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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">BxSxjxNm6QRGNZrwwxNK5xp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000600201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240284</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reativa&#231;&#227;o da Doen&#231;a de Chagas ap&#243;s Transplante Card&#237;aco: Import&#226;ncia de Novos Preditores</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2263-4261</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas &#8211; Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Roberto M. Saraiva</bold> &#8226; Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas &#8211; Av. Brasil, 4365. CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>roberto.saraiva@ini.fiocruz.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240284</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Palavras-chave: Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#227;o Latente</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) cr&#244;nica afeta cerca de 3,7 milh&#245;es de brasileiros segundo estimativa mais recente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Como cerca de 30-40% desta popula&#231;&#227;o apresenta a forma card&#237;aca, n&#227;o surpreende que a DC seja a terceira etiologia mais frequente entre os pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Como a terapia imunossupressora de indu&#231;&#227;o e/ou manuten&#231;&#227;o acarreta risco de reativa&#231;&#227;o da DC (RDC),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> a seguran&#231;a do transplante card&#237;aco pode ser questionada na DC. Entretanto, a experi&#234;ncia no Brasil estabeleceu o transplante card&#237;aco como a principal alternativa de tratamento para pacientes com DC e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca terminal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Na verdade, a sobrevida p&#243;s-transplante de pacientes com DC no Brasil &#233; de 76%, 71% e 46% ap&#243;s 6 meses, cinco e 10 anos, respectivamente, e melhor do que a sobrevida de receptores de transplante card&#237;aco com doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica ou cardiomiopatias idiop&#225;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de RDC ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco varia de 19,6% a 90%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A RDC pode induzir sintomas de DC aguda (febre, anemia, icter&#237;cia), miocardite, paniculite, meningoencefalite e abscesso cerebral. A miocardite &#233; a complica&#231;&#227;o mais frequente e pode apresentar sintomas graves compat&#237;veis com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmia card&#237;aca e at&#233; choque cardiog&#234;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Felizmente, a RDC adequadamente diagnosticada e tratada resulta em mortalidade inferior a 1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No entanto, os epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m podem apresentar resultados semelhantes e um diagn&#243;stico equ&#237;voco de rejei&#231;&#227;o em vez de RDC pode levar a consequ&#234;ncias nefastas se for seguida uma intensifica&#231;&#227;o do regime imunossupressor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico de RDC &#233; classicamente baseado na presen&#231;a de achados cl&#237;nicos sugestivos e evid&#234;ncias do parasita no sangue, l&#237;quor, medula &#243;ssea ou tecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Portanto, protocolos para monitoramento de RDC foram desenvolvidos e hoje incluem PCR para T. cruzi em sangue e bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas, que s&#227;o mais sens&#237;veis que os m&#233;todos parasitol&#243;gicos padr&#227;o, como a observa&#231;&#227;o direta do parasita em um esfrega&#231;o de sangue ou numa bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica ou uma hemocultura positiva. O objetivo &#233; o diagn&#243;stico precoce da RDC, iniciando o tratamento tripanocida antes do aparecimento de sintomas graves e danos ao cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado. &#201; importante ressaltar que uma PCR sangu&#237;nea positiva para T. cruzi precede o aparecimento de sinais cl&#237;nicos de RDC com consider&#225;vel sensibilidade e especificidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, uma PCR sangu&#237;nea negativa para T. cruzi exclui a RDC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Os resultados da PCR s&#227;o fundamentais para orientar decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas entre medicamentos tripanocidas ou altera&#231;&#245;es nos regimes de imunossupress&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Alguns autores consideram que o diagn&#243;stico de RDC deve ser redefinido como presente mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de sintomas cl&#237;nicos evidentes, desde que um aumento na parasitemia possa ser detectado por t&#233;cnicas parasitol&#243;gicas diretas ou por PCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Al&#233;m de um diagn&#243;stico correto de RDC, o reconhecimento dos fatores de risco para tal evento &#233; importante. Eles incluem, o n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o, presen&#231;a de malignidade, grau de imunossupress&#227;o, doen&#231;as autoimunes, infec&#231;&#227;o por HIV e outros estados de imunossupress&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Portanto, as estrat&#233;gias para prevenir a reativa&#231;&#227;o induzida pela rejei&#231;&#227;o geralmente incluem o uso das doses mais baixas de terapia imunossupressora de v&#225;rios medicamentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Devido &#224; import&#226;ncia da RDC, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco que permitam diagn&#243;stico e tratamento precoces &#233; fundamental. Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Wolf et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> descreveram que a contagem absoluta de linf&#243;citos abaixo de 550/mm<sup>3</sup> durante as primeiras 2 semanas ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco foi um preditor de uma subsequente PCR sangu&#237;nea positiva para T. cruzi.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Na verdade, como a terapia imunossupressora de indu&#231;&#227;o induz linfodeple&#231;&#227;o e a resposta imune de c&#233;lulas T CD4+ e CD8+ contra T. cruzi, &#233; relevante tanto para o controle do parasita quanto para a patog&#234;nese da doen&#231;a,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> uma baixa contagem de linf&#243;citos pode ocorrer antes da RDC. Este fator de risco precoce e prontamente dispon&#237;vel para uma PCR sangu&#237;neo positiva para T. cruzi pode se tornar muito &#250;til no acompanhamento ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco em receptores com DC. Uma contagem baixa de linf&#243;citos pode levar a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o PCR mais precoce ou a uma mudan&#231;a no tratamento imunossupressor. Al&#233;m disso, uma contagem elevada de linf&#243;citos poderia adiar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de PCR, o que pode ser &#250;til para servi&#231;os com acesso mais dif&#237;cil &#224;s t&#233;cnicas de PCR. Outra possibilidade &#233; o tratamento tripanocida preventivo baseado na baixa contagem de linf&#243;citos. Todas estas poss&#237;veis aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para a contagem de linf&#243;citos durante as primeiras duas semanas ap&#243;s um transplante card&#237;aco devem ser confirmadas por ensaios cl&#237;nicos devidamente concebidos.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240284i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Chagas Disease Reactivation after Heart Transplant: Importance of New Predictors</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2263-4261</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas &#8211; Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Roberto M. Saraiva</bold> &#8226; Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas &#8211; Av. Brasil, 4365. Postal Code 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: roberto.saraiva@ini.fiocruz.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Latent Infection</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Chronic Chagas disease (CD) affects around 3.7 million Brazilians according to the most recent estimative.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As around 30-40% of this population present with the cardiac form, it comes as no surprise that CD is the third most frequent etiology among patients undergoing heart transplant in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As induction and/or maintenance immunosuppressive therapy carry the risk of CD reactivation (CDR),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> heart transplant safety could be questioned in CD. However, the experience in Brazil established heart transplants as the leading alternative treatment for CD patients with end-stage heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In fact, the post-transplant survival of patients with CD in Brazil is 76%, 71%, and, 46% after 6 months, five, and 10 years, respectively, and better than the survival of heart transplant recipients with either ischemic or idiopathic cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>CDR incidence after heart transplant varies from 19.6% to 90%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> CDR can induce symptoms of acute CD (fever, anemia, jaundice), myocarditis, panniculitis, meningoencephalitis, and brain abscess. Myocarditis is the most frequent complication and may present severe symptoms compatible with heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, and even cardiogenic shock.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Fortunately, CDR properly diagnosed and treated results in less than 1% mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, rejection episodes may also present with similar findings and an equivocal diagnosis of rejection instead of CDR can lead to ominous consequences if an intensification of the immunosuppressive regimen is ensued.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> CDR diagnosis is classically based on the presence of suggestive clinical findings and evidence of the parasite in blood, liquor, bone marrow, or tissues.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Therefore, protocols for monitoring CDR were developed and nowadays include PCR for <italic>T. cruzi</italic> in blood and endomyocardial biopsies, which are more sensitive than standard parasitological methods in such as direct observation of the parasite in a blood smear or an endomyocardial biopsy or a positive blood culture. The objective is an early diagnosis of CDR prompting trypanocidal treatment before the onset of severe symptoms and damage to the transplanted heart. Importantly, a positive PCR for <italic>T. cruzi</italic> in blood precedes the appearance of clinical signs of CDR with considerable sensitivity and specificity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Furthermore, a negative blood PCR for <italic>T. cruzi</italic> rules out CDR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> PCR results are fundamental to guide therapeutic decisions between trypanocidal drugs or changes in immunosuppression regimens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Some authors consider that CDR diagnosis should be redefined as present even in the absence of evident clinical symptoms as long as an increase in parasitemia can be detected either by direct parasitological techniques or by PCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Beyond a correct diagnosis of CDR, the recognition of the risk factors for such an event is important. Those are listed as follows, the number of rejection episodes, presence of malignancy, immunosuppression grade, autoimmune diseases, HIV infection, and other immunosuppression status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Therefore, strategies to prevent rejection-induced reactivation generally include the use of the lowest immunosuppressive therapy doses of several drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Due to the importance of CDR, the identification of risk factors that allow an early diagnosis and treatment is fundamental. In this issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia,</italic> Wolf et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> described that absolute lymphocyte count under 550/mm<sup>3</sup> during the first 2 weeks after heart transplant was a predictor of a subsequent positive blood PCR for <italic>T. cruzi.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In fact, as induction immunosuppressive therapy induces lymphodepletion and CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell immune response against <italic>T. cruzi</italic> is relevant for both parasite control and disease pathogenesis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> a low lymphocyte count can occur before CDR. This early and readily available risk factor for a positive blood PCR for <italic>T. cruzi</italic> can become very useful for the follow-up after a heart transplant in CD recipients. A low lymphocyte count can prompt an earlier PCR evaluation or a change in immunosuppressive treatment. Also, a high lymphocyte count could postpone a PCR evaluation, which can be useful for services with more difficult access to PCR techniques. Another possibility is preemptive trypanocidal treatment based on low lymphocyte count. All these possible clinical applications for lymphocyte count during the first two weeks after a heart transplant should be confirmed by properly designed clinical trials.</p>
    </body>
    <back/>
  </sub-article>
</article>
