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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pHBbrsC8kLqW5bW3W4TCS4L</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000600306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230680</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Carga Inflamat&#243;ria e Carga de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Uma Rela&#231;&#227;o Bidirecional</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0954-6347</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Naser</surname>
            <given-names>Abdulrahman</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8959-8381</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sayilan</surname>
            <given-names>Samet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6389-4561</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;ven</surname>
            <given-names>Oya</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7946-1229</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#350;eng&#246;r</surname>
            <given-names>B&#252;&#351;ra G&#252;vendi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-0798-7254</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bi&#231;ici</surname>
            <given-names>Atakan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0246-2404</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Uzun</surname>
            <given-names>Y&#252;cel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5424-149X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ekmek&#231;i</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4380-7045</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>K&#305;l&#305;&#231;gedik</surname>
            <given-names>Alev</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">K&#305;rklareli Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">K&#305;rklareli</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">K&#305;rklareli Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Department of Cardiology, K&#305;rklareli &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">K&#305;rklareli University Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">K&#305;rklareli Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Internal Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">K&#305;rklareli</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">K&#305;rklareli University Medical School &#8211; K&#305;rklareli Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Department of Internal Medicine, K&#305;rklareli &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">K&#305;rklareli University Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">K&#305;rklareli Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Emergency Department</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">K&#305;rklareli</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">K&#305;rklareli University Medical School &#8211; K&#305;rklareli Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Emergency Department, K&#305;rklareli &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Kartal Ko&#351;uyolu Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology &#304;stanbul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">&#304;stanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Kartal Ko&#351;uyolu Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Department of Cardiology &#304;stanbul, &#304;stanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bah&#231;e&#351;ehir University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">&#304;stanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bah&#231;e&#351;ehir University &#8211; Department of Cardiology, &#304;stanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ba&#351;ak&#351;ehir &#199;am and Sakura City Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">&#304;stanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ba&#351;ak&#351;ehir &#199;am and Sakura City Hospital &#8211; Department of Cardiology, &#304;stanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Abdulrahman Naser &#8226; Yayla, 3. &#199;aml&#305;k Sk. 49/1, 39010 Merkez/K&#305;rklareli Merkez/K&#305;rklareli - Turquia. E-mail: <email>abdulrahman_naser@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230680</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Carga Inflamat&#243;ria e Carga de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Uma Rela&#231;&#227;o Bidirecional</title>
              <p>
                <italic>O SII est&#225; independentemente associado &#224; carga de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/pHBbrsC8kLqW5bW3W4TCS4L/618a3d44d57b0b71775dfbfb09b61370b4ed388c.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/pHBbrsC8kLqW5bW3W4TCS4L/af7a85aba02b6021ddf6bf86081b5fb0609a1e69.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/pHBbrsC8kLqW5bW3W4TCS4L/5f6dab8ca371785cf9cb3a018cff93c399d9f9e3.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A carga de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; definida como a propor&#231;&#227;o de tempo que o paciente permanece em FA durante um determinado per&#237;odo de tempo; portanto, &#233; teoricamente mais elevado na FA permanente e mais baixo na FA parox&#237;stica. A inflama&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada ao in&#237;cio e &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o da FA. No entanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o &#237;ndice de inflama&#231;&#227;o imune sist&#234;mica (SII, do ingl&#234;s <italic>systemic immune-inflammation index</italic>) e a carga de FA &#233; desconhecida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> No presente estudo, investigamos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o SII e a carga de FA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> O presente estudo &#233; uma an&#225;lise transversal de 453 pacientes (252 do sexo feminino e 201 do sexo masculino, com idade entre 44 e 94 anos) com FA (138 com FA parox&#237;stica e 315 com FA permanente) atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia entre outubro de 2022 e junho de 2023. O SII foi calculado como (neutr&#243;filos &#215; plaquetas/linf&#243;citos). O papel preditivo do SII e de outros marcadores inflamat&#243;rios na probabilidade do padr&#227;o de FA foi avaliado por an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, sendo considerado estatisticamente significativo o valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Idade, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, diabetes mellitus, neutr&#243;filos, rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas-linf&#243;citos, rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos, SII, prote&#237;na C reativa, largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gl&#243;bulos vermelhos, hemoglobina A1c e di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo foram significativamente maiores no grupo com FA permanente. De acordo com a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, idade (p = 0,038), diabetes mellitus (p = 0,024), largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gl&#243;bulos vermelhos (p = 0,023), prote&#237;na C reativa (p = 0,010), SII (p = 0,001) e o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (p &lt; 0,001) contribu&#237;ram significativamente para a predi&#231;&#227;o da probabilidade de FA permanente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O SII est&#225; independentemente associado &#224; carga de FA. Estudos prospectivos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar se o SII pode ser &#250;til na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com alto risco de progress&#227;o da FA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de Imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o Sist&#234;mica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="41"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; uma arritmia card&#237;aca prevalente (2% a 4%) e grave que afeta mais de 33,5 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos em todo o mundo. A FA pode causar acidente vascular cerebral e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e aumenta a mortalidade e os custos de cuidados de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A FA tem etiologias e mecanismos multifatoriais e intrincados. O envelhecimento, a gen&#233;tica, o diabetes, a hipertens&#227;o e a inflama&#231;&#227;o podem induzir altera&#231;&#245;es na estrutura atrial e na eletrofisiologia, e iniciar ou manter a FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Esses fatores tamb&#233;m facilitam a transi&#231;&#227;o da FA da forma transit&#243;ria (parox&#237;stica) para a forma persistente ou permanente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Anualmente, entre &lt; 1% e 15% dos pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica evoluem para FA permanente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A carga de FA &#233; definida como a propor&#231;&#227;o de tempo que um paciente permanece em FA durante um determinado per&#237;odo de monitoramento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> &#201; evidente que a carga de FA &#233; maior em pacientes com FA permanente do que naqueles com FA parox&#237;stica. Maior carga de FA tem sido associada a resultados adversos, como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>Portanto, &#233; essencial identificar e modificar os fatores de risco que podem promover a progress&#227;o da FA para sua forma permanente, a fim de prevenir complica&#231;&#245;es e melhorar o manejo e o progn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>A contribui&#231;&#227;o exata da inflama&#231;&#227;o para o desenvolvimento da FA n&#227;o est&#225; totalmente elucidada, mas &#233; reconhecida como um fator-chave na patog&#234;nese da FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A inflama&#231;&#227;o pode causar fibrose nos &#225;trios, que &#233; a principal caracter&#237;stica do remodelamento estrutural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A inflama&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m pode aumentar a incid&#234;ncia, a carga e a persist&#234;ncia da FA, bem como o risco tromboemb&#243;lico relacionado &#224; FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> V&#225;rios marcadores inflamat&#243;rios t&#234;m sido associados &#224; FA, como prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), contagem de leuc&#243;citos, plaquetas, fibrinog&#234;nio, fator de necrose tumoral-&#945;, interleucinas e rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos (RNL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A PCR &#233; uma prote&#237;na de fase aguda que &#233; o marcador inflamat&#243;rio mais investigado na FA. N&#227;o est&#225; apenas associada &#224; presen&#231;a de FA, mas tamb&#233;m pode prever o risco de desenvolver FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, foi relatado que &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios simples, como a RNL e a rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas-linf&#243;citos (RPL), t&#234;m benef&#237;cios na previs&#227;o de FA.</p>
      <p>O &#237;ndice de inflama&#231;&#227;o imune sist&#234;mica (SII, do ingl&#234;s <italic>systemic immune-inflammation index</italic>) combina a RNL e a contagem de plaquetas. O SII reflete o estado inflamat&#243;rio no sangue perif&#233;rico e demonstrou prever doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, incluindo FA de in&#237;cio recente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, n&#227;o foi adequadamente examinada a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o SII e a carga de FA. Como a FA se sobrep&#245;e em termos de classifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e carga, no presente estudo, visamos investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre dois est&#225;gios distintos de FA, parox&#237;stica e permanente (teoricamente aqueles com menor e maior carga de FA), e SII com uma vis&#227;o mais simplificada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado entre outubro de 2022 e junho de 2023. Incluiu 453 pacientes (252 do sexo feminino e 201 do sexo masculino, com idade entre 44 e 94 anos) com FA (138 com FA parox&#237;stica e 315 com FA permanente) atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia. Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados regularmente no ambulat&#243;rio durante uma m&#233;dia de cinco anos e estavam sob terapia anticoagulante com anticoagulante oral n&#227;o antagonista da vitamina K ou varfarina. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o do presente estudo foram ter FA parox&#237;stica ou permanente, concordar em participar do estudo e ter idade superior a 18 anos.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda ou cr&#244;nica grave, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica ou exacerba&#231;&#227;o de asma, apneia do sono, s&#237;ndromes a&#243;rticas agudas, tromboembolismo venoso ou pulmonar agudo, doen&#231;as infecciosas, doen&#231;as da tireoide, dist&#250;rbios hematol&#243;gicos, doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias ou reumatol&#243;gicas cr&#244;nicas, malignidades, FA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, acidente vascular cerebral agudo, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar grave.</p>
      <p>Foram registradas as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, press&#227;o arterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e ritmo do eletrocardiograma (ECG), dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos dos pacientes. Foram obtidos hemograma completo, PCR e exames bioqu&#237;micos, como painel lip&#237;dico e fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana, hep&#225;tica e renal. A RNL foi calculada como a raz&#227;o entre as contagens de neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos, e o SII foi calculado como o produto das contagens de neutr&#243;filos e plaquetas dividido pela contagem de linf&#243;citos. O presente estudo seguiu a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e foi aprovado por um Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa local. O consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de todos os participantes.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e diagn&#243;stico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</title>
        <p>Um ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi realizado para todos os participantes e examinado por um cardiologista. A FA foi diagnosticada com base na presen&#231;a de intervalos R-R irregulares, aus&#234;ncia de ondas P regulares e ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial desorganizada no ECG. A FA foi classificada como parox&#237;stica se terminasse em 7 dias com ou sem interven&#231;&#227;o. A FA foi classificada como permanente se fosse aceita pelo paciente e pelo m&#233;dico, e nenhuma outra tentativa foi feita para restaurar ou manter o ritmo sinusal. No momento da inclus&#227;o no estudo, os ECGs basais dos pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica apresentavam ritmo sinusal, enquanto os ECGs basais dos pacientes com FA permanente mostravam ritmo de FA. Foram considerados ECGs pr&#233;-gravados e Holter de ritmo (para pacientes com aparelhos de Holter de ritmo registrado) no sistema hospitalar. As taxas de tratamento de abla&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foram registradas nos dados demogr&#225;ficos.</p>
        <p>O estado dos sintomas foi caracterizado de acordo com a escala de sintomas da European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os pacientes cuja FA n&#227;o causou nenhum sintoma foram definidos como assintom&#225;ticos (escore 1 da EHRA) e aqueles cuja FA causou palpita&#231;&#245;es, dispneia, fadiga ou outros sintomas relacionados &#224; FA foram definidos como sintom&#225;ticos (EHRA 2 a 4).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica foi realizada em todos os participantes. Os participantes foram avaliados em dec&#250;bito esquerdo, e foram registrados a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e o di&#226;metro anteroposterior do &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foi usado o Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, EUA) para analisar os dados do presente estudo. Foi considerado estatisticamente significativo um valor de p &lt; 0,05. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov de uma amostra foi utilizado para verificar a normalidade dos dados. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (primeiro ao terceiro quartil). Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram apresentados como n&#250;meros e porcentagens. Foram utilizados testes t de amostras independentes para comparar a diferen&#231;a entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e o teste U de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para comparar a diferen&#231;a entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. O teste qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher foram utilizados para avaliar a diferen&#231;a entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria foi utilizada para identificar as vari&#225;veis independentes que contribu&#237;ram para a persist&#234;ncia da FA. Foram verificadas todas as premissas necess&#225;rias para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo. A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes com FA permanente foi significativamente maior que a dos pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica (73,44 &#177; 8,98 versus 70,32 &#177; 8,26, p = 0,001). Da mesma forma, as medianas da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (80 [15] versus 80 [10], p = 0,041) e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (86 [24] versus 70 [16,25], p &lt; 0,001) foram maiores e estatisticamente significativas em pacientes com FA permanente, comparados com pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica. Por&#233;m, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos em termos de sexo, antropometria, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, , outras comorbidades al&#233;m de diabetes mellitus (DM) e medicamentos. A frequ&#234;ncia de DM foi significativamente maior em pacientes com FA permanente do que naqueles com FA parox&#237;stica (131 [41,6%] versus 36 [26,1%]). A FA assintom&#225;tica tamb&#233;m foi significativamente maior no grupo com FA permanente (p &lt; 0,001). A taxa de tratamento de abla&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente maior em pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica (p = 0,011).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">FA parox&#237;stica 138</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">FA permanente 315</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo F/M n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">81/57 (54,3/45,7)</td>
                <td align="center">171/144 (58,7/41,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,385</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">70,32&#177;8,26</td>
                <td align="center">73,44&#177;8,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">160 (155-169)</td>
                <td align="center">163 (158-170)</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (72-90)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (74-92)</td>
                <td align="center">0,291</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">30,89 (26,67-35,18)</td>
                <td align="center">30,22 (27,64-34,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,793</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (125-140)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (120-145)</td>
                <td align="center">0,423</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70-80)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70-85)</td>
                <td align="center">0,041</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (63-79)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (74-98)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (74,6)</td>
                <td align="center">249 (79)</td>
                <td align="center">0,299</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (26,1)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (41,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (18,8)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (23,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,242</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (5,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,738</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (10,1)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (5,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,090</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumo de &#225;lcool n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (10,9)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (11,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,862</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5,8)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,728</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Asma n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,583</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estado sintom&#225;tico</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Assintom&#225;tico</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Sintom&#225;tico</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>58 (42)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>80 (58)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>221 (70,2)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>94 (29,8)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tratamento de abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Recebeu</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; N&#227;o recebeu</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>26 (18,8)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>112 (81,2)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>32 (10,2)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>283 (89,8)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NOAC n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">117 (84,8)</td>
                <td align="center">266 (84,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,927</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Varfarina n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (15,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,927</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (62,3)</td>
                <td align="center">190 (60,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,688</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BB n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (56,5)</td>
                <td align="center">195 (61,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,281</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BCC DHP n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (28,4)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (30,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,662</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BCC n&#227;o DHP n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (9,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,596</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (24,6)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (17,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Os dados cont&#237;nuos n&#227;o param&#233;tricos s&#227;o apresentados como mediana (1&#186; quartil a 3&#186; quartil). BB: betabloqueadores; BCC: bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DHP: dihidropirid&#237;nicos; DM: diabetes mellitus; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; F: feminino; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; M: masculino; NOAC: anticoagulante oral n&#227;o antagonista da vitamina K; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Marcadores inflamat&#243;rios convencionais, como contagem de neutr&#243;filos, RNL, RPL, SII, PCR e largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gl&#243;bulos vermelhos (RDW, do ingl&#234;s <italic>red blood cell distribution width</italic>) foram significativamente maiores em pacientes com FA permanente do que em pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica. Pelo contr&#225;rio, a contagem m&#233;dia de linf&#243;citos dos pacientes com FA permanente foi significativamente menor do que a dos pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica. No entanto, a contagem de leuc&#243;citos, hemoglobina e contagem de plaquetas n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre os grupos, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Da mesma forma, os testes de fun&#231;&#227;o renal, hep&#225;tica e tireoidiana, bem como os resultados do painel lip&#237;dico e da glicemia em jejum n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os dois grupos. Em contraste, a hemoglobina A1C foi significativamente maior em pacientes com FA permanente do que em pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ambos os grupos foi semelhante, mas o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo dos pacientes com FA permanente foi significativamente maior que o dos pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">FA parox&#237;stica 138</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">FA permanente 315</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>WBC (&#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">7,04&#177;1,78</td>
                <td align="center">7,28&#177;1,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,218</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">13,26&#177;1,69</td>
                <td align="center">12,93&#177;1,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,070</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neutr&#243;filos (&#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">3,875 (2,958-5,000)</td>
                <td align="center">4,400 (3,480-5,770)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linf&#243;citos (&#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">2,15&#177;0,67</td>
                <td align="center">1,82&#177;0,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas (&#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">229,5 (191,0-288,5)</td>
                <td align="center">229 (198-272)</td>
                <td align="center">0,743</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RPL</td>
                <td align="center">109,75 (90,46-139,90)</td>
                <td align="center">133,94 (98,15-180,95)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RNL</td>
                <td align="center">1,86 (1,36-2,57)</td>
                <td align="center">2,39 (1,85-3,47)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SII</td>
                <td align="center">444,11 (309,25-601,12)</td>
                <td align="center">562,50 (386,41-897,66)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">2,42 (1,58-5,10)</td>
                <td align="center">4,60 (2,20-11,10)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RDW (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14,5 (13,7-15,3)</td>
                <td align="center">15,0 (14,2-16,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84&#177;0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,86&#177;0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,246</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG (ml/minute)</td>
                <td align="center">83,27 (68,44-99,45)</td>
                <td align="center">75,76 (65,95-93,54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ALT (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (11-21)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (11-20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,989</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AST (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (16-23)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (15-23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,959</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TSH (ng/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">2,19 (1,08-3,15)</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 (1,41-3,15)</td>
                <td align="center">0,278</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>T3 (ng/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">3,8 (2,7-4,6)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3,07-4,60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,171</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>T4 (ng/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">16,45 (14,70-18,20)</td>
                <td align="center">16,20 14,40-18,20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,565</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GJ (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (98-131)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (98-145)</td>
                <td align="center">0,111</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HBA1C (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5,8 (5,5-6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">5,9 (5,54-6,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">188,55&#177;43,04</td>
                <td align="center">180,60&#177;41,46</td>
                <td align="center">0,065</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (81-134)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (82-128)</td>
                <td align="center">0,344</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (39-56)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (39-53)</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (99-183)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (91-165)</td>
                <td align="center">0,173</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (60-65)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (60-65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,503</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAE (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">38,6 (38,0-41,0)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (43-49)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Os dados cont&#237;nuos n&#227;o param&#233;tricos s&#227;o apresentados como mediana (1&#186; quartil a 3&#186; quartil). ALT: alanina aminotransferase; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; CT: colesterol total; DAE: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; GJ: glicemia de jejum; HBA1C: hemoglobina A1C; HDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; RDW: largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gl&#243;bulos vermelhos; RNL: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos; RPL: rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas/linf&#243;citos; SII: &#237;ndice de inflama&#231;&#227;o imune sist&#234;mica; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; TG: triglicer&#237;deo; TSH: horm&#244;nio estimulador da tireoide; T3: triiodotironina; T4: tetraiodotironina; WBC: contagem de leuc&#243;citos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Foi realizada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria para identificar as vari&#225;veis independentes que influenciaram a perman&#234;ncia da FA. Para tanto, foi examinado o efeito da idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, DM, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, leuc&#243;citos, RDW, PCR, SII e di&#226;metro anteroposterior do &#225;trio esquerdo no padr&#227;o de FA. O modelo completo com todas as vari&#225;veis citadas foi estatisticamente significativo (X<sup>2</sup> [12, n = 453] = 324,20, p &lt; 0,001), indicando que o modelo foi capaz de distinguir o padr&#227;o de FA como parox&#237;stico ou permanente. Nosso modelo ajustou bem os dados (bom ajuste) com um valor de signific&#226;ncia no teste de Hosmer e Lemeshow de p = 0,947. O modelo tamb&#233;m apresentou alto percentual (88,5%) de precis&#227;o de predi&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, de 51,1% (R quadrado de Cox e Snell) a 72,2% (R quadrado de Nagelkerke) da vari&#226;ncia no padr&#227;o de AF podia ser explicada pelo modelo. Conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, as vari&#225;veis idade, DM, leuc&#243;citos, RDW, PCR e SII estiveram significativamente associadas ao padr&#227;o de FA. Considerando a idade, as chances de ter FA permanente aumentaram 1.046 vezes a cada ano de aumento de idade. Da mesma forma, indiv&#237;duos com DM tiveram chances 2,2 vezes maiores de ter FA permanente do que pacientes sem DM. O RDW teve uma raz&#227;o de chances (OR) de 1,31, o que significa que as chances de ter FA permanente aumentaram 1,31 vezes por unidade de aumento no RDW. Da mesma forma, um aumento unit&#225;rio na PCR aumentou as chances de ter FA permanente em 1,31 vezes. O SII foi outro preditor significativo de FA permanente (OR: 1,002, p = 0,001). Isso significa que para cada aumento unit&#225;rio no SII, a probabilidade de ter FA permanente mudou por um fator de 1,002. O di&#226;metro anteroposterior do &#225;trio esquerdo foi detectado como a vari&#225;vel mais fortemente associada &#224; FA permanente neste modelo, com um OR de 2,04, indicando que cada cent&#237;metro de aumento no di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo aumentou as chances de ter FA permanente em 2,04 vezes, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria para a probabilidade do padr&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="11%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th rowspan="2">B</th>
                <th rowspan="2">SE</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Wald</th>
                <th rowspan="2">df</th>
                <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                <th rowspan="2">OR</th>
                <th colspan="2">IC 95% da OR</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Inferior</th>
                <th>Superior</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,045</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
                <td align="center">4,288</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,038</td>
                <td align="center">1,046</td>
                <td align="center">1,002</td>
                <td align="center">1,092</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (feminino)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;0,471</td>
                <td align="center">0,372</td>
                <td align="center">1,608</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,205</td>
                <td align="center">0,624</td>
                <td align="center">0,301</td>
                <td align="center">1,293</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;0,012</td>
                <td align="center">0,033</td>
                <td align="center">0,134</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,714</td>
                <td align="center">0,988</td>
                <td align="center">0,926</td>
                <td align="center">1,054</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HT (presente)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;0,304</td>
                <td align="center">0,412</td>
                <td align="center">0,545</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,460</td>
                <td align="center">0,738</td>
                <td align="center">0,329</td>
                <td align="center">1,654</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC (presente)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;0,085</td>
                <td align="center">0,441</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,847</td>
                <td align="center">0,919</td>
                <td align="center">0,387</td>
                <td align="center">2,179</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM (presente)</td>
                <td align="center">0,789</td>
                <td align="center">0,387</td>
                <td align="center">4,153</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
                <td align="center">2,201</td>
                <td align="center">1,031</td>
                <td align="center">4,698</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC (presente)</td>
                <td align="center">0,350</td>
                <td align="center">0,751</td>
                <td align="center">0,218</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,641</td>
                <td align="center">1,420</td>
                <td align="center">0,326</td>
                <td align="center">6,181</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>WBC</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;0,084</td>
                <td align="center">0,110</td>
                <td align="center">0,581</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,446</td>
                <td align="center">0,919</td>
                <td align="center">0,741</td>
                <td align="center">1,141</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RDW</td>
                <td align="center">0,270</td>
                <td align="center">0,119</td>
                <td align="center">5,137</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
                <td align="center">1,310</td>
                <td align="center">1,037</td>
                <td align="center">1,654</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR</td>
                <td align="center">0,108</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
                <td align="center">6,595</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">1,114</td>
                <td align="center">1,026</td>
                <td align="center">1,210</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SII</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">10,414</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,002</td>
                <td align="center">1,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAE</td>
                <td align="center">0,713</td>
                <td align="center">0,076</td>
                <td align="center">87,486</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,040</td>
                <td align="center">1,757</td>
                <td align="center">2,369</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Constante</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;36,644</td>
                <td align="center">4,555</td>
                <td align="center">64,726</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DAE: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; df: graus de liberdade; DM: diabetes mellitus; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; HT: hipertens&#227;o; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; RDW: largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gl&#243;bulos vermelhos; SE: erro padr&#227;o; SII: &#237;ndice de inflama&#231;&#227;o imune sist&#234;mica; WBC: contagem de leuc&#243;citos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes com diabetes</title>
        <p>A <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0680_supplementary-tables_SII-AF.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 1</ext-link> descreve algumas caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com diabetes. Um total de 167 (36,9%) dos 453 pacientes tinham diabetes. A mediana do IMC dos pacientes com DM foi de 30,81 (27,64 a 34,68), e eles tinham diabetes h&#225; uma mediana de 10 (6 a 13) anos. Destes 167 pacientes, 147 (88%) estavam em uso de antidiab&#233;ticos orais e 40 (24%) em terapia com insulina. A maioria (n = 131, 78,4%) destes pacientes apresentava FA permanente. O RDW como marcador inflamat&#243;rio foi significativamente maior em pacientes com DM em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem DM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tratamento de abla&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na presente amostra, 58 (12,8%) pacientes foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o eram significativamente mais jovens, mais frequentemente do sexo masculino e tinham IMC mais baixo. Por&#233;m, a frequ&#234;ncia de tabagismo foi maior nos pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0680_supplementary-tables_SII-AF.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 2</ext-link>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estado sintom&#225;tico/assintom&#225;tico dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Embora a maioria dos pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica fossem significativamente sintom&#225;ticos (80/138), a maioria dos pacientes com FA permanente eram assintom&#225;ticos (221/315). O IMC, a frequ&#234;ncia de DM, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes sintom&#225;ticos. No grupo assintom&#225;tico, o uso de betabloqueadores foi significativamente maior (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0680_supplementary-tables_SII-AF.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 3</ext-link>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre inflama&#231;&#227;o e carga de FA. Verificamos que pacientes com FA permanente apresentavam maior carga inflamat&#243;ria do que pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica. Isso foi evidenciado por n&#237;veis significativamente mais elevados de neutr&#243;filos, RPL, RNL, SII, PCR e RDW em pacientes com FA permanente. Al&#233;m disso, idade, diabetes, RDW, PCR, SII (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">ilustra&#231;&#227;o central</xref>) e di&#226;metro anteroposterior do &#225;trio esquerdo foram independentemente associados ao padr&#227;o de FA permanente, que apresenta a carga qualitativamente mais alta de FA.</p>
      <p>Acredita-se que a inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenhe um papel fundamental na patog&#234;nese da FA. Foi demonstrado que os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios est&#227;o elevados em pacientes com FA, e a carga inflamat&#243;ria demonstrou estar associada &#224; carga e ao progn&#243;stico da FA. Os mecanismos exatos pelos quais a inflama&#231;&#227;o contribui para a FA n&#227;o s&#227;o totalmente compreendidos, mas podem envolver remodela&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica e estrutural dos &#225;trios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de FA aumenta com a idade em ambos os sexos, duplicando a cada 10 anos e atingindo at&#233; 20% em pessoas com mais de 80 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A idade avan&#231;ada &#233; tamb&#233;m um preditor independente de FA permanente, como demonstrado por um estudo com acompanhamento de 30 anos que relatou uma probabilidade cumulativa de 29% de FA n&#227;o permanente progredir para FA permanente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Nossos achados s&#227;o consistentes com estudos anteriores que demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre idade e progress&#227;o da FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Os poss&#237;veis mecanismos subjacentes a essa associa&#231;&#227;o incluem a maior incid&#234;ncia de comorbidades, inflama&#231;&#227;o e fibrose atrial na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O DM &#233; um fator de risco bem estabelecido para o desenvolvimento de FA, com risco 34% maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos sem DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> No entanto, o papel do diabetes na manuten&#231;&#227;o e progress&#227;o da FA n&#227;o &#233; totalmente compreendido, e os resultados de estudos anteriores s&#227;o conflitantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No presente estudo, a FA permanente foi significativamente maior em pacientes com DM do que naqueles sem DM. Al&#233;m disso, a RDW como marcador inflamat&#243;rio foi significativamente maior em pacientes com DM em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem DM. Em nosso estudo, verificamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva e independente entre diabetes e FA permanente. Apesar do desenho diferente, das caracter&#237;sticas populacionais e do tamanho amostral menor em compara&#231;&#227;o aos estudos anteriores, resultados semelhantes foram obtidos entre DM e FA na presente an&#225;lise. Essa rela&#231;&#227;o pode ser explicada pela elevada carga inflamat&#243;ria no DM.</p>
      <p>O aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo &#233; consequ&#234;ncia do aumento da press&#227;o e do volume atrial, bem como da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, que levam ao remodelamento el&#233;trico e estrutural do &#225;trio esquerdo e predisp&#245;e ao in&#237;cio e &#224; progress&#227;o da FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a FA causa maior dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial, criando um ciclo vicioso. Um estudo recente de Menichelli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> relatou um di&#226;metro mediano do &#225;trio esquerdo significativamente maior em pacientes com FA permanente do que naqueles com FA parox&#237;stica (&#8805; 44 mm, 59,5% versus 37,5% respectivamente, p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, a FA permanente e o aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo est&#227;o associados a um maior risco de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico e embolia sist&#233;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>Um estudo recente tamb&#233;m encontrou um grau significativamente mais elevado de remodelamento do &#225;trio esquerdo em termos de tamanho mais aumentado e fun&#231;&#227;o mais prejudicada (&#225;trio esquerdo r&#237;gido) em pacientes com FA permanente em compara&#231;&#227;o com FA parox&#237;stica, refletindo diferentes est&#225;gios da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, nossa an&#225;lise mostrou que o di&#226;metro anteroposterior do &#225;trio esquerdo (uma medida simplificada do tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo) estava associado a FA permanente.</p>
      <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; considerada um potencial gatilho e um fator perpetuador na fisiopatologia da FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> V&#225;rios estudos de caso-controle demonstraram n&#237;veis mais elevados de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios em pacientes com FA em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a carga inflamat&#243;ria e a fibrose atrial est&#227;o positivamente correlacionadas com a carga de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Smit et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> relataram que marcadores inflamat&#243;rios estavam associados ao desenvolvimento de FA permanente. Em um grande estudo de base populacional, Aviles et al. relataram que o aumento da PCR estava associado &#224; presen&#231;a de FA e &#224; previs&#227;o de FA futura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> De forma semelhante, nosso estudo verificou que a FA permanente estava associada a n&#237;veis mais elevados de PCR do que a FA parox&#237;stica, sugerindo que os n&#237;veis de PCR podem refletir a carga de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> O RDW &#233; outro indicador importante de inflama&#231;&#227;o e tem sido associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia, recorr&#234;ncia, perman&#234;ncia da FA e a eventos adversos relacionados &#224; FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o RDW demonstrou ser um preditor independente de FA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o RDW elevado tem sido sugerido como um preditor independente de desfechos cl&#237;nicos adversos a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Wan et al. relataram que indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis elevados de RDW exibiram uma preval&#234;ncia significativamente maior de FA persistente e permanente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o RDW foi independentemente associado &#224; progress&#227;o da FA de parox&#237;stica para permanente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Nossos resultados apoiam a literatura pr&#233;via ao observar uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre valores de RDW e FA permanente. Em resumo, nossos achados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios como RDW, PCR e SII mostram que eles est&#227;o associados &#224; carga e &#224; perman&#234;ncia da FA.</p>
      <p>O SII &#233; um novo marcador inflamat&#243;rio que combina contagens de plaquetas, neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos e pode refletir o estado imunol&#243;gico e inflamat&#243;rio com mais precis&#227;o do que qualquer uma dessas c&#233;lulas isoladamente. Foi demonstrado que o SII elevado est&#225; significativamente associado a v&#225;rios eventos e desfechos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o SII foi proposto como um preditor de desenvolvimento de FA ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s procedimento de crioabla&#231;&#227;o com cirurgia da valva mitral<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> e ap&#243;s cardiovers&#227;o por corrente direta bem-sucedida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup>O presente estudo tentou explorar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a carga de FA, que &#233; te&#243;rica e qualitativamente mais alta na FA permanente e mais baixa na FA parox&#237;stica, e SII, em um m&#233;todo espec&#237;fico e com uma vis&#227;o mais simplificada.</p>
      <p>Considerando que a inflama&#231;&#227;o est&#225; intimamente relacionada ao desenvolvimento, carga e progress&#227;o da FA, poss&#237;veis medidas preventivas podem prevenir todas essas etapas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, agentes direcionados a biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios recentemente come&#231;aram a ser investigados como potenciais medicamentos no tratamento da FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o tratamento com colchicina ap&#243;s isolamento das veias pulmonares para FA parox&#237;stica est&#225; associado a menor taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Isso indica que a redu&#231;&#227;o desses marcadores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios poderia orientar a escolha dos melhores perfis de pacientes para resposta ao tratamento cl&#237;nico ou interven&#231;&#227;o com cateter.</p>
      <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter &#233; cada vez mais utilizada para controle do ritmo no tratamento da FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Sabe-se que as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas t&#234;m um impacto significativo na resposta ao tratamento e nos resultados da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Em um estudo realizado por Kummer et al., os pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter eram significativamente mais jovens, mais frequentemente do sexo masculino, mais frequentemente brancos e mais frequentemente segurados de forma privada, com rendimentos familiares mais elevados e taxas mais baixas de comorbilidade m&#233;dica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Na presente amostra, todos os pacientes estavam segurados atrav&#233;s de programas de seguros patrocinados pelo governo e 12,8% (58/453) dos pacientes foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o com maior frequ&#234;ncia apresentavam FA parox&#237;stica, IMC mais baixo.</p>
      <p>Embora a FA seja frequentemente assintom&#225;tica, ela pode ser incapacitante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O tipo de FA e a presen&#231;a de comorbidades s&#227;o fatores eficazes para determinar se os pacientes com FA ser&#227;o sintom&#225;ticos ou n&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Foi relatado que a FA permanente &#233; 3 vezes mais comum em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos do que em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrado que sexo masculino, idade avan&#231;ada, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e atividade f&#237;sica limitada est&#227;o significativamente associados &#224; FA assintom&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Consistente com a literatura pr&#233;via, a frequ&#234;ncia de FA parox&#237;stica em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos e a frequ&#234;ncia de FA permanente em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos foram significativamente maiores. Da mesma forma, as comorbidades foram significativamente maiores no grupo sintom&#225;tico.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em primeiro lugar, a carga de FA &#233; um conceito complexo que n&#227;o pode ser medido com precis&#227;o. Na presente an&#225;lise, a carga de FA foi estimada aproximadamente a partir dos padr&#245;es de FA, sendo qualitativamente mais baixa e mais alta na FA parox&#237;stica e permanente, respectivamente. Em segundo lugar, trata-se de um estudo transversal unic&#234;ntrico; portanto, n&#227;o pode provar causalidade. Estudos prospectivos com acompanhamento de longo prazo s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar nossos achados e investigar os mecanismos subjacentes da inflama&#231;&#227;o na FA. Em terceiro lugar, as classifica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas atualmente utilizadas na FA refletem inadequadamente a persist&#234;ncia temporal da FA. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes classificados na mesma classe cl&#237;nica de FA podem ser inerentemente heterog&#234;neos em termos de persist&#234;ncia temporal de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Visamos explorar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o SII e dois est&#225;gios distintos de FA, parox&#237;stica e permanente (teoricamente aqueles com menor e menor maior carga de AF). Portanto, o estudo n&#227;o incluiu um grupo controle sem FA, mas com as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, nem um grupo com as formas persistente e persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o de FA. No entanto, seria mais valioso revelar a rela&#231;&#227;o gradual entre o aumento da carga de FA (presumivelmente de acordo com a temporalidade da FA, de parox&#237;stica a persistente, persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o e permanente) e SII. Portanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos prospectivos bem desenhados para darem sentido &#224; nossa pesquisa. Em quarto lugar, a popula&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo era relativamente pequena e consistia de pacientes idosos e caucasianos; portanto, a generaliza&#231;&#227;o de nossos achados para outras popula&#231;&#245;es &#233; incerta. Em quinto lugar, utilizamos apenas o di&#226;metro anteroposterior do &#225;trio esquerdo, um par&#226;metro simples que n&#227;o reflete verdadeiramente o tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo, principalmente no caso de &#225;trio esquerdo assim&#233;trico. Portanto, estudos que avaliem o volume atrial esquerdo para determinar o tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo contribuir&#227;o para nossa an&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Al&#233;m do aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo, a carga inflamat&#243;ria representada por SII, RNL, PCR e RDW est&#225; independentemente associada &#224; carga de FA. Nosso estudo fornece informa&#231;&#245;es importantes sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre inflama&#231;&#227;o e carga de FA. No entanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias mais pesquisas para validar os nossos achados e investigar o papel potencial de terapias anti-inflamat&#243;rias na preven&#231;&#227;o ou no tratamento da FA.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <lpage>18.e2</lpage>
          <pub-id>10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.11.026</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation>41. Charitos EI, P&#252;rerfellner H, Glotzer TV, Ziegler PD. Clinical Classifications of Atrial Fibrillation Poorly Reflect its Temporal Persistence: Insights from 1,195 Patients Continuously Monitored with Implantable Devices. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25):2840-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.019.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Charitos</surname>
              <given-names>EI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>P&#252;rerfellner</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glotzer</surname>
              <given-names>TV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ziegler</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Classifications of Atrial Fibrillation Poorly Reflect its Temporal Persistence: Insights from 1,195 Patients Continuously Monitored with Implantable Devices</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>2840</fpage>
          <lpage>2848</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.019</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do K&#305;rklareli University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo P202300034. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0680_supplementary-tables_SII-AF.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230680i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Inflammation Burden and Atrial Fibrillation Burden: A Bidirectional Relationship</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0954-6347</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Naser</surname>
            <given-names>Abdulrahman</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8959-8381</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sayilan</surname>
            <given-names>Samet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6389-4561</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;ven</surname>
            <given-names>Oya</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7946-1229</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#350;eng&#246;r</surname>
            <given-names>B&#252;&#351;ra G&#252;vendi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-0798-7254</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bi&#231;ici</surname>
            <given-names>Atakan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0246-2404</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Uzun</surname>
            <given-names>Y&#252;cel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5424-149X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ekmek&#231;i</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4380-7045</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>K&#305;l&#305;&#231;gedik</surname>
            <given-names>Alev</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">K&#305;rklareli Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Department of Cardiology, K&#305;rklareli &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">K&#305;rklareli University Medical School &#8211; K&#305;rklareli Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Department of Internal Medicine, K&#305;rklareli &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">K&#305;rklareli University Medical School &#8211; K&#305;rklareli Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Emergency Department, K&#305;rklareli &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Kartal Ko&#351;uyolu Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Department of Cardiology &#304;stanbul, &#304;stanbul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bah&#231;e&#351;ehir University &#8211; Department of Cardiology, &#304;stanbul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ba&#351;ak&#351;ehir &#199;am and Sakura City Hospital &#8211; Department of Cardiology, &#304;stanbul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Abdulrahman Naser</bold> &#8226; Yayla, 3. &#199;aml&#305;k Sk. 49/1, 39010 Merkez/K&#305;rklareli Merkez/K&#305;rklareli - Turkey. E-mail: abdulrahman_naser@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Inflammation Burden and Atrial Fibrillation Burden: A Bidirectional Relationship</title>
              <p>
                <italic>Systemic immune-inflammation index is independently associated with atrial fibrillation burden.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230680-30680-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Atrial fibrillation (AF) burden is defined as the proportion of time the patient remains in AF over a given period of time; thus, it is theoretically highest in permanent AF and lowest in paroxysmal AF. Inflammation is associated with the initiation and maintenance of AF. However, the relationship between systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and AF burden is unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> In the present study, we investigated the relationship between SII and AF burden.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The present study is a cross-sectional analysis of 453 patients (252 females and 201 males, aged 44 to 94 years) with AF (138 with paroxysmal AF and 315 with permanent AF) who visited the cardiology outpatient clinic between October 2022 and June 2023. SII was calculated as (neutrophils &#215; platelets/lymphocytes). The predictive role of SII and other inflammatory markers in the likelihood of AF pattern was evaluated by logistic regression analyses, and p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Age, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, diabetes mellitus, neutrophil, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, SII, C-reactive protein, red blood cell distribution width, hemoglobin A1c, and left atrial diameter were significantly higher in the permanent AF group. According to the logistic regression analysis, age (p = 0.038), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.024), red blood cell distribution width (p = 0.023), C-reactive protein (p = 0.010), SII (p = 0.001), and left atrial diameter (p &lt; 0.001) significantly contributed to the prediction of the likelihood of permanent AF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> SII is independently associated with the AF burden. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether SII may be useful in identifying patients at high risk for AF progression.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Systemic Immune-inflammation Index</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent (2% to 4%) and severe cardiac arrhythmia that affects over 33.5 million individuals globally. AF can lead to stroke and heart failure, and it elevates mortality and healthcare costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>AF has multifactorial and intricate etiologies and mechanisms. Aging, genetics, diabetes, hypertension, and inflammation can induce alterations in the atrial structure and electrophysiology and initiate or sustain AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> These factors also facilitate the transition of AF from transient (paroxysmal) to persistent or permanent forms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Annually, &lt; 1% to 15% of patients with paroxysmal AF progress to permanent AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> AF burden is defined as the proportion of time that a patient is in AF during a certain monitoring period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is evident that AF burden is higher in patients with permanent AF than in those with paroxysmal AF. Higher AF burden has been associated with adverse outcomes such as heart failure, ischemic stroke, and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>Therefore, it is essential to identify and modify the risk factors that can promote the progression of AF to its permanent form, in order to prevent complications and enhance management and prognosis.</p>
        <p>The exact contribution of inflammation to the development of AF is not fully elucidated, but it is recognized as a key factor in the pathogenesis of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Inflammation can cause fibrosis in the atria, which is the main characteristic of structural remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Inflammation can also augment the incidence, burden, and persistence of AF, as well as the thromboembolic risk related to AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Several inflammatory markers have been associated with AF, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell (WBC), platelet, fibrinogen, tumor necrosis factor-&#945;, interleukins, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> CRP is an acute phase protein that is the most investigated inflammatory marker in AF. It is not only associated with the presence of AF, but also can forecast the risk of developing AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Furthermore, simple inflammatory indices such as NLR and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have been reported to be beneficial in predicting AF.</p>
        <p>The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) is a combination of NLR and platelet count. It reflects the inflammation status in peripheral blood and has been demonstrated to predict cardiovascular disease including new onset AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, the relationship between SII and AF burden has not been adequately examined. As AF overlaps in terms of clinical classification and burden, in this study, we aimed to investigate the association between two distinctly separate stages of AF, paroxysmal and permanent (theoretically those with the lowest and highest AF burden), and SII with a more simplified view.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This study was a cross-sectional study conducted between October 2022 and June 2023. It included 453 patients (252 females and 201 males, aged 44 to 94 years) with AF (138 with paroxysmal AF and 315 with permanent AF) who visited the cardiology outpatient clinic. All patients were regularly followed up at the outpatient clinic for a median of five year, and were under anticoagulant therapy with either a non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant or warfarin. The inclusion criteria for this study were having paroxysmal or permanent AF, agreeing to participate in this study, and being older than 18 years of age.</p>
        <p>The exclusion criteria were acute coronary syndrome, acute or severe chronic renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma exacerbation, sleep apnea, acute aortic syndromes, acute venous or pulmonary thromboembolism, infectious disease, thyroid disease, hematologic disorders, chronic inflammatory or rheumatologic disease, malignancies, postoperative AF, acute stroke, heart failure, or severe valvular heart disease.</p>
        <p>The demographic characteristics, blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG) rhythm and heart rate, echocardiographic data, and smoking habits of the patients were recorded. Complete blood count, CRP, and biochemical tests, such as lipid panel and thyroid, liver and kidney functions, were performed. NLR was calculated as the ratio of neutrophil to lymphocyte counts, and SII was calculated as the product of neutrophil and platelet counts divided by the lymphocyte count. This study followed the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by a local Research Ethics Committee. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition and diagnosis of atrial fibrillation</title>
          <p>A 12-lead ECG was performed for all participants and examined by a cardiologist. AF was diagnosed based on the presence of irregularly irregular R-R intervals, absence of regular P waves, and disorganized atrial activations on the ECG. AF was classified as permanent if it was accepted by the patient and physician, and no further attempts were made to restore or maintain sinus rhythm. At the time of enrollment in the study, the baseline ECGs of the patients with paroxysmal AF showed sinus rhythm, while the baseline ECGs of the patients with permanent AF showed AF rhythm. Pre-recorded ECGs and rhythm Holter (for patients with recorded rhythm Holter devices) in the hospital system were taken into account. Rates of ablation treatment were also recorded in demographic data.</p>
          <p>Symptom status was characterized according to the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) symptom scale.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Patients whose AF did not cause any symptoms were defined as asymptomatic (EHRA score 1), and those whose AF caused palpitations, dyspnea, fatigue, or other AF-related symptoms were defined as symptomatic (EHRA 2 to 4).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Transthoracic echocardiography was performed for all participants. Participants were evaluated in the left decubitus position, and their ejection fraction and left atrial anterior-posterior diameter were recorded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) was used to analyze the data of the present study. A p value of &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. One sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify the normality of the data. Normally distributed continuous variables were described as mean and standard deviation, and continuous variables without normal distribution were described as median and interquartile range (first to third quartile). Categorical data were presented as numbers and percentages. Independent samples t tests were used to compare the difference between normally distributed continuous variables, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the difference between non-normally distributed continuous variables. The chi-square test and Fisher&#8217;s exact test were used to evaluate the difference between categorical variables. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent variables contributing to the persistence of AF. All the necessary assumptions were verified for the use of binary logistic regression analysis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the demographic, anthropometric, and clinical characteristics of the study population. The mean age of individuals with permanent AF was significantly higher than individuals with paroxysmal AF (73.44 &#177; 8.98 versus 70.32 &#177; 8.26, p = 0.001). Similarly, the median diastolic blood pressure (80 [15] versus 80 [10], p = 0.041) and heart rate (86 [24] versus 70 [16.25], p &lt; 0.001) were higher and statistically significant in patients with permanent AF compared to patients with paroxysmal AF. However, there were no significant differences between groups in terms of sex, anthropometrics, systolic blood pressure, comorbidities other than diabetes mellitus (DM), and medications. The frequency of DM was significantly higher in patients with permanent AF than paroxysmal AF (131 [41.6%] versus 36 [26.1%]). Asymptomatic AF was also significantly higher in the permanent AF group (p &lt; 0.001). The rate of ablation treatment was significantly higher in patients with paroxysmal AF (p = 0.011).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic, anthropometric, and clinical characteristics of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Paroxysmal AF 138</th>
                  <th>Permanent AF 315</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex F/M n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">81/57 (54.3/45.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">171/144 (58.7/41.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.385</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">70.32&#177;8.26</td>
                  <td align="center">73.44&#177;8.98</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Height (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">160 (155-169)</td>
                  <td align="center">163 (158-170)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.071</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (72-90)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (74-92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.291</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">30.89 (26.67-35.18)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.22 (27.64-34.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.793</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (125-140)</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (120-145)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.423</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70-80)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70-85)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (63-79)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (74-98)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HT n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (74.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">249 (79)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.299</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (26.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (41.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (18.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (23.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.242</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (5.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.738</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking status n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (10.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (5.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.090</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcohol drinking n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (10.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (11.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.862</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COPD n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (5.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.728</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Asthma n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (4.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (3.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.583</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Symptomatic status</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Asymptomatic</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Symptomatic</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>58 (42)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>80 (58)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>221 (70.2)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>94 (29.8)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ablation treatment</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Received</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Did not receive</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>26 (18.8)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>112 (81.2)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>32 (10.2)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>283 (89.8)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NOAC n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (84.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">266 (84.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.927</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Warfarin n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (15.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (15.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.927</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI/ARB n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (62.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">190 (60.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.688</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BB n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (56.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">195 (61.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.281</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DHP-CCB n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (28.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (30.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.662</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-DHP-CCB n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (9.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.596</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (24.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (17.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.063</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Non-parametric continuous data are presented as median (1st quartile to 3rd quartile). ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; AF: atrial fibrillation; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; BB: beta blockers; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DHP-CCB: dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers; DM: diabetes mellitus; F: female; HR: heart rate; HT: hypertension; M: male; NOAC: non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant; PAD: peripheral artery disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Conventional inflammatory markers such as neutrophil count, NLR, PLR, SII, CRP, and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) were significantly higher in patients with permanent AF than in patients with paroxysmal AF. On the contrary, the mean lymphocyte count of patients with permanent AF was significantly lower than that of patients with paroxysmal AF. However, WBC, hemoglobin, and platelet count did not differ significantly between groups, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. Likewise, kidney, liver, and thyroid function tests, as well as lipid panel and fasting blood glucose results did not differ significantly between the two groups. In contrast, hemoglobin A1C was significantly higher in patients with permanent AF than in patients with paroxysmal AF. Regarding the echocardiographic data, the ejection fraction of both groups was similar, but the left atrial diameter of patients with permanent AF was significantly larger than that of patients with paroxysmal AF.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Laboratory and echocardiographic characteristics of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Paroxysmal AF 138</th>
                  <th>Permanent AF 315</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC (&#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.04&#177;1.78</td>
                  <td align="center">7.28&#177;1.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.218</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.26&#177;1.69</td>
                  <td align="center">12.93&#177;1.84</td>
                  <td align="center">0.070</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil (&#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.875 (2.958-5.000)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.400 (3.480-5.770)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocyte (&#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.15&#177;0.67</td>
                  <td align="center">1.82&#177;0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet (&#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">229.5 (191.0-288.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">229 (198-272)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.743</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLR</td>
                  <td align="center">109.75 (90.46-139.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">133.94 (98.15-180.95)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">1.86 (1.36-2.57)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.39 (1.85-3.47)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SII</td>
                  <td align="center">444.11 (309.25-601.12)</td>
                  <td align="center">562.50 (386.41-897.66)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.42 (1.58-5.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.60 (2.20-11.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDW (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.5 (13.7-15.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.0 (14.2-16.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84&#177;0.15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86&#177;0.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.246</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GFR (ml/minute)</td>
                  <td align="center">83.27 (68.44-99.45)</td>
                  <td align="center">75.76 (65.95-93.54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.051</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALT (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (11-21)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (11-20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.989</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AST (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (16-23)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (15-23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.959</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TSH (ng/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.19 (1.08-3.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2 (1.41-3.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.278</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T3 (ng/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.8 (2.7-4.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (3.07-4.60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.171</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T4 (ng/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.45 (14.70-18.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.20 14.40-18.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.565</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FBG (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (98-131)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (98-145)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.111</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HBA1C (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.8 (5.5-6.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9 (5.54-6.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.047</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TC (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">188.55&#177;43.04</td>
                  <td align="center">180.60&#177;41.46</td>
                  <td align="center">0.065</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (81-134)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (82-128)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.344</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (39-56)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (39-53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.080</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (99-183)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (91-165)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.173</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (60-65)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (60-65)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.503</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAD (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">38.6 (38.0-41.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (43-49)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Non-parametric continuous data are presented as median (first quartile to third quartile). AF: atrial fibrillation; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; CRP: C-reactive protein; EF: ejection fraction; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HBA1C: hemoglobin A1C; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; LAD: left atrial diameter; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; RDW: red blood cell distribution width; SII: systemic immune-inflammation index; T3: triiodothyronine; T4: tetraiodothyronine; TC: total cholesterol; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; TG: triglyceride; WBC: white blood cell.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the independent variables that influence AF permanence. For this purpose, the effect of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, coronary artery disease, DM, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, WBC, RDW, CRP, SII, and left atrial anterior-posterior diameter on the pattern of AF were examined. The full model with all aforementioned variables was statistically significant (X<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> [12, n = 453] = 324.20, p &lt; 0.001), indicating that the model was able to distinguish the pattern of AF as paroxysmal or permanent. Our model fit the data well (good fit) with a Hosmer and Lemeshow test significance value of p = 0.947. In addition, the model had a high percentage (88.5%) of prediction accuracy. Moreover, 51.1% (Cox and Snell R square) to 72.2% (Nagelkerke R square) of the variance in the AF pattern could be explained by the model. As seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>, age, DM, WBC, RDW, CRP and SII variables were significantly associated with AF pattern. Considering the age, the odds of having permanent AF increased by 1.046 times with each year increase in age. Similarly, individuals with DM had 2.2 times greater odds of having permanent AF than patients without DM. RDW had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.31, meaning that the odds of having permanent AF increased by 1.31 times per unit increase in RDW. Likewise, a unit increase in CRP increased the odds of having permanent AF by 1.31 times. SII was another significant predictor of permanent AF (OR: 1.002, p = 0.001). This means that for each unit increase in SII, the odds of having permanent AF changed by a factor of 1.002. Left atrial anterior-posterior diameter was detected as the most powerfully associated with permanent AF in this model, with an OR of 2.04, indicating that each centimeter increase in left atrial diameter increased the odds of having permanent AF by 2.04 times, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Binary logistic regression analysis for the likelihood of atrial fibrillation pattern</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">B</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">SE</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Wald</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">df</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">OR</th>
                  <th colspan="2">95% CI for OR</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Lower</th>
                  <th>Upper</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">0.045</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022</td>
                  <td align="center">4.288</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.038</td>
                  <td align="center">1.046</td>
                  <td align="center">1.002</td>
                  <td align="center">1.092</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex (female)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.471</td>
                  <td align="center">0.372</td>
                  <td align="center">1.608</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.205</td>
                  <td align="center">0.624</td>
                  <td align="center">0.301</td>
                  <td align="center">1.293</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.012</td>
                  <td align="center">0.033</td>
                  <td align="center">0.134</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.714</td>
                  <td align="center">0.988</td>
                  <td align="center">0.926</td>
                  <td align="center">1.054</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HT (present)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.304</td>
                  <td align="center">0.412</td>
                  <td align="center">0.545</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.460</td>
                  <td align="center">0.738</td>
                  <td align="center">0.329</td>
                  <td align="center">1.654</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD (present)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.085</td>
                  <td align="center">0.441</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.847</td>
                  <td align="center">0.919</td>
                  <td align="center">0.387</td>
                  <td align="center">2.179</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM (present)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.789</td>
                  <td align="center">0.387</td>
                  <td align="center">4.153</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.042</td>
                  <td align="center">2.201</td>
                  <td align="center">1.031</td>
                  <td align="center">4.698</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COPD (present)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.350</td>
                  <td align="center">0.751</td>
                  <td align="center">0.218</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.641</td>
                  <td align="center">1.420</td>
                  <td align="center">0.326</td>
                  <td align="center">6.181</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.084</td>
                  <td align="center">0.110</td>
                  <td align="center">0.581</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.446</td>
                  <td align="center">0.919</td>
                  <td align="center">0.741</td>
                  <td align="center">1.141</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDW</td>
                  <td align="center">0.270</td>
                  <td align="center">0.119</td>
                  <td align="center">5.137</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023</td>
                  <td align="center">1.310</td>
                  <td align="center">1.037</td>
                  <td align="center">1.654</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP</td>
                  <td align="center">0.108</td>
                  <td align="center">0.042</td>
                  <td align="center">6.595</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  <td align="center">1.114</td>
                  <td align="center">1.026</td>
                  <td align="center">1.210</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SII</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">10.414</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.002</td>
                  <td align="center">1.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAD</td>
                  <td align="center">0.713</td>
                  <td align="center">0.076</td>
                  <td align="center">87.486</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2.040</td>
                  <td align="center">1.757</td>
                  <td align="center">2.369</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Constant</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;36.644</td>
                  <td align="center">4.555</td>
                  <td align="center">64.726</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; CI: confidence interval; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; df: degrees of freedom; DM: diabetes mellitus; HT: hypertension; LAD: left atrial diameter; OR: odds ratio; RDW: red blood cell distribution width; SE: standard error; SII: systemic immune inflammation index; WBC: white blood cell.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients with diabetes</title>
          <p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0680_supplementary-tables_SII-AF.pdf">Supplementary Table </ext-link> describes some features of patients with diabetes. A total of 167 (36.9%) out of 453 patients had diabetes. The median BMI of patients with DM was 30.81 (27.64 to 34.68), and they had diabetes for a median of 10 (6 to 13) years. Of these 167 patients, 147 (88%) were on oral antidiabetic drugs, and 40 (24%) were on insulin therapy. The majority (n = 131, 78.4%) of these patients had permanent AF. RDW as an inflammatory marker was significantly higher in patients with DM in comparison to those without DM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ablation treatment</title>
          <p>In the present sample, 58 (12.8%) patients underwent ablation. Patients who underwent ablation were significantly younger, more often male, and had lower BMI. However, the frequency of smoking was higher in patients who underwent ablation (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0680_supplementary-tables_SII-AF.pdf">Supplementary Table 2</ext-link>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Symptomatic/asymptomatic status of patients</title>
          <p>While most patients with paroxysmal AF were significantly symptomatic (80/138), most patients with permanent AF were asymptomatic (221/315). BMI, the frequency of DM, coronary artery disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were significantly higher in symptomatic patients. In the asymptomatic group, the use of beta-blocking agents was significantly higher (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0680_supplementary-tables_SII-AF.pdf">Supplementary Table 3</ext-link>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between inflammation and AF burden. We found that patients with permanent AF had a greater inflammation burden than patients with paroxysmal AF. This was evidenced by significantly higher levels of neutrophils, PLR, NLR, SII, CRP, and RDW in patients with permanent AF. Additionally, age, diabetes, RDW, CRP, SII (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">central illustration</xref>), and left atrial anterior-posterior diameter were independently associated with the permanent AF pattern, which has the qualitatively highest AF burden.</p>
        <p>Inflammation is thought to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AF. Inflammatory markers have been shown to be elevated in patients with AF, and the inflammation burden has been shown to be associated with AF burden and prognosis. The exact mechanisms by which inflammation contributes to AF are not fully understood, but they may involve electrical and structural remodeling of the atria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The prevalence of AF increases with age in both sexes, doubling every 10 years and reaching up to 20% in people over 80 years old.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Older age is also an independent predictor of permanent AF, as shown by a 30-year follow-up study that reported a cumulative probability of 29% for non-permanent AF to progress to permanent AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Our findings are consistent with previous studies that demonstrated a positive association between age and AF progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The possible mechanisms underlying this association include the higher incidence of comorbidities, inflammation, and atrial fibrosis in the elderly population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>DM is a well-established risk factor for the development of AF, with a 34% higher risk compared to individuals without DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> However, the role of diabetes in the maintenance and progression of AF is not fully understood, and the results of previous studies are conflicting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In this study, permanent AF was significantly higher in patients with DM than in those without DM. In addition, RDW as an inflammatory marker was significantly higher in patients with DM in comparison to those without DM. In our study, we found a positive and independent association between diabetes and permanent AF. Despite different design, population characteristics, and smaller sample sizes compared to previous studies, similar results were obtained between DM and AF in the present analysis. This relationship can be explained by the high inflammation burden in DM.</p>
        <p>Left atrial enlargement is a consequence of increased atrial pressure and volume, as well as left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, which lead to electrical and structural remodeling of the left atrium and predispose to AF initiation and progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Conversely, AF causes further atrial dilation, creating a vicious cycle. A recent study by Menichelli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> reported a significantly higher median left atrial diameter in patients with permanent AF than in those with paroxysmal AF (&#8805; 44 mm, 59.5% versus 37.5% respectively, p &lt; 0.001). Moreover, permanent AF and left atrial enlargement are associated with a higher risk of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>Furthermore, a recent study found a significantly higher degree of left atrial remodeling in terms of more enlarged size and more impaired function (stiff left atrium) in patients with permanent as compared with paroxysmal AF, reflecting different stages of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In this context, our analysis showed that left atrial anterior-posterior diameter (a simplified measure of left atrial size) was associated with permanent AF.</p>
        <p>Inflammation is considered to be both a potential trigger and a perpetuating factor in the pathophysiology of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Several case-control studies have shown higher levels of inflammatory markers in patients with AF compared to those without AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Furthermore, the inflammatory burden and atrial fibrosis are positively correlated with AF burden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Smit et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> reported that inflammatory markers were associated with the development of permanent AF. In a large population-based study, Aviles et al. reported that increased CRP was associated with the presence of AF and predicted future AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Similarly, our study found that permanent AF was associated with higher CRP levels than paroxysmal AF, suggesting that CRP levels may reflect AF burden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> RDW is another important indicator of inflammation and has been linked to AF occurrence, recurrence, permanence, and AF-related adverse events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Additionally, RDW was shown to be an independent predictor of postoperative AF after coronary artery bypass grafting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Furthermore, elevated RDW has been suggested as an independent predictor of long-term adverse clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Wan et al. reported that individuals with high RDW levels exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of persistent and permanent AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Furthermore, RDW has been independently associated with AF progression from paroxysmal to permanent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Our results support previous literature by observing an independent association between RDW values and permanent AF. In summary, our findings regarding inflammation markers such as RDW, CRP, and SII show that they are associated with the burden and permanence of the AF.</p>
        <p>SII is a novel inflammatory marker that combines platelet, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts, and may reflect the immune and inflammatory status more accurately than any of these cells alone. Elevated SII has been shown to be significantly associated with various cardiovascular events and outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup>Moreover, SII has been proposed as a predictor of AF development after coronary artery bypass grafting,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> AF recurrence after cryo-maze procedure with mitral valve surgery,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> and after successful direct current cardioversion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup>The present study attempted to explore the association between AF burden, which is theoretically and qualitatively highest in permanent AF and lowest in paroxysmal AF, and SII, in a particular method and with a more simplified view.</p>
        <p>Considering that inflammation is closely related to the development, burden, and progression of AF, possible preventive measures may prevent all these steps.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Additionally, agents targeting inflammatory biomarkers have recently begun to be investigated as potential drugs in the treatment of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Furthermore, colchicine treatment after pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal AF is associated with lower AF recurrence rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> It indicates that reduction of these pro-inflammatory markers could guide the choice of the best patient profiles for response to clinical treatment or catheter intervention.</p>
        <p>Catheter ablation is increasingly used for rhythm control in the treatment of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is known that demographic characteristics have a significant impact on the treatment response and outcomes of catheter ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> In a study by Kummer et al., patients who underwent catheter ablation were significantly younger, more often male, more often White, and more often privately insured, with higher household incomes and lower rates of medical comorbidity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> In the present sample all patients were insured through government-sponsored insurance programs and 12.8% (58/453) of patients underwent ablation. Patients who underwent ablation more often had paroxysmal AF, were significantly younger men, and had lower BMI.</p>
        <p>Although AF is often asymptomatic, it can be disabling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> AF type and the presence of comorbidities are effective factors in whether AF patients are symptomatic or not.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Permanent AF has been reported to be 3 times more common in asymptomatic patients than in symptomatic patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Additionally, male sex, older age, previous myocardial infarction and limited physical activity have been shown to be significantly associated with asymptomatic AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Consistent with previous literature, the frequency of paroxysmal AF in symptomatic patients and the frequency of permanent AF in asymptomatic patients were significantly higher. Likewise, comorbidities were significantly higher in the symptomatic group.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>First, AF burden is a complex concept that cannot be measured precisely. In the current analysis, AF burden was roughly estimated from AF patterns, being qualitatively lowest and highest in paroxysmal and permanent AF, respectively. Second, this was a single-center cross-sectional study; thus, it cannot prove causality. Long-term prospective follow-up studies are needed to validate our findings and investigate the underlying mechanisms of inflammation in AF. Third, the currently used clinical AF classifications poorly reflect the temporal persistence of AF. In addition, patients classified in the same clinical AF class may be inherently heterogeneous in terms of temporal AF persistence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> We sought to explore the relationship between SII and two distinctly separate stages of AF, paroxysmal and permanent (theoretically those with the lowest and highest AF burden). Therefore, the study did not include a control group without AF but with the same demographic characteristics or a group with the persistent and long-standing persistent forms of AF. However, it would be more valuable to reveal the gradual relationship between increasing AF burden (presumably according to the temporality of AF from paroxysmal to persistent, long-standing persistent, and permanent) and SII. Therefore, well-designed prospective studies that will make sense of our research are needed. Fourth, our study population was relatively small and consisted of elderly Caucasian patients; therefore, the generalizability of our findings to other populations is uncertain. Fifth, we used only left atrial anteroposterior diameter, a simple parameter that does not truly reflect left atrial size, particularly in case of asymmetric left atrium. Therefore, studies evaluating left atrial volume to determine left atrial size will contribute to our analysis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In addition to left atrial enlargement, inflammation burden as represented by SII, NLR, CRP, and RDW is independently associated with AF burden. Our study provides important insights into the relationship between inflammation and AF burden. However, further research is needed to validate our findings and investigate the potential role of anti-inflammatory therapies in the prevention or treatment of AF.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the K&#305;rklareli University under the protocol number P202300034. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12106/2023-0680_supplementary-tables_SII-AF.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
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