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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ttgPmnRWY4Rd4d7kVNCq5Xz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000600308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230684</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo Randomizado Comparando a Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter com o PVAC Gold vs. Tratamento com F&#225;rmacos Antiarr&#237;tmicos em Pacientes Idosos com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Sintom&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4969-857X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Claudio Berhmann</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dorfman</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco C. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferraz</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Campi de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prado</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Ruscitto do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9746-0892</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana V. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilloto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9831-3392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pessente</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle D. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grupi</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chokr</surname>
            <given-names>Muhieddine Omar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nomura</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>K&#225;tia Rodrigues de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0034-6549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Balbo</surname>
            <given-names>Conrado P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Veronese</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Arritmia, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mauricio I. Scanavacca</bold> &#8226; Unidade de Arritmia, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230684</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> N&#227;o existem estudos randomizados comparando a manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter (AC) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento com f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos (AA) em pacientes idosos portadores fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) parox&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Comparar os resultados cl&#237;nicos do isolamento das veias pulmonares (VPs) com o cateter PVAC Gold de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o com o uso de AA em idosos com FA parox&#237;stica sintom&#225;tica, recorrente, apesar do uso de f&#225;rmacos AA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Sessenta pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica &#8805; 65 anos e sem cardiopatias estruturais foram randomizados para duas formas de tratamento: grupo 1: AC e grupo 2: AA. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a taxa livre de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s pelo menos um ano de seguimento. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios foram: progress&#227;o para formas persistentes de FA, impacto na qualidade de vida (QVFA) e complica&#231;&#245;es. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi de 5% (p&lt;0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A taxa livre de recorr&#234;ncia de FA foi de 80% (10% com amiodarona) no grupo AC, ap&#243;s 1,3 procedimentos por paciente e de 65% no grupo AA (60% com amiodarona), (p = 0,119) num seguimento m&#233;dio de 719 dias (Q1: 566; Q3: 730). A taxa livre de FA persistente foi de 83,4% no grupo AC e de 67,7% no grupo AA (p = 0,073). Ambas as estrat&#233;gias apresentaram melhora no escore de QVFA durante o seguimento (p &lt; 0,001), sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. Embora sem repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou impacto no teste de avalia&#231;&#227;o intelectual, 25% dos pacientes do grupo PVAC apresentou sinais de emboliza&#231;&#227;o cerebral na RNM cerebral.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Ambas as estrat&#233;gias para manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal promoveram melhora na qualidade de vida de pacientes idosos com FA sintom&#225;tica, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos preconizados. Estudos adicionais usando tecnologias com melhor perfil de seguran&#231;a s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar os benef&#237;cios da AC em pacientes idosos com FA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Estudo Randomizado Comparando a Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter com o PVAC Gold vs. Tratamento com F&#225;rmacos Antiarr&#237;tmicos em Pacientes Idosos com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Sintom&#225;tica</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ttgPmnRWY4Rd4d7kVNCq5Xz/f5a871c12045500ac9a56c501d5e41a344b70746.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ttgPmnRWY4Rd4d7kVNCq5Xz/fe2952174bad695e0e5668d98f57c846d4d1cc24.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ttgPmnRWY4Rd4d7kVNCq5Xz/5d885f9c2a127656eb626f66b2bd8a4f3c3d13cb.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Antiarr&#237;tmicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O tratamento inicial de idosos com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) sintom&#225;tica &#233; usualmente farmacol&#243;gico, utilizando-se anticoagulantes orais para prevenir acidente vascular cerebral e tromboembolismo sist&#234;mico, associados a f&#225;rmacos para manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo ou controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter (AC) ser recomendada para pacientes que persistem sintom&#225;ticos, por falha ou intoler&#226;ncia ao tratamento cl&#237;nico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> poucas publica&#231;&#245;es inclu&#237;ram pacientes idosos, permanecendo sua efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a n&#227;o bem demonstradas em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O sistema de abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia PVAC <italic>(&#8220;Pulmonary Vein Ablation Catheter&#8221;</italic>) Gold foi projetado para realizar o isolamento das veias pulmonares (VPs) de modo r&#225;pido e pr&#225;tico e publica&#231;&#245;es recentes demonstram resultados semelhantes aos outros sistemas em uso cl&#237;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade da abla&#231;&#227;o com o sistema PVAC Gold no controle do ritmo de pacientes idosos com FA sintom&#225;tica, seu efeito na qualidade de vida e poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es, tendo como grupo controle, pacientes nas mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas sob tratamento com f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos (AA).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
        <p>Pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica sintom&#225;tica, que apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s o uso de pelo menos um f&#225;rmaco antiarr&#237;tmico, com idade maior ou igual a 65 anos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: nenhuma tentativa de tratamento cl&#237;nico anterior ou abla&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, FA permanente ou persistente, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo maior que 55 mm, substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula mitral por pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica, trombo atrial, outro procedimento intervencionista card&#237;aco nos &#250;ltimos 90 dias, embolia cerebral (EC) nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses, cardiomiopatia estrutural, contraindica&#231;&#245;es &#224; terapia anticoagulante ou &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cerebral e recusa do paciente em participar do protocolo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
        <p>O estudo foi prospectivo e randomizado, com o objetivo de comparar o resultado do isolamento das VPs com o cateter PVAC Gold (Medtronic, Inc..) com a terapia farmacol&#243;gica, em pacientes com FAP sintom&#225;tica, durante seguimento de pelo menos 1 ano.</p>
        <p>Escore de impacto na qualidade de vida (QVFA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e mini-exame do estado mental (MEEM)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> foram aplicados antes do estudo, 6 e 12 meses ap&#243;s inclus&#227;o. Um eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi obtido antes do estudo e em cada visita e o Holter de 24 horas foi realizado depois de 6 e 12 meses.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram aleatoriamente designados para abla&#231;&#227;o (grupo AC) ou terapia farmacol&#243;gica (grupo AA) de acordo com a lista de randomiza&#231;&#227;o estratificada e em blocos 1:1 em um sistema computadorizado. Todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido em conformidade com a resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012 antes da inclus&#227;o no estudo. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica do centro participante aprovou o estudo, que foi registrado no Clinicaltrials.gov com o identificador NCT04023461.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral foi requerida por pelo menos 1 m&#234;s antes e mantida ap&#243;s a AC. No caso de varfarina, foi considerado adequado o INR entre 2 e 3. Os f&#225;rmacos AA foram descontinuados por pelo menos 5 meias-vidas (no m&#237;nimo uma semana no caso da amiodarona) antes da abla&#231;&#227;o e mantidos durante 3 meses ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, per&#237;odo em que as recorr&#234;ncias n&#227;o foram computadas (<italic>blanking period</italic>).</p>
        <p>A ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica foi realizada em todos os pacientes antes da AC para assegurar a aus&#234;ncia de trombo atrial esquerdo. A maioria dos procedimentos de AC foi realizada sob anestesia geral e com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da temperatura esof&#225;gica com term&#244;metro &#250;nico linear, cujo sensor foi posicionado por fluoroscopia em local pr&#243;ximo da &#225;rea de abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Atrav&#233;s de 2 acessos venosos femorais, um cateter decapolar deflect&#237;vel foi introduzido na veia coron&#225;ria (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, EUA), seguido por uma &#250;nica pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal usando uma curva fixa de bainha 8.0F (Oscor, Palm Harbor, FL, EUA) guiada por fluoroscopia. No &#225;trio esquerdo, venografia pulmonar foi realizada para definir a localiza&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;stios das VPs. A adenosina ou a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram utilizadas para reduzir o extravasamento do contraste do &#225;trio esquerdo durante a inje&#231;&#227;o do contraste iodado.</p>
        <p>Heparina na dose de 50-100 UI/kg foi administrada ap&#243;s a pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal e doses adicionais de heparina foram aplicadas durante todo o procedimento para manter o tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado em uma faixa terap&#234;utica especificada (&gt;350 s).</p>
        <p>O cateter PVAC foi conectado ao gerador de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) (software da vers&#227;o 11 Medtronic Ablation Frontiers GENius MultiChannel RF Generators) GENius (Medtronic, Inc..). A RF foi aplicada por meio da combina&#231;&#227;o de 1 ou mais dos 5 canais bipolares. Foi realizado monitoramento cont&#237;nuo da temperatura local cujo alvo era de 60&#186;C com uma pot&#234;ncia m&#225;xima de 8 W. A libera&#231;&#227;o de RF bipolar/unipolar foi ajustada em uma propor&#231;&#227;o de 4:1 durante os 60 segundos. A interrup&#231;&#227;o prematura da aplica&#231;&#227;o foi realizada apenas em caso de dor ou deslocamento do cateter. O isolamento el&#233;trico das VPs, demonstrado pelo bloqueio de entrada e sa&#237;da, determinou o t&#233;rmino do procedimento. Teste de adenosina foi realizado para detectar condu&#231;&#227;o remanescente, e infus&#227;o de isoproterenol em bolus de 10, 20 e 30 mcg foram feitas para detectar gatilhos n&#227;o originados nas VPs. O tempo de procedimento, tempo de abla&#231;&#227;o, tempo de fluoroscopia, ritmo no in&#237;cio do procedimento, anatomia das VPs, n&#250;mero de aplica&#231;&#245;es por veia, isolamento por VP, abla&#231;&#245;es adicionais, cardiovers&#245;es el&#233;tricas e ritmo ao final do procedimento foram anotados. A repeti&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o foi recomendada se o paciente apresentasse recorr&#234;ncia sintom&#225;tica de FA, flutter atrial ou taquicardia atrial ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de <italic>blanking</italic> e o seguimento estendido por mais 12 meses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cerebral</title>
        <p>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cerebral (1,5-T; Philips Medical Systems, Best, Holanda) foi realizada 24 horas ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. EC foi diagnosticada a partir da detec&#231;&#227;o de uma anormalidade na sequ&#234;ncia de imagens ponderadas por difus&#227;o, com um mapa de coeficiente de difus&#227;o aparente reduzido. Os infartos cerebrais foram definidos como consequentes a EC quando FLAIR foi positivo, como descrito previamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA)</title>
        <p>A EDA foi realizada dentro de 24 horas ap&#243;s procedimento para detectar les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas t&#233;rmicas associadas ao mesmo. Foram categorizadas de acordo com o sistema de Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Kansas City (KCC). Les&#245;es adicionais n&#227;o relacionadas ao isolamento das VPs tamb&#233;m foram descritas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Na ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas, uma endoscopia de controle era realizada uma semana depois, ou at&#233; o seu completo desaparecimento. Uma tomografia computadorizada do es&#244;fago foi realizada nos casos com persist&#234;ncia da &#250;lcera ap&#243;s a segunda semana.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas</title>
        <p>Amiodarona, sotalol, propafenona, diltiazem e betabloqueadores, isolados ou associados, foram os AA utilizados. As medica&#231;&#245;es foram trocadas ou suas doses ajustadas durante o per&#237;odo de <italic>blanking</italic>. Caso o paciente n&#227;o conseguisse manter o ritmo sinusal durante o seguimento, recomendava-se ajuste das doses, substitui&#231;&#227;o das drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas (DAA) ou controle da frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acompanhamento</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram agendados para retornar &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica em 1, 3, 6 e 12 meses ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o designada, quando um ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi realizado. O exame f&#237;sico e os relatos dos pacientes quanto &#224; recorr&#234;ncia de sintomas foram obtidos em cada visita. O escore de QVFA, o Holter de 24 horas e o MEEM foram realizados no in&#237;cio do estudo e aos 6 e 12 meses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos do estudo</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a aus&#234;ncia de FA ou taquicardia atrial, com pelo menos 30 segundos de dura&#231;&#227;o, documentada ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de <italic>blanking</italic> de tr&#234;s meses<italic>.</italic> Desfechos secund&#225;rios pr&#233;-definidos foram: progress&#227;o para formas persistentes de FA, impacto na qualidade de vida e complica&#231;&#245;es. Em caso de recorr&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial documentada por ECG ou Holter, a data do evento foi considerada como o in&#237;cio dos sintomas. Uma complica&#231;&#227;o maior foi definida como qualquer efeito adverso resultando em morte, les&#227;o permanente ou requerendo tratamento hospitalar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado para fornecer 80% de poder para mostrar a superioridade da abla&#231;&#227;o sobre o tratamento medicamentoso em um teste comparando o resultado prim&#225;rio, com um n&#237;vel alfa de 0,05 bilateral, assumindo probabilidades de recorr&#234;ncia de 65% no grupo de abla&#231;&#227;o e 30% no grupo de terapia medicamentosa. O tamanho amostral planejado foi de 60 pacientes (30 no grupo AC e 30 no grupo DAA). As caracter&#237;sticas qualitativas foram descritas segundo grupos por meio de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, e a associa&#231;&#227;o foi verificada com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do teste Qui-quadrado, teste exato de Fisher ou teste da raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas de acordo com os grupos usando medidas resumo (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil) e comparadas entre os grupos usando o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou o teste U de Mann-Whitney conforme distribui&#231;&#227;o de probabilidade avaliado por meio do teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os escores de QVFA foram descritos por grupos ao longo dos momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o. As medidas resumo e a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos e esses momentos foram utilizadas na an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas, seguida das compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni para verificar entre quais momentos ocorreram as diferen&#231;as. As an&#225;lises de medicamentos espec&#237;ficos no estudo usaram equa&#231;&#245;es de estimativa generalizada com distribui&#231;&#227;o binomial e fun&#231;&#227;o de liga&#231;&#227;o logit para comparar os grupos durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o. Foram criadas as curvas de Kaplan-Meier segundo grupos para estimar o tempo de recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e comparar os grupos no teste log-rank. Para realizar a an&#225;lise, foi utilizado o software IBM-SPSS para Windows vers&#227;o 20.0. Valores de p &lt;0,05 (bicaudal) foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os pacientes foram randomizados entre setembro de 2017 e mar&#231;o de 2020 em um &#250;nico centro terci&#225;rio de cardiologia (InCor/Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil). Sessenta pacientes, 30 homens e 30 mulheres, foram inclu&#237;dos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> descreve as caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas significativas entre os grupos, exceto pela maior carga de FA no grupo AC (p &lt;0,001). O tempo m&#233;dio entre o diagn&#243;stico de FA at&#233; o tempo de inclus&#227;o foi de 4 anos (Q1: 2; 3:8) em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">PVAC N = 30</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">DAA N = 30</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">71,1 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">72,1 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,40*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (43,3)</td>
                <td align="center">15(50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (90)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td align="center">28,1 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,21*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,136</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anticoagulantes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08&amp;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Varfarina</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (23,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dabigatrana</td>
                <td align="center">10 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (20)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rivaroxabana</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Edoxabana</td>
                <td align="center">4 (13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,7)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;vio AIT/AVC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3(10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,639</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo desde diagn&#243;stico de FA, anos (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2; 10)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2; 5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo desde &#250;ltimo epis&#243;dio de FA, meses (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">9,5 (1; 25)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (3; 25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carga de FA nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (6; 37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,5;11)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01&#167;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,26&amp;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Propafenona</td>
                <td align="center">9 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Somente Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">4 (13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (13,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Amiodarona</td>
                <td align="center">11 (36,7)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (43,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sotalol</td>
                <td align="center">4 (13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiovers&#227;o de FA pr&#233;via</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,25&amp;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Qu&#237;mica</td>
                <td align="center">8 (26,7)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (30)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>El&#233;trica</td>
                <td align="center">5 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (33,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambas</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore de CHA2DS2-VASc, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,43&amp;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">9 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (30)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">14 (46,7)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (33,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">5 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (26,7)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td align="center">1 ( 3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, %</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">62,8 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0,28*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tamanho do AE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">41 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0,69*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DAA: FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PVAC: VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Teste qui-quadrado; &amp; Teste da raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;as; * Teste t-Student n&#227;o pareado; &#167; Teste Mann-Whitney</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Grupo abla&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os 30 pacientes randomizados para AC foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento. Em sete (23,1%) pacientes, a abla&#231;&#227;o do istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo foi realizada, al&#233;m do isolamento das VPs. Nove pacientes (30%) foram encaminhados para repeti&#231;&#227;o do procedimento por recorr&#234;ncia de FA sintom&#225;tica. Durante a segunda abla&#231;&#227;o, reconex&#227;o das VPs foi observada em todos os pacientes: oito envolvendo as quatro veias e um envolvendo tr&#234;s veias. Nenhum gatilho ect&#243;pico fora das VPs foi detectado usando altas doses de isoproterenol.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>N = 15</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o de FA, m</td>
                  <td align="center">155 &#177; 49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de FA, m</td>
                  <td align="center">74 &#177; 37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de fluoroscopia, m</td>
                  <td align="center">13 &#177;8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Isolamento de todas as 4 VP, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (70)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>N&#250;meros de aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF das VP, n (IIQ)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VPSE</td>
                  <td align="center">8.5 (6;10.25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VPIE</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4;7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VPSD</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (4;8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VPID</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (4;7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>UI de Heparina por pacientes</td>
                  <td align="center">12. 500 (10 000; 17 125)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es maiores, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3.3)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; UI: unidades internacionais; RF: radiofrequ&#234;ncia; VP: veia pulmonar; VPID: veia pulmonar inferior direita; VPIE: veia pulmonar inferior esquerda; VPSD: veia pulmonar superior direita; VPSE: veia pulmonar superior esquerda.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Grupo de tratamento com antiarr&#237;tmicos</title>
        <p>As terapias com DAA ao longo do seguimento e suas respectivas doses est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>. Nenhum paciente randomizado para o grupo de DAA foi submetido &#224; AC.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Uso de antiarr&#237;tmicos em ambos os grupos em momentos diferentes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Drogas</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">PVAC N = 30</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">AAD N = 30</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Propafenona, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,099</td>
                  <td align="center">0,970</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antes randomiza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,417</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ap&#243;s tratamento inicial</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (43,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,793</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (43,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,793</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,436</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,045</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>12 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (36,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sotalol, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,690</td>
                  <td align="center">0,962</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antes randomiza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,148</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ap&#243;s tratamento inicial</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,148</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,148</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,550</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>12 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Amiodarona,</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,999</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antes da randomiza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (36,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (43,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,598</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ap&#243;s tratamento inicial</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (43,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,793</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (43,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (43,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (36,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,791</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (41,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>12 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Qualquer AAD, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,952</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antes da randomiza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (86,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,488</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ap&#243;s tratamento inicial</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (86,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (86,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (90)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (90)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (86,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,688</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (26,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (83,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>12 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Equa&#231;&#245;es de estimativa generalizada com distribui&#231;&#227;o binomial seguido de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni. P valor compara&#231;&#227;o entre os momentos de cada droga. AAD: ap&#234;ndice atrial direito; PVAC: cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o multipolar de veia pulmonar.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Uso de Antiarr&#237;tmicos em Ambos os Grupos em Diferentes Momentos do Seguimento. PVAC: cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o multipolar de veia pulmonar.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230684-30684-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfecho prim&#225;rio</title>
        <p>No grupo AC, nove (30%) pacientes foram submetidos a um segundo procedimento: oito pacientes foram submetidos &#224; mesma t&#233;cnica (PVAC Gold) e um &#224; t&#233;cnica convencional de isolamento de VP com cateter de 8,0 mm dirigido pelo cateter Lasso (J&amp;J). Ap&#243;s uma segunda AC, dois pacientes ainda apresentavam recorr&#234;ncia de FA e foram mantidos com medica&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica. Ao final de um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 719 dias (Q1: 566; Q3: 730) seis (20%) pacientes no grupo AC e 12 (40%) pacientes no grupo DAA (p = 0,119; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>) apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia de FA. A maioria dos pacientes do grupo AC suspenderam as DAA durante o acompanhamento. Ao final do seguimento de 12 meses, 20% do grupo AC havia recebido DAA (classe IC ou III) em compara&#231;&#227;o com 80% do grupo DAA (p &lt; 0,001). No grupo AC, houve tend&#234;ncia (p =0,099) &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o no uso de propafenona e redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no uso de amiodarona (p &lt;0,001). As taxas de uso de DAA nos primeiros 12 meses de acompanhamento est&#227;o representadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva de Kaplan&#8211;Meier da recorr&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no acompanhamento de 2 anos, valor p: teste de log-rank. PVAC: cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o multipolar de veia pulmonar.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230684-30684-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos secund&#225;rios</title>
        <p>Um paciente do grupo AC e 5 pacientes do grupo DAA evolu&#237;ram para FA persistente (p =0,073) ao final do seguimento. Melhora significativa na pontua&#231;&#227;o do QVFA foi observada em ambos os grupos nas avalia&#231;&#245;es de pontua&#231;&#227;o de 6 e 12 meses em compara&#231;&#227;o com suas avalia&#231;&#245;es basais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Os escores de palpita&#231;&#245;es e falta de ar melhoraram em ambas as avalia&#231;&#245;es do grupo PVAC, mas apenas aos 12 meses no grupo de tratamento cl&#237;nico. Os pacientes sem recorr&#234;ncia de FA apresentaram tend&#234;ncia de melhora no escore de palpita&#231;&#227;o (p =0,052) e no escore global (p =0,062) no seguimento de 12 meses. Admiss&#227;o hospitalar para realiza&#231;&#227;o de cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica ou farmacol&#243;gica ocorreu em sete pacientes do grupo AC e tr&#234;s pacientes do grupo DAA (p =0,166). N&#227;o houve mudan&#231;a na pontua&#231;&#227;o do teste intelectual em rela&#231;&#227;o ao in&#237;cio da randomiza&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o aos acompanhamentos de 6 e 12 meses. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Valor m&#233;dio da pontua&#231;&#227;o do QVFA, * significa valor de p &lt; 0,05. PVAC: cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o multipolar de veia pulmonar.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230684-30684-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Complica&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel constatar diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos no crit&#233;rio complica&#231;&#227;o maior: tr&#234;s pacientes do grupo abla&#231;&#227;o (10%), em compara&#231;&#227;o com seis pacientes (20%) do grupo cl&#237;nico, p =0,472. Nenhum paciente submetido a AC apresentou derrame peric&#225;rdico durante o procedimento. Uma paciente foi submetida a cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica devido a taquicardia ventricular sustentada inst&#225;vel relacionada a embolia gasosa durante o acesso transeptal. Um paciente evoluiu com disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal e foi tratado com implante de marca-passo definitivo. N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares ou les&#245;es do nervo fr&#234;nico imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento. Oito pacientes (26,6%) submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por PVAC Gold apresentaram imagens radiol&#243;gicas compat&#237;veis com EC sem manifesta&#231;&#227;o de sintomas neurol&#243;gicos. Uma paciente com emboliza&#231;&#227;o gasosa tamb&#233;m apresentou imagem de isquemia cerebral na RNM, com revers&#227;o completa dos sintomas em cinco dias. Um paciente apresentou perda transit&#243;ria da vis&#227;o provocada por oclus&#227;o da veia da retina esquerda um dia ap&#243;s isolamento das VPs (exclu&#237;da embolia arterial). A RNM cerebral foi normal e houve resolu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas em 30 dias. Tr&#234;s pacientes desenvolveram &#250;lceras esof&#225;gicas, KCC 2B (9,9%), mas nenhum paciente desenvolveu f&#237;stula atrioesof&#225;gica. Entretanto, uma paciente de 68 anos, apresentou &#250;lcera n&#227;o cicatrizada na segunda EDA, sendo internada e tratada com antibioticoterapia e nutri&#231;&#227;o parenteral por 7 dias, com resolu&#231;&#227;o completa da les&#227;o</p>
        <p>Durante o tempo m&#233;dio de 12 meses, seis (10%) pacientes do grupo cl&#237;nico tiveram que interromper ou trocar a DAA devido a efeitos colaterais. Quatro (6,6%) pacientes em uso de amiodarona e um com propafenona associada a betabloqueador. Os principais efeitos colaterais da suspens&#227;o do antiarr&#237;tmico foram bradicardia (cinco pacientes -16,6%) hipertireoidismo (um paciente - 3,3%).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>De nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo randomizado comparando os resultados da abla&#231;&#227;o de FA parox&#237;stica com o uso de medica&#231;&#245;es antiarr&#237;tmicas em pacientes idosos. O principal achado deste estudo foi que o isolamento das VPs com o cateter PVAC Gold foi eficaz na manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal na maioria dos pacientes idosos; apenas um paciente evoluiu para FA persistente e houve impacto favor&#225;vel na qualidade de vida. Entretanto, a abla&#231;&#227;o com o cateter PVAC Gold n&#227;o apresentou superioridade estat&#237;stica quando comparada com o tratamento com medica&#231;&#245;es antiarr&#237;tmicas. Adicionalmente, 30% necessitaram de nova interven&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s os tr&#234;s primeiros meses da abla&#231;&#227;o, 20% deles ainda com necessidade de introdu&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#227;o para manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo, tr&#234;s apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es com repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica e 25% apresentaram sinais de emboliza&#231;&#227;o cerebral na RNM cerebral.</p>
      <p>Os benef&#237;cios da manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal, com abla&#231;&#227;o ou DAA, n&#227;o somente para al&#237;vio dos sintomas, tem sido debatido h&#225; longo tempo, em particular em pacientes mais idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>O estudo EAST-AFNET 4 mostrou recentemente que a estrat&#233;gia de iniciar precocemente a terapia para manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo (principalmente com DAA) em pacientes com FA foi associada a um menor risco de morte por causas cardiovasculares, acidente vascular cerebral, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, durante um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de mais de 5 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Consequentemente, as diretrizes de manejo da FA atuais recomendam que a manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal seja considerada com uso de f&#225;rmacos AA e/ou AC em pacientes com FA para melhor controle dos sintomas e preserva&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Todavia, os efeitos ben&#233;ficos da abla&#231;&#227;o de FA na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa ainda apresentam aspectos controversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Uma an&#225;lise de subgrupo pr&#233;-especificada do estudo CABANA revelou taxas de recorr&#234;ncia de FA menores com abla&#231;&#227;o do que com terapia medicamentosa nos tr&#234;s subgrupos de idade avaliados, com taxa de risco ajustada (aHR) de 0,47 (IC de 95%, 0,35&#8211;0,62) para pacientes com menos de 65 anos, de 0,58 (95% CI, 0,48&#8211;0,70) para aqueles entre 65 e 74 anos e de 0,49 (95% CI, 0,34&#8211;0,70) para os com mais de 75 anos, sugerindo que abla&#231;&#227;o de FA seja superior ao tratamento antiarr&#237;tmico na preven&#231;&#227;o de recorr&#234;ncia independentemente da idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Entretanto, as diretrizes atuais sugerem cautela ao considerar a abla&#231;&#227;o em pacientes idosos devido &#224; car&#234;ncia de dados conclusivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, apesar das curvas comparativas das taxas livre de recorr&#234;ncia de FA nos dois grupos de tratamento se afastarem ao longo do seguimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>), n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os pacientes tratados pela abla&#231;&#227;o (80%) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento antiarr&#237;tmico (65%, p = 0,119). Isso se deveu ao n&#250;mero insuficiente de pacientes envolvidos no estudo, calculados com base nos resultados de estudos randomizados pr&#233;vios que estudaram pacientes mais jovens e que sugeriam taxa livre de recorr&#234;ncia no grupo abla&#231;&#227;o de 65% e de 30% nos pacientes sob tratamento cl&#237;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar das taxas livres de recorr&#234;ncias do grupo abla&#231;&#227;o apresentarem os resultados esperados, este n&#227;o foi o caso do grupo cl&#237;nico, que apresentou resultados superiores aos obtidos pelos controles hist&#243;ricos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esse achado &#233; que as drogas de classe IA, IC e o cloridrato de sotalol foram os principais AA utilizados nos estudos como base para o c&#225;lculo da amostra, e a amiodarona evitada. Por outro lado, em nosso estudo, 40% dos pacientes foram tratados com amiodarona durante o seguimento. Sabe-se que a amiodarona &#233; duas vezes mais eficiente quando comparada &#224; propafenona e ao sotalol, apesar dos efeitos colaterais e de uma taxa consider&#225;vel de interrup&#231;&#227;o da droga durante o seguimento de longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A ades&#227;o medicamentosa tamb&#233;m tem sido uma limita&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento cl&#237;nico no mundo real. Assim, uma influ&#234;ncia adicional para a efic&#225;cia do DAA pode estar relacionada ao &#8220;efeito do ensaio controlado&#8221;. Por fim, os pacientes do grupo DAA apresentaram melhor perfil cl&#237;nico quanto ao n&#250;mero de recorr&#234;ncias de FA antes da inclus&#227;o, apesar da randomiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a qualidade de vida avaliada por meio do escore QVFA, o grupo da AC demonstrou uma tend&#234;ncia de melhora no escore de palpita&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,052) e no escore global (p = 0,062), sendo em sua maioria sem DAA. Este &#233; um achado importante porque a manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal com DAA pode representar um problema cl&#237;nico para pacientes idosos, pois al&#233;m das DAA terem potencial para desenvolverem efeitos adversos e intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas, estes pacientes muitas vezes t&#234;m que usar v&#225;rios medicamentos para tratar comorbidades adicionais, apresentam bradicardia sinusal significativa, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular e intraventricular ou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, que s&#227;o limita&#231;&#245;es comuns para uso de DAA nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>EC assintom&#225;tica espont&#226;nea tem sido apontada como causa de dem&#234;ncia em pacientes com FA, e decl&#237;nio neurocognitivo j&#225; tendo sido relatada ap&#243;s AC para tratamento de pacientes com FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No entanto, mesmo sem sinais e sintomas neurol&#243;gicos documentados, a consequ&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica dessas les&#245;es ainda &#233; incerta. Contudo, a n&#227;o manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal, independente do procedimento de AC, tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionada com decl&#237;nio cognitivo e at&#233; evolu&#231;&#227;o para dem&#234;ncia vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A EC ap&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o tem sido investigada por diversas t&#233;cnicas que apresentam grande varia&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia, de 1,7% at&#233; quase 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um dos motivos de escolhermos o cateter PVAC Gold neste estudo foi o resultado do estudo PRECISION GOLD que utilizou este cateter e demonstrou baixa incid&#234;ncia (2,1%) de EC assintom&#225;tica, sem mostrar impacto nos testes neurocognitivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>Entretanto, estudo publicado posteriormente ao in&#237;cio do nosso trabalho por Ke&#231;e et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> documentou incid&#234;ncia de 23% de EC assintom&#225;tica nos pacientes submetidos ao isolamento das VPs com o cateter PVAC Gold em compara&#231;&#227;o com 6% nos pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o ponto a ponto com o cateter Thermocool (p = 0,042). Nesse estudo tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos testes neuropsicol&#243;gicos realizados no seguimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o do risco de EC assintom&#225;tica fica mais complexa quando analisamos o estudo de Tokuda et al que compararam a incid&#234;ncia de EC em 462 pacientes (m&#233;dia de idade de 59&#177;10 anos) submetidos a AC de FA parox&#237;stica com diferentes tecnologias: RF ponto a ponto (193), crioabla&#231;&#227;o por bal&#227;o (168), RF por bal&#227;o (&#8220;Hotballoon&#8221; - 50) e laser por bal&#227;o (51). A RNM cerebral tamb&#233;m foi realizada um dia ap&#243;s o procedimento e mostrou EC assintom&#225;tica em 30%, 24%, 34% e 39% nos respectivos grupos, com a crioabla&#231;&#227;o apresentando menor taxa de emboliza&#231;&#227;o quando comparada com abla&#231;&#227;o com o bal&#227;o de laser, mas sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica com as t&#233;cnicas de RF (p = 0.14). Neste estudo tamb&#233;m foi realizada an&#225;lise multivariada, que evidenciou rela&#231;&#227;o entre avan&#231;o da idade e aumento da ocorr&#234;ncia de EC (p &lt;0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Esses estudos mostram que existe grande variabilidade na ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#245;es cerebrais ap&#243;s a AC com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da mesma tecnologia, sugerindo que os achados podem depender da t&#233;cnica de realiza&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o pelo grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o. Em nossa s&#233;rie, um paciente (3,3%) apresentou sintomas neurol&#243;gicos transit&#243;rios que desapareceram completamente em 5 dias, mas a imagem cerebral persistiu na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica de controle realizada uma semana depois.</p>
      <p>Les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas silenciosas ap&#243;s AC podem evoluir para f&#237;stula atrioesof&#225;gica, uma complica&#231;&#227;o grave, rara e temida. Para evit&#225;-la, v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias t&#234;m sido usadas e, embora controversas, o m&#233;todo mais utilizado tem sido o monitoramento da temperatura esof&#225;gica e ajustes de pot&#234;ncia durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF na parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Estudos recentes com estes ajustes para minimizar les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas t&#233;rmicas mostram que ainda assim ocorrem em torno de 20% nas diversas t&#233;cnicas de AC, sendo na grande maioria das vezes leves e de resolu&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> No presente estudo, detectamos &#250;lceras esof&#225;gicas assintom&#225;ticas 2B em tr&#234;s (9,9%) pacientes durante endoscopia sistem&#225;tica realizada ap&#243;s o procedimento. Em um (3,3%) paciente, a &#250;lcera progrediu na avalia&#231;&#227;o endosc&#243;pica da segunda semana, e embora assintom&#225;tico o paciente foi internado para tratamento hospitalar com cicatriza&#231;&#227;o completa durante o acompanhamento endosc&#243;pico.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tamb&#233;m mostrou que tr&#234;s (9,9%) pacientes idosos apresentaram alguma complica&#231;&#227;o com necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar ap&#243;s AC com PVAC Gold. Essa taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es parece ser superior quando comparadas &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por RF tradicional e &#224; crioabla&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>Trinta por cento dos pacientes submetidos a AC PVAC Gold precisaram repetir o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o devido a recorr&#234;ncias sintom&#225;ticas de FA. Como observado em outros estudos PVAC Gold, a reconex&#227;o das VPs esteve presente em todos os pacientes em que o procedimento foi repetido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Essa &#233; uma quest&#227;o importante, pois os pacientes idosos n&#227;o s&#227;o propensos a tolerar novas interna&#231;&#245;es e procedimentos repetidos. Assim, estrat&#233;gias mais eficazes para promover isolamento duradouro das VPs j&#225; no primeiro procedimento s&#227;o desej&#225;veis, principalmente nos pacientes idosos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos randomizados e controlados mostraram que a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA &#233; segura e superior aos f&#225;rmacos AA na manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal. Metan&#225;lises recentes demonstraram a superioridade da abla&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento cl&#237;nico, inclusive na primeira indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento de pacientes com FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> No entanto, vantagem evidente da abla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o tem sido demonstrada em pacientes mais idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A maior incid&#234;ncia de cardiopatias, comorbidades e a baixa taxa de inclus&#227;o desses pacientes nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados foram consideradas as poss&#237;veis raz&#245;es para esses achados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Assim, investiga&#231;&#245;es mais espec&#237;ficas sobre o papel do abla&#231;&#227;o nesse importante subgrupo de pacientes s&#227;o ainda necess&#225;rias, principalmente nessa era de introdu&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias que inspiram maior seguran&#231;a mantendo a efetividade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, os dados obtidos em nosso estudo podem ser &#250;teis para novas investiga&#231;&#245;es nesta &#225;rea.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O tamanho amostral do estudo n&#227;o foi suficiente para demostrar a superioridade da AC, observa&#231;&#227;o comum nos estudos realizados em pacientes mais jovens. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o das recorr&#234;ncias de taquiarritmias com um dispositivo implantado poderia oferecer a carga de FA nas diferentes estrat&#233;gias, com impacto na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. A aus&#234;ncia de um grupo sob controle da FC limita a avalia&#231;&#227;o do benef&#237;cio da melhora de qualidade de vida nos dois grupos. O escore MEEM apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es na avalia&#231;&#227;o da cogni&#231;&#227;o, principalmente no que diz respeito &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o executiva, e pode n&#227;o ter captado diferen&#231;as cognitivas mais sutis. Apesar de estudos pr&#233;vios apresentarem semelhan&#231;a de resultados na compara&#231;&#227;o do PVAC GOLD com abla&#231;&#227;o com RF ponto a ponto, com benef&#237;cio de maior rapidez com o PVAC GOLD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foram publicados outros dois estudos randomizados que demonstraram maior incid&#234;ncia de emboliza&#231;&#227;o cerebral assintom&#225;tica e menor efetividade da abla&#231;&#227;o com o cateter PVAC Gold em rela&#231;&#227;o a abla&#231;&#227;o com RF ponto a ponto de nova gera&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A AC com o PVAC Gold e o uso de f&#225;rmacos AA promoveram manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal na maioria dos pacientes idosos com FA parox&#237;stica sintom&#225;tica, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre si. Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhoria nos escores de qualidade de vida, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na taxa de progress&#227;o para FA persistente ou de complica&#231;&#245;es. Entretanto, os pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o com PVAC Gold apresentaram taxa de emboliza&#231;&#227;o cerebral assintom&#225;tica maior que a esperada. Estudos adicionais usando tecnologias com melhor perfil de seguran&#231;a s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar os benef&#237;cios da AC em pacientes idosos com FA.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>A empresa Biocath<sup>@</sup> (Medtronic, Inc.) foi respons&#225;vel pela doa&#231;&#227;o dos cateteres PVAC Gold (Medtronic, Inc.) utilizados no estudo.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Luiz Claudio Berhmann Martins pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por BioCath Medtronic.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230684i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Randomized Study Comparing Radiofrequency Ablation with the PVAC Gold System vs. Antiarrhythmic Drugs in Elderly Patients with Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4969-857X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Claudio Berhmann</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dorfman</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco C. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferraz</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Campi de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prado</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Ruscitto do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9746-0892</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana V. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilloto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9831-3392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pessente</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle D. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grupi</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chokr</surname>
            <given-names>Muhieddine Omar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nomura</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>K&#225;tia Rodrigues de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0034-6549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Balbo</surname>
            <given-names>Conrado P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Veronese</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Arritmia, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Mauricio I. Scanavacca &#8226;</bold> Unidade de Arritmia, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> There are no randomized studies comparing the maintenance of sinus rhythm after catheter ablation (CA) concerning treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs (AA) in elderly patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To compare the clinical results of pulmonary vein (PV) isolation with the second-generation PVAC Gold catheter against AA treatment in elderly people with recurrent symptomatic paroxysmal AF, refractory to at least one AA, and without structural heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Sixty patients with paroxysmal AF &#8805; 65 years old were randomized to two forms of treatment: group 1: CA and group 2: AA drugs. The primary outcome was the AF recurrence-free rate after at least one year of follow-up. Secondary outcomes were: progression to persistent forms of AF, impact on quality of life (QOLF), and complications. The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was 5% (p&lt;0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The AF recurrence-free rate was 80% (10% with amiodarone) in the CA group, after 1.3 procedures per patient and 65% in the AA group (60% with amiodarone), (p = 0.119) in an average follow-up of 719 days (Q1: 566; Q3: 730). The persistent AF free rate was 83.4% in the AC group and 67.7% in the AA group (p = 0.073) Both strategies showed an improvement in the AFQoL score during follow-up (p &lt; 0.001), with no difference between the groups. Although without clinical repercussions or impact on the intellectual assessment test, 25% of patients in the CA group showed signs of cerebral embolization on brain MRI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Both strategies for maintaining sinus rhythm promoted an improvement in the quality of life of elderly patients with symptomatic AF, with no statistical difference in the clinical outcomes. Additional studies using technologies with a better safety profile are needed to evaluate the benefits of CA in elderly patients with AF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Randomized Study Comparing Radiofrequency Ablation with the PVAC Gold System vs. Antiarrhythmic Drugs in Elderly Patients with Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230684-30684-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Arrhythmia Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The initial treatment of elderly people with symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF) is usually pharmacological, using oral anticoagulants to prevent stroke and systemic thromboembolism, associated with drugs to maintain the sinus rhythm or control the heart rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although catheter ablation (CA) is recommended for patients who remain symptomatic due to failure or intolerance to clinical treatment,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> few publications have included elderly patients, and its efficacy and safety remain poorly demonstrated in randomized clinical trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The PVAC (&#8220;Pulmonary Vein Ablation Catheter&#8221;) Gold radiofrequency ablation system was designed to isolate PVs quickly and practically and publications demonstrate results like other systems in clinical use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ablation with the PVAC Gold system in controlling the rhythm of elderly patients with symptomatic AF, its effect on the quality of life, and possible complications, using as a control group patient with the same clinical conditions undergoing treatment with drugs. antiarrhythmics.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Population studied</title>
          <p>Patients with symptomatic paroxysmal AF, who had recurrence after the use of at least one antiarrhythmic drugs (AA), aged 65 years or older, were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were no previous clinical treatment attempt or previous ablation, permanent or persistent AF, left atrium diameter greater than 55 mm, mitral valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis, atrial thrombus, other cardiac interventional procedure in the last 90 days, cerebral embolism (CE) in the last 6 months, structural cardiomyopathy, contraindications to anticoagulant therapy or brain MRI and patient refusal to participate in the protocol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>The study was prospective and randomized, intending to compare the results of PV isolation with the PVAC Gold catheter (Medtronic, Inc..) with pharmacological therapy, in patients with symptomatic FAP, during a follow-up period of at least 1 year.</p>
          <p>QOLF score<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and mini-mental state examination (MMSE)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> were applied before the study, 6 and 12 months after inclusion. A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was obtained before the study and at each visit, and 24-hour Holter monitoring was performed after 6 and 12 months.</p>
          <p>Patients were randomly assigned to ablation (Ablation group) or pharmacological therapy (AA group) according to the 1:1 stratified block randomization list in a computerized system. All patients signed an informed consent form following resolution 466/2012 before inclusion in the study. The ethics committee of the participating center approved the study, which was registered on Clinicaltrials.gov with the identifier NCT04023461.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ablation procedure</title>
          <p>Oral anticoagulation was required for at least 1 month before and continued after CA. In the case of warfarin, an INR between 2 and 3 was considered adequate. AAs were discontinued for at least 5 half-lives (at least one week in the case of amiodarone) before ablation and maintained for 3 months after the intervention, a period in which recurrences were not computed (blanking period). Transesophageal echocardiography was performed in all patients before CA to ensure the absence of left atrial thrombus. Most CA procedures were performed under general anesthesia and with a linear probe thermometer, whose sensor was positioned by fluoroscopy in a location close to the ablation area. Through two femoral venous accesses, a deflectable decapolar catheter was introduced into the coronary vein (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA), followed by a single transseptal puncture using a fixed curve 8.0F sheath (Oscor, Palm Harbor, FL, USA) guided by fluoroscopy. In the left atrium, pulmonary venography was performed to define the location of the pulmonary vein (PV) ostia. Adenosine or ventricular pacing was used to reduce contrast extravasation from the left atrium during iodinated contrast injection. A bolus of heparin (50-100 IU/kg) was administered after a transseptal puncture, and additional doses of heparin were applied throughout the procedure to maintain the activated clotting time in a specified therapeutic range (&gt;350 s). The PVAC catheter was connected to the RF generator (Medtronic Ablation Frontiers GENius MultiChannel RF Generators version 11 software) GENius (Medtronic, Inc..). RF was applied by combining 1 or more of the 5 bipolar channels. Continuous local temperature monitoring was carried out with a target of 60&#186;C with a maximum power of 8 W. The bipolar/unipolar RF release was adjusted in a 4:1 ratio during the 60 seconds. Premature interruption of the application was conducted only in case of pain or displacement of the catheter. The electrical isolation of the PV, demonstrated by the entry and exit blockage, determined the end of the procedure. An adenosine test was performed to detect remaining conduction, and isoproterenol infusion bolus of 10, 20, and 30 mcg were performed to detect non-PV triggers. The procedure time, ablation time, fluoroscopy time, rhythm at the beginning of the procedure, PV anatomy, number of applications per vein, PV isolation, additional ablations, electrical cardioversions, and rhythm at the end of the procedure were noted. Repeat ablation was recommended if the patient experienced a symptomatic recurrence of AF, atrial flutter, or atrial tachycardia after the blank period and up to a period of 6 months. In those cases, the follow-up was extended for another 12 months.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Brain MRI</title>
          <p>Brain MRI (1.5-T; Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands) was performed 24 hours after ablation. CE was diagnosed based on the detection of an abnormality in the diffusion-weighted imaging sequence, with a reduced apparent diffusion coefficient map. Cerebral infarcts were defined as resulting from CE when FLAIR was positive, as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Upper Digestive Endoscopy (EDA)</title>
          <p>EDA was performed within 24 hours after the procedure to detect thermal esophageal injuries associated with the procedure. They were categorized according to the Kansas City Classification (KCC) system. Additional lesions unrelated to PV isolation were also described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In the event of esophageal lesions, a control endoscopy was performed one week later, or until their complete disappearance a computed tomography of the esophagus was performed in cases with persistence of the ulcer after the second week.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Antiarrhythmic drugs</title>
          <p>Amiodarone, sotalol, propafenone, diltiazem, and beta-blockers, alone or in combination, were the antiarrhythmic drugs used. Medications were changed or doses adjusted during the blanking period. If the patient was unable to maintain sinus rhythm during follow-up, dose adjustments, AA replacement, or frequency control were recommended.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow-up</title>
          <p>Patients were scheduled to return for medical evaluation at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the designated intervention, at which time a 12-lead ECG was performed. Physical examination and patient reports of recurrence of symptoms were obtained at each visit. The FAQoL score, 24-hour Holter monitoring, and the MMSE were performed at baseline and 6 and 12 months.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study outcomes</title>
          <p>The primary outcome was the absence of AF or atrial tachycardia, lasting at least 30 seconds, documented after the three-month blanking period. Pre-defined secondary outcomes were progression to persistent forms of AF, impact on quality of life, and complications. In case of recurrence of atrial arrhythmia documented by ECG or Holter monitoring, the date of the event was considered as the onset of symptoms. A major complication was defined as any adverse effect resulting in death, permanent injury, or requiring hospital treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The sample size was calculated to provide 80% power to show the superiority of ablation over drug treatment in a trial comparing the primary outcome, with an alpha level of 0.05 two-sided, assuming recurrence probabilities of 65% in the ablation and 30% in the drug therapy group. The planned sample size was 60 patients (30 in the AC group and 30 in the AA group). Qualitative characteristics were described according to groups using absolute and relative frequencies, and the association was verified using the Chi-square test, Fisher&#8217;s exact test, or likelihood ratio test. Quantitative variables were described according to groups using summary measurements (mean &#177; standard deviation or median and interquartile range) and compared between groups using the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test according to the probability distribution assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The QVFA scores were described by groups throughout the assessment moments. The summary measures and the comparison between the groups and these moments were used in the analysis of variance with repeated measures, followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons to verify between which moments the differences occurred. Drug-specific analyses in the study used generalized estimating equations with a binomial distribution and logit link function to compare groups during the assessment. Kaplan-Meier curves were created according to groups to estimate the time to recurrence of AF and compare the groups in the log-rank test. To perform the analysis, the IBM-SPSS software for Windows version 20.0 was used. P values &lt;0.05 (two-tailed) were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Patients were randomized between September 2017 and March 2020 at a single tertiary cardiology center (InCor/Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil). Sixty patients, 30 men, and 30 women were included. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> describes the characteristics of the population. There were no significant clinical differences between the groups, except for the higher burden of AF in the AC group (p &lt;0.001). The average time from AF diagnosis to inclusion time was 4 years (Q1: 2; 3:8) in the entire population.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline Characteristics of the Patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> PVAC N = 30 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> AAD N = 30 </th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years-old</td>
                  <td align="center">71.1 &#177; 4.0</td>
                  <td align="center">72.1 &#177; 5.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.40*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (43.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (90)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 &#177; 4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">28.1 &#177; 5.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.136</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.038</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anticoagulants, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08&amp;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Warfarin</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (23.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dabigatran</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (20)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rivaroxaban</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Edoxaban</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (13.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6.7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior TIA/CVA, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.639</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time since AF diagnosis, years (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2; 10)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2; 5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time since last AF episode, months (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.5 (1; 25)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (3; 25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF burden in 12 months (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (6; 37.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.5;11)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01&#167;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antiarrhythmic drugs, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.26&amp;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Propafenone</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blocker only</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (13.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (13.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amiodarone</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (36.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (43.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sotalol</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (13.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior AF cardioversion, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.25&amp;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chemical</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (26.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (30)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Electrical</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (33.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Both</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHA2DS2-VASc score, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.43&amp;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (30)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (46.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (33.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (26.7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td align="center">1 ( 3.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV ejection fraction, %</td>
                  <td align="center">64 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">62.8 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA size, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">41 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AF: atrial fibrillation; BMI: Body mass index, TIA: transient ischemic attack; RSPV: right superior pulmonary vein; CVA: cerebral vascular accident; IQR: interquartile range; PVAC: pulmonary veins ablation catheter; AAD: right atrial appendix; LV: left vein; LA: left atrial. Chi-square test; &amp; Likelihood ratio test; * Unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test; &#167; Mann-Whitney&#8217;s test.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Ablation Group</title>
          <p>The 30 patients randomized to AC underwent ablation. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> presents the characteristics of the procedure. In seven (23.1%) patients, ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus was performed, in addition to isolation of the PVs. Nine patients (30%) were referred for repeat procedures due to recurrence of symptomatic AF. During the second ablation, PV reconnection was observed in all patients: eight involving all four veins and one involving three veins. No ectopic triggers outside of PV were detected using high doses of isoproterenol.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the Ablation Procedure</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                    <th>N = 15</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ablation duration time, m</td>
                    <td align="center">155 &#177; 49</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA Time, m</td>
                    <td align="center">74 &#177; 37</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fluoroscopy time, m</td>
                    <td align="center">13 &#177;8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>All 4 PV isolated, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (70)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Number of PV radiofrequency applications, n (IQR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LSPV</td>
                    <td align="center">8.5 (6;10.25)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LIPV</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (4;7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RSPV</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (4;8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RIPV</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (4;7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heparin IU per patients</td>
                    <td align="center">12. 500 (10 000; 17 125)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Major complication, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>IQR: interquartile range; IU: international units; LA: left atrial; LIPV: left inferior pulmonary vein; LSPV: left superior pulmonary vein; PV: pulmonary vein; RIPV: right inferior pulmonary vein; RSPV: right superior pulmonary vein.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Antiarrhythmic treatment group</title>
          <p>AA therapies throughout follow-up and their respective doses are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>. No patient randomized to the AA group underwent AC.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Antiarrhythmic Drug Use in Both Groups at Different Moments</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Drug</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal"> PVAC N = 30 </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal"> AAD N = 30 </th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Propafenone, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.099</td>
                    <td align="center">0.970</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Before randomization</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (30)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.417</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>After initial treatment</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (43.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.793</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1 month</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (43.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.793</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3 months</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (50)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.436</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>6 months</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (16.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.045</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>12 months</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (6.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (36.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sotalol, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.690</td>
                    <td align="center">0.962</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Before randomization</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (13.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.148</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>After initial treatment</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (13.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1 month</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (13.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.148</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3 months</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (13.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.148</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>6 months</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (6.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.550</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>12 months</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Amiodarone,</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.999</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Before randomization</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (36.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (43.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.598</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>After initial treatment</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (43.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.793</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1 month</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (43.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (43.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3 months</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (36.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.791</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>6 months</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (41.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>12 months</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Any AAD, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.952</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Before randomization</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (80)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (86.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.488</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>After initial treatment</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (86.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (86.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1 month</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (90)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (90)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3 months</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (86.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (90)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.688</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>6 months</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (26.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (83.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>12 months</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (20)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (80)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Generalized estimating equations with binomial distribution followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons. P value comparison between moments of each drug. AAD: right atrial appendage; PVAC: catheter multipolar pulmonary vein ablation.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Use of Antiarrhythmic Drugs in Both Groups at Different Moments of the Follow-up. PVAC: catheter multipolar pulmonary vein ablation.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230684-30684-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Primary outcome</title>
          <p>In the AC group, nine (30%) patients underwent a second procedure: eight patients underwent the same technique (PVAC Gold) and one underwent the conventional PV isolation technique with an 8.0 mm catheter-directed by the Lasso catheter (J&amp;J). After a second CA, two patients still had a recurrence of AF and were maintained on antiarrhythmic medication. At the end of a mean follow-up of 719 days (Q1: 566; Q3: 730), six (20%) patients in the AC group and 12 (40%) patients in the AA group (p = 0.119; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>) had a recurrence of AF. Most patients in the AC group discontinued AAs during follow-up. At the end of the 12-month follow-up, 20% of the AC group had received AA (class IC or III) compared with 80% of the AA group (p &lt; 0.001). In the AC group, there was a trend (p = 0.099) towards a reduction in the use of propafenone and a significant reduction in the use of amiodarone (p &lt;0.001). Rates of AA use in the first 12 months of follow-up are represented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Meier Curve of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence in the 2-Year Follow-up, p Value: Log-rank Test. PVAC: catheter multipolar pulmonary vein ablation.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230684-30684-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Secondary outcomes</title>
          <p>One patient in the AC group and 5 patients in the AA group developed persistent AF (p=0.073) at the end of follow-up. Significant improvement in FAQOL scores was observed in both groups at the 6- and 12-month score assessments compared to their baseline assessments (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>). Palpitations and shortness of breath scores improved at both assessments in the PVAC group, but only at 12 months in the medical treatment group. Patients without AF recurrence showed a trend towards improvement in the palpitation score (p = 0.052) and global score (p = 0.062) at 12-month follow-up. Hospital admission related to arrhythmia was recommended for electrical or pharmacological cardioversion in seven patients in the AC group and three patients in the AA group (p = 0.166). There was no change in the intellectual test score from the beginning of randomization compared to the 6 and 12, 10-month follow-ups. (Table).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Complications</title>
          <p>There was no significant difference between the two groups: three patients in the ablation group (10%), compared to six patients (20%) in the clinical group, p = 0.472. No patient undergoing CA experienced pericardial effusion during the procedure. One patient underwent electrical cardioversion due to unstable sustained ventricular tachycardia related to air embolism during transseptal access. One patient presented sinus node dysfunction and was treated with permanent pacemaker implantation. There were no vascular complications or phrenic nerve injuries immediately after the procedure. Eight patients (26.6%) who underwent PVAC Gold ablation presented radiological images compatible with CE. The patient with gas embolization also presented an image of cerebral ischemia on MRI, with complete reversal of symptoms within five days. One patient presented with transient loss of vision caused by occlusion of the left retinal vein one day after isolation of the pulmonary veins (arterial embolism excluded). Brain MRI was normal, and symptoms resolved within 30 days. Three patients developed esophageal ulcers, KCC 2B (9.9%), but no patients developed atrioesophageal fistulas. However, a 68-year-old patient presented with a non-healing ulcer in the second EDA, being hospitalized and treated with antibiotics and parenteral nutrition for 7 days, with complete resolution of the lesion.</p>
          <p>During the average time of 12 months, six (10%) patients in the clinical group had to stop or change AA due to side effects. Four (6.6%) patients were using amiodarone and one using propafenone associated with a beta-blocker. The main side effects of discontinuing the antiarrhythmic drug were bradycardia (five patients - 16.6%) and hyperthyroidism (one patient - 3.3%).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To our knowledge, this is the first prospective, randomized study comparing the results of paroxysmal AF ablation with the use of antiarrhythmic medications in elderly patients. The main findings of this study were that isolation of the pulmonary veins with the PVAC Gold catheter was effective in maintaining sinus rhythm in most elderly patients; only one patient developed persistent AF and there was a favorable impact on quality of life. However, CA did not show statistical superiority when compared to treatment with antiarrhythmic medications. In general, there was good clinical tolerance among elderly patients to the procedures, but 30% required reintervention in the first 6 months after ablation, 20% of them required the introduction of medication to maintain the rhythm, three presented complications with clinical repercussions, and 25% presented signals of CE on MRI evaluation.</p>
        <p>The benefits of maintaining sinus rhythm, with ablation or AA, not only for symptom relief, have been debated for a long time, particularly in older patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The EAST-AFNET 4 study recently showed that the strategy of starting early Rhythm maintenance therapy (primarily with AA) in patients with AF was associated with a lower risk of death from cardiovascular causes, stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, or acute coronary syndrome relative to heart rate control during a follow-up period of more than 5 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Consequently, current AF management guidelines recommend that CA be considered in patients with paroxysmal AF to better control symptoms and preserve this clinical condition in the long term.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, the beneficial effects of AF ablation in the elderly population still present controversial aspects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A pre-specified subgroup analysis of the CABANA study revealed lower AF recurrence rates with ablation than with drug therapy in the three age subgroups evaluated, with adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 0.47 (95% CI, 0.35&#8211;0.62) for patients younger than 65 years of 0.58 (95% CI, 0.48&#8211;0.70) for those between 65 and 74 years old and 0.49 (95% CI, 0.34&#8211;0.70) for those over 75 years old, suggesting that AF ablation is superior to antiarrhythmic treatment in preventing recurrence regardless of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> However, current guidelines suggest caution when considering ablation in elderly patients due to a lack of conclusive data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, although the comparative curves of AF recurrence-free rates in the two treatment groups diverged throughout the follow-up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>), there was no statistical difference between patients treated by ablation (80%) concerning antiarrhythmic treatment. (65%, p = 0.119). This was due to the insufficient number of patients involved in the study, calculated based on the results of previous studies with younger patients that suggested a recurrence-free rate of 65% in the ablation group and 30% in patients undergoing clinical treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although the recurrence-free rates of the ablation group presented the expected results, this was not the case for the clinical group, which presented results superior to those obtained by historical controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A possible explanation for this finding is that class IA drugs, IC and sotalol were the main antiarrhythmics used in the studies as the basis for sample calculation, and amiodarone was avoided. On the other hand, in our study, 40% of patients were treated with amiodarone during follow-up. It is known that amiodarone is twice as efficient when compared to propafenone and sotalol, despite side effects and a considerable rate of drug interruption during long-term follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Medication adherence has also been a limitation for clinical treatment in the real world. Thus, an additional influence on the efficacy of AA may be related to the &#8220;controlled trial effect&#8221;. Finally, patients in the AA group had a better clinical profile in terms of the number of AF recurrences before inclusion, despite randomization.</p>
        <p>In relation to the quality of life assessed through the QVFA score, the CA group demonstrated a tendency towards improvement in the palpitation score (p = 0.052) and the global score (p = 0.062), the majority of which were without AAD. This is an important finding because maintaining sinus rhythm with ADD can represent a clinical problem for elderly patients, as in addition to AAD having the potential to develop adverse effects and drug interactions, these patients often have to use multiple medications to treat additional comorbidities, present significant sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction disorders or ventricular dysfunction, which are common limitations for the use of AA in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Spontaneous asymptomatic CE has been implicated as a cause of dementia in patients with AF, and neurocognitive decline has been reported after AC for AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, even without documented neurological signs and symptoms, the clinical consequence of these lesions is still uncertain. However, failure to maintain sinus rhythm, regardless of the CA procedure, is also related to cognitive decline and even progression to vascular dementia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Post-ablation CE has been investigated using several techniques that present a wide variation in incidence, from 1.7% to almost 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One of the reasons we chose the PVAC Gold catheter in this study was the result of the PRECISION GOLD trial that used this catheter and demonstrated a low incidence (2.1%) of asymptomatic CE, without showing an impact on neurocognitive tests.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> However, another study published after we started our work by Ke&#231;e et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> documented a 23% incidence of asymptomatic CE in patients undergoing PV isolation with the PVAC Gold catheter compared to 6% in patients undergoing point-to-point ablation with the Thermocool catheter (p = 0.042). In this study, there was also no difference between the groups in relation to the neuropsychological tests conducted during follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mean Value of QLAF Score, * means p Value &lt; 0.05. PVAC: catheter multipolar pulmonary vein ablation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230684-30684-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The interpretation of asymptomatic CE risk becomes more complex when we analyze the Tokuda et al. study which compared the incidence of CE in 462 patients (mean age 59&#177;10 years) undergoing CA for paroxysmal AF with different technologies: point-by-point RF (193), cryoballoon (168), RF Hot balloon (50) and laser balloon (51). Brain MRI was also performed one day after the procedure and showed asymptomatic CE in 30%, 24%, 34%, and 39% in the respective groups, with cryoablation showing a lower rate of embolization when compared to laser balloon ablation, but without statistical difference with RF techniques (p =0.14). In this study, multivariate analysis also showed a relationship between advancing age and increased occurrence of CE (p &lt;0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> These studies show that there is great variability in the occurrence of brain lesions after CA using the same catheter technology, suggesting that those findings may depend on how the technique is performed by the intervention group. In our series, one patient (3.3%) presented transient symptoms that resolved completely within 5 days, but the brain image persisted on the control MRI performed one week later.</p>
        <p>Silent esophageal injuries after AC can progress to atrioesophageal fistula, a serious, rare, and feared complication. To avoid it, several strategies have been used and, although controversial, the most used method has been monitoring esophageal temperature and power adjustments during the application of RF to the posterior wall of the left atrium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Recent studies using these adjustments to minimize injuries Thermal esophageal ulcers show that they still occur in around 20% of the different CA techniques, and in the vast majority of cases, they are mild.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In the present study, we detected asymptomatic 2B esophageal ulcers in three (9.9%) patients during systematic endoscopy. performed after the procedure. In one (3.3%) patient, the ulcer progressed at the second-week endoscopic evaluation, and the patient required hospital treatment with complete healing during endoscopic follow-up.</p>
        <p>Our study also showed that three (9.9%) elderly patients had some important complication after AC with PVAC Gold: one (3.3%) patient had an acute stroke without long-term sequelae; another (3.3%) developed retinal venous thrombosis with complete recovery of vision; and another (3.3%) developed an esophageal ulcer that required hospital treatment for healing. These complication rates appear to be higher when compared to traditional RF ablation and cryoablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Thirty percent of patients undergoing AC PVAC Gold required a repeat ablation procedure due to symptomatic recurrences of AF. As observed in other PVAC Gold studies, PV reconnection was present in all patients in whom the procedure was repeated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> This is an important issue, as elderly patients are not willing to tolerate new hospitalizations and repeated procedures. Therefore, more effective strategies to promote durable PVI in the first procedure are desirable for these elderly patients.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical implications</title>
          <p>Several randomized and controlled studies have shown that CA for AF is safe and superior to AA in maintaining sinus rhythm and preventing AF recurrence. Recent meta-analyses have demonstrated the superiority of AC over clinical treatment, including in the first treatment indication of patients with AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>However, an evident advantage of CA has not been demonstrated in older patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The higher incidence of heart disease, comorbidities, and the low inclusion rate of these patients in randomized clinical trials were considered possible reasons for these findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Therefore, more specific investigations into the role of AC in this important subgroup of patients are still necessary, especially in this era of the introduction of new technologies that provide greater safety while maintaining effectiveness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> In this sense, the data obtained in our study can be useful for further investigations in this area.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The study sample size was not sufficient to demonstrate the superiority of CA, a common observation in studies conducted on younger patients. Monitoring the recurrence of tachyarrhythmias with an implanted device could provide the burden of AF in different strategies, with an impact on disease progression and patients&#8217; quality of life. The absence of a group under heart rate control limits the assessment of the benefit of improving quality of life in both groups. The MMSE score has limitations in assessing cognition, especially about executive function, and may not have captured more subtle cognitive differences Although previous studies showed similar results when comparing PVAC GOLD with point-to-point RF ablation, with the benefit of a faster procedure with PVAC GOLD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> two recent randomized studies demonstrated a higher incidence of asymptomatic cerebral embolization and lower effectiveness of ablation with the PVAC Gold when compared to new generation point by point RF systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>CA with PVAC Gold and the use of antiarrhythmic drugs promoted the maintenance of sinus rhythm in most elderly patients with symptomatic paroxysmal AF, with no statistical difference between them. Both groups showed improvement in quality-of-life scores, with no statistical difference in the rate of progression to persistent AF or complications. However, patients undergoing ablation with PVAC Gold showed a higher rate of asymptomatic cerebral embolization than expected. Additional studies using technologies with a better safety profile are needed to evaluate the benefits of CA in elderly patients with AF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The company Biocath<sup>@</sup> (Medtronic, Inc.) was responsible for donating the PVAC Gold catheter (Medtronic, Inc.) used in the study.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Luiz Claudio Berhmann Martins, from Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by BioCath Medtronic.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
