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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6qGvPsgVMcs4JFTZJgdMrCb</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000600207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240382</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Inflama&#231;&#227;o e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Uma Associa&#231;&#227;o Exclusiva ou C&#250;mplice do Continuum Cardiovascular de Fatores de Risco Adicionais?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5818-5958</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Arritmias Card&#237;acas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Arritmias Card&#237;acas &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Francisco Darrieux</bold> &#8226; Unidade de Arritmias Cl&#237;nicas &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>francisco.darrieux@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240382</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Mecanismos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O papel da inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica na promo&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares tem atra&#237;do a aten&#231;&#227;o de diversos pesquisadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A inflama&#231;&#227;o pode ser protetora, pois tamb&#233;m faz parte da resposta &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o e &#224; les&#227;o, desempenhando um papel nos processos de defesa e cura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, a resposta inflamat&#243;ria pode persistir al&#233;m da amea&#231;a original, levando &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, remodela&#231;&#227;o tecidual adversa e doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o inflama&#231;&#227;o na ocorr&#234;ncia de FA tem sido um problema recorrente h&#225; mais de 20 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> H&#225; evid&#234;ncias crescentes que sugerem uma liga&#231;&#227;o direta entre a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica ou local e o desenvolvimento de FA. Condi&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias card&#237;acas locais, incluindo pericardite e miocardite, tamb&#233;m aumentam a incid&#234;ncia de FA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> bem como casos graves de doen&#231;a por coronav&#237;rus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Alguns estudos demonstraram liga&#231;&#227;o entre biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios e FA, mas uma das limita&#231;&#245;es desses estudos &#233; que geralmente utilizam um &#250;nico biomarcador, resultando em achados heterog&#234;neos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo de Naser et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> tenta explorar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre alguns par&#226;metros relacionados &#224; carga da inflama&#231;&#227;o e a carga da FA, gerando reflex&#245;es e hip&#243;teses de trabalho. O papel dos marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o e a sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o perfil dos pacientes com FA &#233; muito enriquecedor, dependendo da carga e da temporalidade da FA. O estudo utilizou o &#237;ndice de imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, abreviado como SII (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="m1"><mml:mtext>SII</mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext>neutr&#243;filos</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext>plaquetas</mml:mtext><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mtext>linf&#243;citos</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>), sendo um dos marcadores que demonstraram predizer o estado inflamat&#243;rio sob diversas condi&#231;&#245;es em estudos anteriores. Foi uma an&#225;lise transversal de 453 pacientes com FA (138 FA parox&#237;stica e 315 FA permanente). O papel preditivo do SII e de outros marcadores inflamat&#243;rios na probabilidade do padr&#227;o de FA foi avaliado por an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Idade, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, diabetes mellitus (DM), neutr&#243;filos, rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas-linf&#243;citos (RPL), rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos (RNL), SII, prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gl&#243;bulos vermelhos (RDW), hemoglobina A1-C (HBA1C) e di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (DAE) foram significativamente maiores no grupo com FA permanente. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, idade (p=0,038), DM (p=0,024), RDW (p=0,023), PCR (p=0,010), SII (p=0,001) e DAE (p&lt;0,001) contribu&#237;ram significativamente para a previs&#227;o da probabilidade de FA permanente. Conclu&#237;ram que o SII estava independentemente associado &#224; carga de FA.</p>
    <p>Parcialmente em linha com os achados de Naser et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> uma publica&#231;&#227;o recente derivada da coorte UK Biobank avaliou de forma abrangente a associa&#231;&#227;o entre v&#225;rios indicadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e FA, arritmia ventricular (AV) e bradiarritmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Um total de 478.524 indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis foram inclu&#237;dos e 24.484 eventos incidentes de FA ocorreram em 5,88 milh&#245;es de pessoas-ano de acompanhamento (taxa de incid&#234;ncia: 4,16 eventos por 1.000 pessoas-ano, IC de 95%: 4,11&#8211;4,21). Ap&#243;s ajuste para todas as poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o, os n&#237;veis de PCR foram significativamente associados ao risco de FA. Eles tamb&#233;m descobriram que a FC para FA incidente aumentou significativamente com um aumento na contagem de neutr&#243;filos, contagem de mon&#243;citos e RNL. Tamb&#233;m foi observada uma rela&#231;&#227;o em forma de U entre SII e risco de FA, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste completo das covari&#225;veis. Todas essas tend&#234;ncias e associa&#231;&#245;es com arritmias, incluindo FA, foram validadas em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lises de subgrupos e an&#225;lises de sensibilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo de Naser et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> possui bons dados para serem interpretados, por&#233;m, por ser um desenho de an&#225;lise transversal, pode ter gerado hip&#243;teses tendenciosas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o da causalidade. Falta um grupo controle sem FA e com as mesmas comorbidades. Contudo, esta quest&#227;o (falta de um grupo de controle) foi levantada no par&#225;grafo das limita&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Outra quest&#227;o a ser levantada: os marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o realmente preditores ou seus achados est&#227;o associados ao processo cardiovascular cont&#237;nuo da FA? Esta quest&#227;o deve ser levantada com cautela e s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos prospectivos para determinar se o SII pode ser &#250;til na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com alto risco de progress&#227;o da FA.</p>
    <p>As raz&#245;es pelas quais a FA foi considerada permanente tamb&#233;m s&#227;o desafiadoras. Alguns pacientes com FA podem ser submetidos a procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o (um ou mais) e os dados demogr&#225;ficos do estudo mostraram que esta interven&#231;&#227;o ocorreu em apenas 12,8% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A DAE tamb&#233;m foi um preditor independente de FA permanente. Sabe-se tamb&#233;m que, como a FA pode progredir para formas persistentes/permanentes (independentemente da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter da FA ou de falhas na terapia m&#233;dica), a probabilidade de aumento do AE &#233; esperada. Por outro lado, pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FA com sucesso podem apresentar remodelamento do AE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> V&#225;rios estudos de metan&#225;lise demonstraram redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na DAE e nos volumes no acompanhamento p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o, especialmente naqueles sem recorr&#234;ncias de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Esses pacientes poderiam ter apresentado marcadores inflamat&#243;rios mais elevados antes, que foram reduzidos ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal? Estes dados podem ser interpretados com cautela, uma vez que a DAE pode n&#227;o ser um preditor independente de formas de FA permanente, uma vez que parte destas quest&#245;es pode ser explicada pelas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento que foram adotadas durante a jornada do paciente com FA.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, outras fronteiras de conhecimento e perfis de dados explorat&#243;rios tentam descobrir outras vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria, al&#233;m da vis&#227;o cl&#225;ssica de que a inflama&#231;&#227;o resulta da produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas por uma variedade de gl&#243;bulos brancos infiltrantes em resposta a les&#245;es teciduais e/ou respostas de c&#233;lulas imunes. Come&#231;aram a surgir algumas evid&#234;ncias de que outros tipos de c&#233;lulas, incluindo os cardiomi&#243;citos, podem ter efeitos inflamat&#243;rios potencialmente importantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Os cardiomi&#243;citos atriais possuem componentes da maquinaria de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria do inflamassoma NLRP3, que &#233; ativado em modelos animais e pacientes com FA. Os estudos desses modelos animais sugerem que a ativa&#231;&#227;o do inflamassoma NLRP3 em cardiomi&#243;citos atriais pode ser uma condi&#231;&#227;o para a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Uma quest&#227;o que naturalmente vem &#224; mente &#233;: qual a aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica dos sinais inflamat&#243;rios e a gera&#231;&#227;o de novos medicamentos com terapias-alvo espec&#237;ficas para essas vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias e geradoras de FA? Curiosamente, parte do arsenal terap&#234;utico que visa reduzir a atividade inflamat&#243;ria n&#227;o tem efeito na redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de FA, como inibidores de COX, aspirina e glicocorticoides, podendo at&#233; aumentar outros riscos, dependendo do medicamento, como sangramento, eleva&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel sangu&#237;neo n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos ou protrombose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O estudo COP-AF232<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> infelizmente demonstrou que em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia tor&#225;cica n&#227;o card&#237;aca de grande porte, a administra&#231;&#227;o de colchicina n&#227;o reduziu significativamente a incid&#234;ncia de FA clinicamente importante, mas aumentou o risco de diarreia n&#227;o infecciosa, principalmente benigna. Portanto, a interven&#231;&#227;o "anti-inflamat&#243;ria" na preven&#231;&#227;o da FA incidental ainda se torna um desafio, uma vez que os seus mecanismos ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o totalmente estabelecidos. Al&#233;m disso, a maioria dos pacientes com FA apresenta fatores de risco adicionais relacionados ao aumento da atividade inflamat&#243;ria, como obesidade, apneia do sono, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e diabetes mellitus.</p>
    <p>Portanto, a fisiopatologia das arritmias &#233; complexa e a inflama&#231;&#227;o provavelmente desempenha um papel tanto no in&#237;cio quanto na dura&#231;&#227;o dos epis&#243;dios. Contudo, o papel da farmacoterapia voltada para a inflama&#231;&#227;o e preven&#231;&#227;o de arritmias permanece obscuro, provavelmente porque a FA &#233; quase sempre uma doen&#231;a multifatorial e porque o alvo estudado na preven&#231;&#227;o desta carga inflamat&#243;ria tamb&#233;m pode estar presente nas comorbidades da FA.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Carga Inflamat&#243;ria e Carga de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Uma Rela&#231;&#227;o Bidirecional</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240382i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Inflammation and Atrial Fibrillation: An Exclusive Association or an Accomplice to the Cardiovascular Continuum of Additional Risk Factors?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5818-5958</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Unidade de Arritmias Card&#237;acas &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Francisco Darrieux</bold> &#8226; Unidade de Arritmias Cl&#237;nicas &#8211; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>francisco.darrieux@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Mechanism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The role of systemic inflammation in promoting cardiovascular diseases has attracted the attention of several researchers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Inflammation can be protective as also being part of the response to infection and injury, playing a role in the defense and healing processes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, the inflammatory response can persist beyond the original threat leading to chronic inflammation, adverse tissue remodeling, and disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The inflammation relationship in the occurrence of AF has been a recurring issue for more than 20 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> There is increasing evidence suggesting a direct link between systemic or local inflammation and the development of AF. Local cardiac inflammatory conditions, including pericarditis and myocarditis, also increase the incidence of AF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> as well as severe coronavirus disease cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Some studies have demonstrated a link between inflammatory biomarkers and AF, but one of the limitations of these studies is that generally use a single biomarker, resulting in heterogenous findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The study by Naser et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> attempts to explore the association between some parameters related to the burden of inflammation with the burden of AF, generating reflections and working hypotheses. The role of inflammation markers and their association with the profile of patients with AF is very enriching, depending on the burden and temporality of the AF. The study used the systemic immunoinflammation index, abbreviated as SII (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="m2"><mml:mtext>SII</mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext>neutrophils</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext>platelets</mml:mtext><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mtext>lymphocytes</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>), being one of the markers that have been shown to predict inflammatory status under various conditions in previous studies [18&#8211;20]. It was a cross-sectional analysis of 453 patients with AF (138 paroxysmal AF and 315 permanent AF). The prediction role of SII and other inflammatory markers in the likelihood of AF pattern was evaluated by logistic regression analyses. Age, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, diabetes mellitus (DM), neutrophil, platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), SII, C- reactive protein (CRP), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), hemoglobin A1-C (HBA1C) and left atrial diameter (LAD) were significantly higher in permanent AF group. After logistic regression analysis, age (p=0.038), DM (p=0.024), RDW (p=0.023), CRP (p=0.010), SII (p=0.001), and LAD (p&lt;0.001) significantly contributed to the prediction of the likelihood of permanent AF. They concluded that SII was independently associated with the AF burden.</p>
      <p>Partially in line with the findings of Naser et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> a recent publication derived from the UK Biobank cohort comprehensively assessed the association between several indicators of systemic inflammation and AF, ventricular arrhythmia (VA), and bradyarrhythmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A total of 478,524 eligible individuals were included and 24,484 incident AF events occurred in 5.88 million person-years of follow-up (incidence rate: 4.16 events per 1,000 person-years, 95% CI: 4.11&#8211;4.21). After adjusting for all possible confounding variables, CRP levels were significantly associated with the risk of AF. They also found that the HR for incident AF increased significantly with an increase in neutrophil count, monocyte count, and NLR. A U-shaped relationship between SII and AF risk was also observed, even after full covariate adjustment. All these trends and associations with arrhythmias, including AF, were validated in different populations through subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The study by Naser et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> has good data to be interpreted, however, as a cross-sectional analysis design, it may have generated biased hypotheses in the interpretation of causality. A control group without AF and with the same comorbidities is missing. However, this issue (lack of a control group) was raised in the limitations paragraph.</p>
      <p>Another question to be raised: are inflammation markers really predictors or are their findings associated with the <italic>continuum</italic> cardiovascular process of AF? This question must be raised with caution and prospective studies are needed to determine whether SII may be useful in identifying patients at high risk for AF progression.</p>
      <p>The reasons why AF was considered permanent are also challenging. Some patients with AF can be submitted to ablation procedures (one or more) and the demographic data of the study showed that this intervention occurred in only 12,8% of the cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> LAD was also an independent predictor of permanent AF. It is also known that as AF can progress to persistent/permanent forms (regardless of AF catheter ablation or failures in medical therapy), the likelihood of LA enlargement is expected. On the other hand, patients who undergo successful AF catheter ablation may experience LA remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Several meta-analysis studies have demonstrated significant reductions in LAD and volumes in post-ablation follow-up, especially in those without AF recurrences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Could these patients have presented higher inflammation markers before, which were reduced after the intervention and maintenance of sinus rhythm? These data might be interpreted with caution, as LAD may not be an independent predictor of permanent AF forms, as part of these issues may be explained by the treatment strategies that were adopted during the AF patient's journey.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, other frontiers of knowledge and exploratory data profiling attempt to discover other inflammatory signaling pathways, beyond the classic view that inflammation results from the production of cytokines by a variety of infiltrating white blood cells in response to tissue injury and/or immune cell responses. Some evidence has begun to emerge that other cell types, including cardiomyocytes, may have potentially important inflammatory effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Atrial cardiomyocytes have inflammatory signaling machinery components of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which is activated in animal models and patients with AF. These animal models&#8217; studies suggest that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in atrial cardiomyocytes may be a condition for the occurrence of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A question that naturally comes to mind is: what is the clinical applicability of inflammatory signals and the generation of new medications with specific target therapies for these pro-inflammatory and AF-generating signaling pathways? Intriguingly, part of the therapeutic arsenal aimed at reducing inflammatory activity has no effect on reducing the risk of AF, such as COX inhibitors, aspirin, and glucocorticoids, and may even increase other risks, depending on the drug, such as bleeding, elevated blood pressure levels or prothrombosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The COP-AF232 study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> has unfortunately demonstrated that in patients undergoing major non-cardiac thoracic surgery, administration of colchicine did not significantly reduce the incidence of clinically important AF but increased the risk of non-infectious diarrhea, mostly benign. Therefore, "anti-inflammatory" intervention in the prevention of incidental AF still becomes challenging since its mechanisms are not yet fully established. Furthermore, most patients with AF have additional risk factors that are related to increased inflammatory activity, such as obesity, sleep apnea, heart failure, and diabetes mellitus.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the pathophysiology of arrhythmias is complex, and inflammation likely plays a role in both the onset and duration of episodes. However, the role of pharmacotherapy aimed at inflammation and prevention of arrhythmias remains unclear, probably because AF is almost always a multifactorial disease and also because the target studied in preventing this inflammatory burden may also be present in the comorbidities of AF.</p>
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          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Inflammation Burden and Atrial Fibrillation Burden: a Bidirectional Relationship</p>
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