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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HqKvXFLW9YjyrtZwfj8TKbk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000600203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240286</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Inflama&#231;&#227;o e Progn&#243;stico em Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda: Existe um Papel para o &#205;ndice de Imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o Sist&#234;mica?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Humberto Villacorta &#8226;</bold> Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares - Rua Desembargador Athayde Parreiras, 100. CEP 24070-090, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240286</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Endotoxinas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; um importante problema de sa&#250;de, com altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Pacientes com IC s&#227;o frequentemente hospitalizados. A inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenha um papel na fisiopatologia da IC e v&#225;rias citocinas, como o fator de necrose tumoral (TNF), o fator de crescimento transformador-&#223; (TGF-&#223;) e as interleucinas 6 e 1, est&#227;o elevadas na IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Na IC aguda descompensada (ICAD) os desencadeadores desta cascata inflamat&#243;ria s&#227;o secund&#225;rios &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal e ao estresse oxidativo, mas, al&#233;m disso, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de elevada transloca&#231;&#227;o bacteriana ou de endotoxinas, devido a edema intestinal ou hipoperfus&#227;o relativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A medi&#231;&#227;o de citocinas n&#227;o &#233; apropriada para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria e a prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> outro biomarcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o, &#233; geralmente escolhida para avaliar a inflama&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, &#233; necess&#225;rio um marcador mais robusto e conveniente.</p>
    <p>Um novo marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o foi introduzido recentemente. O valor pan-imune-inflamat&#243;rio (PIV) &#233; calculado a partir dos componentes imunoinflamat&#243;rios do sangue perif&#233;rico, incluindo contagens de neutr&#243;filos, plaquetas, mon&#243;citos e linf&#243;citos, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>. O PIV demonstrou ser progn&#243;stico em alguns dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares e em doen&#231;as n&#227;o cardiovasculares, como c&#226;ncer e doen&#231;a renal avan&#231;ada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; O valor da inflama&#231;&#227;o pan-imune &#233; um novo biomarcador, associado &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, calculado pela multiplica&#231;&#227;o da contagem de neutr&#243;filos, plaquetas e mon&#243;citos, dividida pela contagem de linf&#243;citos.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20240286-40286-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, um estudo original apresenta uma investiga&#231;&#227;o sobre o valor progn&#243;stico do PIV em pacientes com ICAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Os resultados do estudo sugerem que n&#237;veis mais elevados de PIV na admiss&#227;o est&#227;o associados ao aumento da mortalidade por todas as causas a curto e longo prazo em pacientes com ICAD. Um ponto forte not&#225;vel do estudo &#233; o foco em um novo biomarcador, o PIV, que oferece uma avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente da inflama&#231;&#227;o ao incorporar m&#250;ltiplos componentes imunoinflamat&#243;rios. Esta abordagem fornece uma compreens&#227;o mais sutil do estado inflamat&#243;rio em pacientes com IC em compara&#231;&#227;o com marcadores de componente &#250;nico. Ao considerar v&#225;rios aspectos da resposta imune, o PIV pode oferecer maior precis&#227;o progn&#243;stica e valor preditivo. &#201; digno de nota que o valor progn&#243;stico do PIV neste estudo foi independente do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico pr&#243;-tipo B N-terminal (NT-proBNP) e da PCR.</p>
    <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> j&#225; foram abordadas pelos autores e devem ser consideradas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do estudo. Em primeiro lugar, o desenho retrospectivo do estudo e a configura&#231;&#227;o de centro &#250;nico podem introduzir vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o e limitar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Al&#233;m disso, o tamanho relativamente pequeno da amostra de 409 pacientes levanta preocupa&#231;&#245;es sobre o poder estat&#237;stico e a robustez dos resultados. Estudos multic&#234;ntricos maiores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar a utilidade progn&#243;stica do PIV em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, embora o estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> demonstre uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o PIV e os resultados de mortalidade, os mecanismos subjacentes que impulsionam esta rela&#231;&#227;o permanecem obscuros. O estudo n&#227;o fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as vias espec&#237;ficas pelas quais a desregula&#231;&#227;o imunoinflamat&#243;ria contribui para resultados adversos em pacientes com IC. Pesquisas futuras devem ter como objetivo elucidar os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos que ligam o PIV ao progn&#243;stico da IC, potencialmente atrav&#233;s de estudos mecan&#237;sticos ou valida&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores em modelos animais.</p>
    <p>Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, este estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> traz informa&#231;&#245;es novas e relevantes. At&#233; onde sabemos, apenas um estudo anterior avaliou o PIV na ICAD e, portanto, o presente estudo acrescenta informa&#231;&#245;es neste cen&#225;rio, onde os dados s&#227;o escassos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Esperamos estudos futuros com este novo biomarcador em popula&#231;&#245;es maiores.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Associa&#231;&#227;o do Valor Pan-Imune-Inflamat&#243;rio com Desfechos de Longo Prazo na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Agudamente Descompensada</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240286i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Inflammation and Prognosis in Acute Heart Failure: Is There a Role for Pan-Immune-Inflammation Value?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Humberto Villacorta &#8226;</bold> Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares - Rua Desembargador Athayde Parreiras, 100. Postal Code 24070-090, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: hvillacorta@cardiol.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Endotoxins</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is a major health problem, with high morbidity and mortality rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Patients with HF are frequently hospitalized. Inflammation plays a role in the pathophysiology of HF and several cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), transforming growth factor-&#223; (TGF-&#223;), and interleukins 6 and 1, are elevated in HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In acute decompensated HF (ADHF) the triggers of this inflammatory cascade are secondary to neurohormonal activation and oxidative stress, but in addition, there is evidence for elevated bacterial or endotoxin translocation, due to gut edema or relative hypoperfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The measurement of cytokines is not appropriate for day-to-day clinical practice and C-reactive protein (CRP),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> another biomarker of inflammation, is usually chosen to assess inflammation. However, a more robust and convenient marker is warranted.</p>
      <p>A new marker of inflammation has been recently introduced. Pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) is calculated from peripheral blood immune-inflammatory components, including neutrophil, platelet, monocyte, and lymphocyte counts, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>. PIV has been shown to be prognostic in some cardiovascular disorders and also in non-cardiovascular diseases, such as cancer and advanced renal disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; The pan-immune-inflammation value is a new biomarker, associated with systemic inflammation, calculated by multiplying neutrophil, platelet, and monocyte counts, divided by the lymphocyte count.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20240286-40286-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, an original study presents an investigation into the prognostic value of PIV in patients with ADHF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The study&#8217;s findings suggest that higher PIV levels at admission are associated with increased short and long-term all-cause mortality in patients with ADHF. One notable strength of the study is its focus on a novel biomarker, PIV, which offers a comprehensive assessment of inflammation by incorporating multiple immune-inflammatory components. This approach provides a more nuanced understanding of the inflammatory status in HF patients compared to single-component markers. By considering various aspects of the immune response, PIV may offer improved prognostic accuracy and predictive value. Of note, the prognostic value of PIV in this study was independent of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and CRP.</p>
      <p>Some limitations of the study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> have already been addressed by the authors and should be considered when interpreting the study findings. Firstly, the study&#8217;s retrospective design and single-center setting may introduce selection bias and limit the generalizability of the results. Additionally, the relatively small sample size of 409 patients raises concerns about statistical power and the robustness of the findings. Larger, multicenter studies are needed to validate the prognostic utility of PIV in diverse patient populations.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, while the study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> demonstrates an association between PIV and mortality outcomes, the underlying mechanisms driving this relationship remain unclear. The study does not provide insights into the specific pathways through which immune-inflammatory dysregulation contributes to adverse outcomes in HF patients. Future research should aim to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms linking PIV to HF prognosis, potentially through mechanistic studies or biomarker validation in animal models.</p>
      <p>Despite these limitations, this study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> brings new and relevant information. To the best of our knowledge, only one previous study evaluated PIV in ADHF, and, therefore, the present study adds information in this scenario, where data is scarce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> We look forward to future studies with this new biomarker in larger populations.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Association of Pan Immune-Inflammation Value with Long Term Outcomes of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
