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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ht6F3fP9wRXwyYBwTRhcj9q</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000600208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240331</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>RNA N&#227;o Codificante Longo, Apoptose e Cardiotoxicidade Induzida por Doxorrubicina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2079-8588</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tonon</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Polegato</surname>
            <given-names>Bertha F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bertha F. Polegato</bold> &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - Av. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, s/n. CEP <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Rubi&#227;o Junior, Botucatu, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>bertha.polegato@unesp.br</email>.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240331</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doxorrubicina/toxicidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Fator de Indu&#231;&#227;o de Apoptose</kwd>
        <kwd>RNA longo n&#227;o codificante</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A doxorrubicina &#233; um dos medicamentos quimioter&#225;picos mais eficazes utilizados no tratamento de muitos tipos de malignidades s&#243;lidas e hematol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, causa v&#225;rios efeitos adversos. A cardiotoxicidade &#233; o efeito colateral mais importante porque pode levar ao desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, uma condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica com altas taxas de mortalidade, com risco de 15-30% em 1 ano e risco de at&#233; 75% em 5 anos em popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A fisiopatologia da cardiotoxicidade induzida pela doxorrubicina n&#227;o &#233; completamente compreendida. Est&#227;o envolvidas vias cl&#225;ssicas, como dano direto ao DNA, estresse oxidativo, inflama&#231;&#227;o, altera&#231;&#227;o no tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio intracelular, inibi&#231;&#227;o de genes relacionados a prote&#237;nas musculares, disfun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial e ativa&#231;&#227;o de vias de morte celular, como a apoptose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, novos mecanismos ganharam mais import&#226;ncia na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, principalmente na &#225;rea gen&#233;tica.</p>
    <p>No s&#233;culo XX, acredit&#225;vamos que a parte mais importante do genoma era a codifica&#231;&#227;o das prote&#237;nas. As sequ&#234;ncias gen&#233;ticas n&#227;o relacionadas &#224; codifica&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas, geralmente, recebiam menor aten&#231;&#227;o e eram chamadas de RNA n&#227;o codificante. Nas primeiras d&#233;cadas do s&#233;culo XXI, descobrimos que algumas pequenas sequ&#234;ncias de RNA n&#227;o codificante poderiam atuar como fatores transcricionais, p&#243;s-transcricionais e translacionais, interferindo e regulando a express&#227;o proteica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, os genes de codifica&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas permaneceram em destaque. Mais recentemente, com os avan&#231;os na biologia molecular e na transcript&#244;mica, descobrimos que o nosso genoma &#233; maioritariamente transcrito em RNA mais longos sem capacidade de codifica&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas (lncRNA). Isso mudou o paradigma vigente e nos alertou que dever&#237;amos come&#231;ar a pensar de forma diferente sobre a express&#227;o g&#234;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, o n&#250;mero de estudos sobre o papel do lncRNA tem aumentado rapidamente. Essas sequ&#234;ncias de RNA t&#234;m mostrado associa&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, estando envolvidas no estresse oxidativo, apoptose e outras vias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a perda de um lncRNA espec&#237;fico (OXCT1-AS1) no tecido card&#237;aco resultou na diminui&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento da for&#231;a contr&#225;til.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, a fun&#231;&#227;o exata dos lncRNAs permanece desconhecida.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Chen et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> apresentaram extensa pesquisa sobre o papel do lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 na apoptose mioc&#225;rdica induzida pela doxorrubicina em modelo de cultura de c&#233;lulas de mi&#243;citos. Cardiomi&#243;citos humanos AC16 foram cultivados e tratados com 5 &#956;M de doxorrubicina por diferentes per&#237;odos para induzir les&#227;o celular mioc&#225;rdica. O tratamento com doxorrubicina prejudicou a viabilidade das c&#233;lulas e o n&#237;vel de express&#227;o de lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 diminuiu de forma dependente do tempo ap&#243;s o tratamento. Esses achados foram associados ao aumento da apoptose celular, caracterizada por diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de Bcl-2, uma prote&#237;na anti-apopt&#243;tica, e aumento da express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas pr&#243;-apopt&#243;ticas Bax, caspase 3 clivada e caspase-9 clivada. Por outro lado, a superexpress&#227;o do lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 melhorou a viabilidade das c&#233;lulas e reduziu a apoptose sob estimula&#231;&#227;o com doxorrubicina.</p>
    <p>Para determinar os mecanismos pelos quais OXCT1-AS1 afetou a apoptose de c&#233;lulas AC16, os autores identificaram que o tratamento com doxorrubicina aumentou de forma dependente do tempo a express&#227;o de miR-874-3p e reduziu a express&#227;o dos genes RGS4, BDH1, HEG1 nas c&#233;lulas. A superexpress&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 diminuiu significativamente a express&#227;o de miR-874-3p e aumentou a express&#227;o de BDH1. Al&#233;m disso, a superexpress&#227;o de BDH1 preservou a viabilidade celular e reduziu a apoptose causada pela doxorrubicina.</p>
    <p>Os dados permitiram aos autores levantarem a hip&#243;tese de que a superexpress&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 poderia aumentar a viabilidade dos cardiomi&#243;citos e suprimir a apoptose induzida por doxorrubicina por meio da intera&#231;&#227;o com a express&#227;o do miR-874-3p e BDH1.</p>
    <p>Apesar dos resultados interessantes, precisamos considerar que este &#233; um resultado preliminar sobre o lncRNA OXCT1-AS1. O presente estudo foi realizado apenas in vitro. Considerando que o lncRNA pode participar de muitos processos fisiol&#243;gicos (diferencia&#231;&#227;o celular, desenvolvimento celular, resposta inflamat&#243;ria, vias de transporte celular, metabolismo de glicose e lip&#237;dios e produ&#231;&#227;o de horm&#244;nios),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> experimentos in vivo ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar o papel do lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 em organismos complexos.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, o lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 poderia desenvolver outras fun&#231;&#245;es no contexto do tratamento do c&#226;ncer. Por exemplo, a regula&#231;&#227;o positiva de lncRNA induz met&#225;stases em c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o n&#227;o pequena c&#233;lulas em modelos in vitro e in vivo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e promove a prolifera&#231;&#227;o e invas&#227;o de c&#233;lulas cancer&#237;genas da bexiga.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 &#233; regulado positivamente no glioblastoma, prevendo pior progn&#243;stico, e o knockdown do lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 atenuou a gravidade do glioma in vivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O presente estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> destacou a import&#226;ncia da pesquisa realizada na &#225;rea de lncRNA para melhor compreender os processos relacionados a essas mol&#233;culas ainda pouco estudadas e nos permite avan&#231;ar alguns passos em nosso conhecimento cient&#237;fico.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Efeito Protetor do RNA N&#227;o Codificante Longo OXCT1-AS1 na Apoptose de C&#233;lulas Mioc&#225;rdicas Humanas Induzida pela Doxorrubicina pelo Padr&#227;o Competitivo de RNA End&#243;geno</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240331i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Long Non-Coding RNA, Apoptosis, and Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2079-8588</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tonon</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Polegato</surname>
            <given-names>Bertha F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Bertha F. Polegato</bold> &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - Av. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Rubi&#227;o Junior, Botucatu, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>bertha.polegato@unesp.br</email>.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Doxorubicin/toxicity</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Apoptosis Inducing Factor</kwd>
        <kwd>RNA, Long Noncoding</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Doxorubicin is one of the most effective chemotherapy drugs used in the treatment of many types of solid and hematologic malignancies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, it causes several adverse effects. Cardiotoxicity is the most important collateral effect because it can lead to the development of heart failure, a chronic condition with high mortality, reaching with a 1-year risk of 15-30% and a 5-year risk of up to 75% in specific populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The pathophysiology of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is not completely understood. Classical pathways are involved such as direct damage to DNA, oxidative stress, inflammation, alteration in intracellular calcium transient, inhibition of muscle protein-related genes, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of cell death pathways, such as apoptosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, new mechanisms have gained more importance in the last decade, mainly in the genetic field.</p>
      <p>In the 20<sup>th</sup> century, we believed that the most important part of the genome was the codification of proteins. The genetic sequences not related to protein coding usually received less attention and were called non-coding RNA. In the first decades of the 21<sup>st</sup> century, we discovered that some little sequences of non-coding RNA could act as transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational factors, interfering with and regulating protein expression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, the protein codification genes remained in the spotlight. More recently, with the advances in molecular biology and transcriptomics, we have discovered that our genome is mostly transcribed into longer RNAs with no protein-coding ability (lncRNA). It changes our paradigm and we should start to think differently about gene expression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In this sense, the number of studies about the role of lncRNA has increased rapidly. These RNA sequences have shown an association with cardiovascular diseases, being involved in oxidative stress, apoptosis, and other pathways.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Moreover, the loss of a specific lncRNA (OXCT1-AS1) in heart tissue resulted in decreased contractile force development.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Nevertheless, the exact function of lncRNAs remains unknown.</p>
      <p>In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> presented extensive research on the role of lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 in myocardial apoptosis induced by doxorubicin in a myocyte cell culture model. Human AC16 cardiomyocytes were cultured and treated with 5 &#956;M of doxorubicin for different periods to induce myocardial cell injury. Doxorubicin impaired the viability of cells and the expression level of lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 was time-dependently decreased after the treatment. These findings were associated with increased cell apoptosis combined with decreased expression of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, and increased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, cleaved caspase 3, and cleaved caspase-9. On the other hand, the overexpression of lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 improved the viability of cells and reduced apoptosis under doxorubicin stimulation.</p>
      <p>To determine the mechanisms by which OXCT1-AS1 affected AC16 cell apoptosis under doxorubicin stimulation, the authors identified that doxorubicin treatment time-dependently increased miR-874-3p expression and reduced the expression of RGS4, BDH1, HEG1 genes in the cells. The overexpression of OXCT1-AS1 significantly suppressed the expression of miR-874-3p and enhanced the expression level of BDH1. Additionally, the overexpression of BDH1 reversed AC16 cell viability and reduced apoptosis caused by doxorubicin.</p>
      <p>The data allowed the authors to hypothesize that overexpressing OXCT1-AS1 could enhance cardiomyocyte viability and suppress cardiomyocyte apoptosis under doxorubicin stimulation, through interaction with miR-874-3p and BDH1 expression.</p>
      <p>Despite the interesting results, we need to keep in mind that this is a preliminary result about lncRNA OXCT1-AS1. The present study was conducted only <italic>in vitro</italic>. Considering that lncRNA can participate in many physiological processes (cell differentiation, cell development, inflammatory response, cellular transport pathways, glucose, and lipid metabolism, and hormone production),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> <italic>in vivo</italic> experiments will be needed to confirm the role of lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 in complex organisms.</p>
      <p>Additionally, lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 could develop other roles in the context of cancer treatment. For instance, upregulation of lncRNA induces metastasis in non-small-cell lung cancer <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and can promote bladder cancer cell proliferation and invasion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Also, lnc-RNA OXCT1-AS1 is upregulated in glioblastoma, predicting a poorer prognosis, and the knockdown of lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 attenuated the severity of glioma <italic>in vivo.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The present study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> highlighted the importance of the research conducted in the field of lncRNA to better understand the processes related to these poorly understood molecules and allows us to progress some steps in our scientific knowledge.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Protective Effect of Long Noncoding RNA OXCT1-AS1 on Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptosis of Human Myocardial Cells by the Competitive Endogenous RNA Pattern</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
