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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Gc4PKTMqyskSQfrbJCwpdRH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000600303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230675</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito Protetor do RNA N&#227;o Codificante Longo OXCT1-AS1 na Apoptose de C&#233;lulas Mioc&#225;rdicas Humanas Induzida pela Doxorrubicina pelo Padr&#227;o Competitivo de RNA End&#243;geno</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Zhen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Yijue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ma</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Mengli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Xian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pen</surname>
            <given-names>Huan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gui</surname>
            <given-names>Feng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Yafeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-2615-5181</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Xia</surname>
            <given-names>Hao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hu</surname>
            <given-names>Niandan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ai</surname>
            <given-names>Bo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xiong</surname>
            <given-names>Jun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xia</surname>
            <given-names>Hongxia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Wenqiang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ai</surname>
            <given-names>Fen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Huazhong University of Science and Technology</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Tongji Medical College</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">The Central Hospital of Wuhan</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Wuhan</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Emergency &#8211; The Central Hospital of Wuhan &#8211; Tongji Medical College &#8211; Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hubei University of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Geriatric Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Shiyan</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Geriatric Medicine &#8211; Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital &#8211; Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Emergency</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Wuhan</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Emergency &#8211; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Wuhan</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology &#8211; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fen Ai e Yafeng Liu &#8226;</bold> The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 26 Shengli Street, Jiang'an District, Wuhan, Hubei &#8211; China (Fen Ai); Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No.238, Jiefang Road, No.99, Zhangzhidong Road (formerly Ziyang Road), Huanghelou Street, WuchangDistrict, Wuhan, Hubei &#8211; China (Yafeng Liu). E-mail:<email>doctoraifen@outlook.com</email>, <email>tflyf1@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230675</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Gc4PKTMqyskSQfrbJCwpdRH/03ee6d5e3b6d2eec16700eddf899bfbe901f6215.tif"/>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O antibi&#243;tico quimioter&#225;pico antraciclina doxorrubicina (DOX) pode induzir cardiotoxicidade cumulativa e levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. RNAs n&#227;o codificantes longos (lncRNAs) podem funcionar como importantes reguladores na les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica induzida por DOX.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar o papel funcional e o mecanismo molecular do RNA antisense lncRNA OXCT1 1 (OXCT1-AS1) na les&#227;o celular mioc&#225;rdica induzida por DOX in vitro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Cardiomi&#243;citos humanos (AC16) foram estimulados com DOX para induzir um modelo de les&#227;o celular mioc&#225;rdica. A express&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1, miR-874-3p e BDH1 em c&#233;lulas AC16 foi determinada por RT-qPCR. A viabilidade das c&#233;lulas AC16 foi medida pelo ensaio XTT. A citometria de fluxo foi empregada para avaliar a apoptose de c&#233;lulas AC16. Western blotting foi utilizado para avaliar os n&#237;veis proteicos de marcadores relacionados &#224; apoptose. O ensaio rep&#243;rter de luciferase dupla foi conduzido para verificar a capacidade de liga&#231;&#227;o entre miR-874-3p e OXCT1-AS1 e entre miR-874-3p e BDH1. O valor de p&lt;0,05 indicou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A express&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 foi diminu&#237;da em c&#233;lulas AC16 tratadas com DOX. A superexpress&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 reverteu a redu&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade celular e a promo&#231;&#227;o da apoptose celular causada pela DOX. OXCT1-AS1 est&#225; ligado competitivamente ao miR-874-3p para regular positivamente o BDH1. A superexpress&#227;o de BDH1 restaurou a viabilidade das c&#233;lulas AC16 e suprimiu a apoptose celular sob estimula&#231;&#227;o com DOX. A derrubada do BDH1 reverteu a atenua&#231;&#227;o da apoptose de c&#233;lulas AC16 mediada por OXCT1-AS1 sob tratamento com DOX.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>LncRNA OXCT1-AS1 protege c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas humanas AC16 da apoptose induzida por DOX atrav&#233;s do eixo miR-874-3p/BDH1.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>RNA</kwd>
        <kwd>Doxorrubicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Mi&#243;citos Card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>Apoptose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province</funding-source>
          <award-id>2020CFB270</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica complexa caracterizada por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> &#201; o resultado final da transforma&#231;&#227;o de diversas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e est&#225; associada a altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos causa a perda de cardiomi&#243;citos e leva &#224; baixa contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias crescentes indicam que a apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos atua como um fator chave no agravamento da IC, e a supress&#227;o do remodelamento ventricular causado pela apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos pode melhorar o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Assim, uma melhor compreens&#227;o do mecanismo subjacente &#224; apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos na IC pode ajudar a identificar novos alvos e desenvolver estrat&#233;gias mais eficazes para o tratamento da IC.</p>
      <p>A doxorrubicina (DOX) &#233; um antibi&#243;tico quimioter&#225;pico antraciclina que tem sido utilizado como agente antitumoral em tumores s&#243;lidos e neoplasias hematol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Contudo, a aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da DOX &#233; limitada devido &#224; sua cardiotoxicidade cumulativa, que pode levar a um espectro de efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos de curto e longo prazo, incluindo disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, cardiomiopatia e at&#233; IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A taxa de mortalidade aumenta significativamente para 50% dentro de dois anos ap&#243;s a terapia com DOX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> V&#225;rios mecanismos foram propostos para a cardiotoxicidade induzida pela DOX, incluindo a apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Portanto, a DOX foi utilizada para induzir um modelo de cultura celular de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em nosso estudo.</p>
      <p>RNAs n&#227;o codificantes longos (lncRNAs) s&#227;o um grupo de transcritos com mais de duzentos nucleot&#237;deos que n&#227;o possuem capacidade de codifica&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Estudos demonstraram que os lncRNAs participam na regula&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade induzida pela DOX na IC. Por exemplo, lncRNA NONMMUT015745 suprime a apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos induzida por DOX via eixo Rab2A-p53.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A regula&#231;&#227;o negativa do lncRNA SOX2-OT melhora a disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na IC isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> LncRNA KCNQ1OT1 contribui para a apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos ao direcionar o FUS na IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> &#201; importante ressaltar que um estudo anterior mencionou que a perda de RNA antisense lncRNA OXCT1 1 (OXCT1-AS1) em tecido card&#237;aco de engenharia humana resulta na diminui&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento da for&#231;a contr&#225;til. No entanto, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se o OXCT1-AS1 pode afetar a toxicidade mioc&#225;rdica desencadeada pela DOX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias acumuladas demonstraram que os lncRNAs podem funcionar como RNAs end&#243;genos concorrentes (ceRNAs) para afetar a estabilidade e tradu&#231;&#227;o do mensageiro (mRNA), interagindo competitivamente com os microRNAs compartilhados (miRNAs). V&#225;rios relat&#243;rios indicaram que OXCT1-AS1 pode funcionar como um ceRNA para regular positivamente a express&#227;o de mRNA a jusante, afetando assim os comportamentos malignos das c&#233;lulas tumorais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No entanto, as mol&#233;culas a jusante envolvidas nas redes de ceRNA mediadas por OXCT1-AS1 na IC permanecem obscuras. Aqui, ferramentas de bioinform&#225;tica foram utilizadas para explorar as mol&#233;culas a jusante de OXCT1-AS1, com o objetivo de compreender seu mecanismo molecular em afetar a les&#227;o celular mioc&#225;rdica induzida por DOX.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi investigar o papel funcional e o mecanismo molecular do lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 em um modelo de les&#227;o celular mioc&#225;rdica induzido por DOX. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que OXCT1-AS1 poderia afetar a apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos induzida por DOX, modulando mol&#233;culas a jusante atrav&#233;s da rede ceRNA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Cultura celular e tratamento</title>
        <p>Cardiomi&#243;citos humanos AC16 foram obtidos da ATCC (Rockville, MD, EUA) e mantidos em meio Eagle modificado por Dulbecco (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, EUA) suplementado com 10% de soro bovino fetal (Gibco) e 1% de penicilina-estreptomicina (Gibco) em atmosfera umidificada a 37&#176;C com 95% de ar e 5% de CO2. Para induzir um modelo de les&#227;o celular mioc&#225;rdica, as c&#233;lulas AC16 foram tratadas com 5 &#956;M de DOX (Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Xangai, China) por 24 horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em alguns experimentos, as c&#233;lulas AC16 foram tratadas com 5 &#956;M de DOX por diferentes per&#237;odos (0, 0,5, 2, 6, 12, 24 e 48 h) para detec&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de RNA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Transfec&#231;&#227;o celular</title>
        <p>Para ensaios de superexpress&#227;o, o cDNA completo de OXCT1-AS1 e BDH1 (3-hidroxibutirato desidrogenase 1) foi amplificado e clonado no vetor pcDNA3.1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, EUA) para construir OE-OXCT1-AS1 e OE -BDH1, com um vetor vazio (EV) como controle negativo. RNA em gancho curto direcionado a BDH1 (sh-BDH1), inibidor de miR-874-3p e o controle negativo (inibidor de NC) (Invitrogen) foram usados para ensaios de knockdown. Ao atingir 80% de conflu&#234;ncia em placas de 6 po&#231;os, as c&#233;lulas AC16 foram transfectadas com os vectores ou oligonucle&#243;tidos acima utilizando Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). Ap&#243;s 48 h de transfec&#231;&#227;o, as c&#233;lulas AC16 foram submetidas a tratamento com DOX durante 24 h para subsequentes an&#225;lises funcionais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa com transcri&#231;&#227;o reversa (RT-qPCR)</title>
        <p>O RNA total foi isolado de c&#233;lulas AC16 tratadas utilizando o reagente TRIzol (Invitrogen). O RNA foi ent&#227;o transcrito reversamente em cDNA usando o kit de reagentes PrimeScript RT (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). Para a detec&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o OXCT1-AS1, miR-874-3p e BDH1, o qPCR em tempo real foi conduzido usando o kit SYBR Green Quantitative RT-qPCR (Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China) em um CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR Detection Sistema (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, EUA). A express&#227;o g&#234;nica relativa foi calculada usando o m&#233;todo 2-<sup>&#916;&#916;CT</sup>, com normaliza&#231;&#227;o para GAPDH ou U6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaio XTT</title>
        <p>C&#233;lulas AC16 foram semeadas em placas de 96 po&#231;os (1&#215;105/po&#231;o), seguidas pelos tratamentos indicados. Em seguida, as c&#233;lulas em cada po&#231;o foram incubadas com 10 &#956;lde solu&#231;&#227;o XTT (X2000, Solarbio, Pequim, China) por mais 4 horas a 37&#176;C. A viabilidade celular foi determinada medindo o valor da densidade &#243;ptica a 450 nm utilizando um leitor de microplacas (Bio-Rad).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de citometria de fluxo</title>
        <p>A apoptose celular foi avaliada por citometria de fluxo utilizando o Kit de Detec&#231;&#227;o de Apoptose Anexina V-FITC (C1062M, Beyotime) de acordo com os protocolos do fabricante. Ap&#243;s o tratamento com DOX, as c&#233;lulas AC16 foram colhidas, lavadas com tamp&#227;o fosfato salino e depois ressuspensas em 195 &#956;l de tamp&#227;o de liga&#231;&#227;o. Posteriormente, as c&#233;lulas foram incubadas com Anexina V-FITC (5 &#956;l) e PI (10 &#956;l) no escuro &#224; temperatura ambiente durante 15 min. A apoptose celular foi medida utilizando um cit&#244;metro de fluxo (FC500MCL, Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Western blotting</title>
        <p>A prote&#237;na total foi extra&#237;da de c&#233;lulas AC16 utilizando tamp&#227;o de lise RIPA (Solarbio). Um kit de ensaio de prote&#237;na de &#225;cido bicincon&#237;nico (Beyotime, Xangai, China) foi utilizado para quantificar a concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na. Em seguida, quantidades iguais de amostras de prote&#237;na (20 &#956;g) foram separadas por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida com dodecil sulfato de s&#243;dio a 10% e transferidas para membranas de fluoreto de polivinilideno (Beyotime). Ap&#243;s serem bloqueadas com leite desengordurado a 5%, as c&#233;lulas foram incubadas a 4&#176;C durante a noite com os seguintes anticorpos prim&#225;rios: anti-Bcl-2 (ab32124, 1:1000), anti-Bax (ab32503, 1:1000), anti-Cleaved caspase-3 (ab2302, 1:500), caspase-9 anti-clivada (ab2324, 1:500), anti-GAPDH (ab8245, 1:2500) (todos da Abcam, Xangai, China). Em seguida, as membranas foram lavadas tr&#234;s vezes com o tamp&#227;o de lavagem (Beyotime), seguido de incuba&#231;&#227;o com o anticorpo secund&#225;rio de cabra anti-coelho conjugado com peroxidase de r&#225;bano (ab97080, 1: 5000, Abcam) &#224; temperatura ambiente durante 1 h. Finalmente, as bandas proteicas foram visualizadas utilizando um reagente de quimiluminesc&#234;ncia melhorado (BeyoECL Plus, Beyotime) e a intensidade relativa da banda foi analisada utilizando o software ImageJ.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaio de rep&#243;rter de luciferase dupla</title>
        <p>Locais de liga&#231;&#227;o putativos entre miR-874-3p e OXCT1-AS1, e entre miR-874-3p e BDH1 3&#8217;UTR foram previstos pelos bancos de dados ENCORI e TargetScan, respectivamente. As sequ&#234;ncias de liga&#231;&#227;o previstas em OXCT1-AS1 e BDH1 3&#8217;UTR foram mutadas pelo QuickMutation&#8482; Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Beyotime). Posteriormente, as sequ&#234;ncias de tipo selvagem (WT) e mutante (MUT) de OXCT1-AS1 e BDH1 3&#8217;UTR foram clonadas no vetor pmirGLO (Promega, Madison, WI, EUA) para construir OXCTA-AS1-WT/MUT e BDH1 3&#8217; UTR-WT/MUT. Em seguida, as c&#233;lulas AC16 foram co-transfectadas com os plasm&#237;deos rep&#243;rteres acima juntamente com o inibidor miR-874-3p ou inibidor de NC usando Lipofectamine 2000. Ap&#243;s 48 h, um sistema de ensaio rep&#243;rter de luciferase dupla (Promega) foi usado para avaliar a atividade da luciferase, com normaliza&#231;&#227;o para Renilla luciferase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O software SPSS 22.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, EUA) foi utilizado para an&#225;lise dos resultados experimentais. Cada experimento foi repetido pelo menos tr&#234;s vezes. O tamanho da amostra foi definido por conveni&#234;ncia. A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Todos os dados quantitativos deste estudo s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os dois grupos foram realizadas por meio de t de Student. Quanto &#224;s compara&#231;&#245;es entre m&#250;ltiplos grupos, foi aplicada an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia unidirecional seguida do teste de Tukey. O valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>A superexpress&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 inibe a apoptose de c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas humanas desencadeada por DOX</title>
        <p>C&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas AC16 humanas foram estimuladas com DOX por 0,5, 2, 6, 12, 24 e 48 h. Comparado com o grupo controle, o n&#237;vel de express&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 diminuiu de forma dependente do tempo ap&#243;s o tratamento com DOX (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1A</xref>). Como mostrado pelo ensaio XTT, o tratamento com DOX prejudicou significativamente a viabilidade das c&#233;lulas AC16, enquanto este efeito foi neutralizado pela superexpress&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1B</xref>). Em seguida, avaliamos a apoptose celular via citometria de fluxo. Os resultados mostraram que a DOX promoveu a apoptose de c&#233;lulas AC16, enquanto a superexpress&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 reduziu a apoptose de c&#233;lulas AC16 sob estimula&#231;&#227;o com DOX (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1C</xref>). Consistentemente, western blotting revelou que o tratamento com DOX levou a um aumento nos n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas pr&#243;-apopt&#243;ticas, incluindo Bax, caspase-3 clivada e caspase-9 clivada e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no n&#237;vel de express&#227;o da prote&#237;na anti-apopt&#243;tica Bcl- 2 em c&#233;lulas AC16 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1D</xref>). No entanto, os efeitos acima causados pelo tratamento com DOX foram atenuados de forma proeminente pela superexpress&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1D</xref>). Coletivamente, esses achados revelaram que a superexpress&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 poderia atenuar a apoptose de c&#233;lulas AC16 induzida por DOX in vitro.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A superexpress&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 inibe a apoptose de c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas humanas desencadeada por DOX. A) C&#233;lulas AC16 foram tratadas com DOX por 0,5, 2, 6, 12, 24 e 48 h, e a express&#227;o relativa de OXCT1-AS1 em c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas humanas AC16 foi medida por RT-qPCR. B) A viabilidade das c&#233;lulas AC16 foi determinada pelo ensaio XTT. C) A citometria de fluxo foi realizada para detectar apoptose celular. D) Os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na dos genes relacionados &#224; apoptose foram analisados por western blotting. n=3.*p&lt; 0,05, **p&lt; 0,01, ***p&lt; 0,001. DOX: doxorrubicina; EV: vetor vazio; OE: superexpress&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230675-30675-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OXCT1-AS1 se liga ao miR-874-3p</title>
        <p>Para determinar o mecanismo potencial pelo qual OXCT1-AS1 afetou a apoptose de c&#233;lulas AC16 sob estimula&#231;&#227;o DOX, identificamos ent&#227;o tr&#234;s miRNAs candidatos a jusante de OXCT1-AS1 atrav&#233;s do site ENCORI. Notavelmente, o tratamento com DOX aumentou de forma dependente do tempo a express&#227;o de miR-874-3p em c&#233;lulas AC16 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2A</xref>), mas n&#227;o teve efeito significativo na express&#227;o de miR-3186-3p e miR-132-5p (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2B</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">C</xref>). Assim, o miR-874-3p foi selecionado para investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional. De acordo com o RT-qPCR, a express&#227;o do miR-874-3p foi significativamente suprimida pela superexpress&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2D</xref>). O s&#237;tio de liga&#231;&#227;o do miR-874-3p no OXCT1-AS1 foi previsto pelo banco de dados ENCORI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2E</xref>). Em seguida, mutamos o s&#237;tio de liga&#231;&#227;o previsto em OXCT1-AS1 e realizamos o ensaio rep&#243;rter da luciferase. Como demonstrado pelos resultados, a regula&#231;&#227;o negativa do miR-874-3p diminuiu acentuadamente a atividade da luciferase de OXCT1-AS1-WT, mas n&#227;o teve efeito significativo sobre a de OXCT1-AS1-MUT em c&#233;lulas AC16 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2F</xref>), confirmando que OXCT1-AS1 poderia se ligar ao miR-874-3p em c&#233;lulas AC16.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>OXCT1-AS1 liga-se ao miR-874-3p. A-C) Os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de poss&#237;veis miRNAs a jusante de OXCT1-AS1 em AC16 tratado com DOX foram examinados por RT-qPCR. D) A express&#227;o de miR-874-3p foi mostrada por RT-qPCR ap&#243;s superexpress&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1. E) O s&#237;tio de liga&#231;&#227;o entre OXCT1-AS1 e miR-874-3p foi previsto pelo banco de dados ENCORI. F) O ensaio rep&#243;rter da luciferase foi conduzido para verificar a capacidade de liga&#231;&#227;o entre miR-874-3p e OXCT1-AS1 em c&#233;lulas AC16, n=3. *p&lt; 0,05, **p&lt; 0,01 vs. 0 h ou EV.DOX, doxorrubicina; EV: vetor vazio; OE: superexpress&#227;o; NC: controle negativo; WT: tipo largo; MUT: mutante.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230675-30675-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>miR-874-3p tem como alvo BDH1</title>
        <p>Para descobrir melhor o mecanismo de OXCT1-AS1 na les&#227;o celular mioc&#225;rdica induzida por DOX, pesquisamos os potenciais alvos a jusante do miR-874-3p usando o banco de dados TargetScan e selecionamos os dez principais genes. Detectamos ent&#227;o os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o desses genes em c&#233;lulas AC16 estimuladas com ou sem DOX. Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3A</xref>, tr&#234;s dos dez genes (RGS4, BDH1, HEG1) foram significativamente expressos diferencialmente entre o grupo DOX e o grupo controle. Para confirmar ainda mais o gene alvo, foi realizado RT-qPCR para examinar os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de RGS4, BDH1 e HEG1 ap&#243;s a inibi&#231;&#227;o do miR-874-3p. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, apenas o BDH1 foi proeminentemente regulado positivamente no grupo depletado de miR-874-3p (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3B</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, a superexpress&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 aumentou o n&#237;vel de express&#227;o de BDH1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3C</xref>). O banco de dados TargetScan previu um potencial s&#237;tio de liga&#231;&#227;o do miR-874-3p na 3&#8217;UTR do BDH1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3D</xref>). O ensaio rep&#243;rter da luciferase foi conduzido para verificar a rela&#231;&#227;o de liga&#231;&#227;o entre as duas mol&#233;culas. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com a do grupo inibidor de NC, a atividade da luciferase do BDH1 3&#8217;UTR-WT foi significativamente aumentada no grupo do inibidor miR-874-3p, mas permaneceu quase inalterada ap&#243;s a muta&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3E</xref>). Consequentemente, o miR-874-3p poderia ter como alvo o 3&#8217;UTR do BDH1.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>miR-874-3p tem como alvo BDH1. A)Os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de dez mRNAs que possuem potenciais s&#237;tios de liga&#231;&#227;o ao miR-874-3p foram avaliados por RT-qPCR. (B) RT-qPCR foi realizado para avaliar a express&#227;o de RGS4, BDH1 e HEG1 em c&#233;lulas AC16 com ou sem inibi&#231;&#227;o de miR-874-3p. (C) RT-qPCR mostrou o n&#237;vel de express&#227;o de BDH1 ap&#243;s superexpress&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1. (D) O s&#237;tio de liga&#231;&#227;o entre miR-874-3p e OXCT1-AS1 foi previsto pelo TargetScan. (E). O ensaio rep&#243;rter da luciferase foi realizado para validar a rela&#231;&#227;o de liga&#231;&#227;o entre miR-874-3p e BDH1 em c&#233;lulas AC16. n=3.**p&lt; 0,01, ***p&lt; 0,001. DOX: doxorrubicina; EV: vetor vazio; OE: superexpress&#227;o; NC: controle negativo; WT: tipo largo; MUT: mutante.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230675-30675-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>BDH1 suprime a apoptose de c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas humanas estimuladas por DOX</title>
        <p>Para revelar o papel funcional do BDH1, superexpressamos o BDH1 em c&#233;lulas AC16 tratadas com DOX. RT-qPCR demonstrou que a express&#227;o de BDH1 foi significativamente regulada positivamente em c&#233;lulas AC16 ap&#243;s transfec&#231;&#227;o de OE-BDH1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 4A</xref>). Como mostrado pelo ensaio XTT e citometria de fluxo, a superexpress&#227;o de BDH1 reverteu marcadamente o comprometimento da viabilidade celular AC16 induzido por DOX e a promo&#231;&#227;o da apoptose celular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 4B</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">C</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo DOX + EV, o DOX + OE-BDH1 apresentou n&#237;veis significativamente diminu&#237;dos de Bax, caspase-3 clivada e caspase-9 clivada e n&#237;veis elevados de Bcl-2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 4D</xref>). Em conjunto, a superexpress&#227;o de BDH1 poderia aliviar a apoptose de c&#233;lulas AC16 sob estimula&#231;&#227;o com DOX.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>BDH1 suprime a apoptose de c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas humanas estimuladas por DOX. A) A express&#227;o de BDH1 em c&#233;lulas AC16 de diferentes grupos (controle, DOX, DOX-EV e DOX+OE-OXCT1-AS1) foi examinada por RT-qPCR. (B) A viabilidade das c&#233;lulas AC16 ap&#243;s os tratamentos indicados foi detectada pelo ensaio XTT. (C) A apoptose das c&#233;lulas AC16 em cada grupo foi examinada por citometria de fluxo. (D) Os efeitos da superexpress&#227;o de BDH1 nos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na de genes relacionados &#224; apoptose (Bax, caspase-3 clivada, caspase-9 clivada e Bcl-2) em c&#233;lulas AC16 tratadas com DOX foram analisados por western blotting. n=3.*p&lt; 0,05, **p&lt; 0,01, ***p&lt; 0,001. DOX: doxorrubicina; EV: vetor vazio; OE: superexpress&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230675-30675-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Silenciamento de BDH1 resgata o efeito supressor de OXCT1-AS1 na apoptose de c&#233;lulas AC16 sob estimula&#231;&#227;o DOX</title>
        <p>Posteriormente, experimentos de resgate foram conduzidos para verificar o papel do eixo OXCT1-AS1/miR-874-3p/BDH1 na les&#227;o celular mioc&#225;rdica induzida por DOX. C&#233;lulas AC16 foram co-transfectadas com OE-OXCT1-AS1 mais sh-BDH1. Notavelmente, o knockdown de BDH1 reverteu significativamente o aumento da viabilidade celular AC16 mediado pela superexpress&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 e a atenua&#231;&#227;o da apoptose celular, como demonstrado pelo ensaio XTT e an&#225;lise de citometria de fluxo, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 5A</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">B</xref>). De acordo com western blotting, o knockdown de BDH1 resgatou os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na regulados negativamente de Bax, caspase-3 clivada e caspase-9 clivada e os n&#237;veis regulados positivamente de Bcl-2 causados pela superexpress&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 5C</xref>). Portanto, esses dados revelaram que o OXCT1 poderia aliviar a apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos AC16 induzida por DOX, regulando positivamente o BDH1.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>O silenciamento de BDH1 resgata o efeito supressor de OXCT1-AS1 na apoptose de c&#233;lulas AC16 tratadas com DOX. C&#233;lulas AC16 foram transfectadas com EV, OE-OXCT1-AS1 ou OE-OXCT1-AS1 + sh-BDH1, seguido de estimula&#231;&#227;o com DOX. (A) A viabilidade das c&#233;lulas AC16 foi avaliada pelo ensaio XTT. (B) A apoptose de c&#233;lulas AC16 foi demonstrada por citometria de fluxo. (C) Western blotting foi utilizado para avaliar os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na relacionados &#224; apoptose em c&#233;lulas AC16. n=3.*p&lt; 0,05, **p&lt; 0,01. DOX: doxorrubicina; EV: vetor vazio; OE: superexpress&#227;o; sh: RNA em gancho curto.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230675-30675-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo revelou que a superexpress&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 poderia aumentar a viabilidade dos cardiomi&#243;citos AC16 e suprimir a apoptose dos cardiomi&#243;citos sob estimula&#231;&#227;o com DOX. Mecanisticamente, descobrimos que o OXCT1-AS1 interagiu competitivamente com o miR-874-3p para regular positivamente a express&#227;o de BDH1 em c&#233;lulas AC16. Al&#233;m disso, o silenciamento do BDH1 poderia reverter os efeitos acima mediados pela superexpress&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 em c&#233;lulas AC16 estimuladas por DOX. O mecanismo investigado neste estudo foi mostrado na Figura Central.</p>
      <p>A cardiotoxicidade induzida pela DOX &#233; um problema cl&#237;nico cr&#237;tico no manejo de diferentes tipos de malignidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> As evid&#234;ncias sugerem que a DOX pode provocar apoptose maci&#231;a de cardiomi&#243;citos e resultar em disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca grave, levando finalmente &#224; IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A inibi&#231;&#227;o da apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos pode melhorar a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca induzida por DOX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Recentemente, o papel dos lncRNAs nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares tem sido relatado em numerosos estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a desregula&#231;&#227;o dos lncRNAs contribui para a apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos induzida por DOX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Como mencionado acima, as evid&#234;ncias sugerem que o lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 est&#225; associado ao desenvolvimento da for&#231;a contr&#225;til no tecido card&#237;aco humano e pode servir como um regulador da sobreviv&#234;ncia dos cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No entanto, o papel preciso e o mecanismo do OXCT1-AS1 na toxicidade mioc&#225;rdica induzida pela DOX ainda n&#227;o foram estudados. Consistente com evid&#234;ncias anteriores, nosso estudo revelou que o tratamento com DOX prejudicou a viabilidade das c&#233;lulas AC16 e induziu a apoptose celular in vitro. Al&#233;m disso, o tratamento com DOX regulou negativamente a express&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 em cardiomi&#243;citos AC16. Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que o silenciamento de OXCT1-AS1 aumenta a apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos humanos e de camundongos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, nosso estudo mostrou que a superexpress&#227;o de OXCT1-AS1 atenuou significativamente os efeitos acima causados pelo tratamento com DOX, indicando o papel cardioprotetor de OXCT1-AS1 na les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica induzida por DOX.</p>
      <p>Est&#225; bem estabelecido que os lncRNAs podem se ligar competitivamente aos miRNAs e subsequentemente liberar a degrada&#231;&#227;o de mRNAs mediada por miRNAs, nomeadamente a teoria do ceRNA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Para determinar o mecanismo molecular de OXCT1-AS1 na regula&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o celular mioc&#225;rdica induzida por DOX, investigamos os miRNAs e mRNAs a jusante atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise de bioinform&#225;tica e valida&#231;&#227;o experimental. Como resultado, o OXCT1-AS1 poderia se ligar ao miR-874-3p para regular positivamente o BDH1. Relat&#243;rios anteriores demonstraram o envolvimento do miR-874-3p em m&#250;ltiplas doen&#231;as. Por exemplo, o miR-874-3p pode suprimir a osteoporose visando a leptina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Wei et al. propuseram que o miR-874-3p facilita a apoptose de c&#233;lulas da granulosa induzida por testosterona atrav&#233;s da supress&#227;o da desacetila&#231;&#227;o de p53 mediada por HDAC1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> No entanto, at&#233; onde sabemos, n&#227;o h&#225; estudo sobre o papel do miR-874-3p na les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica induzida por DOX. Aqui, nosso estudo revelou a regula&#231;&#227;o positiva do miR-874-3p em c&#233;lulas AC16 estimuladas por DOX, indicando seu papel potencial na cardiotoxicidade desencadeada por DOX. Mais investiga&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para elucidar os achados.</p>
      <p>O BDH1 est&#225; localizado no cromossomo 3q29 e pertence &#224; fam&#237;lia de genes da desidrogenase/redutase de cadeia curta. Relat&#243;rios anteriores indicaram que o BDH1 atua como um regulador cr&#237;tico em m&#250;ltiplas doen&#231;as, como doen&#231;a renal diab&#233;tica, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa e c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> &#201; importante ressaltar que foi revelado que a superexpress&#227;o de BDH1 atenua a apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> de camundongos induzida por per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio. Consistentemente, nosso estudo mostrou que o BDH1 foi significativamente regulado negativamente em c&#233;lulas AC16 tratadas com DOX, e a superexpress&#227;o de BDH1 suprimiu a apoptose de c&#233;lulas AC16 induzida por DOX. Al&#233;m disso, o knockdown de BDH1 reverteu a atenua&#231;&#227;o mediada por OXCT1-AS1 da apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos humanos sob estimula&#231;&#227;o com DOX, confirmando o efeito cardioprotetor do eixo OXCT1-AS1/miR-874-3p/BDH1.</p>
      <p>Vale ressaltar que este estudo ainda apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, faltavam dados in vivo neste estudo. Em segundo lugar, considerando a complexidade dos mecanismos, os reguladores a montante ou as vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o a jusante do OXCT1-AS1 precisam ser explorados em estudos futuros. Al&#233;m disso, investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais podem se beneficiar da explora&#231;&#227;o dos pap&#233;is de RGS4 e HEG1 que s&#227;o desregulados ap&#243;s a estimula&#231;&#227;o com DOX.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o presente estudo demonstra pela primeira vez que OXCT1-AS1 pode proteger c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas AC16 humanas da apoptose induzida por DOX, regulando o eixo miR-874-3p/BDH1. Nossos achados podem fornecer novas ideias para a atenua&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica desencadeada pela DOX e a preven&#231;&#227;o da IC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2020CFB270).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230675i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Protective Effect of Long Noncoding RNA OXCT1-AS1 on Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptosis of Human Myocardial Cells by the Competitive Endogenous RNA Pattern</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Zhen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">*</xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Yijue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">*</xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ma</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">*</xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Mengli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Xian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pen</surname>
            <given-names>Huan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gui</surname>
            <given-names>Feng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Yafeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-2615-5181</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Xia</surname>
            <given-names>Hao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hu</surname>
            <given-names>Niandan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ai</surname>
            <given-names>Bo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xiong</surname>
            <given-names>Jun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xia</surname>
            <given-names>Hongxia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Wenqiang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ai</surname>
            <given-names>Fen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Wuhan</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Emergency &#8211; The Central Hospital of Wuhan &#8211; Tongji Medical College &#8211; Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Shiyan</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Geriatric Medicine &#8211; Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital &#8211; Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Wuhan</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Emergency &#8211; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Wuhan</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology &#8211; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Fen Ai and Yafeng Liu &#8226;</bold> The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 26 Shengli Street, Jiang'an District, Wuhan, Hubei &#8211; China (Fen Ai); Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No.238, Jiefang Road, No.99, Zhangzhidong Road (formerly Ziyang Road), Huanghelou Street, WuchangDistrict, Wuhan, Hubei &#8211; China (Yafeng Liu). E-mail:<email>doctoraifen@outlook.com</email>, <email>tflyf1@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn5">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>The authors contributed equally to this work</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230675-30675-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The anthracycline chemotherapeutic antibiotic doxorubicin (DOX) can induce cumulative cardiotoxicity and lead to cardiac dysfunction. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can function as important regulators in DOX-induced myocardial injury.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study aims to investigate the functional role and molecular mechanism of lncRNA OXCT1 antisense RNA 1 (OXCT1-AS1) in DOX-induced myocardial cell injury in vitro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Human cardiomyocytes (AC16) were stimulated with DOX to induce a myocardial cell injury model. OXCT1-AS1, miR-874-3p, and BDH1 expression in AC16 cells were determined by RT-qPCR. AC16 cell viability was measured by XTT assay. Flow cytometry was employed to assess the apoptosis of AC16 cells. Western blotting was used to evaluate protein levels of apoptosis-related markers. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was conducted to verify the binding ability between miR-874-3p and OXCT1-AS1 and between miR-874-3p and BDH1. The value of p&lt;0.05 indicated statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>OXCT1-AS1 expression was decreased in DOX-treated AC16 cells. Overexpression of OXCT1-AS1 reversed the reduction of cell viability and promotion of cell apoptosis caused by DOX. OXCT1-AS1 is competitively bound to miR-874-3p to upregulate BDH1. BDH1 overexpression restored AC16 cell viability and suppressed cell apoptosis under DOX stimulation. Knocking down BDH1 reversed OXCT1-AS1-mediated attenuation of AC16 cell apoptosis under DOX treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>LncRNA OXCT1-AS1 protects human myocardial cells AC16 from DOX-induced apoptosis via the miR-874-3p/BDH1 axis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>RNA</kwd>
        <kwd>Doxorubicin</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Myocytes</kwd>
        <kwd>Apoptosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province</funding-source>
          <award-id>2020CFB270</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by systolic and diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is the ultimate transformation result of various cardiovascular diseases and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Cardiomyocyte apoptosis causes the loss of cardiomyocytes and leads to poor myocardial contractility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Mounting evidence has indicated that cardiomyocyte apoptosis acts as a key factor in the aggravation of HF, and suppression of ventricular remodeling caused by cardiomyocyte apoptosis can improve the prognosis of patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Thus, a better understanding of the underlying mechanism of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in HF may help to identify new targets and develop more effective strategies for HF treatment.</p>
        <p>Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline chemotherapeutic antibiotic that has been used as an anti-tumor agent in solid tumors and hematologic neoplasia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, the clinical application of DOX is limited due to its cumulative cardiotoxicity, which can lead to a spectrum of short- and long-term cardiotoxic effects, including left ventricular dysfunction, cardiomyopathy, and even HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The mortality rate increases significantly to 50% within two years following DOX therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Several mechanisms have been proposed for DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, including cardiomyocyte apoptosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Therefore, DOX was used to induce a cell culture model of myocardial injury in our study.</p>
        <p>Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of transcripts longer than two hundred nucleotides that have no protein-coding ability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Studies have shown that lncRNAs participate in regulating DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in HF. For example, lncRNA NONMMUT015745 suppresses DOX-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis via Rab2A-p53 axis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Down-regulation of lncRNA SOX2-OT improves myocardial dysfunction in ischemic heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> LncRNA KCNQ1OT1 contributes to cardiomyocyte apoptosis by targeting FUS in HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Importantly, a previous study has mentioned that loss of lncRNA OXCT1 antisense RNA 1 (OXCT1-AS1) in human-engineered heart tissue results in decreased contractile force development. However, it is unclear whether OXCT1-AS1 can affect DOX-triggered myocardial toxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that lncRNAs can function as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) to affect messenger (mRNA) stability and translation by competitively interacting with the shared microRNAs (miRNAs). Several reports have indicated that OXCT1-AS1 can work as a ceRNA to indirectly upregulate downstream mRNA expression, thereby affecting the malignant behaviors of tumor cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, the downstream molecules involved in OXCT1-AS1-mediated ceRNA networks in HF remain unclear. Herein, bioinformatics tools were used to explore the downstream molecules of OXCT1-AS1, aiming to understand its molecular mechanism in affecting DOX-induced myocardial cell injury.</p>
        <p>In this study, we aimed to investigate the functional role and molecular mechanism of lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 in a myocardial cell injury model induced by DOX. We hypothesized that OXCT1-AS1 could affect DOX-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by modulating downstream molecules via the ceRNA network.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Cell culture and treatment</title>
          <p>Human AC16 cardiomyocytes were obtained from ATCC (Rockville, MD, USA) and maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Gibco) in a humidified atmosphere at 37&#176;C with 95% air and 5% CO<sub>2</sub>. To induce a myocardial cell injury model, AC16 cells were treated with 5 &#956;M DOX (Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) for 24 h.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In some experiments, AC16 cells were treated with 5 &#956;M DOX for different periods (0, 0.5, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h) for the detection of RNA expression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cell transfection</title>
          <p>For overexpression assays, the full-length cDNA of OXCT1-AS1 and BDH1 (3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1) were amplified and cloned into the pcDNA3.1 vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) to construct OE-OXCT1-AS1 and OE-BDH1, with an empty vector (EV) as the negative control. Short hairpin RNA targeting BDH1 (sh-BDH1), miR-874-3p inhibitor, and the negative control (NC inhibitor) (Invitrogen) were used for knockdown assays. When reaching 80% confluence in 6-well plates, AC16 cells were transfected with the above vectors or oligonucleotides using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). After 48 h of transfection, AC16 cells were subjected to DOX treatment for 24 h for subsequent functional analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reverse transcriptase-quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR)</title>
          <p>Total RNA was isolated from treated AC16 cells using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). RNA was then reverse transcribed into cDNA using the PrimeScript RT reagent Kit (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). For the detection of OXCT1-AS1, miR-874-3p, and BDH1 expression, real-time qPCR was conducted using SYBR Green Quantitative RT-qPCR Kit (Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China) on a CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). The relative gene expression was calculated using the 2<sup>-&#916;&#916;Ct</sup> method, with normalization to GAPDH or U6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>XTT assay</title>
          <p>AC16 cells were seeded in 96-well plates (1&#215;10<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>/well), followed by indicated treatments. Then, cells in each well were incubated with 10 &#956;l of XTT solution (X2000, Solarbio, Beijing, China) for an additional 4 h at 37&#176;C. Cell viability was determined by measuring the optical density value at 450 nm using a microplate reader (Bio-Rad).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Flow cytometry analysis</title>
          <p>Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (C1062M, Beyotime) as per the manufacturer's protocols. After DOX treatment, AC16 cells were harvested, washed with phosphate buffer saline, and then resuspended in 195 &#956;l binding buffer. Afterward, cells were incubated with Annexin V-FITC (5 &#956;l) and PI (10 &#956;l) in the dark at room temperature for 15 min. Cell apoptosis was measured using a flow cytometer (FC500MCL, Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Western blotting</title>
          <p>Total protein was extracted from AC16 cells using RIPA lysis buffer (Solarbio). A bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) was used to quantify the protein concentration. Then, equal amounts of protein samples (20 &#956;g) were separated by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Beyotime). After being blocked with 5% defatted milk, cells were incubated at 4&#176;C overnight with the following primary antibodies: anti-Bcl-2 (ab32124, 1:1000), anti-Bax (ab32503, 1:1000), anti-Cleaved caspase-3 (ab2302, 1:500), anti-Cleaved caspase-9 (ab2324, 1:500), anti-GAPDH (ab8245, 1:2500) (all from Abcam, Shanghai, China). Then, the membranes were washed three times with the wash buffer (Beyotime), followed by incubation with the horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (ab97080, 1:5000, Abcam) at room temperature for 1h. Finally, protein bands were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence reagent (BeyoECL Plus, Beyotime) and relative band intensity was analyzed using ImageJ software.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dual-luciferase reporter assay</title>
          <p>Putative binding sites between miR-874-3p and OXCT1-AS1, and between miR-874-3p and BDH1 3&#8217;UTR were predicted by ENCORI and TargetScan databases, respectively. The predicted binding sequences on OXCT1-AS1 and BDH1 3&#8217;UTR were mutated by QuickMutation&#8482; Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Beyotime). Subsequently, the wild type (WT) and mutant (MUT) sequences of OXCT1-AS1 and BDH1 3&#8217;UTR were cloned into pmirGLO vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) to construct OXCTA-AS1-WT/MUT and BDH1 3&#8217;UTR-WT/MUT. Then, AC16 cells were co-transfected with the above reporter plasmids together with miR-874-3p inhibitor or NC inhibitor using Lipofectamine 2000. After 48h, a dual-luciferase reporter assay system (Promega) was used to assess the luciferase activity, with normalization to Renilla luciferase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>SPSS 22.0 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for analyzing the experimental results. Each experiment was repeated at least three times. The sample size was defined by convenience. Normal distribution of data was assessed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. All quantitative data in this study are presented as means &#177; standard deviation. Comparisons between the two groups were performed using paired Student's <italic>t</italic>-tests. As for the comparisons among multiple groups, a one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test was applied. The value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Overexpression of OXCT1-AS1 inhibits DOX-triggered apoptosis of human myocardial cells</title>
          <p>Human AC16 myocardial cells were stimulated with DOX for 0.5, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Compared with that in the control group, the expression level of OXCT1-AS1 was time-dependently decreased after DOX treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 1A</xref>). As shown by the XTT assay, DOX treatment significantly impaired the viability of AC16 cells, while this effect was counteracted by OXCT1-AS1 overexpression (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 1B</xref>). We next assessed cell apoptosis via flow cytometry. The results showed that DOX promoted AC16 cell apoptosis, whereas OXCT1-AS1 overexpression reduced the apoptosis of AC16 cells under DOX stimulation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 1C</xref>). Consistently, western blotting revealed that DOX treatment led to an increase in the expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins, including Bax, Cleaved caspase-3, and Cleaved caspase-9 and a decrease in the expression level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in AC16 cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 1D</xref>). However, the above effects caused by DOX treatment were prominently abated by overexpression of OXCT1-AS1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 1D</xref>). Collectively, these findings revealed that overexpression of OXCT1-AS1 could attenuate DOX-induced apoptosis of AC16 cells <italic>in vitro</italic>.</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Overexpression of OXCT1-AS1 inhibits DOX-triggered apoptosis of human myocardial cells. A) AC16 cells were treated with DOX for 0.5, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h, and relative expression of OXCT1-AS1 in human myocardial cells AC16 was measured by RT-qPCR. B) The viability of AC16 cells was determined by XTT assay. C) Flow cytometry was conducted to detect cell apoptosis. D) Protein levels of apoptosis-related genes were analyzed by western blotting. n=3. *p&lt; 0.05, **p&lt; 0.01, ***p&lt; 0.001. DOX: doxorubicin; EV: empty vector; OE: overexpression.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230675-30675-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>OXCT1-AS1 binds to miR-874-3p</title>
          <p>To determine the potential mechanism by which OXCT1-AS1 affected AC16 cell apoptosis under DOX stimulation, we then identified three candidate downstream miRNAs of OXCT1-AS1 via the ENCORI website. Notably, DOX treatment time-dependently increased miR-874-3p expression in AC16 cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 2A</xref>) but had no significant effect on the expression of miR-3186-3p and miR-132-5p (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 2B</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">C</xref>). Thus, miR-874-3p was selected for further investigation. According to RT-qPCR, miR-874-3p expression was significantly suppressed by overexpression of OXCT1-AS1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 2D</xref>). The binding site of miR-874-3p on OXCT1-AS1 was predicted by the ENCORI database (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 2E</xref>). Then, we mutated the predicted binding site on OXCT1-AS1 and performed the luciferase reporter assay. As demonstrated by the results, downregulating miR-874-3p markedly increased the luciferase activity of OXCT1-AS1-WT but had no significant effect on that of OXCT1-AS1-MUT in AC16 cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 2F</xref>), confirming that OXCT1-AS1 could bind to miR-874-3p in AC16 cells.</p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>OXCT1-AS1 binds to miR-874-3p. A-C) Expression levels of possible downstream miRNAs of OXCT1-AS1 in DOX-treated AC16 were examined by RT-qPCR. D) miR-874-3p expression was shown by RT-qPCR after overexpressing OXCT1-AS1. E) The binding site between OXCT1-AS1 and miR-874-3p was predicted by the ENCORI database. F) Luciferase reporter assay was conducted to verify the binding ability between miR-874-3p and OXCT1-AS1 in AC16 cells. n=3. *p&lt; 0.05, **p&lt; 0.01 vs. 0 h or EV. DOX, doxorubicin; EV, empty vector; OE, overexpression; NC, negative control; WT, wide type; MUT, mutant.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230675-30675-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>miR-874-3p targets BDH1</title>
          <p>To further figure out the mechanism of OXCT1-AS1 in DOX-induced myocardial cell injury, we searched the potential downstream targets of miR-874-3p using the TargetScan database and selected the top ten genes. We then detected the expression levels of these genes in AC16 cells stimulated with or without DOX. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3A</xref>, three of the ten genes (RGS4, BDH1, HEG1) were significantly differentially expressed between the DOX group and the control group. To further confirm the target gene, RT-qPCR was conducted to examine the expression levels of RGS4, BDH1, and HEG1 after miR-874-3p inhibition. In comparison to the control group, only BDH1 was prominently upregulated in the miR-874-3p-depleted group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3B</xref>). Furthermore, overexpression of OXCT1-AS1 enhanced the expression level of BDH1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3C</xref>). TargetScan database predicted a potential binding site of miR-874-3p on the 3&#8217;UTR of BDH1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3D</xref>). Luciferase reporter assay was conducted to verify the binding relation between the two molecules. Compared with that in the NC inhibitor group, the luciferase activity of BDH1 3&#8217;UTR-WT was significantly increased in the miR-874-3p inhibitor group but was almost unchanged after mutation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3E</xref>). Accordingly, miR-874-3p could target the 3&#8217;UTR of BDH1.</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>miR-874-3p targets BDH1. A) The expression levels of ten mRNAs that have potential binding sites to miR-874-3p were evaluated by RT-qPCR. (B) RT-qPCR was performed to evaluate the expression of RGS4, BDH1, and HEG1 in AC16 cells with or without miR-874-3p inhibition. (C) RT-qPCR showed the expression level of BDH1 after OXCT1-AS1 overexpression. (D) The binding site between miR-874-3p and OXCT1-AS1 was predicted by TargetScan. (E). Luciferase reporter assay was performed to validate the binding relation between miR-874-3p and BDH1 in AC16 cells. n=3. **p&lt; 0.01, ***p&lt; 0.001. DOX, doxorubicin; EV, empty vector; OE, overexpression; NC, negative control. WT, wide type; MUT, mutant.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230675-30675-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>BDH1 suppresses the apoptosis of DOX-stimulated human myocardial cells</title>
          <p>To reveal the functional role of BDH1, we overexpressed BDH1 in DOX-treated AC16 cells. RT-qPCR demonstrated that BDH1 expression was significantly upregulated in AC16 cells after transfection of OE-BDH1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 4A</xref>). As shown by XTT assay and flow cytometry, overexpressing BDH1 markedly reversed DOX-induced impairment of AC16 cell viability and promotion of cell apoptosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 4B</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">4C</xref>). Moreover, in comparison to the DOX + EV group, the DOX + OE-BDH1 displayed significantly decreased levels of Bax, Cleaved caspase-3, and Cleaved caspase-9 and elevated levels of Bcl-2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 4D</xref>). Taken together, overexpressing BDH1 could alleviate the apoptosis of AC16 cells under DOX stimulation.</p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>BDH1 suppresses the apoptosis of DOX-stimulated human myocardial cells. A) BDH1 expression in AC16 cells of different groups (control, DOX, DOX-EV, and DOX+OE-OXCT1-AS1) was examined by RT-qPCR. B) The viability of AC16 cells after indicated treatments was detected by XTT assay. C) The apoptosis of AC16 cells in each group was examined by flow cytometry. D) Effects of BDH1 overexpression on the protein levels of apoptosis-related genes (Bax, Cleaved caspase-3, Cleaved caspase-9, and Bcl-2) in DOX-treated AC16 cells were analyzed by western blotting. n=3. *p&lt; 0.05, **p&lt; 0.01, ***p&lt; 0.001. DOX, doxorubicin; EV, empty vector; OE, overexpression.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230675-30675-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Silencing of BDH1 rescues the suppressive effect of OXCT1-AS1 on AC16 cell apoptosis under DOX stimulation</title>
          <p>Subsequently, rescue experiments were conducted to verify the role of OXCT1-AS1/miR-874-3p/BDH1 axis in DOX-induced myocardial cell injury. AC16 cells were co-transfected with OE-OXCT1-AS1 plus sh-BDH1. Notably, BDH1 knockdown significantly reversed OXCT1-AS1 overexpression-mediated enhancement of AC16 cell viability and attenuation of cell apoptosis, as demonstrated by XTT assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 5A</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">5B</xref>). According to western blotting, BDH1 knockdown rescued the downregulated protein levels of Bax, Cleaved caspase-3, and Cleaved caspase-9 and the upregulated levels of Bcl-2 caused by OXCT1-AS1 overexpression (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 5C</xref>). Therefore, these data revealed that OXCT1 could alleviate DOX-induced apoptosis of AC16 cardiomyocytes by upregulating BDH1.</p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Silencing of BDH1 rescues the suppressive effect of OXCT1-AS1 on the apoptosis of DOX-treated AC16 cells. AC16 cells were transfected with EV, OE-OXCT1-AS1, or OE-OXCT1-AS1 + sh-BDH1, followed by DOX stimulation. A) The viability of AC16 cells was evaluated by XTT assay. B) AC16 cells apoptosis was shown by flow cytometry. C) Western blotting was used to assess apoptosis-related protein levels in AC16 cells. n=3. *p&lt; 0.05, **p&lt; 0.01. DOX, doxorubicin; EV: empty vector; OE: overexpression; sh: short hairpin RNA.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230675-30675-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study revealed that overexpressing OXCT1-AS1 could enhance AC16 cardiomyocyte viability and suppress cardiomyocyte apoptosis under DOX stimulation. Mechanistically, we found that OXCT1-AS1 competitively interacted with miR-874-3p to upregulate BDH1 expression in AC16 cells. Moreover, silencing of BDH1 could reverse the above effects mediated by OXCT1-AS1 overexpression on DOX-stimulated AC16 cells. The mechanism investigated in this study was shown in the Central Illustration.</p>
        <p>DOX-induced cardiotoxicity is a critical clinical issue in managing different types of malignancies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Evidence suggests that DOX can elicit massive cardiomyocyte apoptosis and result in severe cardiac dysfunction, ultimately leading to HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Inhibition of cardiomyocyte apoptosis can ameliorate DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Recently, the role of lncRNAs in cardiovascular diseases has been reported in numerous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Furthermore, dysregulation of lncRNAs contributes to DOX-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> As mentioned above, evidence suggests that lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 is associated with contractile force development in human heart tissue and may serve as a regulator of cardiomyocyte survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, the precise role and mechanism of OXCT1-AS1 in DOX-induced myocardial toxicity have not been studied yet. Consistent with previous evidence, our study revealed that DOX treatment impaired AC16 cell viability and induced cell apoptosis <italic>in vitro</italic>. Moreover, DOX treatment time-dependently downregulated OXCT1-AS1 expression in AC16 cardiomyocytes. Evidence suggests that silencing of OXCT1-AS1 enhances human and mouse cardiomyocyte apoptosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Similarly, our study depicted that overexpressing OXCT1-AS1 significantly attenuated the above effects caused by DOX treatment, indicating the cardioprotective role of OXCT1-AS1 in DOX-induced myocardial injury.</p>
        <p>It is well-established that lncRNAs can bind competitively to miRNAs and subsequently liberate the degradation of mRNAs mediated by miRNAs, namely ceRNA theory.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> To determine the molecular mechanism of OXCT1-AS1 in regulating DOX-induced myocardial cell injury, we investigated the downstream miRNAs and mRNAs via bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. As a result, OXCT1-AS1 could bind to miR-874-3p to upregulate BDH1. Previous reports have demonstrated the involvement of miR-874-3p in multiple diseases. For example, miR-874-3pcan suppress osteoporosis by targeting leptin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Wei et al. proposed that miR-874-3p facilitates testosterone-induced apoptosis of granulosa cells via the suppression of HDAC1-mediated p53 deacetylation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> However, to our knowledge, there is no study on the role of miR-874-3p in DOX-induced myocardial injury. Here, our study revealed the upregulation of miR-874-3p in DOX-stimulated AC16 cells, indicating its potential role in DOX-triggered cardiotoxicity. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the findings.</p>
        <p>BDH1 is located at chromosome 3q29 and belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase gene family. Previous reports have indicated that BDH1 acts as a critical regulator in multiple diseases, such as diabetic kidney disease, fatty liver disease, and cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Importantly, it has been revealed that BDH1 overexpression attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis of mouse cardiomyocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Consistently, our study depicted that BDH1 was significantly downregulated in DOX-treated AC16 cells, and overexpressing BDH1 suppressed DOX-induced AC16 cell apoptosis. In addition, BDH1 knockdown reversed OXCT1-AS1-mediated attenuation of human cardiomyocyte apoptosis under DOX stimulation, confirming the cardioprotective effect of the OXCT1-AS1/miR-874-3p/BDH1 axis.</p>
        <p>It is worth noting that this study still has some limitations. First, <italic>in vivo</italic> data were lacking in this study. Secondly, considering the complexity of mechanisms, the upstream regulators or downstream signaling pathways of OXCT1-AS1 need to be explored in future studies. In addition, further investigations may benefit from exploring the roles of RGS4 and HEG1 which are dysregulated after DOX stimulation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In conclusion, the present study demonstrates for the first time that OXCT1-AS1 can protect human AC16 myocardial cells from DOX-induced apoptosis by regulating the miR-874-3p/BDH1 axis. Our findings may provide new ideas for the attenuation of DOX-triggered myocardial injury and the prevention of HF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2020CFB270).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
