<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">kFSbksqjNVmJxzZJSJxnxFp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000600701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230749</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Eleva&#231;&#227;o Enganosa do Segmento ST &#194;ntero-Septal e Padr&#227;o de Brugada Causado por Oclus&#227;o Isolada da Art&#233;ria do Cone</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4194-0579</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Uzun</surname>
            <given-names>Hakan G&#246;kalp</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquis e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zgen</surname>
            <given-names>&#304;rfan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Konak</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">&#304;zmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Department of Cardiology, Konak, &#304;zmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Hakan G&#246;kalp Uzun</bold> &#8226; Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Department of Cardiology &#8211; Tepecik Hastanesi Gaziler CD. NO:468 Konak, &#304;zmir, 35110 &#8211; Turquia. E-mail: <email>hakangokalpuzun@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230749</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A art&#233;ria do cone (AC) irriga a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (VSVD). A eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1-3, que pode assemelhar-se aos padr&#245;es de eletrocardiograma (ECG) de Brugada, foi relatada devido &#224; oclus&#227;o da AC. Um paciente do sexo masculino, 68 anos de idade, foi internado no hospital com diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Uma angiografia coron&#225;ria revelou uma dissec&#231;&#227;o na AC, provavelmente causada pelo cateter. Devido ao pequeno calibre da AC, a terapia medicamentosa foi escolhida como curso de a&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, ap&#243;s o procedimento, um ECG mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es consistentes com caracter&#237;sticas dos padr&#245;es de Brugada tipo 1 e tipo 2, com eleva&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1-4. A imagem coronariana subsequente revelou que a AC havia progredido para oclus&#227;o total. Apesar das diversas tentativas de obter a reentrada no l&#250;men verdadeiro, n&#227;o houve &#234;xito. Com base na rela&#231;&#227;o risco-benef&#237;cio, foi tomada a decis&#227;o de continuar com a terapia medicamentosa. Este &#233; o primeiro caso relatado de oclus&#227;o da AC induzida por dissec&#231;&#227;o por cateter, que se manifesta como eleva&#231;&#227;o &#226;ntero-septal do segmento ST. O paciente n&#227;o relatou sintomas anginosos ou eventos arr&#237;tmicos, o que contrasta com o conhecimento convencional. Nem todas as obstru&#231;&#245;es da AC ou infartos da VSVD causam padr&#245;es semelhantes aos de Brugada. Quando isso ocorre, as eleva&#231;&#245;es de ST tendem a ser menores do que as da verdadeira s&#237;ndrome de Brugada.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Obstru&#231;&#227;o da Via de Sa&#237;da Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Brugada</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A art&#233;ria do cone (AC), frequentemente o primeiro ramo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) com preval&#234;ncia de 80,5%, supre a via de sa&#237;da ou cone arterial (infund&#237;bulo) do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), uma regi&#227;o considerada propensa &#224; gera&#231;&#227;o de arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1-3, por vezes semelhante aos padr&#245;es de ECG de Brugada, foi relatada devido &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo para a AC atrav&#233;s de v&#225;rios mecanismos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 68 anos, ex-fumante, sem hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica ou uso de drogas, foi admitido na unidade coronariana (UCO) com queixas de desconforto respirat&#243;rio, palpita&#231;&#245;es e incha&#231;o nas pernas h&#225; 10 dias.</p>
      <p>Os sinais vitais eram normais, exceto por uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca irregular e r&#225;pida, que foi posteriormente confirmada no ECG como consistente com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com resposta ventricular r&#225;pida. O ECG de admiss&#227;o revelou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, m&#225; progress&#227;o da onda R nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda e bloqueio fascicular anterior esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). Estertores confinados &#224;s bases pulmonares eram aud&#237;veis &#224; ausculta. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, sub&#243;timo devido &#224; taquicardia subjacente, mostrou hipocinesia global leve com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) diminu&#237;da de 50% e sem patologia valvular significativa. Com um n&#237;vel inicial de troponina I de 916 ng/L (intervalos de refer&#234;ncia: 2,5-46 ng/L), chegou-se ao diagn&#243;stico preliminar de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; O ECG de admiss&#227;o mostrou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, m&#225; progress&#227;o da onda R nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda e bloqueio fascicular anterior esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230749-30749-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Embora a FEVE diminu&#237;da, o n&#237;vel elevado de troponina I e a dispneia pudessem ser atribu&#237;dos &#224; taquicardia, uma angiografia coron&#225;ria foi necess&#225;ria para uma investiga&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica devido ao hist&#243;rico de tabagismo e &#224; idade avan&#231;ada do paciente. A angiografia coronariana, realizada pela art&#233;ria femoral direita, revelou oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica da ACD distal com fluxo colateral retr&#243;grado do sistema coronariano esquerdo. N&#227;o foram encontradas les&#245;es obstrutivas no tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE), art&#233;ria descendente anterior (ADA) esquerda e art&#233;ria circunflexa (CX). Al&#233;m disso, uma placa obstrutiva foi observada em uma AC bem desenvolvida, mas ainda de pequeno calibre (V&#237;deo 1-5). A primeira tentativa com o cateter Judkins direito 4 (JR4) resultou em visualiza&#231;&#227;o abaixo do ideal da ACD distal e seus ramos proximais devido a uma sa&#237;da incomum do seio coron&#225;rio direito e, portanto, antes de encerrar o estudo, fizemos mais uma tentativa de reconectar a ACD usando o cateter Amplatz esquerdo 1 (AL1) para garantir uma visualiza&#231;&#227;o mais clara da circula&#231;&#227;o distal e da extens&#227;o da les&#227;o na AC. Ap&#243;s envolver o &#243;stio da ACD com AL1, a circula&#231;&#227;o distal ficou claramente vis&#237;vel. Por&#233;m, o fluxo distal da AC estava comprometido, resultando em fluxo TIMI 1. Isso foi evidenciado pela colora&#231;&#227;o com contraste na &#225;rea da les&#227;o, conforme demonstrado na vis&#227;o anterior de JR4 (V&#237;deo 6). Devido ao calibre pequeno da art&#233;ria e &#224; aus&#234;ncia dos sintomas relatados, optou-se pela terapia medicamentosa. O paciente foi ent&#227;o transferido para a UCO em condi&#231;&#227;o hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a transfer&#234;ncia para a UCO, anormalidades no ECG, consistentes com caracter&#237;sticas atribu&#237;veis aos padr&#245;es de Brugada tipo 1 e tipo 2, com eleva&#231;&#245;es de ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1-4, foram observadas no acompanhamento p&#243;s-procedimento de rotina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>). Embora o paciente ainda n&#227;o relatasse angina, ele foi imediatamente encaminhado de volta ao laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo para nova avalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica em caso de piora do quadro ou desenvolvimento de nova oclus&#227;o coronariana.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; O ECG ap&#243;s a primeira angiografia mostra caracter&#237;sticas atribu&#237;veis aos padr&#245;es de Brugada tipo 1 e tipo 2: Eleva&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1-4, assemelhando-se a um padr&#227;o em sela com uma onda T negativa como no Tipo 2, mas tamb&#233;m com uma por&#231;&#227;o terminal do segmento ST gradualmente descendente, como no Tipo 1.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230749-30749-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A via de acesso foi alterada para art&#233;ria radial direita antes da interven&#231;&#227;o devido aos desafios na manipula&#231;&#227;o do cateter causados pela tortuosidade da art&#233;ria femoral visualizada durante a captura de imagem anterior. Primeiramente, a angiografia coron&#225;ria esquerda foi repetida e mostrou que o sistema coron&#225;rio esquerdo estava inalterado e p&#233;rvio. No entanto, a repeti&#231;&#227;o da imagem coronariana direita revelou que a oclus&#227;o subtotal anterior do ramo do cone havia progredido para oclus&#227;o total sem fluxo distal (V&#237;deo 7-8). Ap&#243;s a decis&#227;o de intervir, foram feitas m&#250;ltiplas tentativas de reentrada no l&#250;men verdadeiro usando a t&#233;cnica &#8220;buddy wire&#8221; e diversos fios-guia diferentes. No entanto, o fluxo n&#227;o foi alcan&#231;ado. Com base na rela&#231;&#227;o risco-benef&#237;cio e na aus&#234;ncia de angina ou arritmia maligna, n&#227;o foram feitas novas tentativas e optou-se por continuar com a terap&#234;utica medicamentosa. O paciente iniciou infus&#227;o de inibidor da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa (tirofiban) e, posteriormente, retomou a terapia antitromb&#243;tica tripla oral (&#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, varfarina e clopidogrel).</p>
      <p>As eleva&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST diminu&#237;ram e o padr&#227;o de Brugada tornou-se mais proeminente no dia seguinte ao procedimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>). O paciente n&#227;o apresentou sintomas ou arritmias durante o restante da perman&#234;ncia na UCO ou posteriormente na enfermaria do hospital. Posteriormente, recebeu alta em condi&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel, sem padr&#227;o de Brugada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; No dia seguinte, o ECG mostra diminui&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e padr&#227;o de Brugada mais pronunciado.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230749-30749-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; ECG de alta sem sinal de padr&#227;o de Brugada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230749-30749-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A AC, normalmente o ramo inicial da ACD, n&#227;o somente supre sangue &#224; VSVD, mas tamb&#233;m desempenha um papel na circula&#231;&#227;o colateral no caso de oclus&#245;es na &#225;rvore coron&#225;ria. Diversos mecanismos foram relatados para interromper o fluxo sangu&#237;neo para a AC, incluindo pris&#227;o durante a coloca&#231;&#227;o do stent em uma les&#227;o proximal da ACD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> vasoespasmo induzido por inje&#231;&#227;o de acetilcolina<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e intuba&#231;&#227;o seletiva inadvertida seguida de inje&#231;&#227;o de corante de contraste na AC.</p>
      <p>O caso apresentado aqui possui caracter&#237;sticas &#250;nicas que o distinguem dos demais: 1) Este &#233; o primeiro caso de oclus&#227;o de AC causada por dissec&#231;&#227;o de cateter, resultando em eleva&#231;&#227;o &#226;ntero-septal do segmento ST com caracter&#237;sticas dos padr&#245;es de ECG de Brugada tipo 1 e tipo 2. Em um estudo anterior sobre padr&#245;es de Brugada associados &#224; isquemia, um padr&#227;o flutuante tamb&#233;m foi relatado na maioria dos pacientes (5 de 6);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> 2) O paciente n&#227;o relatou quaisquer sintomas anginosos ou eventos arr&#237;tmicos durante ou ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (AC). Isto contrasta com o conhecimento convencional de que mesmo uma breve interrup&#231;&#227;o no fluxo sangu&#237;neo da AC pode causar FV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Diversos fatores podem explicar esta observa&#231;&#227;o: Primeiramente, o fluxo sangu&#237;neo colateral do sistema coron&#225;rio esquerdo devido &#224; oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica (OTC) da ACD distal poderia ser a causa disso. Outra poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para a ocorr&#234;ncia de TV/FV poderia ser o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico devido ao hist&#243;rico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC) do paciente. Esta hip&#243;tese &#233; apoiada por um estudo que encontrou maior incid&#234;ncia de TV/FV em pacientes sem SCC pr&#233;-existente;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> 3) A oclus&#227;o da AC foi provavelmente causada por uma dissec&#231;&#227;o iatrog&#234;nica com o cateter AL1, conhecido por ter maior risco de causar tais incidentes em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras causas mencionadas no par&#225;grafo anterior; 4) Foi levantada a hip&#243;tese de que a isquemia do VD, sem envolvimento inferior-posterior do VE, improv&#225;vel na presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria dominante direita, resultaria em eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST devido &#224; n&#227;o correspond&#234;ncia das for&#231;as el&#233;tricas dominantes do infarto do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> At&#233; onde sabemos, n&#227;o existem casos relatados na literatura desse fen&#244;meno ocorrendo na presen&#231;a de oclus&#227;o do cone com OTC distal na circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria codominante. A eleva&#231;&#227;o &#226;ntero-septal do segmento ST observada no caso aqui descrito pode ser parcialmente explicada pela proximidade da &#225;rea afetada (VSVD) &#224; parede tor&#225;cica e pela AC relativamente bem desenvolvida.</p>
      <p>Nem todas as obstru&#231;&#245;es de infartos de AC ou VSVD causam padr&#245;es semelhantes aos de Brugada. Quando isso ocorre, as eleva&#231;&#245;es de ST tendem a ser menos pronunciadas em compara&#231;&#227;o com aquelas observadas na verdadeira s&#237;ndrome de Brugada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em contraste, nem todos os padr&#245;es de Brugada resultantes da isquemia s&#227;o causados por oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, uma vez que tamb&#233;m foram relatados em oclus&#245;es de outras art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Embora o mecanismo respons&#225;vel pela eleva&#231;&#227;o distinta do segmento ST observada em pacientes com Brugada ainda n&#227;o seja totalmente compreendido, um estudo sist&#234;mico de pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com s&#237;ndrome de Brugada revelou uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre isquemia e eleva&#231;&#227;o acentuada do segmento ST seguida de FV. Isto pode ser devido &#224; isquemia e &#224; reentrada da fase 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Com base nesses achados, sugere-se que pacientes com formas cong&#234;nitas ou possivelmente adquiridas da s&#237;ndrome de Brugada podem apresentar maior risco de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca por isquemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O caso descrito aqui pode ser considerado como um paciente com padr&#227;o de ECG de Brugada com os achados atuais, ou pode ser considerado como &#8220;fenoc&#243;pia de Brugada&#8221;, um conceito usado para descrever forma&#231;&#245;es que possuem os mesmos padr&#245;es de ECG da verdadeira s&#237;ndrome cong&#234;nita de Brugada, mas s&#227;o causadas por outros fatores cl&#237;nicos, como isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ou anormalidades metab&#243;licas. Entretanto, ainda n&#227;o &#233; amplamente aceito na comunidade cient&#237;fica. De acordo com o chamado &#8220;sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica da fenoc&#243;pia de Brugada&#8221;, o paciente se enquadra na &#8220;fenoc&#243;pia de Brugada Classe C de Tipo 1 ou 2&#8221;. Isso ocorre porque o paciente n&#227;o possui antecedentes pessoais ou familiares que sugiram s&#237;ndrome de Brugada. Assim, um desafio medicamentoso n&#227;o foi realizado neste caso devido &#224; baixa probabilidade pr&#233;-teste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O caso aqui descrito destaca o fato de que a oclus&#227;o aguda da AC pode imitar a morfologia anterior do IAMCSST em um ECG, sendo tipicamente causada por oclus&#245;es no sistema coronariano esquerdo. Al&#233;m disso, o padr&#227;o de Brugada, por vezes, pode ser observado em oclus&#245;es da AC. Por fim, &#233; fundamental ter cautela ao usar cateteres AL, principalmente quando se trata de oclus&#245;es de ramos proximais. Mais pesquisas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para comparar pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de Brugada verdadeira sobreposta com aqueles que apresentam padr&#227;o de Brugada genu&#237;no induzido por isquemia.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para assistir ao v&#237;deo suplementar 1, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0749_RC_Video_1.avi">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para assistir ao v&#237;deo suplementar 2, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0749_RC_Video_2.avi">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para assistir ao v&#237;deo suplementar 3, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0749_RC_Video_3.avi">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para assistir ao v&#237;deo suplementar 4, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0749_RC_Video_4.avi">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para assistir ao v&#237;deo suplementar 5, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0749_RC_Video_5.avi">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para assistir ao v&#237;deo suplementar 6, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0749_RC_Video_6.avi">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para assistir ao v&#237;deo suplementar 7, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0749_RC_Video_7.avi">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para assistir ao v&#237;deo suplementar 8, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0749_RC_Video_8.avi">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para legenda dos v&#237;deos, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0749_RC_Supplemental-videos.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230749i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Deceptive Anteroseptal ST-segment Elevation and Brugada Pattern Caused by Isolated Conus Artery Occlusion</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4194-0579</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Uzun</surname>
            <given-names>Hakan G&#246;kalp</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zgen</surname>
            <given-names>&#304;rfan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Department of Cardiology, Konak, &#304;zmir &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Hakan G&#246;kalp Uzun</bold> &#8226; Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Department of Cardiology &#8211; Tepecik Hastanesi Gaziler CD. NO:468 Konak, &#304;zmir, 35110 &#8211; Turkey. E-mail: hakangokalpuzun@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>The conus artery (CA) supplies the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). ST-segment elevation in leads V1-3, which can resemble Brugada electrocardiogram (EKG) patterns, has been reported due to occlusion of the CA. A 68-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. A coronary angiogram revealed a dissection in the conus artery, most likely caused by the catheter. Due to the small caliber of the CA, medical therapy was chosen as the course of action. However, after the procedure, an EKG showed changes consistent with features of both type-1 and type-2 Brugada patterns, with ST-segment elevations in leads V1-4. Subsequent coronary imaging revealed that the CA had progressed to total occlusion. Despite multiple attempts to gain reentry into the true lumen, they were unsuccessful. Based on the risk-benefit ratio, the decision was made to continue with medical therapy. This is the first reported case of CA occlusion induced by catheter dissection, which manifested as anteroseptal ST-segment elevation. The patient did not report any anginal symptoms or arrhythmic events, which contrasts with conventional knowledge. Not all CA obstructions or RVOT infarcts cause Brugada-like patterns. When they do, ST elevations tend to be less than those in true Brugada syndrome.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ventricular Outflow Obstruction, Right</kwd>
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Brugada Syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The conus artery (CA), often the first branch of the right coronary artery (RCA) with a prevalence of 80.5%, supplies the outflow tract or conus arteriosus (infundibulum) of the right ventricle (RV), a region thought to be prone to generate arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>ST-segment elevation in leads V1-3, sometimes resembling Brugada EKG patterns, has been reported due to disruption of the blood flow to the CA via various mechanisms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 68-year-old male ex-smoker with no history of chronic disease or drug use was admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU) with complaints of respiratory distress, palpitations, and leg swelling for 10 days.</p>
        <p>Vital signs were normal except for an irregular and rapid heart rate, which was later confirmed on EKG to be consistent with atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response. The admission EKG revealed atrial fibrillation, poor R-wave progression in the precordial leads, left ventricular overload, and left anterior fascicular block (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). Rales confined to the lung bases were audible on auscultation. The transthoracic echocardiogram, suboptimal due to underlying tachycardia, showed mild global hypokinesia with a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 50% and no significant valvular pathology. With an initial troponin I level of 916 ng/L (reference ranges: 2.5-46 ng/L), a preliminary diagnosis of myocardial injury was made.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Admission EKG showed atrial fibrillation, poor R-wave progression in the precordial leads, left ventricular overload, and left anterior fascicular block.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230749-30749-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Although the depressed LVEF, elevated troponin I level, and dyspnea could be attributed to tachycardia, a coronary angiogram was warranted for an etiologic workup due to the patient&#8217;s smoking history and advanced age. The coronary angiogram, performed via the right femoral artery, revealed chronic total occlusion of the distal right coronary artery with retrograde collateral flow from the left coronary system. No obstructive lesions were found in the left main coronary artery (LMCA), left anterior descending artery (LAD), and circumflex artery (CX). Additionally, an obstructive plaque was noted in a well-developed but still small-caliber CA (Video 1-5). Because the first attempt with the Judkins right 4 (JR4) catheter resulted in less-than-optimal visualization of the distal RCA and its proximal branches due to an unusual exit from the right coronary sinus before terminating the study, we made one more attempt to reengage the RCA using the Amplatz left 1 (AL1) catheter to ensure clear visualization of the distal circulation and the extent of the lesion in the CA. After engaging the RCA ostium with AL1, the distal circulation was clearly visible. However, the distal flow of the CA was compromised, resulting in a TIMI 1 flow. This was evidenced by contrast dye staining in the lesion area, as demonstrated in the earlier view by JR4 (Video 6). Due to the small caliber of the artery and the absence of the reported symptoms, the medical therapy was chosen. The patient was then transferred to the CCU in a hemodynamically stable condition.</p>
        <p>After the transfer to the CCU, EKG abnormalities consistent with features attributable to both type-1 and type-2 Brugada patterns with ST elevations in leads V1-4 were noted at routine post-procedural follow-up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>). Although the patient was still angina-free, he was immediately sent back to the catheterization laboratory for repeat angiographic evaluation in case his condition worsened, or a new coronary occlusion developed.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; The EKG after the first angiogram shows features attributable to both type-1 and type-2 Brugada patterns: ST-segment elevations in leads V1-4 resembling a saddle-back pattern with a negative T wave as in Type 2, but also with a gradually descending terminal portion of the ST-segment as in Type 1.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230749-30749-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The access route was changed to the right radial artery before the intervention due to challenges in catheter manipulation caused by the tortuosity of the femoral artery experienced during the previous imaging. Firstly, the left coronary angiogram was repeated, and it showed that the left coronary system was unchanged and patent. However, repeat right coronary imaging revealed that the previous subtotal occlusion of the conus branch had progressed to total occlusion with no distal flow (Video 7-8). After the decision was made to intervene, multiple attempts were made to gain re-entry to the true lumen using the buddy wire technique and several different guidewires. However, the flow was not achieved. Based on the risk-benefit ratio and the absence of angina or malignant arrhythmia, no further attempts were made, and it was decided to continue with medical therapy. The patient was started on a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (tirofiban) infusion and then resumed with an oral triple anti-thrombotic therapy (acetylsalicylic acid, warfarin, and clopidogrel).</p>
        <p>The ST-segment elevations decreased, and the Brugada pattern became more prominent the day after the procedure (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>). The patient did not experience any symptoms or arrhythmias for the rest of their stay in the CCU or later in the hospital ward. He was subsequently discharged in a stable condition without a Brugada pattern (refer to <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; The following day EKG which shows decreased ST-segment elevations and a more pronounced Brugada pattern.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230749-30749-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Discharge EKG without sign of Brugada pattern.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230749-30749-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The CA, typically the initial branch of the RCA, not only supplies blood to the RVOT but also plays a role in collateral circulation in the event of occlusions in the coronary tree. Several mechanisms have been reported to disrupt blood flow to the CA, including jailing during stent placement in a proximal RCA lesion,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> vasospasm induced by acetylcholine injection,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and inadvertent selective intubation followed by injection of contrast dye into the CA.</p>
        <p>Our case has unique features that distinguish it from others: 1) This is the first case of CA occlusion caused by catheter dissection, resulting in anteroseptal ST-segment elevation with features of both type-1 and type-2 Brugada EKG patterns. In a previous study on Brugada patterns associated with ischemia, a fluctuating pattern was also reported in most patients (5 out of 6);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> 2) The patient did not report any anginal symptoms or arrhythmic events during or after the occlusion of the coronary artery (CA). This contrasts with conventional knowledge that even a brief interruption to CA blood flow could cause VF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Several factors could explain this observation: Firstly, the collateral blood flow from the left coronary system due to chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the distal RCA would have caused this. Another possible explanation for the occurrence of VT/VF could be ischemic preconditioning due to the patient&#8217;s history of chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). This hypothesis is supported by a study that found a higher incidence of VT/VF in patients without pre-existing CCS;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> 3) The occlusion of the CA was likely caused by an iatrogenic dissection with the AL1 catheter, which is known to have a higher risk of causing such incidents compared to other causes mentioned in the previous paragraph; 4) It has been hypothesized that RV ischemia without inferior-posterior LV involvement, which is unlikely in the presence of right-dominant coronary circulation, would result in anteroseptal ST-segment elevation due to non-matching of the dominant electrical forces from the RV infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> To the best of our knowledge, there are no reported cases in the literature of this phenomenon occurring in the presence of conus occlusion with a distal CTO in the codominant coronary circulation. The anteroseptal ST-segment elevation in our case may be partially explained by the proximity of the affected area (RVOT) to the chest wall and the relatively well-developed culprit CA.</p>
        <p>Not all obstructions of CA or RVOT infarcts cause Brugada-like patterns. When they do, ST elevations tend to be less pronounced than those seen in true Brugada syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In contrast, not all Brugada patterns due to ischemia are caused by coronary artery occlusion; they have also been reported in occlusions of other coronary arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Although the mechanism responsible for the distinctive ST-segment elevation observed in Brugada patients is not yet fully understood to date, a systemic study of symptomatic patients with Brugada syndrome has revealed a correlation between ischemia and marked ST-segment elevation followed by VF. This may be due to ischemia and phase 2 reentry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Based on these findings, it is suggested that patients with congenital or possibly acquired forms of Brugada syndrome may be at a higher risk of sudden cardiac death caused by ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our case can be considered as a patient with Brugada EKG pattern with the current findings, or it can be considered as &#8216;Brugada phenocopy,&#8217; a concept used to describe formations that have the same EKG patterns as true congenital Brugada syndrome but are caused by various other clinical factors such as myocardial ischemia or metabolic abnormalities. However, it is not yet widely accepted in the scientific community. According to the so-called &#8216;Brugada phenocopy morphologic classification system,&#8217; the patient falls under the &#8216;Type-1 or 2, Class C Brugada phenocopy&#8217;. This is because the patient has no personal or family history that suggests Brugada syndrome. Accordingly, a drug challenge was not performed in our case due to the low pretest probability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our case highlights the fact that acute occlusion of the CA can imitate the anterior STEMI morphology on an EKG,</p>
        <p>which is typically caused by occlusions in the left coronary system. Additionally, the Brugada pattern may sometimes be observed in conus artery occlusions. Finally, it is crucial to exercise caution when using AL catheters, particularly when dealing with proximal branch occlusions. Further research is necessary to compare patients with overlapping true Brugada syndrome with those who have a genuine ischemia-induced Brugada pattern.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>See the Supplemental Video 1, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0749_RC_Video_1.avi">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>See the Supplemental Video 2, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0749_RC_Video_3.avi">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>See the Supplemental Video 3, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0749_RC_Video_3.avi">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>See the Supplemental Video 4, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0749_RC_Video_4.avi">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>See the Supplemental Video 5, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0749_RC_Video_5.avi">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>See the Supplemental Video 6, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0749_RC_Video_6.avi">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>See the Supplemental Video 7, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0749_RC_Video_7.avi">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>See the Supplemental Video 8, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0749_RC_Video_8.avi">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For video information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0749_RC_Supplemental-videos.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
