demais segmentos arteriais das art&#233;rias cerebrais posteriores que recebiam irriga&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias comunicantes posteriores correspondentes com espessura aumentada. Assim, essa paciente apresentava v&#225;rias altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas que, junto com os fatores de risco agravados pela idade e o alongamento dos vasos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> podem explicar a ocorr&#234;ncia do <italic>kinking</italic> com sintomas neurol&#243;gicos associados &#224; etiologia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
      <p>Embora a angiografia seja descrita como diagn&#243;stico padr&#227;o-ouro,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> a ATC tem sido cada vez mais usada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O doppler vascular &#233; um m&#233;todo sens&#237;vel para detectar doen&#231;as extracranianas, permitindo o registro da anatomia e da altera&#231;&#227;o de fluxo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Neste caso, a hip&#243;tese inicial foi de um novo epis&#243;dio de AIT devido a fatores ateroscler&#243;ticos, mas o doppler vascular revelou um aumento significativo na velocidade de pico sist&#243;lica na angula&#231;&#227;o mais aguda, levando &#224; suspeita de <italic>kinking</italic> vascular. Essa suspeita foi posteriormente confirmada pela ATC.</p>
      <p>O tratamento pode envolver abordagens cir&#250;rgicas e/ou terapia farmacol&#243;gica otimizada. A modifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco sempre &#233; recomendada em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos devido &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o com aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No seguimento cl&#237;nico, &#233; indicada a prescri&#231;&#227;o de antiagregantes, anticoagulantes (em casos selecionados), anti-hipertensivos, hipolipemiantes e terapia vasodilatadora cerebral. O tratamento invasivo &#233; reservado para pacientes com sintomas de isquemia cerebrovascular ou sinais neurol&#243;gicos. A angioplastia &#233; o tratamento inicial de prefer&#234;ncia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> mas em casos em que n&#227;o &#233; adequada ou bem-sucedida, a endarterectomia pode ser considerada, embora apresente maior risco em compara&#231;&#227;o com uma abordagem endovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, no caso relatado, ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o pela equipe multidisciplinar, optou se inicialmente pelo tratamento conservador, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a idade da paciente, suas comorbidades e a anatomia desfavor&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Este caso destaca a import&#226;ncia de uma investiga&#231;&#227;o completa, que inclui a anamnese, exame f&#237;sico detalhado e o uso da multimodalidade de imagem para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento. Tamb&#233;m destaca a documenta&#231;&#227;o de algumas varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas observadas na mesma paciente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O <italic>kinking</italic> vascular representa um desafio diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utico na rotina m&#233;dica. Os sintomas dessa anormalidade s&#227;o mais evidentes quando h&#225; comprometimento da autorregula&#231;&#227;o da hemodin&#226;mica cerebral, o que pode acontecer no grau 3 ou quando mais de uma art&#233;ria &#233; afetada, podendo resultar em sintomas neurol&#243;gicos associados &#224; etiologia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico requer uma investiga&#231;&#227;o completa, combinando informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e de v&#225;rias modalidades de imagem, al&#233;m da an&#225;lise de poss&#237;veis fatores de risco e predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica, fundamentais para uma melhor compreens&#227;o da doen&#231;a e para realizar tratamento ideal.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Amidzic A, Tiro N. Kinking of Bilateral Internal Carotid Arteries as Cause of Cognitive Dysfunction. Med Arch. 2020;74(1):58-60. doi: 10.5455/medarh.2020.74.58-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Amidzic</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tiro</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Kinking of Bilateral Internal Carotid Arteries as Cause of Cognitive Dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>Med Arch</source>
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        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230520i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transient Ischemic Attack in a Patient with Vascular Kinking of the Subclavian and Right Common Carotid Arteries - A Case Report</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1517-3548</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Frigotto</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Gleicielly</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Washington Luiz Batista da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Lais Antonucci</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Roberta Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Giovana Salviano Braga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano de Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paolino</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Grande Rio Professor Jos&#233; de Souza Herdy, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Katia Gleicielly Frigotto &#8226; Hospital S&#227;o Lucas Copacabana - Tv. Frederico Pamplona, 32. Postal Code 22061-080, Copacabana, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: katiafrigotto@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Vascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Cerebrovascular Disorders</kwd>
        <kwd>Transient Ischemic Attack</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Vascular kinking is a vascular angular change where an acute angle is formed in an artery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Both embryogenic and acquired causes can lead to this change. Studies indicate that atherosclerosis, hypertension, and aging are significant contributors to carotid abnormalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Other factors such as trauma, congenital causes, or inflammatory diseases are uncommon and typically associated with atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Congenital factors may manifest clinically later in life, being exacerbated by conditions like systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, smoking, rheumatological disorders, and heart diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are two types of kinking. The first one being congenital, most prevalent in women in their late 40s and early 50s, being clinically significant in advanced age. The second type is linked to atherosclerotic risk factors, such as SAH, dyslipidemia, DM, and smoking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, determining the exact role of carotid abnormalities in causing ischemic symptoms is challenging due to their frequent association with atherosclerotic lesions in vessel walls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In most cases, vascular kinking is asymptomatic, but neurological symptoms, such as transient ischemic attack (TIA), may arise depending on the hemodynamic effect of arterial stenosis on perfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The diagnostic investigation includes gathering data from patient history and physical examination, supplemented by carotid and vertebral Doppler ultrasound, computed tomography angiography (CTA), angiography, or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Treatment may include antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy, antihypertensives, statins, cerebral vasodilation therapy, and surgical treatment, as indicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although kinking predominantly affects the internal carotid artery, occurrences in the subclavian and common carotid arteries are rare.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> There are no reports in the literature of simultaneous cases in these vessels. This study aims to describe a case of vascular kinking involving the subclavian and common carotid arteries, diagnosed in the emergency room of a private hospital in Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 77-year-old female patient was admitted to the emergency room reporting dysarthria and paresis of the upper limbs while eating breakfast, with spontaneous improvement after 15 minutes. Patient previously had SAH, DM, dyslipidemia, Parkinson&#8217;s disease and TIA.</p>
        <p>On admission, vital signs showed a blood pressure of 203x106 mmHg, heart rate of 78 bpm, respiratory rate of 18 breaths per minute, peripheral oxygen saturation of 98%, and axillary temperature of 36 &#176;C.</p>
        <p>Neurological examination revealed the patient to be awake, disoriented, with miosis and ptosis on the right side, and no strength deficit.</p>
        <p>The right subclavian arterial Doppler showed preserved flows, with anatomical kink in its origin. Doppler ultrasound of the left carotid and vertebral arteries showed common carotid origin kinking, with significantly increased systolic peak velocity at the most acute angulation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>); other flows preserved their values and morphology.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Arterial Doppler of left carotid and vertebral arteries showing common carotid origin kinking.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230520-30520-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>CT and angiotomography of the skull and neck revealed elongated, type II, atheromatous aortic arch. Brachiocephalic trunk, carotid and subclavian arteries were atheromatous, elongated and tortuous (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>). Images also confirmed the kinking at the right common carotid and subclavian arteries origins (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>). A mixed plaque was also described at the origin of the left common carotid artery, determining mild stenosis. Carotids and branches showed diffuse atheroma bilaterally, with preserved anatomies. Hypoplasia of the A1 segment of the right anterior cerebral artery and the P1 segment of the posterior cerebral arteries was identified. Another anatomical variation observed was the posterior cerebral arteries receiving increased blood supply from corresponding posterior communicating arteries with enhanced thickness. There was no evidence of vascular malformation or apparent aneurysms.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; 3D computed tomography angiography of the neck showing right subclavian artery and right common artery kinking.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230520-30520-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Computed tomography of the skull and neck showing right subclavian artery kinking.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-07-e20230520-30520-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Cranial magnetic resonance and angiography indicated gliosis due to mycorangiopathy (Fazekas 3). Findings are compatible with the patient&#8217;s history and age.</p>
        <p>Treatment included acetylsalicylic acid, clopidogrel, atorvastatin, and management of blood pressure and glycemic levels. Symptoms regressed within a few hours, and the patient was discharged after in 11 days. She continues under conservative treatment by the multidisciplinary team.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Vascular crooking can be categorized into three degrees: in the first degree, the angle between the two segments is 60&#176; and 90&#176;; in the second degree, the angulation ranges from 30&#176; to 60&#176;; and in the third degree, it is less than 30&#176;, forming a kinking that may cause neurological symptoms associated with ischemic etiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In most cases, vascular kinking, despite reducing blood supply to the brain through lowering blood pressure, does not lead to cerebral ischemia through compensation via an autoregulatory mechanism in cerebral blood perfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, narrowing of the vessel may occur, thereby creating turbulent blood flow, and subsequent ulceration and embolization of the intima.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This result in symptoms similar to those caused by atherosclerotic disease, such as TIA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Kinking symptoms are described in the literature as potentially triggered by the position of the head,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> especially in the presence of anatomical abnormalities, or for individuals with atherosclerotic disease,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> which is a hypothesis for the patient&#8217;s condition.</p>
        <p>The type II aortic arch, where the left common carotid artery originates from the brachiocephalic trunk rather than directly from the aortic arch, is the most common congenital variant of aortic arch branches,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> accounting for 10.5% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Moreover, other anatomical variations were observed, such as the posterior cerebral arteries receiving increased blood supply from corresponding posterior communicating arteries with enhanced thickness. Thus, this patient presented several anatomical changes, which may justify, together with the risk factors aggravated by age and associated with the elongation of the vessels,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> the occurrence of kinking with neurological symptoms associated with ischemic etiology.</p>
        <p>Although angiography is described as the diagnostic gold standard,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> CTA has been increasingly used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Vascular Doppler imaging proves to be a sensitive method for detecting extracranial vascular diseases, allowing for the monitoring of anatomical and flow alterations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In this case, the initial hypothesis was a new episode of TIA due to atherosclerotic factors, but vascular Doppler revealed a significant increase in systolic peak velocity at the most acute angulation, raising suspicion of vascular kinking. This suspicion was later confirmed through CTA.</p>
        <p>Treatment may involve surgical approaches and/or optimized pharmacological therapy. Modification of risk factors is always recommended to asymptomatic patients, due to the association with atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In clinical follow-up, treatment typically includes antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants (in selected cases), antihypertensive medications, lipid-lowering drugs, and cerebral vasodilators. Invasive treatments are generally reserved for patients with cerebrovascular ischemia symptoms or neurological signs. Angioplasty is the first-line treatment,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> but in cases where it is not adequate or successful, endarterectomy may be considered, although the risk is greater when compared to an endovascular approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, in the case reported herein, after evaluation by the multidisciplinary team, conservative treatment was initially chosen, due to the patient&#8217;s age, comorbidities, and unfavorable anatomy.</p>
        <p>This case underscores the critical role of comprehensive investigation, including patient history, detailed physical examination, and multimodal imaging, in both diagnosing and treating the condition, as well as emphasizing the documentation of anatomical variations observed within the same patient.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Vascular kinking presents a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in routine medical practice. Symptoms of this condition are particularly pronounced when autoregulation of cerebral hemodynamics is compromised, often occurring in grade 3 cases or when multiple arteries are affected, potentially leading to neurological symptoms of ischemic origin.</p>
        <p>Comprehensive diagnosis involves thorough investigation, integrating clinical data with various imaging techniques, and analyzing potential risk factors and genetic predispositions, which are essential steps for a deeper understanding of the disease and for delivering optimal treatment strategies.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco under the protocol number 5.898.017 (CAAE 67077123.0.0000.5533). All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p><bold>Sources of funding :</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
