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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">DSvNHfs58sJXjGxxbgZYYTN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000600901</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00901</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240055</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reflex&#245;es sobre a Triagem Pr&#233;-Operat&#243;ria de ECG para Indiv&#237;duos Assintom&#225;ticos de Baixo Risco</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3835-6067</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nunes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Nunes de Alencar</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Rua Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jose.alencar@dantepazzanese.org.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240055</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiograma</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Li com interesse o estudo de Ramos et al. sobre a "Import&#226;ncia Progn&#243;stica do Eletrocardiograma Pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio em Pacientes de Baixo Risco Submetidos &#224; Interven&#231;&#227;o Cir&#250;rgica sob Anestesia Geral".<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os esfor&#231;os dos autores para esclarecer a efic&#225;cia preditiva da eletrocardiografia (ECG) pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria em uma popula&#231;&#227;o que parece ter um perfil de baixo risco s&#227;o louv&#225;veis. No entanto, tenho preocupa&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; metodologia empregada, que pode potencialmente impactar as conclus&#245;es do estudo.</p>
    <p>Examinar diretamente a hip&#243;tese de que um ECG anormal pode servir como preditor de eventos &#233; essencial. Esta an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria foi incorporada pelos autores dentro de um subconjunto da popula&#231;&#227;o que realizou ECG. Para testar de forma robusta a sua hip&#243;tese, a an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria deveria ter sido se um ECG anormal &#233; um preditor de risco aumentado em compara&#231;&#227;o com os resultados normais do ECG. A implementa&#231;&#227;o desta metodologia produziria uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais precisa da capacidade do ECG de prever complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias.</p>
    <p>Em segundo lugar, como um estudo randomizado e prospectivo, a ades&#227;o &#224;s diretrizes de notifica&#231;&#227;o estabelecidas, como CONSORT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ou SPIRIT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> &#233; imperativo. Essas <italic>checklists</italic> defendem uma descri&#231;&#227;o metodol&#243;gica transparente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, randomiza&#231;&#227;o, aloca&#231;&#227;o e defini&#231;&#227;o de desfechos prim&#225;rios e secund&#225;rios. A falta de tais detalhes levanta preocupa&#231;&#245;es sobre poss&#237;veis vieses de sele&#231;&#227;o e indica&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Por exemplo, selecionar inadvertidamente pacientes para eletrocardiogramas (ECGs) com base em avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias subjetivas que os colocam em um perfil de risco ligeiramente mais elevado poderia introduzir ambos os vieses.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, sem um poder de investiga&#231;&#227;o predefinido e um n&#237;vel alfa convencional, &#233; um desafio determinar o tamanho da amostra necess&#225;rio para obter signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. A falta de defini&#231;&#245;es para an&#225;lise do tamanho da amostra, beta e alfa neste estudo restringe a capacidade de formula&#231;&#227;o de conclus&#245;es definitivas. Al&#233;m disso, a clareza quanto ao manejo de pacientes com achados anormais no ECG &#233; crucial para a replica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados em diferentes centros. Esta informa&#231;&#227;o serve para apoiar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do estudo e orientaria a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>Considerando os fatores acima mencionados, respeitosamente tenho opini&#227;o divergente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; conclus&#227;o do estudo de que o ECG pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o contribui para o progn&#243;stico de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias em pacientes com 50 anos ou mais submetidos &#224; cirurgia com anestesia geral sem quaisquer condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas importantes. Do meu ponto de vista, a metodologia utilizada na pesquisa n&#227;o consegue fundamentar suficientemente esta conclus&#227;o. Uma abordagem mais apropriada envolveria uma avalia&#231;&#227;o prospectiva de pacientes com ECGs normais e anormais, calculando diferen&#231;as nas raz&#245;es de risco. Em contraste, um desenho prospectivo randomizado poderia produzir resultados mais conclusivos, atribuindo aleatoriamente pacientes que apresentam eletrocardiogramas (ECGs) anormais ao tratamento padr&#227;o ou a uma terapia guiada por ECG replic&#225;vel e predeterminada. A implementa&#231;&#227;o de tais metodologias aumentaria a capacidade de distinguir a influ&#234;ncia dos resultados do ECG de vari&#225;veis adicionais de confus&#227;o, proporcionando assim uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais precisa da capacidade do ECG de prever resultados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios.</p>
    <p>A busca de melhorar o atendimento ao paciente por meio de pr&#225;ticas baseadas em evid&#234;ncias implica um compromisso cont&#237;nuo com a educa&#231;&#227;o e o progresso. &#201; atrav&#233;s do discurso acad&#234;mico e de metodologias de pesquisa meticulosas que refinamos nossos protocolos cl&#237;nicos para atender melhor nossos pacientes.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="reply" id="r01" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Carta-resposta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Lafayete</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mois&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>Valdir Ambr&#243;sio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Agradecemos os coment&#225;rios e d&#250;vidas levantadas pelo autor da carta "Reflex&#245;es sobre a triagem pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de ECG para indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos de baixo risco". Embora algumas quest&#245;es sejam semelhantes &#224;s levantadas pelos revisores indicados pelos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia elas ajudam a n&#243;s e aos leitores a refletir sobre a melhor forma de analisar e melhorar o valor do eletrocardiograma pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.</p>
      <p>Conforme descrito no artigo, nosso principal interesse foi investigar o valor da realiza&#231;&#227;o de um eletrocardiograma pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, e n&#227;o seus resultados. Nossa conclus&#227;o respondeu a essa quest&#227;o com base nos resultados observados e apontou para refletir se a indica&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio deve ser baseada apenas na idade do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Realizamos uma an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria no grupo que realizou eletrocardiograma. O subgrupo com altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa na mortalidade e morbidade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo com eletrocardiogramas normais. Esses achados, por serem baseados em an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria e com menor n&#250;mero de pacientes, n&#227;o fizeram parte da conclus&#227;o principal do nosso estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O processo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o foi adequado; nenhuma prefer&#234;ncia para realizar um eletrocardiograma foi feita com base na idade, complexidade e dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento cir&#250;rgico. Conforme apontado no artigo, reconhecemos muitas limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo. Os resultados n&#227;o tiveram poder suficiente para mudar o atendimento ao paciente de acordo com as diretrizes, mas sugeriram que mais estudos deveriam ser realizados na &#225;rea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref></sup> Estudos multic&#234;ntricos incluindo pacientes com diferentes faixas et&#225;rias, risco cir&#250;rgico e cirurgias complexas certamente trar&#227;o mais detalhes ao assunto.</p>
    </body>
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  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240055i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reflections on ECG Preoperative Screening for Asymptomatic Low-Risk Individuals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3835-6067</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nunes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Nunes de Alencar &#8226;</bold> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Rua Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>jose.alencar@dantepazzanese.org.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Preoperative</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiogram</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>I read with interest the study by Ramos et al. on the " Prognostic Value of Preoperative Electrocardiogram in Low-Risk Patients Undergoing Surgical Intervention and General Anesthesia".<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The authors&#8217; efforts to clarify the predictive efficacy of preoperative electrocardiography (ECG) in a population that appears to have a low-risk profile are meritorious. Nonetheless, I harbor concerns regarding the employed methodology, which may potentially impact the study&#8217;s findings.</p>
      <p>Directly examining the hypothesis that an abnormal ECG can serve as a predictor of events is essential. This secondary analysis was incorporated by the authors within a subset of the population that underwent ECG. To robustly test their hypothesis, the primary analysis should have been whether an abnormal ECG is a predictor of increased risk compared to normal ECG findings. Implementing this methodology would yield a more precise assessment of the ECG&#8217;s ability to forecast postoperative complications.</p>
      <p>Secondly, as a randomized and prospective study, adherence to established reporting guidelines such as CONSORT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> or SPIRIT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> is imperative. These checklists advocate for a transparent methodological description concerning patient selection, randomization, allocation, and the definition of primary and secondary outcomes. The lack of such detail raises concerns about potential selection and indication biases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> For instance, inadvertently selecting patients for electrocardiograms (ECGs) based on subjective preoperative assessments that place them at a slightly higher risk profile could introduce both of these biases.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, without predefined research power and a conventional alpha level, it is challenging to ascertain the required sample size for statistical significance. The lack of definitions for sample size analysis, beta, and alpha in this study restricts the capacity to formulate definitive conclusions. Moreover, clarity regarding the management of patients with abnormal ECG findings is crucial for the replication of results across different centers. This information serves to support the generalizability of the study&#8217;s results and would guide clinical practice.</p>
      <p>Considering the aforementioned factors, I respectfully hold a differing opinion regarding the study&#8217;s conclusion that preoperative ECG does not contribute to the prognosis of postoperative complications in patients aged 50 and above who are undergoing general anesthetic surgery without any major medical conditions. From my perspective, the methodology utilized in the research fails to sufficiently substantiate this conclusion. A more appropriate approach would involve a prospective evaluation of patients with abnormal and normal ECGs, calculating differences in risk ratios. In contrast, a prospective randomized design could yield more conclusive results by randomly assigning patients presenting with abnormal electrocardiograms (ECGs) to either standard care or a predetermined, replicable ECG-guided therapy. Implementing such methodologies would enhance the ability to distinguish the influence of ECG results from additional confounding variables, thus providing a more accurate assessment of the ECG&#8217;s capacity to forecast postoperative outcomes.</p>
      <p>The pursuit of enhancing patient care via evidence-based practices entails an ongoing commitment to education and progress. It is through scholarly discourse and meticulous research methodologies that we refine our clinical protocols to serve our patients better.</p>
    </body>
    <sub-article article-type="reply" id="r02" xml:lang="en">
      <front-stub>
        <title-group>
          <article-title>Reply</article-title>
        </title-group>
        <contrib-group>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ramos</surname>
              <given-names>Lafayete</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mois&#233;s</surname>
              <given-names>Valdir Ambr&#243;sio</given-names>
            </name>
          </contrib>
        </contrib-group>
      </front-stub>
      <body>
        <p>We thank the comments and questions raised by the author of the letter "Reflections on ECG Preoperative Screening for Asymptomatic Low-Risk Individuals". Although some of the questions were similar to those raised by the reviewers indicated by Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia they help us and the readers to reflect on the best way to analyze and improve the value of preoperative electrocardiogram.</p>
        <p>As described in the paper, our main interest was to investigate the value of performing a preoperative electrocardiogram, not the results of them. Our conclusion responded to this question based on the results observed and pointed out to reflect if the indication of a preoperative electrocardiogram should be based only on the age of the patient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We performed a secondary analysis in the group that had an electrocardiogram performed. The subgroup with electrocardiographic alterations did not have a significant difference in mortality and morbidity compared to the group with normal electrocardiograms. These findings, as based on secondary analysis and with a lower number of patients, were not part of the main conclusion of our study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The randomization process was adequate; no preference to perform an electrocardiogram was made based on age complexity and duration of the surgical procedure. As pointed out in the paper we recognize many limitations of the study. The results did not have the power enough to change patient care according to guidelines but suggested that more studies should be performed in the field.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref></sup> Multicentric studies including patients with different age groups, surgical risk, and complex surgeries will certainly bring more detail to the subject.</p>
      </body>
    </sub-article>
  </sub-article>
</article>
