<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dptW4hZz3VnbsR5bNQZRqkd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000600307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230817</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o do Valor Pan-Imune-Inflamat&#243;rio com Desfechos de Longo Prazo na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Agudamente Descompensada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6564-7185</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Murat</surname>
            <given-names>Bektas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3935-0222</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Murat</surname>
            <given-names>Selda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8805-3224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alt&#305;nbas</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Eren</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2620-9948</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yalvac</surname>
            <given-names>Halit Emre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9688-110X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Durmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Fatih Enes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1331-5365</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mert</surname>
            <given-names>Kadir Ugur</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4027-9873</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cavusoglu</surname>
            <given-names>Y&#252;ksel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Eskisehir City Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Eskisehir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Eskisehir City Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Eskisehir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Eskisehir Osmangazi University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medicine Faculty Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Eskisehir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Medicine Faculty Department of Cardiology, Eskisehir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sivas Numune Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Sivas</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sivas Numune Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Sivas &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Selda Murat</bold> &#8226; Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Medical Faculty Department of Cardiology, Eskisehir - Turquia. E-mail: <email>selda.eraslan@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230817</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Associa&#231;&#227;o do Valor Pan-Imune-Inflamat&#243;rio com Desfechos de Longo Prazo na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Agudamente Descompensada</title>
              <p>
                <italic>Pacientes nos tercis de PIV e rela&#231;&#227;o entre PIV e mortalidade por todas as causas. ICAD: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca agudamente descompensada; PIV: valor pan-imune-inflamat&#243;rio.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/dptW4hZz3VnbsR5bNQZRqkd/ced3267a0794475f0eb033e111602db91cad05b5.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/dptW4hZz3VnbsR5bNQZRqkd/eda3a83f46637928c04aa13d907b9f16c566893a.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/dptW4hZz3VnbsR5bNQZRqkd/2c91e6e7880eb5bf6b0da0092610b3e42a8c3df0.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Embora tenha havido melhorias significativas no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, seu progn&#243;stico permanece desfavor&#225;vel. Embora existam muitos biomarcadores que podem ajudar a prever o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IC, h&#225; necessidade de biomarcadores mais simples, menos dispendiosos e mais facilmente dispon&#237;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar o valor preditivo do valor pan-imune-inflamat&#243;rio (PIV, do ingl&#234;s <italic>pan-immune-inflammation value</italic>) em pacientes com IC agudamente descompensada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Analisamos 409 pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida internados por IC aguda descompensada. Os pacientes foram divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com os tercis de PIV: tercil 1 (PIV &lt; 357,25), tercil 2 (PIV &#8805; 357,25 e &lt; 834,55) e tercil 3 (PIV &#8805; 834,55). Foram considerados estatisticamente significativos valores de p &lt; 0,05. Curvas de Kaplan-Meier e modelos de regress&#227;o de riscos proporcionais de Cox foram utilizados para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre PIV e mortalidade por todas as causas. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi mortalidade por todas as causas em 5 anos, e o desfecho secund&#225;rio compreendeu a mortalidade por todas as causas intra-hospitalar em 30 dias, em 180 dias e em 1 ano</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Mostramos que valores mais elevados de PIV estavam associados a desfechos prim&#225;rios e secund&#225;rios. A curva de Kaplan-Meier mostrou que pacientes com valores mais elevados de PIV apresentaram risco aumentado de mortalidade por todas as causas em curto e longo prazo (log-rank p &lt; 0,001). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, o PIV foi identificado como um preditor independente de mortalidade por todas as causas em longo prazo em pacientes com IC aguda descompensada, e observamos um aumento de 1,96 vezes no risco de um evento (raz&#227;o de chances: 1,96; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,330 a 2,908; p = 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Nosso estudo mostrou que o novo biomarcador PIV pode ser usado como preditor de progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IC aguda descompensada.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Sist&#243;lica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica acompanhada de sintomas como falta de ar, incha&#231;o dos tornozelos, fadiga e toler&#226;ncia &#224; atividade diminu&#237;da, resultando em d&#233;bito card&#237;aco reduzido decorrendo de comprometimento estrutural e/ou funcional do cora&#231;&#227;o para manter a perfus&#227;o e as necessidades metab&#243;licas de v&#225;rios tecidos e &#243;rg&#227;os.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Embora melhorias nos tratamentos e suas implementa&#231;&#245;es tenham melhorado a sobrevida e a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) nos &#250;ltimos 30 anos, continua a ser um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e representa um s&#233;rio fardo econ&#244;mico, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao aumento da expectativa de vida e ao envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A estimativa do progn&#243;stico para desfechos cl&#237;nicos, como morbidade, mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, desempenha um papel importante para ajudar os pacientes, suas fam&#237;lias e os m&#233;dicos a decidirem sobre o tipo e o momento apropriados do tratamento (especialmente as decis&#245;es relativas &#224; transi&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida para tratamentos adicionais). Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, embora numerosos marcadores progn&#243;sticos tenham sido identificados para prever morte e/ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com IC, alguns deles s&#227;o &#250;teis na previs&#227;o do &#243;bito, mas s&#227;o insuficientes na previs&#227;o de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, a sua aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica &#233; limitada, e a estratifica&#231;&#227;o precisa do risco na IC permanece dif&#237;cil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora a patog&#234;nese espec&#237;fica da IC permane&#231;a incerta, a ativa&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica anormal e a inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica desempenham um papel importante, e tem sido provado que existe uma estreita rela&#231;&#227;o entre a inflama&#231;&#227;o e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Estudos demonstraram que a inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenha um papel importante no in&#237;cio e na progress&#227;o da aterosclerose e est&#225; intimamente associada &#224; patog&#234;nese da IC e &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias crescentes tamb&#233;m prop&#245;em que as respostas imunol&#243;gicas e inflamat&#243;rias podem desempenhar um papel patog&#234;nico no desenvolvimento da IC cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A IC aguda pode ser a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o de IC (in&#237;cio novo) ou, mais frequentemente, pode ser devida &#224; descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda da IC cr&#244;nica. A IC agudamente descompensada &#233; a principal causa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em pessoas com mais de 65 anos e est&#225; associada a altas taxas de mortalidade e rehospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, com mortalidade intra-hospitalar de 4% a 10%. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com IC aguda descompensada, pacientes com IC de in&#237;cio recente podem ter maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar, mas apresentam menores taxas de mortalidade p&#243;s-alta e de rehospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Mais recentemente, um biomarcador de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias extensas denominado valor pan-imune-inflamat&#243;rio (PIV, do ingl&#234;s <italic>pan-immune-inflammation value</italic>), que inclui contagens de neutr&#243;filos, plaquetas, mon&#243;citos e linf&#243;citos, demonstrou estar fortemente associado a desfechos piores e mortalidade em muitos tipos de c&#226;ncer. Todos esses estudos mostraram que o PIV &#233; um indicador de inflama&#231;&#227;o mais est&#225;vel e melhor do que os biomarcadores imunol&#243;gicos bem estabelecidos, como a rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos (RNL) e a rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas/linf&#243;citos (RPL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico em longo prazo do PIV, um novo biomarcador de baixo custo que &#233; facilmente dispon&#237;vel, contendo todos os componentes imunoinflamat&#243;rios obtidos do sangue perif&#233;rico, em pacientes com IC agudamente descompensada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo retrospectivo incluiu um total de 409 pacientes hospitalizados por IC agudamente descompensada no nosso hospital terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia entre janeiro de 2015 e janeiro de 2020. Inclu&#237;mos pacientes maiores de 18 anos que foram admitidos no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia e hospitalizados por ICFEr agudamente descompensada com base na defini&#231;&#227;o das Diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: dispneia principalmente por causas n&#227;o card&#237;acas, choque s&#233;ptico, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, gestantes, pacientes com doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias ativas, pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o ativa (pneumonia, infec&#231;&#227;o do trato urin&#225;rio, etc.), pacientes com qualquer leucemia, pacientes sem par&#226;metros hematol&#243;gicos e pacientes com IC hospitalizados principalmente por infec&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma para inclus&#227;o de pacientes. ICAD: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca agudamente descompensada.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230817-30817-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Foram coletados do sistema m&#233;dico hospitalar os dados demogr&#225;ficos e o hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico dos pacientes, incluindo idade, sexo, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, hiperlipidemia e tabagismo. No momento da admiss&#227;o hospitalar, todas as amostras de sangue venoso rotineiramente mediram o seguinte: glicose, creatinina, colesterol, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade, lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos, pico de creatinoquinase fra&#231;&#227;o MB, pico de troponina T, a fra&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (NT-proBNP), hemoglobina, contagem de neutr&#243;filos, contagem de linf&#243;citos, contagem de mon&#243;citos e contagem de plaquetas. Todos os dados demogr&#225;ficos, m&#233;dicos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais foram obtidos do banco de dados do hospital. As comorbidades foram aceitas como diagn&#243;sticos se encontradas no hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico do paciente ou nos registros e prontu&#225;rios do paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C&#225;lculo do valor pan-imune-inflamat&#243;rio</title>
        <p>O PIV foi calculado do modo seguinte: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext> [contagem de </mml:mtext><mml:mtext> neutr&#243;filos </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#956;</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> contagem de plaquetas </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#956;</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> contagem </mml:mtext><mml:mtext> de mon&#243;citos </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo/><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#956;</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mtext> contagem de linf&#243;citos </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#956;</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos do estudo</title>
        <p>A mortalidade por todas as causas em longo prazo (5 anos) de pacientes com IC agudamente descompensada foi selecionada como desfecho prim&#225;rio, enquanto o desfecho secund&#225;rio foi definido como mortalidade em curto prazo, incluindo a mortalidade por todas as causas intra-hospitalar, em 30 dias, em 180 dias e em 1 ano. O desfecho prim&#225;rio e secund&#225;rio do acompanhamento foi obtido do banco de dados do hospital e por liga&#231;&#245;es telef&#244;nicas com os pacientes e/ou seus familiares.</p>
        <p>O estudo recebeu aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica da nossa universidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 (IBM Corp., lan&#231;ado em 2012, IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, vers&#227;o 21.0. Armonk, NY, EUA).</p>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas normalmente distribu&#237;das s&#227;o relatadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, enquanto vari&#225;veis distorcidas s&#227;o expressas como medianas e intervalos interquartis. Foram realizados testes de Shapiro-Wilk e tra&#231;ados mapas de densidade para determinar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, e as associa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224;s vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram verificadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher.</p>
        <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es das diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram realizadas por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA unidirecional). Para an&#225;lise post-hoc foi utilizado o teste de Tukey. Foi utilizado o teste H de Kruskal-Wallis para comparar os grupos que n&#227;o se enquadraram na distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Para an&#225;lise post-hoc foi utilizado o teste de Dunn.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram agrupados em 3 tercis com n&#237;veis aumentados de PIV para an&#225;lise subsequente.</p>
        <p>Foram aplicados modelos univariados e multivariados para prever a mortalidade por todas as causas. Vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,05 no modelo univariado foram inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado para avaliar os efeitos abrangentes do PIV no evento do desfecho. Tamb&#233;m mostramos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o PIV e a sobrevida dos pacientes por meio da curva de Kaplan-Meier, utilizando o teste log-rank para testar hip&#243;teses. Foram calculados o <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR)e seu intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. Todas as compara&#231;&#245;es foram bicaudais, com p &lt; 0,05 considerado significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>De acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o mencionados acima, 409 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IC foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 62,2 &#177; 11,8 anos e houve predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino, com 279 pacientes masculinos (68,2%). Os pacientes foram divididos em 3 grupos (tercil 1, tercil 2 e tercil 3) de acordo com os tercis do PIV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). As caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Pacientes mais idosos apresentaram maior PIV (p = 0,038). Comparando as comorbidades entre os 3 grupos, o PIV n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre hipertens&#227;o e diabetes mellitus (p = 0,717 e p = 0,348, respectivamente). Pacientes com maior PIV foram associados a maiores taxas de insufici&#234;ncia renal e doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica (p = 0,002 e p = 0,004, respectivamente), e a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi menor no tercil mais alto de PIV (p = 0,021).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo por grupos tercis de PIV</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">PIV &lt; 357,25 (n=136) (1)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">PIV &#8805; 357,25 e &lt; 834,55 (n=136) (2)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">PIV &#8805; 834,55 (n=137) (3)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
                <th>Compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">66,2&#177;11,9</td>
                <td align="center">66,3&#177;12,9</td>
                <td align="center">69,2&#177;10,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,038</td>
                <td align="center">1-3: 0,041</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (36,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (27,2 %)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (32,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,293</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HT, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (61,0 %)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (56,60%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (60,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,717</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (38,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (45,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (46,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,348</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (60,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (75,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (70,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28(20,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">38(27,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (38,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (22,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (19,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (35,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,038</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (44,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (49,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">89,0 (65,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC, batimentos/minuto</td>
                <td align="center">72,9&#177;14,7</td>
                <td align="center">77,2&#177;19,1</td>
                <td align="center">83,5&#177;18,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1-3: &lt;0,001 2-3: 0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sinais de hipoperfus&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9(6,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">14(10,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">23(16,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,027</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Resultados laboratoriais</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina, g/dl</td>
                <td align="center">12,9&#177;2,07</td>
                <td align="center">12,3&#177;2,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,9&#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1-3: &lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas, (10<sup>3</sup> /mL)</td>
                <td align="center">181,0(15,25-217,75)</td>
                <td align="center">207,0(173,75-253,5)</td>
                <td align="center">250,0(194,0-303,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1-2: 0,012 1-3: &lt;0,001 2-3: &lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>WBC, (10<sup>3</sup>/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">7,0(5,8-8,4)</td>
                <td align="center">8,1(6925-9,3)</td>
                <td align="center">10,2(8,8-12,25)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1-2: 0,031 1-3: &lt;0,001 2-3: &lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linf&#243;citos (10<sup>3</sup> /mL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,7(1,4-2,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,45(1,0-1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,2(0,95-1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1-2: &lt;0,001 1-3: &lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neutr&#243;filos (10<sup>3</sup> /mL)</td>
                <td align="center">4,25(3,5-5,3)</td>
                <td align="center">5,7(4,625-6,0)</td>
                <td align="center">7,90(6,55-9,70)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1-2: 0,007 1-3: &lt;0,001 2-3: &lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mon&#243;citos (10<sup>3</sup> /mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,55(0,4250-0,70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60(0,50-0,80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,90(0,70-1,10)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1-3: &lt;0,001 2-3: &lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">105(77,0-130,02)</td>
                <td align="center">95,0(73,0-121,0)</td>
                <td align="center">90,0(70,0-112,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">1-3: 0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">113,0(87,1-149,2)</td>
                <td align="center">108,0(77,65-155,25)</td>
                <td align="center">108(84,25-145,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,778</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP, pg/ml</td>
                <td align="center">1828,0 (650,2-5732,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3949(1228,7-11308)</td>
                <td align="center">5108,0 (2615,2-14394,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1-2: 0,016 1-3: &lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Albumina, g/dl</td>
                <td align="center">3,83&#177;0,57</td>
                <td align="center">3,73&#177;0,58</td>
                <td align="center">3,54&#177;0,57</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1-3: &lt;0,001 2-3: 0,028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">5,82 (3,4-19,3)</td>
                <td align="center">13,65(5,64-32,5)</td>
                <td align="center">21,0(10,1-50,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1-3: &lt;0,001 2-3: 0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,23&#177;0,69</td>
                <td align="center">1,49&#177;1,08</td>
                <td align="center">1,54&#177;0,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">1-2: 0,044 1-3: 0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (84-152)</td>
                <td align="center">112,0(88,0-153,0)</td>
                <td align="center">117(90,5-164,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,809</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio, (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">139,1&#177;3,9</td>
                <td align="center">138,7&#177;4,2</td>
                <td align="center">136,4&#177;5,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1-3: &lt;0,001 2-3: &lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio, (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,54&#177;0,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,50&#177;0,49</td>
                <td align="center">4,48&#177;0,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,676</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina-T</td>
                <td align="center">0,022(0,013-0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,036(0,019-0,062)</td>
                <td align="center">0,045(0,024-0,098)</td>
                <td align="center">0,176</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">26,5&#177;7,25</td>
                <td align="center">24,5&#177;8,5</td>
                <td align="center">25,2&#177;7,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,091</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PSAP, mm Hg</td>
                <td align="center">48,6&#177;17,1</td>
                <td align="center">50,6&#177;15,6</td>
                <td align="center">50,6&#177;15,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,224</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Desfechos (mortalidade por todas as causas)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade em 30 dias</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">9(6,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">12(8,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade em 365 dias</td>
                <td align="center">17 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">32(23,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">46(35,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade em 5 anos</td>
                <td align="center">56 (41,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (60,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (72,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DM: diabetes mellitus; DPC: doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; HT: hipertens&#227;o; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; NS: n&#227;o significativo; NT-proBNP: fra&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; PIV: valor pan-imune-inflamat&#243;rio; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; WBC: contagem de leuc&#243;citos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o geral do estudo, o acompanhamento m&#233;dio foi de 5 anos. Observamos um total de 56 eventos no tercil 1, 82 eventos no tercil 2 e 99 eventos no tercil 3 durante o acompanhamento.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref> mostra que um PIV mais elevado foi associado a uma mortalidade mais elevada, tanto no curto prazo como no per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 5 anos. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> demonstra a curva de Kaplan-Meier entre os tercis dos diferentes valores de PIV. Os resultados indicaram que os pacientes com PIV mais elevado tiveram um risco aumentado de mortalidade por todas as causas a curto e longo prazo (log rank p &lt; 0,001).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Rela&#231;&#227;o entre PIV e mortalidade por todas as causas por per&#237;odo de tempo. PIV: valor pan-imune-inflamat&#243;rio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230817-30817-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curva Kaplan-Meier de sobrevida global em pacientes com diferentes tercis de PIV. PIV: valor pan-imune-inflamat&#243;rio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230817-30817-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada dos pacientes &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, PIV, idade, NT-proBNP e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar foram identificados como preditores independentes de mortalidade por todas as causas em longo prazo em pacientes com ICFEr.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lises proporcionais univariadas e m&#250;ltiplas de Cox para mortalidade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="4">Pacientes</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">Univariada</th>
                <th colspan="2">M&#250;ltipla</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">OR IC 95% da OR</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">OR IC 95% da OR</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>PIV Tercil 1 (Ref.)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PIV Tercil Ref. &gt;2</td>
                <td align="center">1,752 (1,247-2461)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,565(1,055-2,323)</td>
                <td align="center">0,026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PIV Tercil Ref. &gt;3</td>
                <td align="center">2,439(1,756-3,388)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,966(1,330-2,908)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,046 (1,033&#8211;1,059)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,027 (1,013-1,041)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE</td>
                <td align="center">0,979 (0,963&#8211;0,995)</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>K</td>
                <td align="center">0,860 (0,676&#8211;1,095)</td>
                <td align="center">0,221</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">1,292 (1,158&#8211;1,441)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP</td>
                <td align="center">1,000 (1,00&#8211;1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,001 (1,000&#8211;1,001)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PSAP</td>
                <td align="center">1,018 (1,010&#8211;1,028)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,009 (1,00&#8211;1,019)</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HGB</td>
                <td align="center">0,820 (0,770&#8211;0,873)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; HGB: hemoglobina; NT-proBNP: fra&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; PIV: valor pan-imune-inflamat&#243;rio; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais achados do nosso estudo s&#227;o os seguintes: PIV mais alto foi associado a maior mortalidade por todas as causas em curto e longo prazo em pacientes com IC agudamente descompensada, e o PIV foi um preditor independente de mortalidade por todas as causas em longo prazo em pacientes com IC agudamente descompensada. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a avaliar o efeito do novo biomarcador PIV no progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IC agudamente descompensada.</p>
      <p>Embora terapias promissoras tenham sido descobertas para o tratamento da IC nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, a taxa de mortalidade e morbidade ainda permanece elevada. Portanto, o desenvolvimento de novos tratamentos, bem como o desenvolvimento de biomarcadores progn&#243;sticos, &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco dos pacientes com IC. O biomarcador conhecido NT-proBNP &#233; amplamente utilizado para avaliar o progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Embora o NT-proBNP seja um bom indicador progn&#243;stico, ele apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es importantes na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Primeiro, quando o NT-proBNP &#233; comparado com o valor real, est&#225; abaixo do valor esperado devido &#224; sua meia-vida curta. Em segundo lugar, o NT-proBNP &#233; significativamente afetado por condi&#231;&#245;es como idade, sexo e obesidade, e a sua disponibilidade n&#227;o &#233; particularmente f&#225;cil. Portanto, a busca por novos biomarcadores menos dispendiosos e mais f&#225;ceis de obter come&#231;ou a atrair a aten&#231;&#227;o de pesquisadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recentemente, alguns estudos mostraram que fatores inflamat&#243;rios podem ser biomarcadores de IC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> e que alguns fatores inflamat&#243;rios est&#227;o envolvidos na ocorr&#234;ncia e no desenvolvimento de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> No presente estudo, avaliamos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre PIV e desfechos a curto e longo prazo em pacientes com IC aguda descompensada. Os resultados do nosso estudo mostraram que o PIV pode ser um biomarcador independente para mortalidade por todas as causas, a curto e longo prazo, em pacientes com IC agudamente descompensada. Em nosso estudo, verificamos que o risco de mortalidade por todas as causas aumentou ao longo do tempo em diferentes n&#237;veis de PIV. Durante o mesmo per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, verificamos que o risco de mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com IC aumentou com o aumento dos valores de PIV na admiss&#227;o, incluindo mortalidade em 30 dias, 180 dias, 1 ano e 5 anos ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o hospitalar. De acordo com a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de riscos proporcionais de Cox, um PIV mais elevado na admiss&#227;o foi um preditor independente de mortalidade. Portanto, podemos concluir que o PIV &#233; um poderoso biomarcador na predi&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IC agudamente descompensada. A an&#225;lise de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier em 5 anos mostrou que pacientes com IC agudamente descompensada e tercil de PIV mais alto tiveram sobrevida global significativamente pior.</p>
      <p>Embora, durante anos, dados de pesquisas e estudos cl&#237;nicos utilizando modelos experimentais de IC tenham apoiado o conceito de que a IC &#233; principalmente uma doen&#231;a do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco dominada pela ativa&#231;&#227;o anormal dos sistemas neuro-hormonal e simp&#225;tico, as primeiras observa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que datam da d&#233;cada de 1950 relataram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a prote&#237;na C reativa e diferentes etiologias de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, Villacorta et al. relataram que a prote&#237;na C reativa &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade cardiovascular em pacientes com IC aguda descompensada e que a inflama&#231;&#227;o representa um componente importante na fisiopatologia desta doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Isso sugere que um componente inflamat&#243;rio deve ser considerado na complexidade da IC. Estudos subsequentes mostraram que a inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenha um papel importante na etiologia, progress&#227;o e progn&#243;stico da IC. V&#225;rios estudos mostraram que citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias elevadas, como o fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-&#945;), estavam significativamente associadas &#224; apoptose e necrose mioc&#225;rdica, provocando remodelamento ventricular adverso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que os n&#237;veis elevados de TNF-&#945; foram associados &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica card&#237;aca comprometida e &#224; baixa sobrevida em longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, descobriu-se que a interleucina (IL)-6, uma das citocinas cl&#225;ssicas derivadas de mon&#243;citos, estava elevada em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda sem sintomas, o que sugere que &#233; um indicador sens&#237;vel para o diagn&#243;stico precoce de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Markousis-Mavrogenis et al. tamb&#233;m relataram que a IL-6 estava associada &#224; gravidade e &#224; sobrevida global na IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A contagem de linf&#243;citos, neutr&#243;filos, mon&#243;citos e plaquetas s&#227;o as principais c&#233;lulas na resposta &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o e &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o. Os neutr&#243;filos s&#227;o leuc&#243;citos que atuam como a primeira linha de defesa do hospedeiro contra pat&#243;genos e desempenham um papel importante na etiologia e no desenvolvimento da IC. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que est&#227;o associados a desfechos desfavor&#225;veis em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A RNL foi recentemente adicionada &#224; lista de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios avaliados em pacientes com IC, ap&#243;s o reconhecimento do papel importante que os neutr&#243;filos podem desempenhar no desenvolvimento e evolu&#231;&#227;o da IC. Um estudo observacional mostrou que a RNL estava significativamente associada &#224; doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, eventos cardiovasculares maiores e rehospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Dois estudos recentes relataram que o &#237;ndice de inflama&#231;&#227;o imune sist&#234;mica (SII, do ingl&#234;s <italic>systemic immune-inflammation index</italic>), que &#233; calculado a partir da contagem de plaquetas e da RNL, foi associado a progn&#243;sticos desfavor&#225;veis em longo prazo em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O PIV &#233; um novo biomarcador calculado a partir de neutr&#243;filos, leuc&#243;citos, linf&#243;citos e mon&#243;citos. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo sobre o PIV na previs&#227;o da mortalidade na IC agudamente descompensada. O PIV foi avaliado pela primeira vez em pacientes com c&#226;ncer e foi relatado como um preditor independente de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Em um estudo pr&#233;vio, relatamos que o PIV foi um melhor preditor de mortalidade em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST em curto e longo prazo, em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros &#237;ndices como RNL, RPL e SII.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A import&#226;ncia do nosso estudo e a sua diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o aos estudos acima mencionados &#233; que ele inclui as 4 c&#233;lulas mais importantes da inflama&#231;&#227;o. Os estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram que os biomarcadores com mais componentes eram melhores preditores do que os biomarcadores com 1 e 2 componentes em pacientes com c&#226;ncer. De Giorgi et al. mostraram que o SII tem melhor valor progn&#243;stico que a RNL em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de c&#233;lulas renais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Por outro lado, Kucuk et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> mostraram que o PIV era melhor que o SII e a RNL no c&#226;ncer colorretal metast&#225;tico e no melanoma. Embora os biomarcadores anteriores baseados em hemogramas n&#227;o inclu&#237;ssem os mon&#243;citos, s&#227;o um dos pilares mais importantes da inflama&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que eles t&#234;m um importante valor progn&#243;stico na aterosclerose e na patog&#234;nese da IC. Tamb&#233;m foi relatado que uma eleva&#231;&#227;o nos mon&#243;citos est&#225; associada a um progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Existem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es no presente estudo. Primeiro, embora o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 5 anos tenha sido suficiente, o tamanho da popula&#231;&#227;o inclu&#237;da no estudo foi pequeno. Em segundo lugar, o presente estudo foi realizado em um &#250;nico centro e n&#227;o validou o valor progn&#243;stico do PIV em uma coorte de valida&#231;&#227;o. Finalmente, como o estudo foi retrospectivo, apenas a mortalidade por todas as causas p&#244;de ser avaliada, e o estudo n&#227;o foi capaz de determinar o mecanismo subjacente da associa&#231;&#227;o entre PIV elevado e mau progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IC. Portanto, estudos prospectivos maiores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar os resultados do presente estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o presente estudo mostrou que valores mais elevados de PIV na admiss&#227;o foram associados &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas em 30 dias, 180 dias, 1 ano e 5 anos; portanto, o PIV pode ser usado como um preditor de progn&#243;stico simples, de baixo custo e repet&#237;vel em pacientes com IC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Sun D, Zhang F, Ma T, Zhang Y, Liang Z. Atorvastatin Alleviates Left Ventricular Remodeling in Isoproterenol-induced Chronic Heart Failure in Rats by Regulating the RhoA/Rho Kinase Signaling Pathway. Pharmacol Rep. 2020;72(4):903-11. doi: 10.1007/s43440-020-00085-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ma</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atorvastatin Alleviates Left Ventricular Remodeling in Isoproterenol-induced Chronic Heart Failure in Rats by Regulating the RhoA/Rho Kinase Signaling Pathway</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacol Rep</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>903</fpage>
          <lpage>911</lpage>
          <pub-id>10.1007/s43440-020-00085-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(17):263-421. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.12.012.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Heidenreich</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bozkurt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aguilar</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allen</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Byun</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colvin</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>263</fpage>
          <lpage>421</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2021.12.012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, B&#246;hm M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599-726. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McDonagh</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Metra</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adamo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardner</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumbach</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;hm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>36</issue>
          <fpage>3599</fpage>
          <lpage>3726</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Maggioni AP, Dahlstr&#246;m U, Filippatos G, Chioncel O, Leiro MC, Drozdz J, et al. EURObservational Research Programme: Regional Differences and 1-year Follow-up Results of the Heart Failure Pilot Survey (ESC-HF Pilot). Eur J Heart Fail. 2013;15(7):808-17. doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hft050.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maggioni</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dahlstr&#246;m</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filippatos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chioncel</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leiro</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drozdz</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>EURObservational Research Programme: Regional Differences and 1-year Follow-up Results of the Heart Failure Pilot Survey (ESC-HF Pilot)</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>808</fpage>
          <lpage>817</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurjhf/hft050</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Pocock SJ, Ariti CA, McMurray JJ, Maggioni A, K&#248;ber L, Squire IB, et al. Predicting Survival in Heart Failure: A Risk Score Based on 39 372 Patients from 30 Studies. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(19):1404-13. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs337.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pocock</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ariti</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMurray</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maggioni</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>K&#248;ber</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Squire</surname>
              <given-names>IB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predicting Survival in Heart Failure: A Risk Score Based on 39 372 Patients from 30 Studies</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>1404</fpage>
          <lpage>1413</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehs337</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Rahimi K, Bennett D, Conrad N, Williams TM, Basu J, Dwight J, et al. Risk Prediction in Patients with Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Analysis. JACC Heart Fail. 2014;2(5):440-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2014.04.008.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rahimi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bennett</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conrad</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Basu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dwight</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk Prediction in Patients with Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Analysis</article-title>
          <source>JACC Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>440</fpage>
          <lpage>446</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jchf.2014.04.008</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Ouwerkerk W, Voors AA, Zwinderman AH. Factors Influencing the Predictive Power of Models for Predicting Mortality and/or Heart Failure Hospitalization in Patients with Heart Failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2014;2(5):429-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2014.04.006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ouwerkerk</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voors</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zwinderman</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Factors Influencing the Predictive Power of Models for Predicting Mortality and/or Heart Failure Hospitalization in Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>JACC Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>429</fpage>
          <lpage>436</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jchf.2014.04.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Liberale L, Badimon L, Montecucco F, L&#252;scher TF, Libby P, Camici GG. Inflammation, Aging, and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(8):837-47. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.12.017.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Liberale</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badimon</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montecucco</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#252;scher</surname>
              <given-names>TF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Libby</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camici</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inflammation, Aging, and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC Review Topic of the Week</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>837</fpage>
          <lpage>847</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2021.12.017</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Kim KW, Ivanov S, Williams JW. Monocyte Recruitment, Specification, and Function in Atherosclerosis. Cells. 2020;10(1):15. doi: 10.3390/cells10010015.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>KW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ivanov</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Monocyte Recruitment, Specification, and Function in Atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Cells</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">15</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/cells10010015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Hanna A, Frangogiannis NG. Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines as Therapeutic Targets in Heart Failure. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2020;34(6):849-63. doi: 10.1007/s10557-020-07071-0.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hanna</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frangogiannis</surname>
              <given-names>NG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines as Therapeutic Targets in Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Drugs Ther</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>849</fpage>
          <lpage>863</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10557-020-07071-0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Deniau B, Costanzo MR, Sliwa K, Asakage A, Mullens W, Mebazaa A. Acute Heart Failure: Current Pharmacological Treatment and Perspectives. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(44):4634-49. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad617.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Deniau</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costanzo</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sliwa</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asakage</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mullens</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mebazaa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute Heart Failure: Current Pharmacological Treatment and Perspectives</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>44</issue>
          <fpage>4634</fpage>
          <lpage>4649</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehad617</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Ligorio F, Fuc&#224; G, Zattarin E, Lobefaro R, Zambelli L, Leporati R, et al. The Pan-Immune-Inflammation-Value Predicts the Survival of Patients with Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2)-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer Treated with First-Line Taxane-Trastuzumab-Pertuzumab. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(8):1964. doi: 10.3390/cancers13081964.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ligorio</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fuc&#224;</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zattarin</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lobefaro</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zambelli</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leporati</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Pan-Immune-Inflammation-Value Predicts the Survival of Patients with Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2)-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer Treated with First-Line Taxane-Trastuzumab-Pertuzumab</article-title>
          <source>Cancers (Basel)</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <size units="pages">1964</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/cancers13081964</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Chen X, Hong X, Chen G, Xue J, Huang J, Wang F, et al. The Pan-Immune-Inflammation Value Predicts the Survival of Patients with Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-positive Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with First-line ALK Inhibitor. Transl Oncol. 2022;17:101338. doi: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101338.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hong</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xue</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Pan-Immune-Inflammation Value Predicts the Survival of Patients with Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-positive Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with First-line ALK Inhibitor</article-title>
          <source>Transl Oncol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <size units="pages">101338</size>
          <pub-id>10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101338</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Kucuk A, Topkan E, Ozkan EE, Ozturk D, Pehlivan B, Selek U. A High Pan-immune-Inflammation Value Before Chemoradiotherapy Indicates Poor Outcomes in Patients with Small-cell Lung Cancer. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2023;37:3946320231187759. doi: 10.1177/03946320231187759.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kucuk</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Topkan</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozkan</surname>
              <given-names>EE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozturk</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pehlivan</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Selek</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A High Pan-immune-Inflammation Value Before Chemoradiotherapy Indicates Poor Outcomes in Patients with Small-cell Lung Cancer</article-title>
          <source>Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <size units="pages">3946320231187759</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/03946320231187759</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Tsutsui H, Albert NM, Coats AJS, Anker SD, Bayes-Genis A, Butler J, et al. Natriuretic Peptides: Role in the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America and Japanese Heart Failure Society. Eur J Heart Fail. 2023;25(5):616-31. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.2848.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tsutsui</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albert</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>AJS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bayes-Genis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Butler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Natriuretic Peptides: Role in the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America and Japanese Heart Failure Society</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>616</fpage>
          <lpage>631</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.2848</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. York MK, Gupta DK, Reynolds CF, Farber-Eger E, Wells QS, Bachmann KN, et al. B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels and Mortality in Patients With and Without Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(19):2079-88. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.071.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>York</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gupta</surname>
              <given-names>DK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reynolds</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farber-Eger</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wells</surname>
              <given-names>QS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bachmann</surname>
              <given-names>KN</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels and Mortality in Patients With and Without Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>2079</fpage>
          <lpage>2088</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.071</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Murat S, Murat B, Dural M, Mert GO, Cavusoglu Y. Prognostic Value of D-dimer/fibrinogen Ratio on In-hospital Outcomes of Patients with Heart Failure and COVID-19. Biomark Med. 2021;15(16):1519-28. doi: 10.2217/bmm-2021-0341.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Murat</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murat</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dural</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mert</surname>
              <given-names>GO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cavusoglu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Value of D-dimer/fibrinogen Ratio on In-hospital Outcomes of Patients with Heart Failure and COVID-19</article-title>
          <source>Biomark Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1519</fpage>
          <lpage>1528</lpage>
          <pub-id>10.2217/bmm-2021-0341</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Cho JH, Cho HJ, Lee HY, Ki YJ, Jeon ES, Hwang KK, et al. Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with Acute Heart Failure Predicts In-Hospital and Long-Term Mortality. J Clin Med. 2020;9(2):557. doi: 10.3390/jcm9020557.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cho</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cho</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>HY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ki</surname>
              <given-names>YJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jeon</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hwang</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with Acute Heart Failure Predicts In-Hospital and Long-Term Mortality</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <size units="pages">557</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/jcm9020557</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Tang Y, Zeng X, Feng Y, Chen Q, Liu Z, Luo H, et al. Association of Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index With Short-Term Mortality of Congestive Heart Failure: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:753133. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.753133.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zeng</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feng</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luo</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index With Short-Term Mortality of Congestive Heart Failure: A Retrospective Cohort Study</article-title>
          <source>Front Cardiovasc Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <size units="pages">753133</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcvm.2021.753133</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Bozkurt B, Mann DL, Deswal A. Biomarkers of inflammation in heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2010;15(4):331-41. doi: 10.1007/s10741-009-9140-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bozkurt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mann</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deswal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Biomarkers of inflammation in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>331</fpage>
          <lpage>341</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10741-009-9140-3</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Yndestad A, Dam&#229;s JK, &#216;ie E, Ueland T, Gullestad L, Aukrust P. Role of Inflammation in the Progression of Heart Failure. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2007;9(3):236-41. doi: 10.1007/BF02938356.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yndestad</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dam&#229;s</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#216;ie</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ueland</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gullestad</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aukrust</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of Inflammation in the Progression of Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Curr Cardiol Rep</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>236</fpage>
          <lpage>241</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/BF02938356</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Elster SK, Braunwald E, Wood HF. A Study of C-reactive Protein in the Serum of Patients with Congestive Heart Failure. Am Heart J. 1956;51(4):533-41. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(56)90099-0.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Elster</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braunwald</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wood</surname>
              <given-names>HF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Study of C-reactive Protein in the Serum of Patients with Congestive Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>1956</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>533</fpage>
          <lpage>541</lpage>
          <pub-id>10.1016/0002-8703(56)90099-0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Villacorta H, Masetto AC, Mesquita ET. C-reactive Protein: An Inflammatory Marker with Prognostic Value in Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;88(5):585-9. doi: 10.1590/s0066-782x2007000500014.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Villacorta</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masetto</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>C-reactive Protein: An Inflammatory Marker with Prognostic Value in Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>585</fpage>
          <lpage>589</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0066-782x2007000500014</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Bradham WS, Bozkurt B, Gunasinghe H, Mann D, Spinale FG. Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha And Myocardial Remodeling in Progression of Heart Failure: A Current Perspective. Cardiovasc Res. 2002;53:822-830. doi: 10.1016/S0008-6363(01)00503-X.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bradham</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bozkurt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gunasinghe</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mann</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spinale</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha And Myocardial Remodeling in Progression of Heart Failure: A Current Perspective</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <fpage>822</fpage>
          <lpage>830</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0008-6363(01)00503-X</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Plenz G, Song ZF, Tjan TD, Koenig C, Baba HA, Erren M, et al. Activation of the Cardiac Interleukin-6 System in Advanced Heart Failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2001;3(4):415-21. doi: 10.1016/s1388-9842(01)00137-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Plenz</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Song</surname>
              <given-names>ZF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tjan</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koenig</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baba</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erren</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Activation of the Cardiac Interleukin-6 System in Advanced Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>415</fpage>
          <lpage>421</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s1388-9842(01)00137-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Markousis-Mavrogenis G, Tromp J, Ouwerkerk W, Devalaraja M, Anker SD, Cleland JG, et al. The Clinical Significance of Interleukin-6 in Heart Failure: Results from the BIOSTAT-CHF Study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(8):965-73. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1482.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Markousis-Mavrogenis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tromp</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ouwerkerk</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devalaraja</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Clinical Significance of Interleukin-6 in Heart Failure: Results from the BIOSTAT-CHF Study</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>965</fpage>
          <lpage>973</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.1482</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Soehnlein O, Steffens S, Hidalgo A, Weber C. Neutrophils as Protagonists and Targets in Chronic Inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17(4):248-61. doi: 10.1038/nri.2017.10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Soehnlein</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steffens</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hidalgo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weber</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Neutrophils as Protagonists and Targets in Chronic Inflammation</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Immunol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>248</fpage>
          <lpage>261</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nri.2017.10</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Vulesevic B, Sirois MG, Allen BG, Denus S, White M. Subclinical Inflammation in Heart Failure: A Neutrophil Perspective. Can J Cardiol. 2018;34(6):717-25. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.01.018.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vulesevic</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sirois</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allen</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Denus</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Subclinical Inflammation in Heart Failure: A Neutrophil Perspective</article-title>
          <source>Can J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>717</fpage>
          <lpage>725</lpage>
          <pub-id>10.1016/j.cjca.2018.01.018</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Murat B, Murat S, Ozgeyik M, Bilgin M. Comparison of Pan-immune-inflammation Value with Other Inflammation Markers of Long-term Survival after ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Eur J Clin Invest. 2023;53(1):e13872. doi: 10.1111/eci.13872.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Murat</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murat</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozgeyik</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bilgin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of Pan-immune-inflammation Value with Other Inflammation Markers of Long-term Survival after ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Clin Invest</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e13872</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/eci.13872</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. De Giorgi U, Procopio G, Giannarelli D, Sabbatini R, Bearz A, Buti S, et al. Association of Systemic Inflammation Index and Body Mass Index with Survival in Patients with Renal Cell Cancer Treated with Nivolumab. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25(13):3839-46. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-3661.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>De Giorgi</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Procopio</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giannarelli</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabbatini</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bearz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buti</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Systemic Inflammation Index and Body Mass Index with Survival in Patients with Renal Cell Cancer Treated with Nivolumab</article-title>
          <source>Clin Cancer Res</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>3839</fpage>
          <lpage>3846</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-3661</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Apostolakis S, Lip GY, Shantsila E. Monocytes in Heart Failure: Relationship to a Deteriorating Immune Overreaction or a Desperate Attempt for Tissue Repair? Cardiovasc Res. 2010;85(4):649-60. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvp327.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Apostolakis</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lip</surname>
              <given-names>GY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shantsila</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Monocytes in Heart Failure: Relationship to a Deteriorating Immune Overreaction or a Desperate Attempt for Tissue Repair?</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>649</fpage>
          <lpage>660</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cvr/cvp327</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Eskisehir Osmangazi University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 43. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230817i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association of Pan Immune-Inflammation Value with Long Term Outcomes of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6564-7185</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Murat</surname>
            <given-names>Bektas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3935-0222</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Murat</surname>
            <given-names>Selda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8805-3224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alt&#305;nbas</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Eren</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2620-9948</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yalvac</surname>
            <given-names>Halit Emre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9688-110X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Durmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Fatih Enes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1331-5365</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mert</surname>
            <given-names>Kadir Ugur</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4027-9873</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cavusoglu</surname>
            <given-names>Y&#252;ksel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Eskisehir City Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Eskisehir &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Medicine Faculty Department of Cardiology, Eskisehir &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sivas Numune Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Sivas &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Selda Murat</bold> &#8226; Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Medical Faculty Department of Cardiology, Eskisehir - Turkey. E-mail: selda.eraslan@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Association of Pan Immune-Inflammation Value with Long Term Outcomes of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure</title>
              <p>
                <italic>Patients with PIV tertiles and relationship between PIV and all-cause mortality ADHF: acute decompensated heart failure; PIV: pan-immune-inflammation value.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230817-30817-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Although there have been significant improvements in the treatment of heart failure (HF) in recent decades, its prognosis remains poor. Although there are many biomarkers that can help predict the prognosis of patients with HF, there is a need for simpler, cheaper, and more easily available biomarkers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate the predictive value of pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) in patients with acute decompensated HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We analyzed 409 patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction who were hospitalized for acute decompensated HF. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to tertiles of PIV: tertile 1 (PIV &lt; 357.25), tertile 2 (PIV &#8805; 357.25 and &lt; 834.55), and tertile 3 (PIV &#8805; 834.55). P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the association between PIV and all-cause mortality. The primary outcome was 5-year all-cause mortality, and the secondary outcomes were in-hospital 30 days,, 180-day, and 1-year all-cause mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> We showed that higher PIV value was associated with both primary and secondary outcomes. The Kaplan-Meier curve showed that patients with higher PIV values had an increased risk of short- and long-term all-cause mortality (log-rank p &lt; 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, PIV was identified as an independent predictor of long-term all-cause mortality in patients with acute decompensated HF, and we observed a 1.96-fold increase in the hazard of an event (odds ratio: 1.96, 95% confidence interval: 1.330 to 2.908, p = 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Our study showed that the novel biomarker PIV can be used as a predictor of prognosis in patients with acute decompensated HF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Systolic Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome that is accompanied by symptoms such as breathlessness, ankle swelling, fatigue, and decreased activity tolerance, resulting in reduced cardiac output as a consequence of structural and/or functional impairment of the heart to maintain the perfusion and metabolic needs of various tissues and organs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Although improvements in treatments and their implementation have improved the survival and hospitalization of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in the last 30 years, it continues to be a serious public health problem and to pose a serious economic burden, in relation to longer life expectancy and an aging global population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Prognosis estimation for clinical outcomes such as morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization plays an important role in helping patients, their families, and clinicians decide on the appropriate type and timing of treatment (especially decisions regarding the rapid transition to further treatments). In recent decades, although numerous prognostic markers have been identified to predict death and/or HF hospitalization for different patient populations with HF, some of them are useful in predicting death, but they fall short in predicting hospitalizations. Moreover, their clinical applicability is limited, and precise risk stratification in HF remains difficult.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although the specific pathogenesis of HF remains unclear, abnormal immune activation and chronic inflammation play an important role, and it has been proven that there is a close relationship between inflammation and cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Studies have shown that inflammation plays an important role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and is closely associated with the pathogenesis of HF and cardiac remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Growing evidence also proposes that immunological and inflammatory responses may play a pathogenic role in the development of chronic HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Acute HF may be the first manifestation of HF (new onset) or, more often, may be due to acute decompensation of chronic HF. Acute decompensated HF is the leading cause of hospitalization in people over 65 years of age and is associated with high rates of mortality and rehospitalization, with in-hospital mortality of 4% to 10%. Compared to patients with acute decompensated HF, patients with new-onset HF may have higher in-hospital mortality, but they have lower post-discharge mortality and rehospitalization rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>More recently, a biomarker of extensive inflammation cells called pan-immune-inflammatory value (PIV), which includes neutrophil, platelet, monocyte, and lymphocyte counts has been shown to be strongly associated with worse outcomes and mortality in many cancer types. All of these studies have shown that PIV is a more stable and better indicator of inflammation than well-established immune biomarkers, such as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ration (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate the long-term prognostic value of PIV, a new, low-cost, and easily available biomarker containing all immune-inflammatory components obtained from peripheral blood, in patients with acute decompensated HF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This retrospective study included a total of 409 patients who were hospitalized for acute decompensated HF in our tertiary reference hospital between January 2015 and January 2020. We included patients older than 18 years old who were admitted to the emergency department and hospitalized for acute decompensated HFrEF based on European Society of Cardiology Guidelines definition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The exclusion criteria were as follows: dyspnea primarily due to non-cardiac causes, septic shock, acute coronary syndrome, pregnant women, patients with active inflammatory diseases, patients with active infection (pneumonia, urinary tract infection, etc.), patients with any leukemia, patients without hematological parameters, and HF patients hospitalized primarily due to infection (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Patient inclusion flowchart.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230817-30817-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>Demographic data and medical history of the patients such as age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and smoking were collected from the hospital medical system. At the time of hospital admission, all venous blood samples routinely measured the following: glucose, creatinine, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, peak creatinine kinase-myocardial band, peak troponin T level, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), hemoglobin, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, monocyte count, and platelet count values. All demographic, medical, echocardiographic, and laboratory data were retrieved from the hospital database. Comorbidities were accepted as diagnoses if they were found in the patient&#8217;s medical history or in the patient&#8217;s files and records.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Calculation of pan-immune-inflammation value</title>
          <p>PIV was calculated as: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext> [neutrophil count </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#956;</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> platelet count </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo/><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#956;</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> monocyte count </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#956;</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mtext> Iymphocyte count </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#956;</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study outcomes</title>
          <p>The long-term (5 years) all-cause mortality of patients with acute decompensated HF was selected as the primary outcome, while the secondary outcome was defined as short-term mortality, including the in-hospital, 30-day, 180-day, and 1-year all-cause mortalities. The primary and secondary follow-up outcome was obtained from the hospital database and telephone calls with the patients and/or their relatives.</p>
          <p>This study received approval from our university ethics committee.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 (IBM Corp., released 2012, IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY, USA).</p>
          <p>Normally distributed continuous variables are reported as mean &#177; standard deviation, while skewed variables are expressed as medians and interquartile ranges. Shapiro-Wilk tests were performed, and density maps were drawn to determine the normality of the distribution of the continuous variables. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies, and associations related to categorical variables were verified using chi-square or Fisher&#8217;s exact test.</p>
          <p>Comparisons of differences between groups were made by analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA). For post-hoc analysis, Tukey&#8217;s test was used. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the groups that did not conform to the normal distribution. For post-hoc analysis, Dunn&#8217;s test was used.</p>
          <p>Patients were grouped into 3 tertiles with increased PIV levels for further analysis.</p>
          <p>Univariate and multivariate models were applied to predict all-cause mortality. Variables with p &lt; 0.05 in the univariate model were included in the multivariate model to evaluate the comprehensive effects of PIV on the endpoint event. We also showed the relationship between PIV and patients&#8217; survival through the Kaplan-Meier curve, and we used the log-rank test for hypothesis testing. The odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. All comparisons were 2-tailed, with p &lt; 0.05 considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>According to the inclusion criteria mentioned above, 409 patients diagnosed with HF were enrolled to this study. The mean age was 62.2 &#177; 11.8 years, and male patients were predominant, with 279 (68.2%). The patients were divided into 3 groups (tertile 1, tertile 2, and tertile 3) according to the tertiles of PIV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). The baseline characteristics of the study population are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Older patients had higher PIV (p = 0.038). Comparing the comorbidities among 3 groups, PIV did not show a statistical difference between hypertension and diabetes mellitus (p = 0.717 and p = 0.348, respectively). Patients with higher PIV were associated with higher rates of renal failure and chronic pulmonary disease (p = 0.002 and p = 0.004, respectively), and the prevalence of coronary artery disease was lower in the highest PIV tertile (p = 0.021).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of the study population by PIV tertile groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">PIV &lt; 357.25 (n=136) (1)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">PIV &#8805; 357.25 and &lt; 834.55 (n=136) (2)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">PIV &#8805; 834.55 (n=137) (3)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                  <th>Multiple comparisons</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">66.2&#177;11.9</td>
                  <td align="center">66.3&#177;12.9</td>
                  <td align="center">69.2&#177;10.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.038</td>
                  <td align="center">1-3: 0.041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (36.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (27.2 %)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (32.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.293</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HT, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (61.0 %)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (56.60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (60.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.717</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (38.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (45.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (46.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.348</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (60.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (75.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (70.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CPD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28(20.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38(27.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (38.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (22.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (19.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (35.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.038</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Renal failure, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (44.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (49.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">89.0 (65.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR, beats/minute</td>
                  <td align="center">72.9&#177;14.7</td>
                  <td align="center">77.2&#177;19.1</td>
                  <td align="center">83.5&#177;18.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1-3: &lt;0.001 2-3: 0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Signs of hypoperfusion, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(6.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14(10.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23(16.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.027</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Laboratory findings</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin, g/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">12.9&#177;2.07</td>
                  <td align="center">12.3&#177;2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">11.9&#177;1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1-3: &lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet, (103 /mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">181.0(15.25-217.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">207.0(173.75-253.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">250.0(194.0-303.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1-2: 0.012 1-3: &lt;0.001 2-3: &lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC, (103/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.0(5.8-8.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.1(6925-9.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.2(8.8-12.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1-2: 0.031 1-3: &lt;0.001 2-3: &lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocyte (103 /mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7(1.4-2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.45(1.0-1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2(0.95-1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1-2: &lt;0.001 1-3: &lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil (103 /mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.25(3.5-5.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7(4.625-6.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.90(6.55-9.70)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1-2: 0.007 1-3: &lt;0.001 2-3: &lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Monocyte (103 /mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55(0.4250-0.70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60(0.50-0.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90(0.70-1.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1-3: &lt;0.001 2-3: &lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">105(77.0-130.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">95.0(73.0-121.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">90.0(70.0-112.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  <td align="center">1-3: 0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">113.0(87.1-149.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">108.0(77.65-155.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">108(84.25-145.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.778</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP, pg/ml</td>
                  <td align="center">1828.0 (650.2-5732.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3949(1228.7-11308)</td>
                  <td align="center">5108.0 (2615.2-14394.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1-2: 0.016 1-3: &lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumin, g/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">3.83&#177;0.57</td>
                  <td align="center">3.73&#177;0.58</td>
                  <td align="center">3.54&#177;0.57</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1-3: &lt;0.001 2-3: 0.028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP, (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.82 (3.4-19.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.65(5.64-32.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">21.0(10.1-50.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1-3: &lt;0.001 2-3: 0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23&#177;0.69</td>
                  <td align="center">1.49&#177;1.08</td>
                  <td align="center">1.54&#177;0.82</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">1-2: 0.044 1-3: 0.012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose, (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (84-152)</td>
                  <td align="center">112.0(88.0-153.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">117(90.5-164.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.809</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium, (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">139.1&#177;3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">138.7&#177;4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">136.4&#177;5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1-3: &lt;0.001 2-3: &lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium, (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.54&#177;0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">4.50&#177;0.49</td>
                  <td align="center">4.48&#177;0.59</td>
                  <td align="center">0.676</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin-T</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022(0.013-0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.036(0.019-0.062)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.045(0.024-0.098)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.176</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF, %</td>
                  <td align="center">26.5&#177;7.25</td>
                  <td align="center">24.5&#177;8.5</td>
                  <td align="center">25.2&#177;7.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.091</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>sPAP, mm Hg</td>
                  <td align="center">48.6&#177;17.1</td>
                  <td align="center">50.6&#177;15.6</td>
                  <td align="center">50.6&#177;15.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.224</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Endpoints (all-cause death)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30-day mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(6.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12(8.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>365-day mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (12.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32(23.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46(35.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5-year mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (41.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (60.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (72.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AF: atrial fibrillation; CAD: coronary artery disease; CPD: chronic pulmonary disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; DM: diabetes mellitus; HR: heart rate; HT: hypertension; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NS: not significant; NT-proBNP: N-terminal proBNP; PIV: pan-immune-inflammation value; sPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure; WBC: white blood cell count.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the overall study population, the mean follow-up was 5 years. We observed a total of 56 events in tertile 1, 82 events in tertile 2, and 99 events in tertile 3 during the follow-up.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> shows that a higher PIV is associated with higher mortality at both the short term and 5-year follow-up periods. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> demonstrates the Kaplan-Meier curve between the tertiles of different PIV values. The results indicated that patients with higher PIV had an increased risk of short and long-term all-cause mortality (log rank p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Relationship between PIV and all-cause mortality for time periods. PIV: pan-immune-inflammation value.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230817-30817-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier survival curve of overall survival in patients with different PIV tertiles. PIV: pan-immune-inflammation value.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230817-30817-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of the patients are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. In the multivariate analysis, PIV, age, NT-proBNP, and systolic pulmonary artery pressure were identified as independent predictors of long-term all-cause mortality in patients with HFrEF.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Univariate and multiple Cox proportional analyses for mortality</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="4">Patients</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariate</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Multiple</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">OR 95% CI of OR</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">OR 95% CI of OR</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PIV Tertile 1 (Ref.)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PIV Tertile Ref. &gt;2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.752 (1.247-2461)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.565(1.055-2.323)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PIV Tertile Ref. &gt;3</td>
                  <td align="center">2.439(1.756-3.388)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.966(1.330-2.908)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">1.046 (1.033&#8211;1.059)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.027 (1.013-1.041)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF</td>
                  <td align="center">0.979 (0.963&#8211;0.995)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>K</td>
                  <td align="center">0.860 (0.676&#8211;1.095)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.221</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine</td>
                  <td align="center">1.292 (1.158&#8211;1.441)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000 (1.00&#8211;1.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.001 (1.000&#8211;1.001)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>sPAP</td>
                  <td align="center">1.018 (1.010&#8211;1.028)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.009 (1.00&#8211;1.019)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HGB</td>
                  <td align="center">0.820 (0.770&#8211;0.873)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CI: odds ratio; EF: ejection fraction; HGB: hemoglobin; NT-proBNP: N-terminal proBNP; OR: odds ratio; PIV: pan-immune-inflammation value; sPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main findings of our study are as follows: higher PIV was associated with higher short- and long-term all-cause mortality in patients with acute decompensated HF, and PIV was an independent predictor of long-term all-cause mortality in patients with acute decompensated HF. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effect of the novel biomarker PIV on the prognosis of patients with acute decompensated HF.</p>
        <p>Although promising therapies have been discovered for the treatment of HF in recent decades, the rate of mortality and morbidity still remains high. Therefore, the development of new treatments, as well as the development of prognostic biomarkers, is of great importance for risk stratification of patients with HF. The well-known biomarker NT-proBNP is widely used for evaluating prognosis in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Although NT-proBNP is a good prognostic indicator, it has important limitations in clinical practice. First, when NT-proBNP is compared to the real value, it is below the expected value due to its short half-life. Second, NT-proBNP is significantly affected by conditions such as age, sex, and obesity, and it is not particularly easily available. Therefore, the search for new biomarkers that are cheaper and easier to obtain has begun to attract the attention of researchers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recently, some studies have showed that inflammatory factors can be biomarkers of HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and that some inflammatory factors are involved in the occurrence and development of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In the present study, we evaluated the relationship between PIV and short- and long-term outcomes of patients with acute decompensated HF. The results of our study showed that PIV could an independent biomarker for short- and long-term all-cause mortality of patients with acute decompensated HF. In our study we found that the risk of all-cause mortality increased over time at different PIV levels. During the same follow-up period, we found that the risk of all-cause mortality in patients with HF increased with increasing PIV values at admission, including mortality at 30 days, 180 days, 1 year, and 5 years after admission to the hospital. According to Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, a higher PIV at admission was an independent predictor of mortality. Therefore, we can conclude that PIV is a powerful biomarker in predicting the prognosis of patients with acute decompensated HF. Five-year Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that acute decompensated HF patients with higher PIV tertile had significantly poorer overall survival.</p>
        <p>Although, for years, data from research and clinical studies using experimental HF models have supported the concept that HF is primarily a heart muscle disease dominated by abnormal activation of the neurohormonal and sympathetic systems, early clinical observations dating back to the 1950s reported an association between C-reactive protein and different etiologies of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Additionally, Villacorta et al. reported that C-reactive protein is an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in patients with acute decompensated HF and that inflammation represents an important component in the pathophysiology of this disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> This suggested that an inflammatory component should be considered in the complexity of HF. Later studies showed that inflammation has an important role in the etiology, progression, and prognosis of HF. Several studies showed that elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-&#945;) were significantly associated with myocardial apoptosis and necrosis, bringing about ventricular adverse remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In addition, it was shown that the elevated levels of TNF-&#945; were associated with impaired cardiac systolic function and poor long-term survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Also, interleukin (IL)-6, one of the classical cytokines derived from monocytes, was found to be elevated in patients with left ventricular dysfunction without symptoms, and it has been suggested that it is a sensitive indicator for early diagnosis of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Markousis-Mavrogenis et al. also reported that IL-6 was associated with severity and overall survival in HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Lymphocyte, neutrophil, monocytes, and platelet counts are the main cells in the response to infection and inflammation. Neutrophils are leukocytes that act as the first line of host defense against pathogens and play an important role in the etiology and development of HF. Previous studies have shown that they is associated with poor outcome in HF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The NLR has recently been added to the list of inflammatory markers evaluated in HF patients, following the emergence of the important role that neutrophils can play in the development and outcome of HF. An observational study showed that NLR was significantly associated with chronic kidney disease, major cardiovascular events, and re-hospitalization for HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Two recent studies reported that systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), which is calculated from platelet counts and NLR, was associated with poor long-term prognoses in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>PIV is a novel biomarker that is calculated from neutrophils, leukocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on PIV in predicting mortality of acute decompensated HF. PIV was first evaluated in cancer patients, and it has been reported to be an independent predictor of mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In a previous study, we reported that PIV was a better predictor of mortality in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in the short and long term, compared to other indexes such as NLR, PLR, and SII.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The importance of our study and its difference from the abovementioned studies are that it contains the 4 most important cells of inflammation. The previous studies showed that biomarkers with more components were better predictors than biomarkers with 1 and 2 components in cancer patients. De Giorgi et al. showed that SII has a better prognostic value than NLR in patients with renal cell cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> On the other hand, Fuca et al. showed that PIV was better than SII and NLR in metastatic colorectal cancer and melanoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>Although the previous blood count-based biomarkers did not include monocytes, they are one of the most important cornerstones of inflammation. In addition, previous studies have shown that they have an important prognostic value in atherosclerosis and HF pathogenesis. It has also been reported that an elevation in monocytes is associated with poor prognosis in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>There are several limitations in this study. First, although the follow-up period was sufficient with 5 years, the size of the population included in the study was small. Second, this study was conducted at a single center and did not validate the prognostic value of PIV in a validation cohort. Finally, because the study was retrospective, only all-cause mortality could be evaluated, and the study was unable to determine the underlying mechanism of the association between high PIV and poor prognosis of patients with HF. Therefore, larger prospective studies are needed to confirm the results of this study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, this study showed that higher PIV values at admission were associated with 30-day, 180-day, 1-year, and 5-year all-cause mortality; therefore, PIV can be used as a low-cost, simple, and repeatable predictor of prognosis in patients with HF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Eskisehir Osmangazi University under the protocol number 43. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
