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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3G8YBq8t66CKQY8PVbTZP9k</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000600601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230848</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Angina e Ensaio ORBITA 2: Reflex&#245;es sobre o Futuro do Tratamento da Angina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8752-2175</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Bello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8501-9867</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8592-7769</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Linhares</surname>
            <given-names>Jaime Paula Pessoa</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3973-7523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinesi</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Trombini</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7574-757X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pitta</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Grunspun</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9171-1224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Sao Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital OTO Aldeota</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Kora Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital OTO Aldeota &#8211; Kora Sa&#250;de, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Bello Martins &#8226;</bold>Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, AB, Sala 114. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>edubellomartins@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230848</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Coronariopatia</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Est&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O objetivo do tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana cr&#244;nica (DAC) &#233; melhorar o progn&#243;stico e a qualidade de vida do paciente. Nesse contexto, o tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado (em ingl&#234;s, <italic>optimal medical therapy</italic>, OMT) &#233; fundamental, e a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o realizada principalmente em pacientes cujos sintomas n&#227;o s&#227;o controlados pela OMT. A interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) tem sido frequentemente realizada nos &#250;ltimos 40 anos, mas os dados dispon&#237;veis n&#227;o corroboram sua indica&#231;&#227;o com o objetivo de melhorar o progn&#243;stico. Al&#233;m disso, dados sobre a ICP e melhora de sintomas s&#227;o controversos. Contudo, as diretrizes internacionais mais recentes sobre a DAC ainda defendem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ICP em pacientes com sintomas refrat&#225;rios &#224; OMT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os ensaios mais contempor&#226;neos na DAC avaliaram, cuidadosamente, o efeito da ICP sobre a angina. O estudo MASS (<italic>Medicine, Angioplasty and Surgeon Study</italic>) II mostrou uma alta taxa de pacientes sem sintomas de angina com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o <italic>versus</italic> OMT em um ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Contudo, outros dados p&#245;em em quest&#227;o a efic&#225;cia da ICP nos sintomas. O ensaio COURAGE (<italic>Clinical Outcomes Using Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation</italic>) e o ensaio FAME 2 revelaram um al&#237;vio inicial dos sintomas logo ap&#243;s a ICP, mas a diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; OMT n&#227;o se manteve ap&#243;s tr&#234;s a cinco anos de seguimento, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Uma suban&#225;lise do ensaio BARI-2D avaliou o estado de sa&#250;de e os sintomas dos pacientes randomizados &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ou a tratamento com medicamento. No BARI-2D, os pacientes tratados com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica mostraram melhora dos sintomas, o que n&#227;o ocorreu entre os submetidos &#224; angioplastia em um acompanhamento em longo prazo. Outro estudo conduzido por Hambrecht et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> comparou a ICP &#224; reabilita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, que tamb&#233;m &#233; um componente chave na OMT, e mostrou uma melhor toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio no grupo tratado exclusivamente com reabilita&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, o ensaio ISCHEMIA (<italic>International Study of Comparative Health Effectiveness with Medical and Invasive Approaches</italic>) demonstrou, em pacientes com isquemia grave detectada por m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos, uma melhora na qualidade de vida com a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (ICP ou <italic>bypass</italic> da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O melhor desempenho da estrat&#233;gia invasiva ocorreu em pacientes com sintomas mais frequentes e mais limitantes, analisados no estudo pelo escore SAQ (<italic>Seattle Angina Questionnaire</italic>).</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Ensaio ORBITA</title>
      <p>Embora os estudos mencionados anteriormente tenham demonstrado alguma melhora na angina ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, uma das suas principais limita&#231;&#245;es &#233; por serem estudos abertos, com poss&#237;vel efeito placebo. Nesse aspecto, o estudo ORBITA mostrou que n&#227;o houve benef&#237;cio da ICP em compara&#231;&#227;o a um procedimento placebo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho prim&#225;rio de um aumento no tempo de exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O ORBITA foi um estudo muito bem conduzido que demonstrou a possibilidade de um componente placebo e falta de uma melhora de sintomas pela ICP. No entanto, v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es j&#225; discutidas na literatura podem ter influenciado esses resultados, tais como o fato de o estudo haver inclu&#237;do pacientes com sintomas n&#227;o limitantes, aus&#234;ncia de isquemia em quase um quarto dos participantes, e o curto per&#237;odo de acompanhamento.</p>
      <p>Em 2023, o estudo ORBITA 2 foi finalmente publicado no NEJM e abordou, pela primeira vez, a ICP como uma monoterapia para al&#237;vio da angina em um ensaio controlado com placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O estudo fornece mais uma pe&#231;a do quebra-cabe&#231;a do controle da angina e supera as limita&#231;&#245;es do ORBITA. O ORBITA 2 foi um estudo multic&#234;ntrico, duplo-cego, randomizado, controlado por placebo, de iniciativa do investigador, conduzido em 14 locais no Reino Unido e incluiu 301 participantes. Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos apresentavam angina ou sintomas equivalentes, evid&#234;ncia anat&#244;mica de estenose coron&#225;ria grave, e evid&#234;ncia objetiva de isquemia com base em exames de imagens n&#227;o invasivos ou an&#225;lise invasiva da fisiologia coronariana. Primeiramente, medicamentos antianginosos foram descontinuados (o n&#250;mero mediano de drogas antianginosas foi de apenas 1) e os participantes foram orientados a usar um aplicativo de smartphone exclusivo para relatar a presen&#231;a ou a aus&#234;ncia de angina e o n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de angina diariamente. Os pacientes tamb&#233;m preencheram question&#225;rios validados sobre sintomas e qualidade de vida. A classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da Sociedade Canadense de Cardiologia (CCS, <italic>the Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic>) foi avaliada, e realizados teste ergom&#233;trico e ecocardiografia de estresse com dobutamina. Em seguida, os pacientes entraram em um per&#237;odo de duas semanas de pr&#233;-randomiza&#231;&#227;o, durante o qual relataram o n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de angina diariamente, pelo aplicativo do smartphone. Os pacientes eram eleg&#237;veis a prosseguir com a randomiza&#231;&#227;o se relatassem pelo menos um epis&#243;dio de angina durante a fase de avalia&#231;&#227;o de sintoma.</p>
      <p>Subsequentemente, angiografia coronariana foi realizada enquanto os pacientes escutavam m&#250;sica por fones de ouvido, e os pacientes eleg&#237;veis receberam seda&#231;&#227;o leve. Na fase pr&#233;-randomiza&#231;&#227;o, foram realizadas avalia&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas invasivas em cada vaso com uma estenose de pelo menos 50% do di&#226;metro, baseada na estimativa visual. Somente os pacientes com pelo menos uma les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o e randomiza&#231;&#227;o para ICP ou procedimento placebo. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi um escore de angina, calculado com o n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de angina relatado pelo paciente em um dia e o n&#250;mero de medicamentos antianginosos prescritos para o paciente naquele dia.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s um seguimento cego de 12 semanas, os resultados do ORBITA 2 mostraram um benef&#237;cio quanto aos sintomas com o ICP. O escore m&#233;dio de angina em 12 semanas foi 2,9 no grupo ICP e 5,6 no grupo placebo (p&lt;0,001). Contudo, o tamanho do efeito de al&#237;vio da angina foi modesto, uma vez que a frequ&#234;ncia di&#225;ria de angina foi somente 0,4 menos na ICP (0,3 epis&#243;dios no grupo ICP e 0,7 no grupo placebo) e 59% dos pacientes ainda apresentavam sintomas residuais ap&#243;s a ICP. O aumento no tempo de exerc&#237;cio na esteira foi de somente 59,5 segundos e similar ao que se alcan&#231;a com um &#250;nico medicamento antianginoso, conforme destacado pelos autores. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o curto per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, uma vez que resultados em longo prazo da ICP para angina podem mudar devido &#224; re-estenose, neoaterosclerose ou rea&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias, e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial induzida por <italic>stent</italic>. Vale ressaltar que o benef&#237;cio foi observado logo ap&#243;s a ICP e sustentado durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Ainda, 40 pacientes no grupo ICP n&#227;o apresentavam angina em compara&#231;&#227;o a somente 15 pacientes no grupo OMT, o que ressalta a import&#226;ncia de se identificar preditores de melhora de sintomas ap&#243;s uma ICP, de modo que os m&#233;dicos possam oferecer uma revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mais personalizada.</p>
      <p>O uso do smartphone para monitoramento cl&#237;nico e de sintomas no estudo ORBITA-2 merece aten&#231;&#227;o. Interven&#231;&#245;es Digitais de Sa&#250;de (IDSs) est&#227;o cada vez mais sendo incorporadas &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Uma IDS permite que o m&#233;dico avalie melhora a carga do sintoma pelo simples registro do n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de angina por dia, sua associa&#231;&#227;o e seu impacto sobre o exerc&#237;cio, melhora com uso de medicamento e angina limitante.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em geral, o conjunto de evid&#234;ncias valida um papel da ICP no al&#237;vio de sintomas. No entanto, &#233; preciso cautela antes de se apressar &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de sintomas e de angina &#233; um dilema diagn&#243;stico. Em alguns pacientes, a dor tor&#225;cica, causada por condi&#231;&#245;es musculoesquel&#233;ticas ou disp&#233;pticas, pode ser mal interpretada como uma resposta isqu&#234;mica em um teste invasivo ou n&#227;o invasivo. Outro ponto crucial &#233; que o fluxo coronariano &#233; regulado pela microcircula&#231;&#227;o, reconhecida como uma causa de sintomas e pior progn&#243;stico na DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Infelizmente, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente da fisiologia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria &#233; raramente realizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a qual poderia ter elucidado a causa dos sintomas residuais em 59% dos pacientes ap&#243;s a ICP no ORBITA 2. De fato, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o e vasoespasmo melhorou sintomas, conforme mostrado no ensaio CorMicA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Ainda, vale mencionar que um componente placebo da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233;, at&#233; certo ponto, respons&#225;vel pela melhora de sintomas, j&#225; que o tamanho do efeito foi menor que os resultados observados em ensaios n&#227;o cegos.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s uma cuidadosa avalia&#231;&#227;o, acreditamos que os estudos ORBITA poderiam mudar as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes atuais em se realizar uma ICP somente a pacientes com sintomas refrat&#225;rios apesar da OMT, e propomos um algoritmo de manejo da angina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). No entanto, a OMT deveria continuar como a primeira op&#231;&#227;o na maioria dos casos, por ser segura, conseguir aliviar sintomas de maneira t&#227;o eficaz como a ICP, permite que os cardiologistas avaliem melhor os sintomas relatados e discutam as op&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis (desde a reabilita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica at&#233; o tratamento medicamentoso). A ICP, ou mesmo o <italic>bypass</italic> da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, s&#227;o op&#231;&#245;es para pacientes com les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas epic&#225;rdicas (usando &#237;ndices hemodin&#226;micos espec&#237;ficos para les&#227;o epic&#225;rdica) e sintomas persistentes de angina apesar da OMT ou para casos em que a intoler&#226;ncia a medicamentos antianginosos for identificada ou altamente esperada. Alguns pacientes, ap&#243;s uma tomada de decis&#227;o em conjunto, podem n&#227;o querer tomar medicamentos adicionais, e expressarem uma prefer&#234;ncia pela revasculariza&#231;&#227;o como a primeira op&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s considera&#231;&#245;es relativas &#224; complexidade e aos riscos do procedimento. Finalmente, o estudo ORBITA 2 destaca um importante papel das ferramentas digitais modernas no melhor monitoramento da angina, o que deveria ser mais bem explorado em estudos cl&#237;nicos futuros.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Algoritmo de tratamento da angina; OMT: Optimal medical therapy; PA: press&#227;o arterial; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</title>
        </caption>
        <attrib>Fonte: primeiro autor.</attrib>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230848-30848-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            </name>
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              <surname>Tamis-Holland</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
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              <surname>Bangalore</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
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              <surname>Bates</surname>
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230848i</article-id>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>Angina Pectoris and Orbita 2 Trial: Reflections on the Future of Angina Treatment</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8752-2175</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Bello</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8501-9867</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
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          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8592-7769</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Linhares</surname>
            <given-names>Jaime Paula Pessoa</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
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          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3973-7523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinesi</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Trombini</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
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            <surname>Pitta</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Grunspun</given-names>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9171-1224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
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          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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          <institution content-type="original">Hospital OTO Aldeota &#8211; Kora Sa&#250;de, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo Bello Martins &#8226;</bold> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, AB, Sala 114. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>edubellomartins@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Treatment goal of chronic coronary disease (CCD) is to improve patient prognosis and quality-of-life. On this matter, optimal medical therapy (OMT) is paramount and revascularization is performed mostly for patients in which symptoms are not controlled by OMT. Although percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been frequently performed in the last 40 years, available data do not support its indication for prognosis and data on PCI and symptom improvement are controversial. Nevertheless, the more recent international guideline on CCD still supports PCI in patients with symptoms refractory to OMT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The most contemporary trials in CCD carefully evaluated the effect of PCI on angina. The MASS (Medicine, Angioplasty and Surgery Study) II trial showed a higher rate of patients free of anginal symptoms with revascularization versus OMT at one year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, other data put into question the long-term efficacy of PCI on symptoms. The Clinical Outcomes Using Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) and FAME 2 trials revealed initial symptom relief soon after PCI, but the difference in relation to OMT was not sustained after three and five years of follow-up, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A subanalysis of the BARI-2D trial evaluated the health status and symptoms of patients randomized to revascularization or drug treatment. In BARI-2D, patients treated with surgical revascularization showed improvement of symptoms, which did not occur among those who underwent angioplasty in a long-term follow-up. Another study conducted by Hambrecht et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> compared PCI to physical rehabilitation, which is also a core component of OMT, and showed better tolerance to exercise in the group treated with physical rehabilitation alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>More recently, the ISCHEMIA trial (International Study of Comparative Health Effectiveness with Medical and Invasive Approaches) demonstrated, in patients with severe ischemia in non-invasive methods, a quality-of-life improvement with revascularization (either with PCI or coronary artery bypass grafting).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The best performance of the invasive strategy occurred in patients with more frequent and limiting symptoms, analyzed in the study by the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) Summary Score.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>The ORBITA trial</title>
        <p>Although the above-mentioned studies have demonstrated some improvement in angina after myocardial revascularization, one of their major limitations is the open nature and a possible placebo effect. In this regard, the ORBITA study showed no benefit of PCI versus a placebo procedure on the primary end-point of an increase in exercise time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> ORBITA was a well conducted study that demonstrated the possibility of a placebo component and lack of symptom improvement by PCI. However, several limitations could have influenced these results and have been discussed in the literature, such as the fact that it included patients with non-limiting symptoms, no ischemia in almost a quarter of the participants and short follow-up.</p>
        <p>In 2023, the ORBITA 2 trial was finally published in NEJM and addressed for the first time the PCI as a monotherapy for angina relief at a placebo-controlled trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> It provides another piece of the puzzle of angina control and overcomes some of the first ORBITA limitations. ORBITA 2 was an investigator-initiated, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial that was conducted at 14 sites in the United Kingdom and included 301 participants. Patients enrolled had angina or equivalent symptoms, anatomic evidence of severe coronary stenosis and objective evidence of ischemia <italic>based on noninvasive imaging or invasive coronary physiology testing.</italic> First, antianginal medications were discontinued (median number of antianginal drugs was only 1) and the participants were instructed to use a dedicated smartphone application to report the presence or absence of angina and the number of angina episodes daily. <italic>Patients also completed validated questionnaires on symptoms and quality of life. The Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) functional classification was assessed, treadmill exercise test and dobutamine stress echocardiography were also performed. The patients then entered a two-week pre-randomization period during which they reported the number of episodes of angina daily, through the smartphone application. Patients were eligible to proceed to randomization if they reported at least one episode of angina during the symptom assessment phase.</italic></p>
        <p>Subsequently, coronary angiography was performed while patients listened to music through headphones, and eligible patients received mild sedation. In the pre-randomization phase, invasive physiological assessments were performed in each vessel with a stenosis of at least a 50% diameter based on visual estimation. Only those with at least one ischemic lesion were deemed eligible for inclusion and randomization for PCI or a placebo-procedure. The primary outcome was an angina score, calculated with the number of angina episodes reported by the patient on a given day and the number of antianginal medications prescribed for the patient on that day.</p>
        <p>After a 12-week blinded follow-up the results of ORBITA 2 showed a symptomatic benefit with PCI. Mean angina score at 12 weeks was 2.9 in the PCI group and 5.6 in the placebo group (P&lt;0.001). Still, the effect size of angina relief was modest since the daily frequency of angina was only 0.4 less in PCI (0.3 episodes in the PCI group and 0.7 in the placebo group) and 59% of patients still had residual symptoms after PCI. The increase in treadmill exercise time was only 59.5 seconds and similar to what is achieved with a single antianginal medication as highlighted by the authors. Another limitation is the short follow-up as long-term results of PCI for angina may change due to restenosis, neoatherosclerosis or inflammatory reactions and endothelial dysfunction induced by the stent. Of note, the benefit was seen soon after PCI and sustained during the study follow-up. Also, 40 patients in the PCI group were free from angina compared to only 15 patients in the OMT group which underscores the importance of identifying predictors of symptom improvement after a PCI, so that clinicians can offer a more personalized revascularization.</p>
        <p>
          <italic>The use of smartphone for clinical monitoring and symptom surveillance in ORBITA-2 deserves attention. Digital health interventions (DHIs) are increasingly being incorporated into daily practice. A DHI allows the clinician to better assess symptom burden by easily documenting the number of angina episodes per day, its association and impact on exercise time, improvement with medication use and limiting angina.</italic>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Overall, the body of evidence validates a role for PCI in symptomatic relief. Nevertheless, caution is needed before rushing into a revascularization procedure. The identification of symptoms and angina pectoris is a diagnostic dilemma. In some patients, chest pain caused by musculoskeletal or dyspeptic conditions, may be misinterpreted as an ischemic response on an invasive or non-invasive test. Another crucial point is that coronary flow is regulated by microcirculation, which is recognized as a cause of symptoms and worse prognosis in CCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Unfortunately, a comprehensive assessment of coronary artery physiology is rarely performed in clinical practice, which could have elucidated the cause of the residual symptoms in 59% of patients after PCI in ORBITA 2.</p>
        <p>In fact, assessment of microcirculation and vasospasm improved symptoms as showed in the CorMicA trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Also, it is worth mentioning that a placebo component of myocardial revascularization is, to a certain extent, responsible for symptom improvement since the effect size was smaller than the results observed in unblinded trials.</p>
        <p>After careful consideration, we believe the ORBITA studies could change current guideline recommendations of offering PCI only for patients with refractory symptoms despite OMT and propose an algorithm for angina management (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). However, OMT should remain the first option in most cases since it is safe, can relieve symptoms as effectively as PCI, and allows the cardiologist to better evaluate the reported symptoms and discuss all available options (from physical rehabilitation to drug treatment). PCI, or even CABG, are options for those with epicardial ischemic lesions (using hemodynamic indexes specific for epicardial lesion) and persistent anginal symptoms despite OMT, or in cases where intolerance to antianginal medications is identified or highly expected. Some patients, after a shared decision-making process, may be unwilling to take additional pills and express a preference for revascularization as the first option after considerations relative to procedure complexity and risks. Lastly<italic>, the ORBITA 2 trial highlights a major role of modern digital tools in better monitoring angina, which should be further explored in future trials.</italic></p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angina treatment algorithm. OMT: optimal medical therapy; BP: blood pressure; HR: heart rate.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Source: first author.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230848-30848-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
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