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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dQzWzyQhvF9qyXFqtL8bvCx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000600210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240366</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise da Reserva de Fluxo Mioc&#225;rdico pela Gama-C&#226;mara CZT. Valor Adicional &#224;s Informa&#231;&#245;es Perfusionais e Funcionais na Identifica&#231;&#227;o da Causa do Desconforto Tor&#225;cico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7096-3193</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Smanio</surname>
            <given-names>Paola Emanuela Poggio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Paola Emanuela Poggio Smanio</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Se&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Nuclear &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>pgmsmanio@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240366</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem de Perfus&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Reserva Fracionada de Fluxo Mioc&#225;rdico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O desconforto tor&#225;cico &#233; um dos sintomas mais comuns e que levam com maior frequ&#234;ncia os indiv&#237;duos aos servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia hospitalar. A import&#226;ncia da r&#225;pida diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre a s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica card&#237;aca aguda secund&#225;ria &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas (DAC obstrutiva) e outras condi&#231;&#245;es que tamb&#233;m provoquem desconforto tor&#225;cico, em tempo h&#225;bil &#233; fundamental.</p>
    <p>Muitos pacientes s&#227;o liberados inadvertidamente e evoluem para eventos agudos e, por outro lado, outros permanecem v&#225;rios dias ocupando preciosas vagas das emerg&#234;ncias hospitalares sem que a causa seja cardiol&#243;gica.</p>
    <p>J&#225; &#233; conhecido que a causa da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica pode n&#227;o ser DAC obstrutiva significativa. Altera&#231;&#245;es da microcircula&#231;&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, espasmo, dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea est&#227;o entre as mais frequentes causas. Para tal situa&#231;&#227;o deu-se o nome de INOCA (Isquemia e doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria n&#227;o obstrutiva) e embora sua preval&#234;ncia n&#227;o tenha sido ainda bem documentada, o Registro Nacional de Dados Cardiovasculares do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> relatou que 39,2% dos pacientes n&#227;o tinham evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana entre cerca de 400.000 pacientes com suspeita de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A INOCA &#233; reconhecida como condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que motiva retornos frequentes &#224;s emerg&#234;ncias hospitalares, realiza&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios exames diagn&#243;sticos n&#227;o invasivos e at&#233; de cateterismos card&#237;acos repetidos de forma desnecess&#225;ria. Angina recorrente e de dif&#237;cil controle que promove importante piora da qualidade de vida, podendo, inclusive, ocasionar insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada, com evid&#234;ncias de progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel, eventos cardiovasculares maiores (MACE), elevando sobremaneira a mortalidade a depender de seu fenotipo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica para INOCA, de forma n&#227;o invasiva e invasiva, vem sendo estudada extensivamente nos &#250;ltimos anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As principais abordagens n&#227;o invasivas analisadas s&#227;o a tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons (PET) card&#237;aca, a tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (SPECT) e a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico confirmat&#243;rio de INOCA se faz pelos testes invasivos de fun&#231;&#227;o e/ou de resist&#234;ncia microcirculat&#243;ria e de reatividade coron&#225;ria durante a cinecoron&#225;riografia que avaliam a vasorreatividade sendo considerados o padr&#227;o ouro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela t&#233;cnica de SPECT &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo amplamente dispon&#237;vel e com valores diagn&#243;sticos e progn&#243;sticos j&#225; estabelecidos na investiga&#231;&#227;o de isquemia e na determina&#231;&#227;o da carga isqu&#234;mica trazendo tamb&#233;m informa&#231;&#245;es sobre altera&#231;&#245;es da contratilidade e do espessamento sist&#243;lico, queda da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ou dilata&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria da cavidade ventricular esquerda induzidas pelo estresse (f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico) comparada ao repouso.</p>
    <p>Observam-se, entretanto, algumas situa&#231;&#245;es nas quais a avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia por SPECT &#233; considerada com menor acur&#225;cia como nos casos de DAC obstrutiva multiarterial principalmente quando a an&#225;lise &#233; realizada apenas comparando a capta&#231;&#227;o relativa do radiof&#225;rmaco nas diferentes paredes mioc&#225;rdicas sem levar em considera&#231;&#227;o os par&#226;metros funcionais que descrevemos, as informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicas, sintomas, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ou piora da capacidade funcional ao estresse.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica pode, ainda, apresentar limita&#231;&#227;o em casos de altera&#231;&#245;es sutis e/ou difusas da regula&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico (FSM), sendo que esta limita&#231;&#227;o pode ser superada pela an&#225;lise e quantifica&#231;&#227;o do FSM e da an&#225;lise da reserva de fluxo mioc&#225;rdico (RFM) usando a cin&#233;tica dos tra&#231;adores por PET que &#233; um m&#233;todo validado para tais an&#225;lises em pacientes com suspeita ou com DAC conhecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Infelizmente ainda &#233; pouco utilizado em nosso meio pela falta dos tra&#231;adores de perfus&#227;o necess&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>Avan&#231;os na tecnologia SPECT, particularmente associados ao uso das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas dedicadas equipadas com detectores de telureto de c&#225;dmio-zinco (CZT) permitem a avalia&#231;&#227;o da cin&#233;tica do radiotra&#231;ador e abrem uma nova era para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do FSM e da RFM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo prospectivo WATERDAY de Agostini et al. foi um dos primeiros a validar o uso dde equipamento com tecnologia CZT (CZT) na determina&#231;&#227;o do MBF e da RFM por imagens em SPECT validando a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do FSM e da RFM regionais usando a CZT em pacientes com angina est&#225;vel em compara&#231;&#227;o com H<sub>2</sub><sup>15</sup>O PET e com a reserva de fluxo fracionada (FFR) invasiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Giubini et al. tamb&#233;m observaram que medidas confi&#225;veis de FSM e RFM podem ser obtidas pela CZT se comparando favoravelmente com os valores obtidos por <sup>13</sup>NH<sub>3</sub>PET.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Resultados preliminares do estudo piloto de Zhang H et al. em 313 p demonstraram o valor progn&#243;stico da CZT em p com INOCA permitindo melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o para preven&#231;&#227;o e interven&#231;&#227;o precoces.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Interessante publica&#231;&#227;o de Liu et al. tamb&#233;m analisou o valor progn&#243;stico da CZT em 506 p com suspeita de DAC obstrutiva. Do total, 274 p (54,2%) tinham DAC obstrutiva e 232 p (45,8%) n&#227;o. Em ambos os grupos, aqueles com perfus&#227;o anormal demonstraram taxas mais altas de MACE, menor sobrevida livre de AVC, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por angina, na evolu&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na recente publica&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia apenas 30,4% dos 171 pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam DAC obstrutiva. Quando a an&#225;lise era feita apenas por SPECT 44,4% identificaram a causa da dor tor&#225;cica <italic>versus</italic> 66,6% quando a an&#225;lise quantitativa da RFM era adicionada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>&#201; importante salientar que a an&#225;lise da carga isqu&#234;mica, dos par&#226;metros funcionais e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos ou a presen&#231;a de sintomas ap&#243;s o estresse n&#227;o foram levados em considera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Como pudemos observar os resultados das publica&#231;&#245;es existentes sobre o uso da tecnologia CZT com os softwares para an&#225;lise da RFM s&#227;o muito promissores e abrem uma nova era para melhor e mais &#225;gil investiga&#231;&#227;o da causa do desconforto tor&#225;cico e da isquemia, principalmente, quando n&#227;o s&#227;o decorrentes de DAC obstrutiva significativa.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Impacto Cl&#237;nico da Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Reserva de Fluxo Mioc&#225;rdico na Identifica&#231;&#227;o da Causa do Desconforto Tor&#225;cico</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240366i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Analysis of Myocardial Flow Reserve Using the CZT Camera. Additional Value to Perfusion and Functional Information in Identifying the Cause of Chest Discomfort</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7096-3193</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Smanio</surname>
            <given-names>Paola Emanuela Poggio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Paola Emanuela Poggio Smanio</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Se&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Nuclear &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>pgmsmanio@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Perfusion Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Fractional Flow Reserve</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Chest discomfort is one of the most common symptoms that often leads people to hospital emergency services. The importance of rapid differentiation between acute cardiac ischemic syndrome secondary to significant obstruction of the coronary arteries (obstructive CAD) and other conditions that also causes chest discomfort promptly is essential.</p>
      <p>Many patients are discharged inadvertently and progress to acute events, on the other hand, others remain for several days occupying precious beds in hospital emergency rooms without the cause being cardiological.</p>
      <p>It is already known that the cause of myocardial ischemia may not be a significant obstruction of the epicardial coronary arteries. Changes in microcirculation, endothelial dysfunction, spasm, and spontaneous dissection are among the most frequent causes. This situation was called INOCA (Ischemia and non-obstructive coronary artery disease) and although its prevalence has not been well-documented, the American College of Cardiology National Cardiovascular Data Registry reported that 39.2% of patients were without evidence of coronary artery disease among about 400,000 patients with suspected ischemic heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>INOCA is recognized as a clinical condition that leads to frequent returns to hospital emergencies, carrying out various non-invasive diagnostic tests and even repeated and unnecessary cardiac catheterization, recurrent angina that is difficult to control, resulting in a significant worsening of quality of life, can lead to heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, with evidences of unfavorable prognosis, major cardiovascular events (MACE), greatly increasing mortality, depending on its phenotype.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The diagnostic investigation for INOCA, both non-invasive and invasive, has been studied extensively in recent years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The main non-invasive approaches analyzed are cardiac positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
      <p>The confirmatory diagnosis of INOCA is made by invasive tests of function and/or microcirculatory resistance and coronary reactivity during coronary angiography which evaluate vasoreactivity and are considered the gold standard.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy using the SPECT technique is a widely available non-invasive method with already established diagnostic and prognostic values in the investigation of ischemia and the determination of ischemic extension and severity, also providing information on abnormalities in left ventricular contractility, wall thickening, decrease in left ventriculat ejection fraction (LVEF) or transitory ischemic dilation (TID) induced by stress (physical or pharmacological) compared to rest.</p>
      <p>However, there are some situations in which the assessment of ischemia by SPECT is considered less accurate, such as in cases of multivessel obstructive CAD, especially when the analysis is performed only by comparing the relative uptake of the radiopharmaceutical in the different myocardial walls without taking into account the functional parameters described, the clinical-epidemiological information, symptoms, electrocardiographic changes or worsening of functional capacity during stress.</p>
      <p>The technique may also present limitations in cases of subtle and/or diffuse changes in the regulation of myocardial blood flow (MBF), and this limitation can be overcome by analyzing and quantifying the MBF or myocardial flow reserve (RFM) using the kinetics of PET tracers, which is a validated method for such analyzes in patients with suspected or known CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Unfortunately, it is still little used in our country, due to the lack of the necessary perfusion tracers.</p>
      <p>Advances in SPECT technology, particularly associated with the use of dedicated cardiac chambers equipped with cadmium-zinc telluride (CZT) detectors with approppriated software, wich allows the evaluation of radiotracer kinetics, quantification of MBF and MFR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The prospective WATERDAY study by Agostini et al. was one of the first to validate the use of the CZT camera, inaugurating a new era in the determination of MBF and RFM by SPECT images, validating the quantification of regional MBF and RFM using CZT in patients with stable angina compared to H<sub>2</sub><sup>15</sup>O PET and invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Giubini et al. also observed that reliable measurements of MBF and RFM can be obtained by CZT, comparing favorably with the values obtained by <sup>13</sup>NH<sub>3</sub>PET.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Preliminary results from the pilot study by Zhang H et al. in 313 p demonstrated the prognostic value of CZT in INOCA patients allowing better stratification for early prevention and intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>An interesting publication by Liu et al. also analyzed the prognostic value of CZT at 506 p with suspected obstructive CAD. Of the total, 274 p (54.2%) had obstructive CAD and 232 p (45.8%) did not. In both groups, those with abnormal perfusion demonstrated higher rates of MACE, and lower survival free from stroke, heart failure, or re-hospitalization due to angina, in the evolution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the recent publication of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, only 30.4% of 171p did not have obstructive CAD. When the analysis was performed out only by SPECT, 44.4% identified the cause of chest pain versus 66.6% when the quantitative analysis of MFR was added.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>It is important to highlight that ischemia threshold, functional information obtained with Gated-SPECT and electrocardiographic parameters, or the presence of symptoms after stress were not taken into account.</p>
      <p>As we can see, the results of existing publications on the use of CZT technology with software for MFR analysis are very promising and open a new era for better and more agile investigation of the cause of chest discomfort and ischemia, especially when not resulting from significant obstructive CAD.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Clinical Impact of Assessment of Myocardial Flow Reserve in Identifying the Cause of Chest Discomfort</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
