<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">GNwpmp84Pt35wpLkPFkXzmC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000600304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230700</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto Cl&#237;nico da Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Reserva de Fluxo Mioc&#225;rdico na Identifica&#231;&#227;o da Causa do Desconforto Tor&#225;cico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8071-6516</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1358-5664</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Daibes</surname>
            <given-names>Marianna</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Domenico</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8522-6612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lorenzo</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea De</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ronaldo Lima</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia - R. Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255. CEP <postal-code>21941-617</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>ronlima@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230700</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/GNwpmp84Pt35wpLkPFkXzmC/eaf583d147d5ba309a94bac5a454acd03deb2119.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/GNwpmp84Pt35wpLkPFkXzmC/2d337540a1a61dcdb6aef329667d1ef73f947b81.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/GNwpmp84Pt35wpLkPFkXzmC/d88e27abfb9705827f50ed94e625a868c8c2f707.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Gama-c&#226;maras com detectores de telureto-c&#225;dmio-zinco (CZT) permitiram a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da reserva de fluxo mioc&#225;rdico (RFM), podendo aumentar a acur&#225;cia da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o (CMP) para detectar a causa do desconforto tor&#225;cico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o impacto cl&#237;nico da RFM para detectar a causa do desconforto tor&#225;cico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>171 pacientes com desconforto tor&#225;cico que foram submetidos a coronariografia ou angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias tamb&#233;m realizaram CMP e RFM num intervalo de tempo &lt;30 dias. As aquisi&#231;&#245;es das imagens din&#226;micas de repouso e estresse foram iniciadas simultaneamente &#224; inje&#231;&#227;o de 99mTc sestamibi (10 e 30mCi, respectivamente), ambas com dura&#231;&#227;o de onze minutos, seguidas imediatamente pela aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens de perfus&#227;o durante 5 minutos. O estresse foi realizado com dipiridamol. Uma RFM global ou por territ&#243;rio coronariano &lt;2,0 foi classificada como anormal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi de 65,9&#177;10 anos (60% do sexo feminino). A avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica mostrou que 115 (67,3%) pacientes apresentavam obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana significativa, sendo que, 69 apresentavam CMP anormal e 91 apresentavam RFM anormal (60,0% vs. 79,1%, p&lt;0,01). Dentre os pacientes sem obstru&#231;&#227;o (56 &#8211; 32,7%), 7 tinham CMP anormais e 23 tinham RFM global reduzida. A realiza&#231;&#227;o da RFM identificou a etiologia do desconforto tor&#225;cico em 114 pacientes enquanto a CMP identificou em 76 (66,7% vs. 44,4%, p&lt;0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A RFM &#233; uma medida fisiol&#243;gica quantific&#225;vel que aumenta o impacto cl&#237;nico da CMP na detec&#231;&#227;o da causa do desconforto tor&#225;cico atrav&#233;s de uma maior acur&#225;cia para detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva e ainda possibilita identificar a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a microvascular.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Reserva de Fluxo Mioc&#225;rdico</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>SPECT</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O desconforto tor&#225;cico &#233; uma queixa extremamente frequente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica cuja etiologia pode ser de dif&#237;cil determina&#231;&#227;o, especialmente em grupos populacionais como mulheres, idosos e diab&#233;ticos, por exemplo. Ele pode ser agudo, quando de in&#237;cio novo ou com altera&#231;&#227;o abrupta de padr&#227;o, intensidade ou dura&#231;&#227;o comparada com epis&#243;dios pr&#233;vios, ou est&#225;vel, quando recorrente ou cr&#244;nica e associada com fatores desencadeantes conhecidos e consistentes, como esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico ou estresse emocional. Apesar de o termo "dor" ser de uso frequente, a sensa&#231;&#227;o pode ser diversa, como press&#227;o, aperto, ard&#234;ncia, ou desconforto, e a localiza&#231;&#227;o pode ser cervical, epig&#225;strica, nos ombros ou mand&#237;bula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CPM) com tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (SPECT) &#233; importante para o diagn&#243;stico e avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apesar de seus valores diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico comprovados, a avalia&#231;&#227;o das imagens de perfus&#227;o &#233; realizada comparando a capta&#231;&#227;o relativa do radiof&#225;rmaco nas diferentes paredes mioc&#225;rdicas, o que pode limitar a capacidade da SPECT de identificar pacientes com DAC multiarterial de alto risco (obstru&#231;&#245;es &#8805;70% em duas ou mais coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas, com les&#245;es proximais, ou acometimento do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda, art&#233;ria descendente anterior proximal, grande &#225;rea de mioc&#225;rdio sob risco).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Essa limita&#231;&#227;o pode ser superada pela quantifica&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico (FSM) ou da reserva de fluxo mioc&#225;rdico (RFM), usando a cin&#233;tica dos tra&#231;adores na tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons (PET).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A PET &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo bem validado para quantifica&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, demonstrando um poder incremental de diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico quando comparada &#224; CPM em pacientes com suspeita ou DAC conhecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a RFM permite identificar a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a microvascular como causa da angina em pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias "normais" avaliadas pela coronariografia ou angiotomografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>C&#226;maras de c&#225;dmio-zinco-telureto (CZT) de alta sensibilidade, dedicadas a exames cardiol&#243;gicos, permitem a aquisi&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica de imagens tomogr&#225;ficas adequadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o da cin&#233;tica do radiotra&#231;ador e abrem uma nova era para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do FSM e da RFM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Todavia, como se trata de uma t&#233;cnica nova e em crescimento, o impacto cl&#237;nico do emprego da avalia&#231;&#227;o da RFM medida atrav&#233;s de gama-c&#226;mara CZT na investiga&#231;&#227;o de etiologia isqu&#234;mica do desconforto tor&#225;cico ainda &#233; desconhecido. Desta forma, este estudo procurou avaliar os resultados do uso da quantifica&#231;&#227;o da RFM em pacientes em investiga&#231;&#227;o de desconforto tor&#225;cico, comparando-os com o uso da CPM convencional na defini&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es de fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foram estudados 171 pacientes adultos, encaminhados para CPM pelos seus m&#233;dicos assistentes para avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de desconforto tor&#225;cico. Todos os pacientes estavam clinicamente est&#225;veis e foram submetidos a angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva ou angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias (CTCA) nos 30 dias anteriores &#224; CPM.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram contraindica&#231;&#245;es para estresse farmacol&#243;gico com dipiridamol, &#237;ndice de massa corporal &#8805; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (classes III/IV da New York Heart Association), s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda at&#233; 30 dias antes da inclus&#227;o no estudo, interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias entre os exames para determina&#231;&#227;o da anatomia coron&#225;ria e a CPM, e gravidez.</p>
        <p>O estudo envolvendo participantes humanos foi aprovado pela Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho da UFRJ. Os pacientes forneceram seu consentimento informado por escrito para participar deste estudo. O consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido do(s) indiv&#237;duo(s) para a publica&#231;&#227;o de quaisquer imagens ou imagens potencialmente identific&#225;veis ou dados inclu&#237;dos neste artigo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da anatomia coron&#225;ria</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos a angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva (69- 40,35%) ou CTCA (102 - 59,65%) usando t&#233;cnicas padr&#227;o e no m&#225;ximo 30 dias antes de realizarem a CPM/RFM. Para angiografia coron&#225;ria, dois cardiologistas intervencionistas experientes classificaram as les&#245;es esten&#243;ticas visualmente como porcentagem da estenose do di&#226;metro luminal. Uma les&#227;o obstrutiva significativa foi classificada como &gt;50% em uma art&#233;ria epic&#225;rdica importante. Os vasos que apresentavam les&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas foram classificados com base no maior grau de estenose. Os estudos CTCA foram realizados em um scanner de 128 cortes (Revolution HD, GE Healthcare, EUA) com disparo prospectivo de eletrocardiograma. Dois observadores experientes classificaram as les&#245;es esten&#243;ticas visualmente como porcentagem da estenose do di&#226;metro luminal. Uma les&#227;o obstrutiva significativa foi classificada como &gt;50% em uma art&#233;ria epic&#225;rdica importante. Os vasos que apresentavam les&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas foram classificados com base no maior grau de estenose.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de estudo</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos a protocolo de um dia, com fase de repouso seguida de estresse farmacol&#243;gico com dipiridamol. Eles foram instru&#237;dos a se abster de cafe&#237;na, subst&#226;ncias contendo metilxantinas e fumar por 24 horas antes do exame. Medicamentos adicionais foram mantidos a crit&#233;rio dos m&#233;dicos solicitantes. As varreduras foram realizadas em uma gama-c&#226;mara com colimador multi-pinhole e detectores estacion&#225;rios pixelados de estado s&#243;lido feitos de telureto de c&#225;dmio-zinco (Discovery 530, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, EUA) com 99mTc-sestamibi como radiotra&#231;ador conforme protocolo descrito previamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Para permitir o posicionamento do cora&#231;&#227;o no campo de vis&#227;o da c&#226;mera, uma dose teste (18,5 MBq) foi administrada para uma pr&#233;-varredura de 60 segundos. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica de repouso no modo lista foi iniciada simultaneamente &#224; inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa manual de 30 segundos de 99mTc-sestamibi, na dose de 370 MBq, seguida de inje&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina por 30 segundos, e durou 11 minutos com o paciente posicionado em dec&#250;bito dorsal. Imagens de perfus&#227;o em repouso foram obtidas imediatamente ap&#243;s a aquisi&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica por 5 minutos. Com o paciente ainda posicionado dentro da c&#226;mara, foi realizada inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de dipiridamol na dose de 0,14 mg/kg/min por 4 minutos, sob monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica. No pico do estresse, foi administrada uma segunda dose do radiotra&#231;ador (1.110 MBq) em 30 segundos, simultaneamente ao in&#237;cio da aquisi&#231;&#227;o do estresse din&#226;mico, tamb&#233;m com dura&#231;&#227;o de 11 minutos. Da mesma forma, imagens de perfus&#227;o na posi&#231;&#227;o supina foram obtidas imediatamente ap&#243;s a fase de estresse din&#226;mico, por 3 minutos. A aminofilina foi injetada 11 minutos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do estresse farmacol&#243;gico em todos os pacientes. Imagens de estresse em posi&#231;&#227;o prona foram obtidas em todos os pacientes com dura&#231;&#227;o de 2 minutos.</p>
        <p>Os dados est&#225;ticos e din&#226;micos foram processados utilizando uma esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada (Xeleris 4.0, GE Healthcare, Haifa, Israel) e software dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (Corridor4DM, INVIA Medical Imaging Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan, EUA). As imagens din&#226;micas do modo de lista foram reorganizadas em 22 quadros, consistindo nos primeiros 18 quadros de 10 segundos (180 segundos) e quatro quadros de 120 segundos (480 segundos). As imagens foram reconstru&#237;das utilizando um algoritmo iterativo de maximiza&#231;&#227;o de expectativa de m&#225;xima verossimilhan&#231;a (MLEM), com p&#243;s-filtro 3D do tipo Butterworth, sem atenua&#231;&#227;o ou corre&#231;&#227;o de dispers&#227;o. Os contornos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foram gerados automaticamente a partir de imagens mioc&#225;rdicas somadas de 2 minutos at&#233; o final da aquisi&#231;&#227;o e uma regi&#227;o de interesse 3D (ROI) no meio do VE foi usada para amostrar a atividade do "pool" sangu&#237;neo. A capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi estimada utilizando um modelo de reten&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida generalizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O transbordamento do mioc&#225;rdio para o reservat&#243;rio de sangue foi definido como zero, pois j&#225; foi descrito como insignificante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O FSM foi calculado usando um modelo de fluxo para Tc-99m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e a RFM foi calculada como a raz&#227;o entre o FSM de estresse e o em repouso. A subtra&#231;&#227;o da atividade residual de repouso da s&#233;rie din&#226;mica de estresse foi realizada conforme descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Os resultados foram relatados global e regionalmente, como tr&#234;s regi&#245;es vasculares ou regi&#245;es de mapas polares de 17 segmentos. A corre&#231;&#227;o de movimento foi realizada para cada quadro quando apropriado. No presente estudo, o ponto de corte escolhido para RFM foi 2,0 conforme validado anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Foi realizada interpreta&#231;&#227;o visual semiquantitativa utilizando um modelo de 17 segmentos. Os segmentos foram pontuados usando um sistema padr&#227;o de cinco pontos e foram obtidos o escore de estresse somado (SSS), o escore somado de repouso (SRS) e o escore de diferen&#231;as somadas (SDS). Um estudo anormal foi considerado quando o SSS foi &gt;3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Foi avaliada a presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (SDS&gt;1)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> em cada territ&#243;rio vascular. Para efeitos deste estudo, dois especialistas determinaram cegamente o envolvimento de diferentes territ&#243;rios coron&#225;rios. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi calculada automaticamente utilizando software dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (QGS, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Devido &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas do estudo (estudo explorat&#243;rio), n&#227;o foi realizado c&#225;lculo de tamanho amostral, sendo o presente grupo de pacientes uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>A normalidade das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas como n&#250;mero e percentual (%). A presen&#231;a de uma CPM com isquemia, RFM anormal (&lt;2,0) ou CAT ou CTCA com obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria &gt;50% foram indicadas como causa de dor precordial.</p>
        <p>Ao analisar diferen&#231;as entre dois grupos, aplicamos o teste t independente ao comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas (RFM) e o teste &#951;<sup>2</sup> ou o teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado quando compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas (presen&#231;a de CPM anormal).</p>
        <p>Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% foi adotado em todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises foram realizadas no programa SPSS vers&#227;o 20.0 (IBM Estat&#237;sticas, Armonk, NY, Estados Unidos).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 65,9&#177;10 anos e 60% dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino. Hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia e diabetes foram os fatores de risco mais frequentes. As caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> </p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas Demogr&#225;ficas (171 pacientes)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">65,9&#177;10 anos</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo Feminino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">103 (60,2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">29,5&#177;5,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">139 (81,3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">69 (40,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dislipidemia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">69 (40,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (12,9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hist&#243;ria Familiar</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">58 (33,9%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados da CPM, o SSS e SDS foram menores entre os pacientes com les&#227;o obstrutiva significativa assim a RFM. Os resultados da cintilografia e da avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo podem ser observados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Par&#226;metros cintilogr&#225;ficos e de avalia&#231;&#227;o de fluxo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#6296AD;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Total</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Com les&#227;o&gt;50%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Sem les&#227;o &gt;50%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">SSS</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,14 &#177; 5,95</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,27 &#177; 7,24</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,64 &#177; 4,46<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,028</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">SRS</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,68 &#177; 4,76</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,11 &#177; 5,73</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,06 &#177; 3,76</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,271</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">SDS</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,45 &#177; 2,95</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,97 &#177; 3,22</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,83 &#177; 2,55<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,044</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">60,6 &#177; 12,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">59,5 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62,0 &#177; 11,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,044</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FME ml/g/min</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,56 &#177; 0,68</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,50 &#177; 0,69</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,62 &#177; 0,74</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,366</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FMR ml/g/min</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,65 &#177; 0,28</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,69 &#177; 0,32</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,61 &#177; 0,24</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,199</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">RFM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,49 &#177; 0,93</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,27 &#177; 0,85</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,68 &#177; 0,94<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,019</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FME: fluxo mioc&#225;rdico de estresse; FMR: fluxo mioc&#225;rdico de repouso; RFM: reserva de fluxo mioc&#225;rdico; SDS: escore somado das diferen&#231;as; SRS: escore somados de repouso; SSS: escore somados de estresse;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>=p&lt;0,05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Dos 115 pacientes que apresentavam obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa, 69 tinham CPM com defeito revers&#237;vel e 91 apresentavam RFM reduzida (60,0% vs 79,1%, p&lt;0,01). Os achados dos estudos anat&#244;micos est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. Dentre aqueles em que n&#227;o se observou altera&#231;&#245;es coronarianas significativas no exame anat&#244;mico (56 &#8211; 32,7%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (12,5%) tinham CMP anormais e 23 (41%) tinham RFM global reduzida (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Dessa forma, a RFM p&#244;de ser associada com a dor card&#237;aca de etiologia isqu&#234;mica em 114 pacientes (66,6%) e a CPM em 76 (44,4%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resultado dos exames de anatomia coronariana</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#6296AD;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Sem les&#227;o coronariana</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">1 vaso com obstru&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">2 vasos com obstru&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">3 vasos com obstru&#231;&#227;o</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CTCA - 102</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (34,3%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (28,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">29 (31,6%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (7,8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CAT - 69</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (30,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (30,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (30,4%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (8,8%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Angio TC: angiotomografia coronariana; CAT: cateterismo card&#237;aco.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o da causa de desconforto tor&#225;cico pela cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica e pela reserva de fluxo na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, naqueles com ou sem les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva. CPM: cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; RFM: reserva de fluxo mioc&#225;rdico.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230700-30700-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mulher, 78 anos, hipertensa e dislipid&#234;mica com dor precordial t&#237;pica h&#225; 2 anos. Cintilografia com dipiridamol foi negativa para isquemia h&#225; 1 ano. Angio TC recente normal. Avalia&#231;&#227;o da reserva de fluxo mioc&#225;rdico global e territoriais diminu&#237;das.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230700-30700-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em pacientes com desconforto tor&#225;cico, o percentual de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva como causa vem diminuindo. No estudo de Patel, menos de 50% com angina tinham les&#227;o coronariana significativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Estudos com tomografia de emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons mostram que a altera&#231;&#227;o de RFM pode, al&#233;m de aumentar a sensibilidade para detectar DAC, identificar a doen&#231;a microvascular como causa de desconforto tor&#225;cico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As gama-c&#226;maras com detectores de CZT v&#234;m se revelando uma alternativa para avalia&#231;&#227;o de RFM. O estudo de Souza et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> revelou que essa t&#233;cnica &#233; fact&#237;vel e o estudo de Lima et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> demonstrou uma acur&#225;cia maior na detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, observamos que o desconforto tor&#225;cico foi associado a doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva significativa em 67,3%, percentual maior do que o estudo de Patel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> mas semelhante &#224; observada no estudo de Gerber et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Conforme demonstrado anteriormente, o uso da RFM aumenta a acur&#225;cia da CPM para detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva. No estudo de Lima et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> a sensibilidade foi de 55,2% e 69% da CPM e da RFM respectivamente. No presente estudo foi de 60% e 79,1%, mas por paciente e n&#227;o por vaso como analisado no estudo anterior.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, 41% dos pacientes sem DAC obstrutiva revelaram altera&#231;&#227;o de RFM. Esses valores s&#227;o semelhantes aos do estudo CORMICA no qual metade dos pacientes com angina e coron&#225;rias normais apresentavam doen&#231;a da microcircula&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s da avalia&#231;&#227;o invasiva com teste de adenosina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> J&#225; numa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica sobre pacientes com angina e coron&#225;ria normais, 30% dos pacientes apresentaram RFM anormal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como pudemos observar neste estudo e em outros, a avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica &#233; cada vez menos eficiente para determinar a causa do desconforto precordial sendo cada vez mais necess&#225;ria a avalia&#231;&#227;o da RFM ou a identifica&#231;&#227;o de vasoespasmo coronariano. Embora n&#227;o fosse o objetivo deste estudo comparar testes anat&#244;micos e funcionais, o percentual de pacientes que tiveram a etiologia isqu&#234;mica como causa do sintoma foi semelhante quando a an&#225;lise da RFM foi acrescentada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>Por fim, este estudo sugere que na impossibilidade de realizar a avalia&#231;&#227;o da RFM com PET, por falta do equipamento ou dos tra&#231;adores necess&#225;rios, as gama-c&#226;maras com detectores de CZT mostram-se uma excelente alternativa.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; que n&#227;o podemos afirmar que a presen&#231;a de uma RFM anormal seja a causa do desconforto precordial, da mesma forma que a presen&#231;a de uma CPM anormal ou uma les&#227;o obstrutiva coronariana. De qualquer forma, a presen&#231;a de uma RFM reduzida corresponde a um dos crit&#233;rios determinados pelo grupo COVADIS para angina microvascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; que todos os participantes foram encaminhados para exames anat&#244;micos para diagn&#243;stico de DAC obstrutiva o que seria um vi&#233;s importante de sele&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto como o uso da CTCA como exame diagn&#243;stico tem se tornado cada vez mais frequente pode ter minimizado esse fato. Finalmente, este &#233; um estudo unic&#234;ntrico e outras investiga&#231;&#245;es, especialmente multic&#234;ntricas, podem ajudar a confirmar os resultados encontrados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da RFM &#233; &#250;til para auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o da etiologia do desconforto precordial, mostrando-se superior &#224; CPM com avalia&#231;&#227;o convencional da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A possibilidade de uso da gama-c&#226;mara CZT para medida da RFM permite facilitar o emprego da t&#233;cnica, para al&#233;m do PET, ampliando seu uso, com potenciais benef&#237;cios diagn&#243;sticos para pacientes com dor precordial a esclarecer.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 1.585.457. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gulati</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mukherjee</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amsterdam</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhatt</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Birtcher</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>e187</fpage>
          <lpage>e285</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.053</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(22):e187-e285. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.053.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mastrocola</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amorim</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vitola</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>SCS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grossman</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>RSL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Update of the Brazilian Guideline on Nuclear Cardiology - 2020</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>325</fpage>
          <lpage>429</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200087</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Mastrocola LE, Amorim BJ, Vitola JV, Brand&#227;o SCS, Grossman GB, Lima RSL, et al. Update of the Brazilian Guideline on Nuclear Cardiology - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(2):325-429. doi: 10.36660/abc.20200087.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Watson</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goode</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siadaty</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ragosta</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beller</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incremental Value of Combined Perfusion and Function Over Perfusion Alone by Gated SPECT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging for Detection of Severe Three-Vessel Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>64</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00562-x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Lima RS, Watson DD, Goode AR, Siadaty MS, Ragosta M, Beller GA, et al. Incremental Value of Combined Perfusion and Function Over Perfusion Alone by Gated SPECT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging for Detection of Severe Three-Vessel Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(1):64-70. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00562-x.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Muzik</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duvernoy</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beanlands</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sawada</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dayanikli</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolfe</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of Diagnostic Performance of Quantitative Flow Measurements in Normal Subjects and Patients with Angiographically Documented Coronary Artery Disease by Means of Nitrogen-13 Ammonia and Positron Emission Tomography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>534</fpage>
          <lpage>540</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0735-1097(97)00526-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Muzik O, Duvernoy C, Beanlands RS, Sawada S, Dayanikli F, Wolfe ER Jr, et al. Assessment of Diagnostic Performance of Quantitative Flow Measurements in Normal Subjects and Patients with Angiographically Documented Coronary Artery Disease by Means of Nitrogen-13 Ammonia and Positron Emission Tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31(3):534-40. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(97)00526-3.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Parkash</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>deKemp</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruddy</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kitsikis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hart</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beauchesne</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Potential Utility of Rubidium 82 PET Quantification in Patients with 3-Vessel Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Cardiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>440</fpage>
          <lpage>449</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.nuclcard.2004.04.005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Parkash R, deKemp RA, Ruddy TD, Kitsikis A, Hart R, Beauchesne L, et al. Potential Utility of Rubidium 82 PET Quantification in Patients with 3-Vessel Coronary Artery Disease. J Nucl Cardiol. 2004;11(4):440-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nuclcard.2004.04.005.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zampella</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Acampa</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assante</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nappi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaudieri</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mainolfi</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Combined Evaluation of Regional Coronary Artery Calcium and Myocardial Perfusion by 82Rb PET/CT in the Identification of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>521</fpage>
          <lpage>529</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00259-018-3935-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Zampella E, Acampa W, Assante R, Nappi C, Gaudieri V, Mainolfi CG, et al. Combined Evaluation of Regional Coronary Artery Calcium and Myocardial Perfusion by 82Rb PET/CT in the Identification of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;45(4):521-9. doi: 10.1007/s00259-018-3935-1.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Assante</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Acampa</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zampella</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arumugam</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nappi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaudieri</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Value of Atherosclerotic Burden and Coronary Vascular Function in Patients with Suspected Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>2290</fpage>
          <lpage>2298</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00259-017-3800-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Assante R, Acampa W, Zampella E, Arumugam P, Nappi C, Gaudieri V, et al. Prognostic Value of Atherosclerotic Burden and Coronary Vascular Function in Patients with Suspected Coronary Artery Disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44(13):2290-8. doi: 10.1007/s00259-017-3800-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>NP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gould</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Carli</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taqueti</surname>
              <given-names>VR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Invasive FFR and Noninvasive CFR in the Evaluation of Ischemia: What Is the Future?</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2772</fpage>
          <lpage>2788</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.584</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Johnson NP, Gould KL, Di Carli MF, Taqueti VR. Invasive FFR and Noninvasive CFR in the Evaluation of Ischemia: What Is the Future? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(23):2772-88. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.584.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Danad</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uusitalo</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kero</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saraste</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raijmakers</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lammertsma</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Quantitative Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion in the Detection of Significant Coronary Artery Disease: Cutoff Values and Diagnostic Accuracy of Quantitative [(15)O]H2O PET Imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1464</fpage>
          <lpage>1475</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.069</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Danad I, Uusitalo V, Kero T, Saraste A, Raijmakers PG, Lammertsma AA, et al. Quantitative Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion in the Detection of Significant Coronary Artery Disease: Cutoff Values and Diagnostic Accuracy of Quantitative [(15)O]H2O PET Imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(14):1464-75. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.069.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kajander</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joutsiniemi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saraste</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pietil&#228;</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ukkonen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saraste</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Value of Absolute Quantification of Myocardial Perfusion with (15)O-Water in Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>678</fpage>
          <lpage>684</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.110.960732</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Kajander SA, Joutsiniemi E, Saraste M, Pietil&#228; M, Ukkonen H, Saraste A, et al. Clinical Value of Absolute Quantification of Myocardial Perfusion with (15)O-Water in Coronary Artery Disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(6):678-84. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.110.960732.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aribas</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Lennep</surname>
              <given-names>JER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elias-Smale</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piek</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roos</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmadizar</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of Microvascular Angina Among Patients with Stable Symptoms in the Absence of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>763</fpage>
          <lpage>771</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cvr/cvab061</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Aribas E, van Lennep JER, Elias-Smale SE, Piek JJ, Roos M, Ahmadizar F, et al. Prevalence of Microvascular Angina Among Patients with Stable Symptoms in the Absence of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review. Cardiovasc Res. 2022;118(3):763-71. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvab061.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wells</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Timmins</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lockwood</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marvin</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>deKemp</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dynamic SPECT Measurement of Absolute Myocardial Blood Flow in a Porcine Model</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1685</fpage>
          <lpage>1691</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2967/jnumed.114.139782</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Wells RG, Timmins R, Klein R, Lockwood J, Marvin B, deKemp RA, et al. Dynamic SPECT Measurement of Absolute Myocardial Blood Flow in a Porcine Model. J Nucl Med. 2014;55(10):1685-91. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.114.139782.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>ACDAH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>BKD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tedeschi</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>RSL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Quantification of Myocardial Flow Reserve Using a Gamma Camera with Solid-State Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride Detectors: Relation to Angiographic Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>876</fpage>
          <lpage>884</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12350-019-01775-z</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Souza ACDAH, Gon&#231;alves BKD, Tedeschi AL, Lima RSL. Quantification of Myocardial Flow Reserve Using a Gamma Camera with Solid-State Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride Detectors: Relation to Angiographic Coronary Artery Disease. J Nucl Cardiol. 2021;28(3):876-84. doi: 10.1007/s12350-019-01775-z.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leppo</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meerdink</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of the Myocardial Uptake of a Technetium-Labeled Isonitrile Analogue and Thallium</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <year>1989</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>632</fpage>
          <lpage>639</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.res.65.3.632</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 Leppo JA, Meerdink DJ. Comparison of the Myocardial Uptake of a Technetium-Labeled Isonitrile Analogue and Thallium. Circ Res. 1989;65(3):632-9. doi: 10.1161/01.res.65.3.632.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshida</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mullani</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gould</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Flow and Flow Reserve by PET Simplified for Clinical Applications Using Rubidium-82 or Nitrogen-13-Ammonia</article-title>
          <source>J Nucl Med</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1701</fpage>
          <lpage>1712</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 Yoshida K, Mullani N, Gould KL. Coronary Flow and Flow Reserve by PET Simplified for Clinical Applications Using Rubidium-82 or Nitrogen-13-Ammonia. J Nucl Med. 1996;37(10):1701-12.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tsuchida</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yonekura</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takahashi</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakano</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sadato</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Trial for the Quantification of Regional Myocardial Blood Flow with Continuous Infusion of Tc-99m MIBI and Dynamic SPECT</article-title>
          <source>Ann Nucl Med</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>61</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/BF03165431</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16 Tsuchida T, Yonekura Y, Takahashi N, Nakano A, Lee JD, Sadato N, et al. A Trial for the Quantification of Regional Myocardial Blood Flow with Continuous Infusion of Tc-99m MIBI and Dynamic SPECT. Ann Nucl Med. 1999;13(1):61-4. doi: 10.1007/BF03165431.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>RSL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bezerra</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Domenico</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorenzo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Improved Detection of Coronary Artery Disease by CZT Regional Coronary Blood Flow Evaluation</article-title>
          <source>Front Nucl Med</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>1072729</fpage>
          <lpage>1072729</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">0.3389/fnume.2022.1072729</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17 Lima RSL, Bezerra A, Andrade M, Domenico C, Lorenzo A. Improved Detection of Coronary Artery Disease by CZT Regional Coronary Blood Flow Evaluation. Front Nucl Med. 2002;2(2):1072729. doi: 0.3389/fnume.2022.1072729.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peterson</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dai</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brennan</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redberg</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>HV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Low Diagnostic Yield of Elective Coronary Angiography</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>362</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>886</fpage>
          <lpage>895</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa0907272</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18 Patel MR, Peterson ED, Dai D, Brennan JM, Redberg RF, Anderson HV, et al. Low Diagnostic Yield of Elective Coronary Angiography. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(10):886-95. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0907272.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gerber</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibbons</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weston</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fabbri</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herrmann</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manemann</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Disease Surveillance in the Community: Angiography and Revascularization</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>e015231</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.119.015231</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19 Gerber Y, Gibbons RJ, Weston SA, Fabbri M, Herrmann J, Manemann SM, et al. Coronary Disease Surveillance in the Community: Angiography and Revascularization. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(7):e015231. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.015231.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ford</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stanley</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Good</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocchiccioli</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McEntegart</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Watkins</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Stratified Medical Therapy Using Invasive Coronary Function Testing in Angina: The CorMicA Trial</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>23 Pt A</issue>
          <fpage>2841</fpage>
          <lpage>2855</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20 Ford TJ, Stanley B, Good R, Rocchiccioli P, McEntegart M, Watkins S, et al. Stratified Medical Therapy Using Invasive Coronary Function Testing in Angina: The CorMicA Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(23 Pt A):2841-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.006.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ong</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camici</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beltrame</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crea</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shimokawa</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sechtem</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>International Standardization of Diagnostic Criteria for Microvascular Angina</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>250</volume>
          <fpage>16</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.08.068</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>21 Ong P, Camici PG, Beltrame JF, Crea F, Shimokawa H, Sechtem U, et al. International Standardization of Diagnostic Criteria for Microvascular Angina. Int J Cardiol. 2018;250:16-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.08.068.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230700i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Clinical Impact of Assessment of Myocardial Flow Reserve in Identifying the Cause of Chest Discomfort</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8071-6516</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1358-5664</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Daibes</surname>
            <given-names>Marianna</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Domenico</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8522-6612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lorenzo</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea De</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Ronaldo Lima</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia - R. Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255. Postal Code <postal-code>21941-617</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>ronlima@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Gamma cameras with cadmium-zinc telluride (CZT) detectors allowed the quantification of myocardial flow reserve (MBF), which can increase the accuracy of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) to detect the cause of chest discomfort.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the clinical impact of MBF to detect the cause of chest discomfort.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>171 patients with chest discomfort who underwent coronary angiography or coronary CT angiography also underwent MPS and MBF in a time interval of &lt;30 days. The acquisitions of dynamic imaging of rest and stress were initiated simultaneously with the 99mTc injection sestamibi (10 and 30mCi, respectively), both lasting eleven minutes, followed by immediately acquiring perfusion images for 5 minutes. The stress was performed with dipyridamole. A global or per coronary territory MBF &lt;2.0 was classified as abnormal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The average age was 65.9&#177;10 years (60% female). The anatomical evaluation showed that 115 (67.3%) patients had coronary obstruction significant, with 69 having abnormal MPs and 91 having abnormal MBF (60.0% vs 79.1%, p&lt;0.01). Among patients without obstruction (56 &#8211; 32.7%), 7 had abnormal MPS, and 23 had reduced global MBF. Performing MBF identified the etiology of the chest discomfort in 114 patients while MPS identified it in 76 (66.7% vs 44.4%, p&lt;0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>MBF is a quantifiable physiological measure that increases the clinical impact of MPS in detecting the cause of chest discomfort through greater accuracy for detecting obstructive CAD, and it also makes it possible to identify the presence of the microvascular disease.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Myocardium Flow Reserve</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardium Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>SPECT</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chest discomfort is an extremely common complaint in clinical practice, and its etiology can be difficult to determine, especially in population groups such as women, the elderly, and diabetics, for example. It can be acute, when new in onset or with an abrupt change in pattern, intensity, or duration compared to previous episodes, or stable, when recurrent or chronic, and associated with known and consistent triggering factors, such as physical effort or emotional stress. Although the term "pain" is frequently used, the sensation can be diverse, such as pressure, tightness, burning, or discomfort, and the location can be cervical, epigastric, in the shoulders, or jaw.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is important for the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Despite its proven diagnostic and prognostic values, the evaluation of perfusion imaging is performed by comparing the relative uptake of the radiopharmaceutical in the different myocardial walls, which may limit the ability of SPECT to identify patients with high-risk multivessel CAD (obstructions &#8805;70% in two or more epicardial coronary arteries, with proximal lesions, or involvement of the left coronary trunk, proximal anterior descending artery, large area of myocardium at risk).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This limitation can be overcome by quantifying myocardial blood flow (MBF) or myocardial flow reserve (MFR), using tracer kinetics in positron emission tomography (PET).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> PET is a well-established non-invasive method, validated for quantifying myocardial perfusion, demonstrating an incremental diagnostic and prognostic power when compared to MPS in patients with suspected or known CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Furthermore, MBF allows identifying the presence of microvascular disease as the cause of angina in patients with "normal" coronary arteries assessed by coronary angiography or computed tomography angiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230700-30700-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>High-sensitivity cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) chambers, dedicated to cardiological examinations, allow the dynamic acquisition of tomographic images suitable for evaluating radiotracer kinetics and open a new era for the quantification of MBF and MFR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, as this is a new and growing technique, the clinical impact of using the assessment of MFR, measured using a CZT gamma camera, in investigating the ischemic etiology of chest discomfort is still unknown. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate the results of using MBF quantification in patients undergoing investigation of chest discomfort, comparing them with the use of conventional MPS in defining the presence of changes in coronary blood flow.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Population</title>
          <p>One hundred and seventy-one adult patients were studied, referred to MPS by their attending physicians for diagnostic evaluation of chest discomfort. All patients were clinically stable and underwent invasive coronary angiography or coronary CT angiography (CTCA) within 30 days before MPS.</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria included contraindications to pharmacological stress with dipyridamole, body mass index &#8805; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, heart failure (New York Heart Association classes III/IV), acute coronary syndrome within 30 days before study inclusion, coronary interventions between exams to determine coronary anatomy and MPS, and pregnancy.</p>
          <p>The study involving human participants was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Clementino Fraga Filho Hospital at UFRJ. Patients provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or images or data included in this article.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of coronary anatomy</title>
          <p>Patients underwent invasive coronary angiography (69 - 40.35%) or CCTA (102 - 59.65%) using standard techniques and a maximum of 30 days before performing MPS/MBF. For coronary angiography, two experienced interventional cardiologists classified stenotic lesions visually as a percentage of luminal diameter stenosis. A significant obstructive lesion was classified as &gt;50% in a major epicardial artery. Vessels that had multiple lesions were classified based on the highest degree of stenosis. CCTA studies were performed on a 128-slice scanner (Revolution HD, GE Healthcare, USA) with prospective electrocardiogram (ECG) triggering. Two experienced observers classified stenotic lesions visually as a percentage of luminal diameter stenosis. A significant obstructive lesion was classified as &gt;50% in a major epicardial artery. Vessels that had multiple lesions were classified based on the highest degree of stenosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study protocol</title>
          <p>Patients underwent a 1-day protocol, with a rest phase followed by pharmacological stress with dipyridamole. They were instructed to abstain from caffeine, substances containing methylxanthines, and smoking for 24 hours before the examination. Additional medications were maintained at the discretion of the requesting physicians. The scans were performed on a gamma camera with a multi-pinhole collimator and stationary solid-state pixelated detectors made of cadmium-zinc telluride (Discovery 530, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, USA) with 99mTc-sestamibi as radiotracer according to the previously described protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> To allow positioning of the heart in the camera's field of view, a test dose (18.5 MBq) was administered for a 60-second prescan. The resting dynamic acquisition in list mode was initiated simultaneously with a manual intravenous injection of 30 seconds of 99mTc-sestamibi, at a dose of 370 MBq, followed by an injection of saline solution for 30 seconds, and lasted 11 minutes with the patient positioned in the supine position. Resting perfusion images were obtained immediately after dynamic acquisition for 5 minutes. With the patient still positioned inside the camera, an intravenous injection of dipyridamole was performed at a dose of 0.14 mg/kg/min for 4 minutes, under electrocardiographic monitoring. At the peak of stress, a second dose of radiotracer (1,110 MBq) was administered within 30 seconds, simultaneously with the beginning of dynamic stress acquisition, also lasting 11 minutes. Likewise, perfusion images in the supine position were obtained immediately after the dynamic stress phase, for 3 minutes. Aminophylline was injected 11 minutes after the onset of pharmacological stress in all patients. Prone stress images were obtained in all patients lasting 2 minutes.</p>
          <p>Static and dynamic data were processed using a dedicated workstation (Xeleris 4.0, GE Healthcare, Haifa, Israel) and commercially available software (Corridor4DM, INVIA Medical Imaging Solutions, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA). The list mode dynamic images were rearranged into 22 frames, consisting of the first 18 frames of 10 seconds (180 seconds) and four frames of 120 seconds (480 seconds). Images were reconstructed using an iterative maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) algorithm, with a Butterworth-type 3D post-filter, without attenuation or scatter correction. Left ventricular (LV) contours were automatically generated from summed myocardial images from 2 minutes until the end of acquisition and a 3D region of interest (ROI) in the middle of the LV was used to sample blood pool activity. Myocardial uptake was estimated using a generalized fluid retention model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Myocardial overflow into the blood reservoir was set to zero as it has previously been described as negligible.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The MBF was calculated using a flow model for Tc-99m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and the MFR was calculated as the ratio between the stress and rest MBF. Subtraction of resting residual activity from the dynamic stress series was performed as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Results were reported globally and regionally, as three vascular regions or 17-segment polar map regions. Motion correction was performed for each frame when appropriate. In the present study, the cutoff point chosen for MBF was 2.0 as previously validated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A semiquantitative visual interpretation was performed using a 17-segment model. Segments were scored using a standard five-point system and summed stress score (SSS), summed rest score (SRS), and summed difference score (SDS) were obtained. An abnormal study was considered when the SSS was &gt;3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The presence of myocardial ischemia (SDS&gt;1)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> was assessed in each vascular territory. For this study, two experts blindly determined the involvement of different coronary territories. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was calculated automatically using commercially available software (QGS, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Due to the characteristics of the study (exploratory study), no sample size calculation was performed, with the present group of patients being a convenience sample.</p>
          <p>The normality of the variables was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and categorical variables as number and percentage (%). The presence of a CPM with ischemia, abnormal RFM (&lt;2.0), or CAT or CTCA with coronary obstruction &gt;50% were indicated as the cause of precordial pain.</p>
          <p>When analyzing differences between the two groups, we applied an independent t-test when comparing continuous variables (RFM) and &#951;<sup>2</sup> test or a Fisher's exact test, as appropriate when comparing categorical variables (presence of abnormal CPM).</p>
          <p>A significance level of 5% was adopted in all analyses.</p>
          <p>Analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0 (IBM Statistics, Armonk, NY, United States).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The average age of the population was 65.9&#177;10 years and 60% of patients were female. Hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes were the most frequent risk factors. The baseline characteristics of the studied population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic Characteristics (171 patients)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65.9&#177;10 years</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Female</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">103 (60.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29.5&#177;5.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">139 (81.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69 (40.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69 (40.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (12.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Family History</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">58 (33.9%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>BMI: body mass index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Concerning MPS data, the SSS and the SDS were lower among patients with significant obstructive lesions. The results of the MPS and flow assessment can be seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Scintigraphic and flow assessment parameters</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#6296AD;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Total</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Lesion&gt;50%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Lesion&lt;50%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SSS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.14 &#177; 5.95</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.27 &#177; 7.24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.64 &#177; 4.46</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SRS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.68 &#177; 4.76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.11 &#177; 5.73</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.06 &#177; 3.76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.271</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SDS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.45 &#177; 2.95</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.97 &#177; 3.22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.83 &#177; 2.55</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60.6 &#177; 12.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59.5 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62.0 &#177; 11.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SMF ml/g/min</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.56 &#177; 0.68</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.50 &#177; 0.69</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.62 &#177; 0.74</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.366</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">RMF ml/g/min</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.65 &#177; 0.28</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.69 &#177; 0.32</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.61 &#177; 0.24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.199</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MFR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.49 &#177; 0.93</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.27 &#177; 0.85</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.68 &#177; 0.94</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.019</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; MFR: myocardial flow reserve; RMF: rest myocardial flow; SMF: stress myocardial flow; SDS: summed difference score; SRS: summed resting score; SSS: summed stress score.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Of the 115 patients who had significant obstruction, 69 had MPS with a reversible defect and 91 had reduced MFR (60.0% vs 79.1%, p&lt;0.01). The findings of the anatomical studies are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>. Among those in which no significant coronary changes were observed in the anatomical examination (56 &#8211; 32.7%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (12.5%) had abnormal MPS and 23 (41%) had reduced global MFR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>). Thus, MFR could be associated with cardiac pain of ischemic etiology in 114 patients (66.6%) and MPS in 76 (44.4%). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Result of coronary anatomy exams</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#6296AD;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">No coronary lesion</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">One vessel disease</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Two vessel disease</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Three vessel disease</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CCTA - 102</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (34.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (28.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29 (31.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (7.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CATH- 69</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (30.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (30.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (30.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (8.8%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>CCTA: coronary computed tomography angiography; CATH: cardiac catheterization.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Identification of the cause of chest discomfort by myocardial scintigraphy and flow reserve in the studied population, in those with or without obstructive coronary lesion. MFR: myocardial flow reserve; MPS: Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230700-30700-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Woman, 78 years old, hypertensive and dyslipidemic with typical chest pain for 2 years. Dipyridamole scintigraphy was negative for ischemia 1 year ago. Recent normal CT angiography. Presence of decreased global and territorial myocardial flow reserve.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230700-30700-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In patients with chest discomfort, the percentage of obstructive coronary disease as its cause has been decreasing. In the study by Patel et al, less than 50% of patients with angina had significant coronary lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Studies with positron emission tomography show that changes in MFR can, in addition to increasing sensitivity to detect CAD, identify microvascular disease as the cause of chest discomfort.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Gamma cameras with CZT detectors have proven to be an alternative for assessing MFR The study by Souza et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> revealed that this technique is feasible and the study by Lima et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> demonstrated greater accuracy in detecting obstructive coronary disease.</p>
        <p>In the present study, we observed that chest discomfort was associated with significant obstructive coronary disease in 67.3%, a higher percentage than the study by Patel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> but similar to that observed in the study by Gerber et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As previously demonstrated, the use of MFR increases the accuracy of MPS for detecting obstructive CAD. In the study by Lima et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> the sensitivity was 55.2% and 69% of the MPS and MFR respectively. In the present study it was 60% and 79.1%, but per patient and not per vessel as analyzed in the previous study.</p>
        <p>In this study, 41% of patients without obstructive CAD revealed changes in MFR. These values are similar to those of the CORMICA study in which half of the patients with angina and normal coronary arteries had microcirculation disease detected by invasive evaluation with an adenosine test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In a systematic review of patients with angina and normal coronary arteries, 30% of the patients presented with abnormal MFR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As we have seen in this study and others, anatomical assessment is less efficient in determining the cause of chest discomfort, making it increasingly necessary to assess MFR or identify coronary vasospasm. Although the comparison of anatomic and functional tests was not the objective of this study, the percentage of patients who had ischemic etiology as the cause of the symptom was similar when the MFR analysis was added (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>Finally, this study suggests that if it is impossible to assess MFR with PET, due to lack of the necessary equipment or tracers, gamma cameras with CZT detectors are an excellent alternative.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The main limitation of this study is that we cannot state that the presence of an abnormal MFR is the cause of chest discomfort, in the same way as the presence of an abnormal MPS or a coronary obstructive lesion. In any case, the presence of a reduced MFR corresponds to one of the criteria determined by the COVADIS group for microvascular angina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Another limitation is that all participants were referred for anatomical examinations to diagnose obstructive CAD, which would be an important selection bias. However, as the use of CCTA as a diagnostic test has become increasingly frequent, this fact may have been minimized. Finally, this is a single-center study, and other investigations, especially multicenter ones, can help confirm the results found.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The assessment of MFR is useful to help identify the etiology of chest discomfort, proving to be superior to MPS with conventional assessment of myocardial perfusion. The possibility of using the CZT gamma camera to measure MFR makes it easier to use the technique, in addition to PET, expanding its use, with potential diagnostic benefits for patients with chest pain to be clarified.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho under the protocol number 1.585.457. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
