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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">gYNvdKPJrxjtXtfPqVM8pMd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000600202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240305</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compreendendo as Altera&#231;&#245;es Card&#237;acas na Lipodistrofia Parcial Familiar: Insights da Ecocardiografia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-7995</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">CardioEco Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CardioEco Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico &#8211; Ecocardiografia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico &#8211; Ecocardiografia, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Silvio Henrique Barberato &#8226;</bold> CardioEco Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular - Avenida Rep&#250;blica Argentina, 1336, conj 215. CEP <postal-code>80620-010</postal-code>, Curitiba, PR - Brasil E-mail: <email>silviohb@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240305</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipodistrofia</kwd>
        <kwd>Testes de Fun&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As lipodistrofias s&#227;o um grupo diversificado de doen&#231;as caracterizada por perda de tecido adiposo no corpo. Consequentemente, os lip&#237;dios s&#227;o armazenados em c&#233;lulas n&#227;o adiposas, levando a importantes consequ&#234;ncias metab&#243;licas, como esteatose hep&#225;tica e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, e aumento do risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares devido &#224; aterosclerose prematura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As lipodistrofias podem ser classificadas em cong&#234;nitas ou adquiridas e generalizadas ou parciais, dependendo da extens&#227;o do dist&#250;rbio na distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Ao contr&#225;rio da lipodistrofia cong&#234;nita generalizada (LCG), os pacientes com lipodistrofia parcial familiar (LP) n&#227;o apresentam uma falta generalizada de gordura por todo o corpo, mas sim uma perda localizada de gordura nos membros e no tronco. A LP &#233; uma doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica rara, frequentemente acompanhada por muta&#231;&#245;es no gene da lamina A/C (LMNA), pertencente ao complexo grupo das laminopatias que podem levar a distrofias musculares e card&#237;acas, neuropatias e s&#237;ndromes de envelhecimento precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Devido &#224; raridade das lipodistrofias e a gama fenot&#237;pica de manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, apenas est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis relatos de casos e estudos com n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes, em sua maioria restritos a indiv&#237;duos com LCG.</p>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia associada &#224; LP familiar permanece pouco explorada, apesar do seu potencial de causar mortalidade precoce. Embora a aterosclerose prematura<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e as arritmias card&#237;acas sejam comuns,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> o impacto direto das muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca n&#227;o &#233; claro. Relatos anteriores descreveram diferentes fen&#243;tipos de cardiomiopatias neste grupo de pacientes, variando de hipertrofia isolada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica a cardiomiopatia dilatada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia &#233; uma ferramenta cl&#237;nica n&#227;o invasiva e amplamente dispon&#237;vel que desempenha papel fundamental na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O estudo de Romano et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o da ABC Cardiol, elucida altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com LP familiar e fornece insights sobre altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas subcl&#237;nicas que podem ocorrer nesta doen&#231;a rara. O estudo &#233; bem estruturado, destaca a lacuna de conhecimento sobre altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas na LP familiar e contribui para a compreens&#227;o do fen&#243;tipo card&#237;aco e suas poss&#237;veis implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas neste grupo de indiv&#237;duos.</p>
    <p>Com o objetivo de caracterizar a morfologia e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com LP familiar sem sintomas card&#237;acos por meio da ecocardiografia, encontraram-se diferen&#231;as significativas entre pacientes com LP e controles. Os pacientes LP apresentaram maior massa do VE e tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo, bem como menores &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, independentemente dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. Embora a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE tenha sido normal em ambos os grupos, uma propor&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel de pacientes com LP (75%, ou nove em cada doze) apresentou deforma&#231;&#227;o reduzida na an&#225;lise de <italic>strain</italic> por <italic>speckle-tracking</italic>, o que indica disfun&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica precoce do VE. Embora o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global m&#233;dio (SGL) dos pacientes com LP n&#227;o tenha sido estatisticamente diferente dos controles, o subgrupo de pacientes com deforma&#231;&#227;o reduzida apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es mais profundas na geometria card&#237;aca e na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Como destacam os autores, esse achado lembra outras cardiomiopatias metab&#243;licas e pode eventualmente evoluir para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. &#201; digno de nota que quase 80% dos pacientes do estudo foram submetidos a um teste gen&#233;tico, que revelou que todos eram portadores de variantes no gene LMNA. &#201; claro que o estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, principalmente devido ao seu desenho e &#224; raridade da doen&#231;a. O pequeno tamanho da amostra e a natureza transversal da investiga&#231;&#227;o restringem a explora&#231;&#227;o de consequ&#234;ncias a longo prazo e informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas. Embora diversas diferen&#231;as foram encontradas entre as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos grupos LP e controle, houve consider&#225;vel sobreposi&#231;&#227;o entre elas. Al&#233;m disso, as medidas do SLG foram obtidas apenas para 21 dos 29 indiv&#237;duos LP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os achados de Romano et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> levantam a quest&#227;o de saber se a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em pacientes com LP, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de sintomas, poderia eventualmente permitir uma interven&#231;&#227;o oportuna e prevenir resultados adversos. O estudo agrega conhecimento valioso sobre o envolvimento card&#237;aco na LP familiar, contribuindo para a compreens&#227;o do espectro da doen&#231;a e ressaltando a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de rotina no manejo da LP. Estudos prospectivos com coortes maiores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para elucidar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e os fatores de risco para eventos card&#237;acos adversos em pacientes com LP.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Altera&#231;&#245;es Ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da Geometria e da Fun&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca em Pacientes com Lipodistrofia Familiar Parcial</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240305i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Understanding Cardiac Alterations in Familial Partial Lipodystrophy: Insights from Echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-7995</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CardioEco Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico &#8211; Ecocardiografia, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Silvio Henrique Barberato</bold> &#8226; CardioEco Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular - Avenida Rep&#250;blica Argentina, 1336, conj 215. <postal-code>80620-010</postal-code>, Curitiba, PR - Brazil E-mail: <email>silviohb@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Lipodystrophy</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Function Tests</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Lipodystrophies are a diverse group of diseases characterized by a loss of fatty tissue in the body. Consequently, lipids are stored in non-fat cells, leading to major metabolic consequences, such as liver steatosis and insulin resistance, and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases due to premature atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Lipodystrophies can be classified as congenital or acquired, and generalized or partial, depending on the extent of fat distribution disturbance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Unlike congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL), patients with familial partial lipodystrophy (PL) do not have a widespread lack of fat throughout the body but rather a localized loss of fat in limbs and trunk. PL is a rare genetic disorder often accompanied by mutations in the lamin A/C gene (LMNA), belonging to the complex group of laminopathies that can lead to muscular and cardiac dystrophies, neuropathies, and syndromes of premature aging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Due to the rarity of the lipodystrophies and the phenotypic range of cardiac manifestations, only case reports and studies with limited numbers of patients, mostly restricted to individuals with CGL, are available.</p>
      <p>Cardiomyopathy associated with familial PL remains underexplored despite its potential to cause early mortality. While premature atherosclerosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and cardiac arrhythmias are common,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> the direct impact of gene mutations on cardiac structure and function is unclear. Previous reports have described different phenotypes of cardiomyopathies in this group of patients, ranging from isolated left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to dilated cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Echocardiography is a widely available, non-invasive clinical tool that plays a fundamental role in characterizing cardiac morphologic and functional alterations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The study by Romano et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> published in this issue of ABC Cardiol, sheds light on echocardiographic abnormalities in asymptomatic patients with familial PL and provides insights into subclinical cardiac changes that can occur in this rare disease. The study is well-structured, highlights the knowledge gap regarding cardiac alterations in familial PL, and adds to the understanding of the cardiac phenotype and its conceivable clinical implications in this group of individuals.</p>
      <p>Aiming to characterize cardiac morphology and function in familial PL patients without cardiac symptoms using echocardiography, they found significant differences between PL patients and controls. PL patients exhibited higher LV mass and left atrium size, as well as lower indices of diastolic function, independent of systolic blood pressure levels. Although LV ejection fraction was normal in both groups, a considerable proportion of PL patients (75%, or nine out of twelve) showed reduced deformation on speckle-tracking strain analysis, which indicates early LV subclinical dysfunction. Although the average global longitudinal strain (GLS) of PL patients was not statistically different from the controls, the subgroup of patients with reduced deformation showed more profound changes in cardiac geometry and diastolic function. As the authors highlight, this finding is reminiscent of other metabolic cardiomyopathies and may eventually progress to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Of note, almost 80% of the study patients underwent a genetic test, which revealed that all of them carried variants in the LMNA gene. Of course, the study has some limitations, mostly due to its design and the rarity of the disease. The small sample size and the cross-sectional nature of the investigation restrict the exploration of long-term consequences and prognostic information. Even though several differences were found between the echocardiographic variables of the PL and control groups, there was considerable overlap between them. Moreover, GLS measurements were only obtained for 21 out of the 29 PL individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The findings of Romano et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> raise the question of whether the early detection of echocardiographic alterations in PL patients, even in the absence of symptoms, could eventually enable timely intervention and prevent adverse outcomes. The study adds valuable knowledge about cardiac involvement in familial PL, contributing to the understanding of the disease spectrum and underscoring the importance of routine cardiac assessment in PL management. Prospective studies with larger cohorts are necessary to elucidate the clinical course and risk factors for adverse cardiac events in PL patients.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Echocardiographic Alterations of Cardiac Geometry and Function in Patients with Familial Partial Lipodystrophy</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
