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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pPFyHDfGDXYzqfRBYYY3X7y</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000600205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240330</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Registros e Medicina Baseada em Evid&#234;ncias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3394-9493</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antibas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplantes do Distrito Federal</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplantes do Distrito Federal, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Antibas Atik &#8226;</bold> Estrada Parque Contorno do Bosque, s/n, CEP <postal-code>70658-700</postal-code>, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>atikf@me.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240330</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cirurgia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Desde a conquista hist&#243;rica de Ren&#233; Favaloro em 1967, a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) desenvolveu grandes avan&#231;os.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Apesar da ampla ado&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea com implante de stent, a CRM continua sendo uma op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento invasivo extremamente importante em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica tem sido extensivamente investigada na literatura por meio de muitos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e registros observacionais multic&#234;ntricos e unic&#234;ntricos em grande escala, que proporcionaram adequa&#231;&#227;o de decis&#227;o em uma abordagem centrada no paciente, alcan&#231;ando o mais alto n&#237;vel de recomenda&#231;&#227;o em muitos cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos.</p>
    <p>Neste n&#250;mero dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, o manuscrito intitulado "Idade, Insufici&#234;ncia Renal e Transfus&#227;o s&#227;o Preditores de Risco de Longa Perman&#234;ncia Hospitalar ap&#243;s Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio"<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> aborda uma quest&#227;o importante. Os autores tiveram como objetivo determinar os fatores associados ao tempo prolongado de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, definido como superior a 14 dias. Os autores estudaram 3.703 pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM durante 2 anos, utilizando o Registro Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo REPPLICAR II. Esses dados est&#227;o desatualizados em uns 5 anos. Encontraram que 6,16% dos pacientes tiveram tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria prolongado, sendo os determinantes pr&#233; e intraoperat&#243;rios do desfecho prim&#225;rio, por meio de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, presen&#231;a de idade superior a 60 anos, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e transfus&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria de hem&#225;cias.</p>
    <p>Por que &#233; t&#227;o importante estudar isso? A predi&#231;&#227;o de risco &#233; importante na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica, pois permite compara&#231;&#245;es objetivas entre institui&#231;&#245;es e cirurgi&#245;es para ajustar as caracter&#237;sticas da gravidade da doen&#231;a. Al&#233;m disso, os escores de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio s&#227;o &#250;teis no esclarecimento do consentimento pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, no controle de qualidade dos servi&#231;os e na sele&#231;&#227;o ou exclus&#227;o de pacientes em ensaios controlados. Mais especificamente, o tempo prolongado de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria est&#225; relacionado a mais eventos de morbidade e est&#225; associado a maiores custos. O conhecimento dos fatores associados ao maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o pode ser utilizado no direcionamento de protocolos hospitalares para mitigar esse problema. Al&#233;m disso, seria a base de reembolso para sistemas de desempenho em todos os sistemas de pr&#225;tica p&#250;blica e privada, em vez do atual m&#233;todo de pagamento de taxas que &#233; a realidade na maioria dos hospitais brasileiros.</p>
    <p>Os dados do manuscrito s&#227;o provenientes de do Registro Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo REPPLICAR II. Um registro de pacientes &#233; um sistema organizado que utiliza m&#233;todos de estudo observacional para coletar dados uniformes (cl&#237;nicos e outros) para avaliar resultados espec&#237;ficos para uma popula&#231;&#227;o definida por uma doen&#231;a, condi&#231;&#227;o ou exposi&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica, e que atende a um ou mais prop&#243;sitos cient&#237;ficos, cl&#237;nicos ou de pol&#237;tica. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados fornecem um n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia mais elevado do que estudos observacionais. No entanto, os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o desses estudos limitam a sua generaliza&#231;&#227;o, sendo estudos observacionais de registros nacionais mais voltados para a pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica do mundo real. Embora os registros possam fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es &#250;teis, existem n&#237;veis de rigor que aumentam a validade e tornam as informa&#231;&#245;es de alguns registros mais &#250;teis para orientar decis&#245;es. Os registros de pacientes que observam a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica do mundo real podem recolher as informa&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias para avaliar os resultados dos pacientes de uma forma generaliz&#225;vel, mas a interpreta&#231;&#227;o correta destas informa&#231;&#245;es requer uma metodologia anal&#237;tica orientada para abordar as potenciais fontes de vi&#233;s que desafiam os estudos observacionais. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados do registro de pacientes tamb&#233;m requer verifica&#231;&#245;es da validade interna e, por vezes, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de fontes de dados externas para validar os principais pressupostos.</p>
    <p>Os autores devem ser elogiados pelo esfor&#231;o e sucesso no desenvolvimento e manuten&#231;&#227;o de um registro multic&#234;ntrico de cirurgia card&#237;aca em nosso pa&#237;s, com suas limita&#231;&#245;es herdadas para faz&#234;-lo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Isto n&#227;o &#233; novidade. Entre 2015 e 2018, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular criou o Registro BYPASS que publicou os primeiros resultados de CRM em escala nacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Infelizmente, o Registro BYPASS foi descontinuado, mas ajudou a criar uma rede de comunica&#231;&#227;o entre os diferentes centros do pa&#237;s. Felizmente, um Banco de Dados Nacional de CRM chamado BRASCORE foi lan&#231;ado oficialmente em 2024 e certamente ser&#225; uma importante fonte de informa&#231;&#245;es em breve. Os pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos t&#234;m tido mais sucesso do que n&#243;s neste aspecto, particularmente na organiza&#231;&#227;o social, no financiamento espec&#237;fico da base de dados, no compromisso individual dos centros com a base de dados e, em alguns casos, na submiss&#227;o obrigat&#243;ria da base de dados associada ao pagamento. Por exemplo, o banco de dados de cirurgia card&#237;aca da Sociedade de Cirurgi&#245;es Tor&#225;cicos tem sido uma fonte cont&#237;nua de informa&#231;&#245;es h&#225; mais de 20 anos, gerando evid&#234;ncias relevantes sobre quest&#245;es importantes, com in&#250;meras publica&#231;&#245;es de alto impacto na literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora os dados do artigo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> sejam oriundos de um importante Registro Estadual, existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es comuns dos registros que devem ser mencionadas. Muitas vezes incluem qualidade vari&#225;vel dos dados, falta de detalhes nos dados coletados que geralmente n&#227;o s&#227;o feitos pelo pesquisador e informa&#231;&#245;es confusas. Al&#233;m disso, a falta de informa&#231;&#227;o &#233; comum, bem como diferentes abordagens s&#227;o utilizadas para lidar com dados faltantes que n&#227;o s&#227;o relatados. No manuscrito publicado nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> aproximadamente 8,5% dos sujeitos foram exclu&#237;dos por falta de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Al&#233;m disso, a proposta de pesquisa com seu desenho surge ap&#243;s a cria&#231;&#227;o dos dados cadastrais. Ao fazer isso, vari&#225;veis importantes relevantes para a quest&#227;o de pesquisa ficam indispon&#237;veis. Outros fatores que devem ser levados em considera&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o o n&#250;mero de centros e a sua contribui&#231;&#227;o relativa para o Registro, a heterogeneidade do volume do centro, a expertise e os protocolos de manejo intraoperat&#243;rio e cuidados intensivos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios. Por essas raz&#245;es, os resultados do manuscrito devem ser interpretados com cautela e, duvidosamente, traduzidos para n&#237;vel nacional.</p>
    <p>A discuss&#227;o sobre a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada ap&#243;s um procedimento cir&#250;rgico de grande porte &#233; muito importante e os autores est&#227;o de parab&#233;ns por faz&#234;-la. Para chegar a conclus&#245;es significativas, seria importante determinar as raz&#245;es associadas &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada, juntamente com os seus preditores. Problemas cl&#237;nicos comuns incluem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de in&#237;cio recente, complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares, complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas, les&#227;o renal aguda e infec&#231;&#227;o de feridas, entre outros.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Idade, Insufici&#234;ncia Renal e Transfus&#227;o s&#227;o Preditores de Risco de Longa Perman&#234;ncia Hospitalar ap&#243;s Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240330i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Registries and Evidence-Based Medicine</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3394-9493</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antibas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplantes do Distrito Federal, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernando Antibas Atik &#8226;</bold> Estrada Parque Contorno do Bosque, s/n, Postal Code <postal-code>70658-700</postal-code>, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>atikf@me.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting</kwd>
        <kwd>Complications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
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      <p>Since the landmark achievement of Rene Favaloro in 1967, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has developed great advances.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Despite the widespread adoption of percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting, CABG remains an extremely important invasive treatment option in patients with coronary artery disease. Coronary artery bypass grafting has been extensively investigated in the literature through many randomized controlled trials and large-scale multicenter and unicenter observational registries, which have provided appropriateness of decision in a patient-centered approach, achieving the highest level of recommendation in many clinical scenarios.</p>
      <p>In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia,</italic> a manuscript entitled "Age, Renal Failure and Transfusion are Risk Predictors of Prolonged Hospital Stay after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery"<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> addresses an important issue. The authors aimed to determine factors associated with prolonged postoperative hospital length of stay, defined as greater than 14 days. The authors studied 3703 patients submitted to CABG over 2 years, using the Sao Paulo State Registry REPPLICAR II. This data is out of date in about 5 years. They have found that 6.16% of patients had prolonged postoperative length of stay, being the preoperative and intraoperative determinants of the primary outcome, using multivariable logistic regression analysis, the presence of age greater than 60 years, preoperative kidney dysfunction, and intraoperative red blood cell transfusion.</p>
      <p>Why is so important to study this? Risk prediction is important in medical practice, as it allows objective comparisons between institutions and surgeons to adjust the characteristics of the severity of disease. Moreover, the scores of preoperative risk are useful in clarifying the preoperative consent, in quality control of services, and in the selection or exclusion of patients in controlled trials. More specifically, prolonged postoperative length of stay relates to more morbidity events, and it is associated with greater cost. The knowledge of factors associated with greater hospital stays may be used in targeting hospital protocols to mitigate this problem. Additionally, it would be the basis of reimbursement for performance systems throughout the public and private practice systems, instead of the current method of fee payment that is the reality in most Brazilian hospitals.</p>
      <p>The manuscript data comes from the Sao Paulo State Registry REPPLICAR II. A patient registry is an organized system that uses observational study methods to collect uniform data (clinical and other) to evaluate specified outcomes for a population defined by a particular disease, condition, or exposure, and that serves one or more scientific, clinical, or policy purposes. Randomized controlled trials provide a higher level of evidence than observational studies. However, the exclusion criteria of those studies limit their generalizability, being observational studies from national registries more attained to real-world medical practice. Although registries can provide useful information, there are levels of rigor that enhance validity and make the information from some registries more useful for guiding decisions. Patient registries that observe real-world clinical practice may collect the information needed to assess patient outcomes in a generalizable way, but interpreting this information correctly requires analytic methodology geared to address the potential sources of bias that challenge observational studies. Interpreting patient registry data also requires checks of internal validity and sometimes the use of external data sources to validate key assumptions.</p>
      <p>The authors should be commended for their effort and success in developing and maintaining a multicenter cardiac surgery registry in our country, with its inherited limitations to do so.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This is not novel. Between 2015 and 2018, The Brazilian Society of Cardiovascular Surgery created the BYPASS Registry which has published the first results of CABG on a national scale.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Unfortunately, the BYPASS Registry was discontinued, but it helped to create a communication network among different centers across the country. Fortunately, a Brazilian National CABG Database called BRASCORE was officially launched in 2024, and it will certainly be an important source of information soon. Developed countries have been more successful than us on that, particularly in societal organization, specific database funding, individual center commitment to the database, and in some instances mandatory database submission that is linked to payment. For instance, the Society of Thoracic Surgeons cardiac surgery database has been an ongoing source of information for more than 20 years, generating relevant evidence about important issues, with numerous high-impact publications in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although the manuscript<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> data comes from an important State Registry, there are some common limitations of registries that should be mentioned. They often include variable quality of data, lack of detail in the data collected that is usually not done by the researcher, and confounder information is lacking. Moreover, missing information is common, as well as different approaches are used to deal with missing data that is not reported. In the manuscript published at <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> approximately 8.5% of the subjects were excluded due to a lack of information about hospital length of stay. Additionally, the research proposal with its design comes after the creation of the registry data. By doing so, important variables that are relevant to the research question are unavailable. Other factors that should be taken into account are the number of centers and their relative contribution to the Registry, heterogeneity of center volume, expertise, and protocols of intraoperative management and postoperative intensive care. For those reasons, the results of the manuscript should be interpreted with caution, and doubtfully being translated to a national level.</p>
      <p>Discussion about prolonged hospitalization after a major surgical procedure is very important and the authors are congratulated for doing it. To achieve meaningful conclusions, it would be important to determine the reasons associated with prolonged hospitalization, along with their predictors. Common clinical problems include new-onset atrial fibrillation, pulmonary complications, neurologic complications, acute kidney injury, and wound infection, among others.</p>
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        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Age, Renal Failure and Transfusion are Risk Predictors of Prolonged Hospital Stay after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery</p>
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