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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">gTkBkf7JXSzZ8rWv4BDNHDB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000600305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230588</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Contagem Absoluta de Linf&#243;citos: um Preditor de PCR S&#233;rica Positiva para o <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> em Pacientes com Chagas Submetidos ao Transplante Card&#237;aco</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7545-2683</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wolf</surname>
            <given-names>Pl&#237;nio Jos&#233; Whitaker</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Finger</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aurelio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Manoel</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Casadei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Bemfica de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5836-3379</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Damiani</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Petri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein &#8211; ARO, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Pl&#237;nio Jos&#233; <bold>Whitaker Wolf &#8226;</bold> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Mioc&#225;rdio - Av. Doutor Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>Pjwwolf@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230588</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Contagem Absoluta de Linf&#243;citos: um Preditor de PCR S&#233;rica Positiva para o Trypanosoma cruzi em Pacientes com Chagas Submetidos ao Transplante Card&#237;aco</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>HR: raz&#227;o de riscos; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; PCR: rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase; TxC: transplante card&#237;aco.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/gTkBkf7JXSzZ8rWv4BDNHDB/d3c05f39240024d0367def1ae8c77db7624b5864.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/gTkBkf7JXSzZ8rWv4BDNHDB/4a79b382cb8abeeaf4cd0bf40c2026f0dca3234f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/gTkBkf7JXSzZ8rWv4BDNHDB/924996ebfd528e08292dfd297e5363c67a670f3c.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> &#201; desconhecido se a linfopenia &#233; fator de risco para a reativa&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de Chagas no transplante card&#237;aco (TxC), como recentemente descrito na reativa&#231;&#227;o de citomegalov&#237;rus em pacientes transplantados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar se a linfopenia no perioperat&#243;rio do TxC est&#225; relacionada &#224; parasitemia precoce pelo <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Amostra analisada (janeiro de 2014 a janeiro de 2023) em estudo observacional e retrospectivo. A parasitemia foi avaliada nos primeiros 3 meses ap&#243;s o TxC por meio da rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase s&#233;rica (PCR) e comparada com a contagem total de linf&#243;citos no perioperat&#243;rio do TxC por curvas ROC. Comparadas caracter&#237;sticas de base com a PCR Chagas por modelos de risco proporcionais de Cox independentes. N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Amostra (n = 35) apresentou idade m&#233;dia de 52,5 &#177; 8,1 anos e PCR Chagas positiva em 22 pacientes (62,8%). As m&#233;dias dos menores valores de linf&#243;citos nos primeiros 14 dias do TxC foram 398 &#177; 189 e 755 &#177; 303 c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup> em pacientes com e sem parasitemia nos 3 meses ap&#243;s o TxC, respectivamente (&#225;rea sob a curva = 0,857; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,996 a 0,718, sensibilidade e especificidade de 83,3% e 86,4%). Determinado valor de corte inferior a 550 linf&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup> como fator de risco para presen&#231;a de parasitemia. Pacientes com linf&#243;citos &lt; 550 unidades/mm<sup>3</sup> nos primeiros 14 dias do p&#243;s-TxC apresentaram PCR positiva em 80% dos casos. Para cada aumento de 100 linf&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup>, o risco de positividade da PCR &#233; reduzido em 26% (raz&#227;o de riscos = 0,74; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,59 a 0,93, p = 0,009).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a linfopenia no perioperat&#243;rio do TxC com a parasitemia precoce pelo <italic>T. cruzi</italic> detectada por PCR.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Linfopenia</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia de Imunossupress&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) afeta, aproximadamente, 1,9 a 4,6 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos no Brasil (1% a 2,4% da popula&#231;&#227;o),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a elevada preval&#234;ncia e incid&#234;ncia anual de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> envolvendo, inclusive, pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, devido &#224; atual globaliza&#231;&#227;o e consequente emigra&#231;&#227;o de povos latino-americanos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A doen&#231;a &#233; causada pelo protozo&#225;rio <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi)</italic> e transmitida pelos insetos da fam&#237;lia <italic>Triatominae</italic> (pela inocula&#231;&#227;o de suas fezes infectadas ap&#243;s sua picada, ou por via oral, atrav&#233;s da ingest&#227;o acidental do inseto e/ou suas fezes), podendo ser tamb&#233;m transmitida por vias vertical, transfusional, pelo transplante de &#243;rg&#227;os contaminados ou acidentes com materiais biol&#243;gicos. A DC, em sua forma cr&#244;nica, pode acometer &#243;rg&#227;os espec&#237;ficos em 30% a 40% dos infectados, expressando-se nas formas card&#237;acas, digestivas ou mistas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> sendo a forma card&#237;aca a mais comum, manifestada por sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, angina, tromboembolismo, arritmias ou mesmo morte s&#250;bita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em pacientes de alto risco (segundo escore de RASSI), o progn&#243;stico &#233; desfavor&#225;vel, podendo alcan&#231;ar uma mortalidade de 84% em 10 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em casos de miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica refrat&#225;ria, o transplante card&#237;aco (TxC) &#233; uma importante op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica (terceira principal causa de TxC no Brasil), uma vez que o progn&#243;stico desses pacientes, ap&#243;s o transplante, &#233; favor&#225;vel, por serem doentes jovens, com poucas comorbidades e baixas taxas de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, doen&#231;a vascular de enxerto e reopera&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A imunossupress&#227;o, por sua vez, apesar de ser imprescind&#237;vel para redu&#231;&#227;o da rejei&#231;&#227;o e, consequentemente, para o aumento da sobrevida ap&#243;s o TxC, pode levar a importantes complica&#231;&#245;es, como a reativa&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de Chagas (RDC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Descrita inicialmente em pacientes com neoplasias hematol&#243;gicas em 1980 e, posteriormente, em portadores do v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana (HIV) em 1990,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> a RDC ocorre em 26,4% a 40% dos transplantados por miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> podendo chegar a 61%, conforme Gray et al. demonstraram.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A condu&#231;&#227;o adequada diante da RDC &#233; essencial, devido &#224; elevada morbimortalidade quando n&#227;o tratada adequadamente. Contudo, quando &#233; realizado o diagn&#243;stico precoce e o tratamento correto &#233; empregado (benzonidazol como primeira linha), a mortalidade encontrada &#233; inferior a 1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A RDC apresenta manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e extracard&#237;acas, sendo a miocardite, sintom&#225;tica ou n&#227;o, a mais comum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico se baseia na cl&#237;nica associada &#224; evid&#234;ncia do parasita nos tecidos, por m&#233;todos parasitol&#243;gicos (pesquisa direta do <italic>T. cruzi</italic>), histol&#243;gicos em bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas (BEM) ou pelo teste de rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) no sangue (ou no material da bi&#243;psia),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> m&#233;todo este n&#227;o invasivo, com alta precocidade diagn&#243;stica e acur&#225;cia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Devido &#224; alta preval&#234;ncia e ao progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel, a determina&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco para a RDC &#233; essencial. De forma semelhante ao Chagas, a reativa&#231;&#227;o do citomegalov&#237;rus (CMV), infec&#231;&#227;o comum no transplante card&#237;aco relacionada &#224; imunossupress&#227;o, tem a linfopenia como importante fator de risco no p&#243;s-transplante, conforme evidenciado em estudos recentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Apesar de a resposta imunol&#243;gica da DC, assim como no CMV, tamb&#233;m ser intimamente dependente dos linf&#243;citos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> n&#227;o h&#225; estudos que avaliaram a linfopenia como fator de risco para a RDC at&#233; a presente an&#225;lise, cujo objetivo &#233; avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a contagem absoluta de linf&#243;citos no perioperat&#243;rio do TxC e a detec&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica precoce do <italic>T. cruzi</italic> por PCR, auxiliando no diagn&#243;stico, rastreio e tratamento precoces da RDC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional, retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico, realizado pela coleta e an&#225;lise de dados de prontu&#225;rio f&#237;sico/eletr&#244;nico dos pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica refrat&#225;ria e que foram submetidos ao TxC no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (IDPC).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra</title>
        <p>Os pacientes selecionados para a amostra foram aqueles com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada refrat&#225;ria (confirmada durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via do TxC), secund&#225;ria &#224; cardiopatia chag&#225;sica (diagnosticada por dois testes sorol&#243;gicos com m&#233;todos diferentes), que tinham indica&#231;&#227;o e que foram submetidos ao TxC no IDPC, no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2014 a janeiro de 2023.</p>
        <p>Foram selecionados pacientes que apresentaram sobrevida de pelo menos 30 dias do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de TxC, sendo exclu&#237;dos os indiv&#237;duos que vieram a &#243;bito antes desse per&#237;odo.</p>
        <p>De janeiro de 2014 a janeiro de 2023, foram realizados 128 TxC, dos quais 40 eram portadores da DC, confirmados por dois m&#233;todos diferentes. Dentre eles, 5 foram a &#243;bito antes de 30 dias (nenhum &#243;bito relacionado &#224; RDC), resultando em uma amostra total de 35 pacientes, cuja PCR qualitativa para Chagas foi realizada, avaliando se houve detec&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica do <italic>T. cruzi</italic> ap&#243;s o TxC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra do estudo. PCR: rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase; TxC: transplante card&#237;aco.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230588-30588-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es e sele&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
        <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica da parasitemia pelo <italic>T. cruzi,</italic> neste estudo, se deu por meio da PCR Chagas, analisada no Instituto Adolfo Lutz, a partir da amostra de sangue perif&#233;rico, de forma qualitativa convencional, detectando DNA do <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> por meio da amplifica&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de um fragmento de 330 pb correspondente &#224; regi&#227;o vari&#225;vel do minic&#237;rculo do kDNA. Foi avaliada, neste estudo, a positividade da PCR Chagas at&#233; o terceiro m&#234;s do TxC (per&#237;odo inicial do TxC, marcado por intensa imunossupress&#227;o e, portanto, maior incid&#234;ncia de RDC, conforme demonstraram Diez et al. com tempo m&#233;dio de RDC avaliado em 71 dias).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A frequ&#234;ncia de solicita&#231;&#227;o da PCR Chagas seguiu o protocolo do servi&#231;o e, neste per&#237;odo estudado (primeiros 3 meses ap&#243;s TxC), foi solicitada pelo menos uma coleta at&#233; o primeiro m&#234;s e outra at&#233; o terceiro m&#234;s ou a qualquer momento na suspeita de RDC (altera&#231;&#245;es el&#233;tricas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas ou cl&#237;nicas sugestivas da reativa&#231;&#227;o). N&#227;o existe um protocolo universal recomendado para solicita&#231;&#227;o de PCR e, por isso, os protocolos devem ser adequados &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas e disponibilidades de cada servi&#231;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A contagem absoluta de linf&#243;citos foi avaliada pelo hemograma completo de sangue perif&#233;rico (m&#233;todo citoqu&#237;mico/isovolum&#233;trico) do laborat&#243;rio Associa&#231;&#227;o Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa (AFIP), imediatamente antes do TxC (D0) e nos seguintes momentos do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (PO): tr&#234;s dias, sete dias, dez dias, quatorze, trinta e noventa dias (D3, D7, D10, D14, D30 e D90, respectivamente). Os intervalos D0 e D7 foram baseados em estudos pr&#233;vios que avaliaram a linfopenia na reativa&#231;&#227;o do CMV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e os demais intervalos foram selecionados por op&#231;&#227;o dos autores. A disponibilidade desses dados foi poss&#237;vel devido &#224; rotina do servi&#231;o, em que ocorre a solicita&#231;&#227;o de exames laboratoriais durante todo o perioperat&#243;rio do TxC (e, ap&#243;s, nos retornos ambulatoriais), incluindo o hemograma completo, no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e, diariamente, no PO de tal forma que todos os pacientes apresentaram adequadamente a dosagem de linf&#243;citos nesses per&#237;odos. Diante de ampla disponibilidade de dados dispon&#237;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; contagem de linf&#243;citos, o valor dos linf&#243;citos coletado e utilizado no estudo foi exatamente o dos dias determinados: D0, D3, D7, D10, D14, D30 e D90.</p>
        <p>Foi realizada a m&#233;dia dos menores valores de linf&#243;citos totais encontrados nos primeiros quatorze dias do TxC e analisada de acordo com a reatividade da PCR Chagas. Utilizou-se o menor valor dos linf&#243;citos para avaliar a hip&#243;tese de que a linfopenia possa estar associada &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica do <italic>T. cruzi</italic> e &#224; RDC.</p>
        <p>Evidente que, como sabidamente se espera na pluralidade dos TxC precoces, a maioria dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos sofreu alguma mudan&#231;a no esquema imunossupressor (dose e tipo) durante o seguimento, alterado em casos de rejei&#231;&#227;o, infec&#231;&#227;o ou efeitos adversos (les&#227;o renal aguda, por exemplo), mas o estudo n&#227;o avaliou a varia&#231;&#227;o da imunossupress&#227;o e seu poss&#237;vel impacto na contagem de linf&#243;citos. Assim, a terapia imunossupressora foi avaliada em torno do terceiro m&#234;s do p&#243;s-transplante, quando o tipo e as doses dos imunossupressores tendem a se estabilizar e as bi&#243;psias j&#225; foram realizadas para defini&#231;&#227;o do grau de imunossupress&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, esse per&#237;odo &#233; pr&#243;ximo ao tempo m&#233;dio da RDC de 71 dias ap&#243;s TxC sugerido por Diez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A pesquisa de CMV tamb&#233;m foi previamente realizada nos pacientes e analisada neste estudo, dentro do per&#237;odo de 3 meses ap&#243;s TxC, de forma preemptiva, conforme protocolo institucional (2, 6 e 10 semanas), por meio da PCR quantitativa, realizada pelo laborat&#243;rio AFIP (detec&#231;&#227;o a partir de 50 c&#243;pias/mL).</p>
        <p>Demais dados selecionados foram aqueles relacionados ao perfil cl&#237;nico e laboratorial e anatomopatol&#243;gico (pela BEM) do paciente, extra&#237;dos do prontu&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>Foram coletadas caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes, como idade, sexo, tipagem sangu&#237;nea, peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), data da cirurgia, ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito (se presente), al&#233;m das comorbidades que se apresentavam previamente ao TxC, como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia e hist&#243;rico de tabagismo.</p>
        <p>Ainda, foram avaliados na amostra a presen&#231;a e o grau de rejei&#231;&#227;o celular (classifica&#231;&#227;o conforme proposto por Stewart et al., em 2005<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>) pela BEM realizada conforme protocolo institucional (segunda, quarta, oitava e d&#233;cima-segunda semanas ap&#243;s o TxC).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil, conforme normalidade de dados, avaliadas atrav&#233;s da inspe&#231;&#227;o por histogramas. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas por suas frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas.</p>
        <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es das caracter&#237;sticas de base em rela&#231;&#227;o ao resultado de PCR Chagas, nos 3 meses do TxC, foram realizadas por modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox independentes. Os resultados foram apresentados por raz&#245;es de taxa de risco com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
        <p>Foi avaliada a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a contagem absoluta de linf&#243;citos no perioperat&#243;rio (por meio da m&#233;dia do menor valor dos linf&#243;citos em at&#233; 7 e 14 dias de PO) e a presen&#231;a da PCR Chagas positiva em at&#233; tr&#234;s meses do TxC, a partir de curvas ROC. As &#225;reas sob as curvas (AUC) foram descritas para cada caso.</p>
        <p>Tr&#234;s modelos de tempo at&#233; evento, considerando modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox, foram apresentados para mostrar a chance de positivar o resultado da PCR para Chagas de acordo com os valores de linf&#243;citos de base (D0), e m&#237;nimo at&#233; 7 dias e at&#233; 14 dias do PO. Modelos de sensibilidade ajustados (por idade, dose de micofenolato e epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o com indica&#231;&#227;o de pulsoterapia) tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;dos. Construiu-se um gr&#225;fico de Kaplan-Meier para a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos linf&#243;citos de melhor acur&#225;cia.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises foram conduzidas com aux&#237;lio do software R, vers&#227;o 4.2.1. Testes de hip&#243;tese foram avaliados ao n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
      <p>O estudo atendeu a todos os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos requeridos, tendo sido encaminhado e aprovado, primeiramente, pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto Dante Pazzanese (n&#250;mero de protocolo do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica: 5331; n&#250;mero do parecer: 5918442; CAAE: 67067923.3.0000.5462), e esteve em conformidade com a lei geral de prote&#231;&#227;o de dados e resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O estudo apresentou amostra total de 35 pacientes, idade m&#233;dia de 52,5 &#177; 8,1 anos, com IMC m&#233;dio de 22,6 &#177; 2,8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Durante o seguimento de 3 meses, houve 4 &#243;bitos, 11% da amostra, que n&#227;o apresentaram rela&#231;&#227;o com RDC. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> sumariza as caracter&#237;sticas de base, de acordo com a an&#225;lise da PCR Chagas. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis descritas com a positividade da PCR, incluindo tipo de imunossupressor, doses mais elevadas do micofenolato, epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o (&gt; 2R com indica&#231;&#227;o de pulsoterapia) ou reativa&#231;&#227;o/carga viral de CMV.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas de base de acordo com a positividade da PCR Chagas em at&#233; 3 meses do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio do transplante card&#237;aco (n = 35)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Total</th>
                <th>Negativo, N = 13</th>
                <th>Positivo, N = 22</th>
                <th>Raz&#227;o de taxa de riscos [IC95%]</th>
                <th>p*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">52,5 &#177; 8,1</td>
                <td align="center">50,8 &#177; 8,8</td>
                <td align="center">53,5 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">1.03 [0,97 &#8211;1,08]</td>
                <td align="center">0,358</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n/N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">22/35 (62,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">6/13 (46,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">16/22 (72,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,51 [0,63 &#8211; 3,65]</td>
                <td align="center">0,358</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tipagem sangu&#237;nea, n/N (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A</td>
                <td align="center">11/35 (31,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">5/13 (38,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">6/22 (27,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">refer&#234;ncia</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>B</td>
                <td align="center">5/35 (14,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2/13 (15,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">3/22 (13,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,43 [0,4 &#8211; 5,09]</td>
                <td align="center">0,579</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AB</td>
                <td align="center">6/35 (17,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1/13 (7,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">5/22 (22,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 [0,62 &#8211; 7,07]</td>
                <td align="center">0,232</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>O</td>
                <td align="center">13/35 (37,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">5/13 (38,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">8/22 (36,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,11 [0,39 &#8211; 3,13]</td>
                <td align="center">0,841</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS, n/N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11/35 (31,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">4/13 (30,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">7/22 (31,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,74 [0,31 &#8211; 1,8]</td>
                <td align="center">0,509</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM, n/N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5/35 (14,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2/13 (15,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">3/22 (13,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,64 [0,19 &#8211; 2,17]</td>
                <td align="center">0,474</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DLP, n/N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13/35 (37,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">5/13 (38,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">8/22 (36,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 [0,31 &#8211; 1,62]</td>
                <td align="center">0,408</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-tabagista, n/N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12/35 (34,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">3/13 (23,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">9/22 (40,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,52 [0,66 &#8211; 3,5]</td>
                <td align="center">0,324</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#250;mero de imunossupressores no PO 3 meses, n/N (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">1/35 (2,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0/13 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1/22 (4,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">refer&#234;ncia</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">33/35 (94,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">13/13 (100,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">20/22 (90,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,31 [0,04 &#8211; 2,47]</td>
                <td align="center">0,270</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">1/35 (2,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0/13 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1/22 (4,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,45 [0,03 &#8211; 7,61]</td>
                <td align="center">0,582</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Micofenolato, n/N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34/35 (97,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">13/13 (100,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">21/22 (95,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32 [0,04 &#8211; 2,5]</td>
                <td align="center">0,276</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dose &gt; 1000 mg/dia mofetil ou &gt; 720 mg/dia s&#243;dico, n/N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4/35 (11,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0/13 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">4/22 (18,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,75 [0,58 &#8211; 5,25]</td>
                <td align="center">0,321</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Azatioprina, n/N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0/35 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0/13 (0.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0/22 (0.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tacrolimus, n/N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15/35(42,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">3/13 (23,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">12/22 (54,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,51 [0,67 &#8211; 3,36]</td>
                <td align="center">0,318</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ciclosporina, n/N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20/35 (57,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">10/13 (76,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">10/22 (45,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,66 [0,3 &#8211; 1,48]</td>
                <td align="center">0,318</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prednisona, n/N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35/35 (100,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">13/13 (100,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">22/22 (100,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidor mTOR, n/N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1/35 (2,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0/13 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1/22 (4,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 [0,19 &#8211; 10,57]</td>
                <td align="center">0,743</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Reativa&#231;&#227;o de CMV, n/N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25/35 (71,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">8/13 (61,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">17/22 (77,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,54 [0,57 &#8211; 4,13]</td>
                <td align="center">0,391</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Logaritmo da carga viral m&#225;xima de CMV, log (c&#243;pia/ml), mediana [quartis]</td>
                <td align="center">7,3 [6,6; 9,0]</td>
                <td align="center">8,9 [7,3; 9,9]</td>
                <td align="center">8,6 [6,7; 9,9]</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 [0,89 &#8211; 1,24]</td>
                <td align="center">0,574</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rejei&#231;&#227;o &gt; 2R/pulsoterapia, n/N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19/35 (54,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">7/13 (53,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">12/22 (54,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,21 [0,53 &#8211; 2,73]</td>
                <td align="center">0,650</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>*Modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox para PCR negativa em at&#233; 3 meses p&#243;s transplante. CMV: citomegalov&#237;rus; DLP: dislipidemia; DM: diabetes mellitus; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; mTOR: prote&#237;na alvo da rapamicina em mam&#237;feros; PCR: rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia de polimerase qualitativa; PO: p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio; TxC: transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>No per&#237;odo de at&#233; 3 meses ap&#243;s o TxC, 22 pacientes apresentaram PCR Chagas positiva, ou seja, 62% da amostra, sendo que o tempo m&#233;dio para a reatividade da PCR foi de 45 dias &#177; 26,2. Todos os pacientes que apresentaram PCR Chagas positiva receberam tratamento com benzonidazol por 60 dias, conforme protocolo do servi&#231;o, sendo que todos eles negativaram PCR ap&#243;s o tratamento e nenhum apresentou complica&#231;&#245;es ligadas &#224; RDC ap&#243;s. N&#227;o houve outros pacientes que receberam benzonidazol, al&#233;m daqueles que apresentaram PCR positiva.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> descrevem os valores de linf&#243;citos de acordo com o resultado da PCR Chagas at&#233; o terceiro m&#234;s do TxC. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, ainda, apresenta a AUC dos linf&#243;citos para a positividade da PCR para <italic>T. cruzi</italic> (representado graficamente pela <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>), al&#233;m dos pontos de corte sugeridos como fator de risco (para reatividade da PCR) para os valores do linf&#243;cito de base (D0), do m&#237;nimo em at&#233; D7 e do m&#237;nimo em at&#233; D14.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o da contagem absoluta de linf&#243;citos por dia, segundo resultados da PCR Chagas em at&#233; 3 meses do transplante card&#237;aco, com AUC e ponto de corte de linf&#243;citos como fator de risco para reatividade de PCR</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Dia (D)</th>
                <th colspan="3">PCR Chagas em at&#233; 3 meses do TxC</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Ponto de corte <sup><bold>&#8225;</bold></sup></th>
                <th rowspan="3">Sensibilidade</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Especificidade</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Negativo</th>
                <th>Positivo</th>
                <th>AUC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>D0</td>
                <td align="center">1585 &#177; 713</td>
                <td align="center">1343 &#177; 508</td>
                <td align="center">0,621</td>
                <td align="center">1120</td>
                <td align="center">83,3%</td>
                <td align="center">42,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D3</td>
                <td align="center">922 &#177; 360</td>
                <td align="center">546 &#177; 241</td>
                <td align="center">0,808</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D7</td>
                <td align="center">1238 &#177; 693</td>
                <td align="center">607 &#177; 412</td>
                <td align="center">0,795</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D10</td>
                <td align="center">1504 &#177; 946</td>
                <td align="center">700 &#177; 390</td>
                <td align="center">0,778</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D14</td>
                <td align="center">1160 &#177; 537</td>
                <td align="center">703 &#177; 395</td>
                <td align="center">0,771</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#237;nimo* em 7 dias</td>
                <td align="center">810 &#177; 342</td>
                <td align="center">438 &#177; 224</td>
                <td align="center">0,822</td>
                <td align="center">550</td>
                <td align="center">83,3%</td>
                <td align="center">71,4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#237;nimo&#8224; em 14 dias</td>
                <td align="center">755 &#177; 303</td>
                <td align="center">398 &#177; 189</td>
                <td align="center">0,857</td>
                <td align="center">550</td>
                <td align="center">83,3%</td>
                <td align="center">86,4%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>*Considerando a m&#233;dia dos menores valores dos linf&#243;citos nas avalia&#231;&#245;es at&#233; D7 (incluindo D0, D3 e D7). &#8224;M&#233;dia dos menores valores de linf&#243;citos nas avalia&#231;&#245;es at&#233; D14 (incluindo D0, D3, D7, D10 e D14). &#8225;Linf&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup>. AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva ROC; PCR: rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase; TxC: transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o dos linf&#243;citos por dia, segundo resultados da PCR Chagas (at&#233; 3 meses do transplante card&#237;aco). PCR: rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230588-30588-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curvas ROC para a m&#233;dia dos linf&#243;citos de base (pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio imediato, D0) e a m&#233;dia dos menores valores de linf&#243;citos em at&#233; 7 dias (D7) e at&#233; 14 dias (D14) ap&#243;s transplante como preditor de negatividade para PCR Chagas em at&#233; 3 meses do transplante card&#237;aco. *Considerando a m&#233;dia dos menores valores dos linf&#243;citos nas avalia&#231;&#245;es at&#233; D7 (incluindo D0, D3 e D7). &#8224;M&#233;dia dos menores valores de linf&#243;citos nas avalia&#231;&#245;es at&#233; D14 (incluindo D0, D3, D7, D10 e D14). AUC: &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC; D: dia ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230588-30588-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Nota-se que houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a m&#233;dia dos menores valores de linf&#243;citos observados nos primeiros 7 e 14 dias do TxC e a reatividade da PCR Chagas ocorrida nos primeiros 3 meses, destacando-se a m&#233;dia dos menores valores de linf&#243;citos encontrados nos primeiros 14 dias ap&#243;s o transplante (incluindo D3, D7, D10 e D14), que apresentou estat&#237;sticas preditoras (pela AUC) de maior rela&#231;&#227;o com a positividade da PCR em at&#233; 3 meses do TxC. Neste caso, a m&#233;dia do valor m&#237;nimo de linf&#243;citos foi de 755 &#177; 303 unidades/mm<sup>3</sup> nos pacientes com PCR negativa, bastante superior ao valor m&#233;dio de 398 &#177; 189 unidades/mm<sup>3</sup> nos pacientes com PCR positiva nos primeiros 3 meses p&#243;s TxC, configurando AUC = 0,857. A partir desses dados, o ponto de corte como fator de risco para reatividade de PCR Chagas foi determinado em 550 linf&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Destaca-se, na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>, que a m&#233;dia de linf&#243;citos nos pacientes com PCR positiva ap&#243;s o TxC &#233; superior &#224;queles com PCR negativa, sobretudo nos per&#237;odos de 3 dias a 14 dias ap&#243;s o transplante, sendo os valores de linf&#243;citos semelhantes ap&#243;s 90 dias.</p>
      <p>Ainda, foi realizada a avalia&#231;&#227;o do tempo at&#233; positividade da PCR Chagas a partir de uma an&#225;lise de sobreviv&#234;ncia, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. Considerando a m&#233;dia dos menores valores de linf&#243;citos em at&#233; 7 e 14 dias, houve efeitos significativos para o aumento de cada 100 unidades de linf&#243;citos. Para o valor m&#237;nimo at&#233; 14 dias, evidencia-se que, a cada 100 unidades a mais de linf&#243;citos, o risco de reativa&#231;&#227;o se reduz em 26% (raz&#227;o de riscos = 0.74 [intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%: 0.59 a 0,93]). Ajustou-se o modelo a outras vari&#225;veis (idade, dose da imunossupress&#227;o com micofenolato e rejei&#231;&#227;o com indica&#231;&#227;o de pulsoterapia, esses dois &#250;ltimos previamente descritos como relacionados &#224; RDC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>), mantendo signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Demais vari&#225;veis n&#227;o foram utilizadas para ajustar o modelo devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o com a reatividade da PCR, conforme visto na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Modelos de Cox para tempo at&#233; reativa&#231;&#227;o segundo linf&#243;citos cont&#237;nuos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Modelo para tempo at&#233; reativa&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Raz&#227;o de taxa de riscos [IC95%]</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
                <th>Raz&#227;o de taxa de riscos ajustada&#8225; [IC95%]</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Linf&#243;cito pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio imediato (D0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 [0,66 &#8211; 0,93]</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
                <td align="center">0,75 [0,61 &#8211; 0,92]</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#237;nimo linf&#243;citos at&#233; D7*</td>
                <td align="center">0,74 [0,59 &#8211; 0,93]</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 [0,58 &#8211; 0,93]</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#237;nimo linf&#243;citos at&#233; D14&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">0,74 [0,59 &#8211; 0,93]</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 [0,58 &#8211; 0,93]</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>*Considerando a m&#233;dia dos menores valores dos linf&#243;citos nas avalia&#231;&#245;es at&#233; D7 (incluindo D0, D3 e D7). &#8224;M&#233;dia dos menores valores de linf&#243;citos nas avalia&#231;&#245;es at&#233; D14 (incluindo D0, D3, D7, D10 e D14). &#8225; Modelos ajustados por idade, n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o &gt; 2R/pulsoterapia e doses mais elevadas de micofenolato (&gt; 1000 mg/dia mofetil ou &gt; 720 mg/dia s&#243;dico). D: dia ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>, percebe-se que os pacientes que alcan&#231;aram valores de linf&#243;citos inferiores a 550 unidades/mm<sup>3</sup>, no p&#243;s-transplante, apresentaram PCR positivo em 80% dos casos precocemente, enquanto que portadores de linf&#243;citos m&#237;nimos superiores a 550 unidades/mm<sup>3</sup> positivaram PCR em apenas 30%, de forma mais tardia.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier para positividade de PCR Chagas de acordo com o valor m&#237;nimo de linf&#243;citos menor ou igual a 550 linf&#243;citos/mm3, apresentado em at&#233; 14 dias do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio do transplante card&#237;aco.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230588-30588-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O TxC em pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica refrat&#225;ria &#233; frequente e apresenta progn&#243;stico favor&#225;vel, mas tem como complica&#231;&#227;o a RDC grave secund&#225;ria &#224; imunossupress&#227;o. N&#227;o se sabe se a linfopenia tem rela&#231;&#227;o com a RDC, conforme recentemente descrito na reativa&#231;&#227;o do CMV ap&#243;s o TxC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>PCR qualitativa para Chagas e a RDC</title>
        <p>O estudo avaliou a reatividade da PCR Chagas e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a linfopenia no perioperat&#243;rio do TxC. &#201; sabido que a PCR qualitativa apresenta alta associa&#231;&#227;o com o diagn&#243;stico de RDC, conforme demonstraram Da Costa <italic>et al</italic>. em 2017, uma vez que esse exame apresenta sensibilidade acima de 80% para RDC, conferindo AUC = 0,702, o que &#233; superior aos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos convencionais para a RDC, al&#233;m de conferir precocidade na identifica&#231;&#227;o dessa complica&#231;&#227;o (em at&#233; 2 meses).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Portanto, &#233; razo&#225;vel que a associa&#231;&#227;o da linfopenia no perioperat&#243;rio com a reatividade da PCR Chagas possa ter tamb&#233;m rela&#231;&#227;o com a RDC propriamente dita. A PCR s&#233;rica quantitativa, por sua vez, n&#227;o foi utilizada neste estudo e j&#225; &#233; conhecido que n&#227;o existem valores de corte espec&#237;ficos para defini&#231;&#227;o de RDC, pois, conforme prop&#245;em Benvenuti et al., o sangue nem sempre &#233; capaz de refletir o grau de acometimento de outros &#243;rg&#227;os pelo <italic>T. cruzi</italic>, como o mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A PCR Chagas pode ser positiva tamb&#233;m em pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica avan&#231;ada previamente ao TxC (imunocompetentes), conferindo a eles maior risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Contudo, ainda n&#227;o h&#225; consenso quanto ao tratamento etiol&#243;gico desses pacientes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> diferentemente dos pacientes submetidos ao TxC por DC com detec&#231;&#227;o do <italic>T. cruzi</italic> e RDC, em que o tratamento antiparasit&#225;rio &#233; fortemente recomendado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Ou seja, a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o com a PCR pode alterar a conduta nos transplantados portadores de DC, devido &#224; possibilidade do diagn&#243;stico e tratamento precoces.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Linfopenia como fator de risco para parasitemia (detectada por PCR Chagas)</title>
        <p>Inicialmente, a amostra apresentou, nos primeiros 3 meses ap&#243;s o TxC, PCR Chagas positiva em 62% dos pacientes, o que se assemelha &#224; incid&#234;ncia de estudo norte-americano, em que a reativa&#231;&#227;o alcan&#231;ou a taxa de 61% dos transplantados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> refletindo alta preval&#234;ncia dessa complica&#231;&#227;o que, associada a sua gravidade, torna necess&#225;ria a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos seus fatores de risco para o manejo adequado da RDC.</p>
        <p>J&#225; s&#227;o conhecidos alguns fatores de risco associados &#224; RDC, como epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o, presen&#231;a de neoplasia e grau de imunossupress&#227;o com o micofenolato.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Contudo, n&#227;o se sabe se a linfopenia tem rela&#231;&#227;o com a RDC.</p>
        <p>Os resultados deste estudo, em que a m&#233;dia dos linf&#243;citos nos pacientes que apresentaram PCR positiva se mostrou inferior &#224;queles cuja PCR foi negativa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>), sobretudo para a m&#233;dia dos menores valores dos linf&#243;citos nos primeiros 14 dias ap&#243;s o transplante (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, com m&#233;dias de 398 &#177; 189 e 755 &#177; 303 c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup> nos pacientes com PCR positiva e negativa, respectivamente, com sensibilidade e especificidade superiores a 80%), evidencia que houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a linfopenia e a reatividade da PCR e, analogamente, com a RDC, de forma semelhante ao constatado nos estudos sobre CMV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Soma-se a este achado o fato de que, como demonstra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, a cada aumento de 100 linf&#243;citos, h&#225; redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de reatividade da PCR em 26%.</p>
        <p>Ressalta-se, tamb&#233;m, a semelhan&#231;a entre o valor de corte como fator de risco para positividade de PCR Chagas identificado, neste estudo, de 550 unidades/mm<sup>3</sup>, como descrito em estudos pr&#233;vios com reativa&#231;&#227;o do CMV ap&#243;s TxC, entre 500 e 610 unidades/mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> refor&#231;ando a depend&#234;ncia da resposta imunol&#243;gica frente a essas infec&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Foi observada precocidade na positividade da PCR, que ocorreu em m&#233;dia ap&#243;s 45 dias do TxC, per&#237;odo pouco inferior ao demonstrado por Diez <italic>et al</italic>., em torno de 71 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Quando o n&#250;mero de linf&#243;citos foi superior a 550 unidades/mm<sup>3</sup> nos primeiros 14 dias, houve, al&#233;m de evidente menor preval&#234;ncia da PCR Chagas positiva, um retardo no tempo para positividade desse exame.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Imunossupress&#227;o e a detec&#231;&#227;o de T. cruzi precoce por PCR Chagas</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, conforme demonstrou a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre a reatividade da PCR com epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;vios, apesar dessa associa&#231;&#227;o j&#225; ter sido relatada previamente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> provavelmente devido &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo, sobretudo referentes ao tamanho amostral. N&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m com o n&#250;mero, tipo e dose de imunossupressores. Ressalta-se o fato de que o servi&#231;o avaliado n&#227;o faz uso de azatioprina como imunossupressor de escolha nos pacientes com DC (conforme sugerem alguns autores<sup>3</sup>), por isso, a aus&#234;ncia de pacientes com esse antiproliferativo na amostra, fazendo-se op&#231;&#227;o pelo micofenolato na menor dose poss&#237;vel, pela evid&#234;ncia de sua superioridade nos desfechos do TxC em geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; resposta imunol&#243;gica contra o protozo&#225;rio, destaca-se, principalmente, a imunidade celular, por meio dos linf&#243;citos T CD4, produtores de anticorpos l&#237;ticos e citocinas (como int&#233;rferon gama), que auxiliam na destrui&#231;&#227;o de formas intracelulares dos parasitas, al&#233;m de algum papel dos linf&#243;citos T CD8 neste processo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Com a imunossupress&#227;o no TxC, h&#225; redu&#231;&#227;o fun&#231;&#227;o/n&#250;mero dessas c&#233;lulas, criando um ambiente prop&#237;cio para a RDC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Como confirma&#231;&#227;o da import&#226;ncia da imunidade celular no controle da DC, sabe-se que, em pacientes com infec&#231;&#245;es pelo HIV e <italic>T. cruzi</italic> concomitantes, h&#225; elevada frequ&#234;ncia (maior que 80%) de RDC quando linf&#243;citos T CD4 s&#227;o inferiores a 200 c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es dos achados na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica</title>
        <p>O conhecimento da linfopenia como fator de risco para reatividade da PCR Chagas pode propiciar um melhor manejo dos transplantados por miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica, visto que a dosagem de linf&#243;citos &#233; um exame laboratorial amplamente dispon&#237;vel, de baixo custo e de f&#225;cil interpreta&#231;&#227;o que pode selecionar pacientes de alto risco para a RDC. Dessa maneira, esses indiv&#237;duos podem ter uma vigil&#226;ncia mais rigorosa quanto &#224; RDC, propiciando diagn&#243;sticos e tratamentos precoces. Na verdade, o estudo confirmou a alta efic&#225;cia do tratamento da RDC com benzonidazol, haja vista que houve resolu&#231;&#227;o completa da parasitemia (confirmada com nova PCR, negativa) ap&#243;s o tratamento adequado em todos os pacientes que apresentaram PCR Chagas positiva.</p>
        <p>Por fim, esses pacientes, inclusive, podem se beneficiar de tratamentos profil&#225;ticos e/ou redu&#231;&#227;o da intensidade de imunossupress&#227;o. Apesar de Rossi et al. demonstrarem em estudo retrospectivo que houve benef&#237;cio na redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia da RDC com o uso do benzonidazol profil&#225;tico ap&#243;s TxC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> atualmente, o tratamento profil&#225;tico contra a RDC n&#227;o &#233; recomendado pelas atuais diretrizes, sobretudo devido aos efeitos adversos causados por esse tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de alto risco com linfopenia pode direcionar a indica&#231;&#227;o mais precisa de uma poss&#237;vel profilaxia medicamentosa, mas, certamente, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios novos estudos para avaliar o poss&#237;vel benef&#237;cio desse tipo de conduta.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Evidentemente, o estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao fato de ser retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico, al&#233;m do tamanho amostral reduzido e aus&#234;ncia de valida&#231;&#245;es interna e externa.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, apresenta disponibilidade limitada da realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames da PCR qualitativa s&#233;rica. Por fim, n&#227;o h&#225; disponibilidade, no servi&#231;o, de realiza&#231;&#227;o da PCR Chagas quantitativa s&#233;rica ou da PCR Chagas realizada em material obtido pela bi&#243;psia do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O estudo demonstrou que houve rela&#231;&#227;o entre a baixa contagem absoluta de linf&#243;citos durante o perioperat&#243;rio do TxC com a detec&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica precoce do <italic>T. cruzi</italic> por PCR nos primeiros 3 meses ap&#243;s o TxC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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              <surname>Montera</surname>
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              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Dante Pazzanese sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 5918442; CAAE: 67067923.3.0000.5462. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230588i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Absolute Lymphocyte Count: a Predictor of Positive Serum PCR for Trypanosoma cruzi in Patients with Chagas Disease Undergoing Heart Transplantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7545-2683</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wolf</surname>
            <given-names>Pl&#237;nio Jos&#233; Whitaker</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Finger</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aurelio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Manoel</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Casadei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Bemfica de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5836-3379</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Damiani</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Petri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein &#8211; ARO, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Pl&#237;nio Jos&#233; Whitaker Wolf &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Mioc&#225;rdio - Av. Doutor Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: Pjwwolf@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Absolute Lymphocyte Count: a Predictor of Positive Serum PCR for Trypanosoma cruzi in Patients with Chagas Disease Undergoing Heart Transplantation</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard rate ratio; HTx: heart transplantation; PCR: polymerase chain reaction.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230588-30588-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> It is unknown whether lymphopenia is a risk factor for the reactivation of Chagas disease in heart transplantation (HTx), as recently described in the reactivation of cytomegalovirus in transplant patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate whether lymphopenia in the perioperative period of heart transplantation is related to early Trypanosoma cruzi parasitemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This observational, retrospective study analyzed a sample from January 2014 to January 2023). Parasitemia was evaluated in the first 3 months after HTx using serum polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared with the total lymphocyte count in the perioperative period of HTx using receiver operating characteristic curves. Baseline characteristics were compared with PCR for Chagas using independent Cox proportional hazards models. A significance level of 5% was adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The sample (n = 35) had a mean age of 52.5 &#177; 8.1 years, and 22 patients (62.8%) had positive PCR for Chagas. The mean lowest lymphocyte values in the first 14 days after HTx were 398 &#177; 189 and 755 &#177; 303 cells/mm<sup>3</sup> in patients with and without parasitemia, respectively, within 3 months after HTx (area under the curve = 0.857; 95% confidence interval: 0.996 to 0.718, sensitivity and specificity of 83.3% and 86.4%). A cutoff value of less than 550 lymphocytes/mm<sup>3</sup> was determined as a risk factor for the presence of parasitemia. Patients with lymphocytes &lt; 550 units/mm<sup>3</sup> in the first 14 days after HTx presented positive PCR in 80% of cases. For every increase of 100 lymphocytes/mm<sup>3</sup>, the risk of PCR positivity was reduced by 26% (hazard rate ratio = 0.74; 95% confidence interval: 0.59 to 0.93, p = 0.009).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> There was an association between lymphopenia in the perioperative period of HTx and early T. cruzi parasitemia detected by PCR.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Lymphopenia</kwd>
        <kwd>Immunosuppression Therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chagas disease affects approximately 1.9 to 4.6 million individuals in Brazil (1% to 2.4% of the population),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> considering the high prevalence and annual incidence of heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It affects developed countries as well, due to current globalization and consequent emigration of people from Latin American.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The disease is caused by the protozoan <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> (<italic>T. cruzi</italic>), and it is transmitted by insects of the <italic>Triatominae</italic> family (through inoculation of infected feces after a bite or orally through accidental ingestion of the insect and/or its feces). It can also be transmitted vertically, by transfusion, through transplantation of contaminated organs, or accidents with biological materials. The chronic form of Chagas disease can affect specific organs in 30% to 40% of infected patients, expressed in cardiac, digestive, or mixed forms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The cardiac form is the most common, manifesting with symptoms of heart failure, angina, thromboembolism, arrhythmias, or even sudden death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In patients with high risks according to the RASSI score, the prognosis is unfavorable, reaching a mortality rate of 84% in 10 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In cases of refractory Chagas cardiomyopathy, heart transplantation (HTx) is an important therapeutic option (third leading cause of HTx in Brazil), since the prognosis of these patients, after transplantation, is favorable, as they are young patients, with few comorbidities and low rates of pulmonary hypertension, graft vascular disease, and reoperation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Immunosuppression, in turn, although it is essential to reduce rejection and consequently increase survival after HTx, can lead to important complications, such as reactivation of Chagas disease (RCD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Initially described in patients with hematological neoplasms in 1980 and, subsequently, in patients with HIV in 1990,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> RCD occurs in 26.4% to 40% of patients undergoing transplantation due to Chagas cardiomyopathy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> reaching 61%, as demonstrated by Gray et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Appropriate management of RCD is essential, due to the high morbidity and mortality when not treated adequately. However, when it is diagnosed early and the correct treatment is used (benznidazole as first line), the mortality rate is less than 1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>RCD presents cardiac and extracardiac manifestations, with myocarditis, whether symptomatic or not, being the most common.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Diagnosis is based on clinical examination associated with evidence of the parasite in the tissues, by means of parasitological methods (direct search for <italic>T. cruzi</italic>), histological analysis of endomyocardial biopsies, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test on blood (or biopsy material);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> the latter is a non-invasive method, with high diagnostic precocity and accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Due to the high prevalence and unfavorable prognosis, it is essential to determine risk factors for RCD. Similar to Chagas, in reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV), a common infection in HTx related to immunosuppression, lymphopenia is an important risk factor in the post-transplant period, as shown in recent studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Even though the immunological response of Chagas disease and CMV is also closely dependent on lymphocytes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> there are no studies that have evaluated lymphopenia as a risk factor for RCD until the present analysis, whose objective was to evaluate the relationship between absolute lymphocyte count in the perioperative period of HTx and early serum detection of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> by PCR, assisting in early diagnosis, screening, and treatment of RCD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This observational, retrospective, single-center study was conducted by collecting and analyzing data from physical/electronic medical records of patients with refractory Chagas heart disease who underwent HTx at the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (IDPC).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample selection</title>
          <p>The patients selected for this sample were those with advanced refractory heart failure (confirmed during prior HTx assessment), secondary to Chagas heart disease (diagnosed by 2 serological tests using different methods), who were indicated and who underwent HTx at IDPC, during the period from January 2014 to January 2023.</p>
          <p>Patients who survived at least 30 days after HTx were selected, and patients who died before this period were excluded.</p>
          <p>From January 2014 to January 2023, 128 HTx were performed, 40 of which were in patients with Chagas disease, confirmed by 2 different methods. Of these patients, 5 died before 30 days (no deaths related to RCD), resulting in a total sample of 35 patients, whose qualitative PCR for Chagas was performed to evaluate serum detection of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> after HTx (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Study sample selection. HTx: heart transplantation; PCR: polymerase chain reaction.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230588-30588-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definitions and data selection</title>
          <p>In this study, serum detection of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> parasitemia was carried out using PCR for Chagas, analyzed at the Instituto Adolfo Lutz, using peripheral blood samples, in a conventional qualitative manner, detecting <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> DNA through specific amplification of a 330 bp fragment corresponding to the minicircle variable region of kDNA. In this study, PCR positivity for Chagas was evaluated up to the third month after HTx (initial period, marked by intense immunosuppression and, therefore, a higher incidence of RCD, as demonstrated by Diez et al. who observed a mean time to RCD of 71 days).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The frequency of requesting PCR for Chagas followed the service protocol. In the period studied (first 3 months after HTx), at least one collection was requested by the first month and another by the third month or at any time when RCD was suspected (electrical, echocardiographic, or clinical changes suggestive of reactivation). There is no recommended universal protocol for requesting PCR; therefore, protocols must be adapted according to the characteristics and availability of each service.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Absolute lymphocyte count was assessed by complete blood count of peripheral blood (cytochemical/isovolumetric method) at the Associa&#231;&#227;o Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa (AFIP) laboratory, immediately before HTx (D0) and at the following postoperative moments: 3, 7, 10, 14, 30, and 90 days (D3, D7, D10, D14, D30, and D90, respectively). The D0 and D7 intervals were based on prior studies that evaluated lymphopenia in CMV reactivation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and the other intervals were selected at the authors&#8217; discretion. These data were available due to the service&#8217;s routine, in which laboratory tests are requested throughout the perioperative period of HTx (and during outpatient follow-up), including complete blood count, in the preoperative period and daily during the postoperative period, so that all patients had adequate lymphocyte dosage during these periods. Given the wide availability of data available in relation to lymphocyte counts, the value of lymphocytes collected and used in the study was exactly that of the determined days: D0, D3, D7, D10, D14, D30, and D90.</p>
          <p>The mean lowest values of total lymphocytes found in the first 14 days after HTx was obtained and analyzed according to PCR reactivity for Chagas. The lowest lymphocyte value was used to evaluate the hypothesis that lymphopenia may be associated with serum detection of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> and RCD.</p>
          <p>It is evident that, as expected in numerous cases of early HTx, the majority of patients included underwent some change in the immunosuppressive regimen (dose and type) during follow-up, altered in cases of rejection, infection, or adverse effects (acute kidney injury, for example), but the study did not evaluate the variation in immunosuppression and its possible impact on lymphocyte counts. Thus, immunosuppressive therapy was evaluated around the third month after transplantation, when the type and doses of immunosuppressants tend to stabilize and biopsies have already been performed to define the degree of immunosuppression. Furthermore, this period is close to the mean time to RCD of 71 days after HTx suggested by Diez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A CMV test was also previously conducted for the patients and analyzed in this study, within a period of 3 months after HTx, preemptively, according to the institutional protocol (2, 6, and 10 weeks), by means of quantitative PCR, carried out at the AFIP laboratory (detection defined as 50 copies/mL).</p>
          <p>Other selected data were related to patients&#8217; clinical, laboratory, and anatomopathological profile (on endomyocardial biopsy), which were extracted from medical records.</p>
          <p>Patients&#8217; baseline characteristics were collected, including age, sex, blood type, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), date of surgery, occurrence of death (if present), in addition to comorbidities that were present prior to HTx, such as systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and history of smoking.</p>
          <p>Moreover, the presence and degree of cellular rejection were assessed in the sample (using the classification proposed by Stewart et al., in 2005<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>) using endomyocardial biopsy performed according to the institutional protocol (second, fourth, eighth, and twelfth weeks after HTx).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were described as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and interquartile range, according to data normality, evaluated through inspection of histograms. Categorical variables were shown as absolute and relative frequencies.</p>
          <p>Comparisons of baseline characteristics in relation to the PCR results for Chagas, in the 3 months after HTx, were carried out using independent Cox proportional hazards models. Results were presented as hazard rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals.</p>
          <p>The association between the absolute lymphocyte count in the perioperative period (by the mean lowest lymphocyte value up to 7 and 14 postoperative days) and the presence of positive PCR for Chagas within 3 months after HTx was evaluated using ROC curves. The areas under the curves (AUC) were described for each case.</p>
          <p>Three time-to-event models, considering Cox proportional hazards models, were presented to show the chance of positive PCR results for Chagas according to the baseline lymphocyte values (D0) and minimum up to 7 days and up to 14 postoperative days. Adjusted sensitivity models (by age, mycophenolate dose, and rejection episodes with indication for pulse therapy) were also included. A Kaplan-Meier graph was constructed to evaluate the lymphocytes with better accuracy.</p>
          <p>The analyses were conducted using R software, version 4.2.1. Hypothesis tests were performed at a 5% significance level.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>This study followed all required ethical principles. It was forwarded and approved, firstly, by the Research Ethics Committee of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese (ethics committee protocol number: 5331; opinion number: 5918442; CAAE: 67067923.3.0000.5462), and it was in compliance with the Brazilian General Data Protection Law and resolution 466/2012.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The study had a total sample of 35 patients, mean age of 52.5 &#177; 8.1 years, with mean BMI of 22.6 &#177; 2.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. During the 3-month follow-up, there were 4 deaths, 11% of the sample, which were not related to RCD. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> summarizes the basic characteristics, according to the PCR analysis for Chagas. There was no association between the variables described and PCR positivity, including type of immunosuppressant, higher doses of mycophenolate, rejection episodes (&gt; 2R with indication for pulse therapy), or CMV reactivation/viral load.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of baseline characteristics according to PCR positivity for Chagas within 3 postoperative months after heart transplantation surgery (n = 35)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>Negative, N = 13</th>
                  <th>Positive, N = 22</th>
                  <th>Hazard risk ratio [95% CI]</th>
                  <th>p*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years, mean &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">52.5 &#177; 8.1</td>
                  <td align="center">50.8 &#177; 8.8</td>
                  <td align="center">53.5 &#177; 7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 [0.97 &#8211;1.08]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.358</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex, n/N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22/35 (62.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6/13 (46.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16/22 (72.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.51 [0.63 &#8211; 3.65]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.358</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Blood type, n/N (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A</td>
                  <td align="center">11/35 (31.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5/13 (38.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6/22 (27.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B</td>
                  <td align="center">5/35 (14.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2/13 (15.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3/22 (13.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.43 [0.4 &#8211; 5.09]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.579</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AB</td>
                  <td align="center">6/35 (17.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1/13 (7.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5/22 (22.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1 [0.62 &#8211; 7.07]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.232</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>O</td>
                  <td align="center">13/35 (37.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5/13 (38.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8/22 (36.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.11 [0.39 &#8211; 3.13]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.841</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAH, n/N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11/35 (31.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4/13 (30.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7/22 (31.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74 [0.31 &#8211; 1.8]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.509</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM, n/N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5/35 (14.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2/13 (15.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3/22 (13.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64 [0.19 &#8211; 2.17]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.474</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DLP, n/N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13/35 (37.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5/13 (38.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8/22 (36.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7 [0.31 &#8211; 1.62]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.408</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ex-smoker, n/N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12/35 (34.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3/13 (23.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9/22 (40.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.52 [0.66 &#8211; 3.5]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.324</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Number of immunosuppressants in 3 PO months, n/N (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">1/35 (2.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/13 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1/22 (4.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">33/35 (94.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13/13 (100.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20/22 (90.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.31 [0.04 &#8211; 2.47]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.270</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">1/35 (2.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/13 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1/22 (4.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45 [0.03 &#8211; 7.61]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.582</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mycophenolate, n/N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34/35 (97.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13/13 (100.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21/22 (95.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32 [0.04 &#8211; 2.5]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.276</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose &gt; 1000 mg/day mycophenolate mofetil or &gt; 720 mg/day mycophenolate sodium, n/N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4/35 (11.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/13 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4/22 (18.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.75 [0.58 &#8211; 5.25]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.321</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Azathioprine, n/N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/35 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/13 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/22 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tacrolimus, n/N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15/35(42.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3/13 (23.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12/22 (54.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.51 [0.67 &#8211; 3.36]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.318</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cyclosporine, n/N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20/35 (57.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10/13 (76.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10/22 (45.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66 [0.3 &#8211; 1.48]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.318</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prednisone, n/N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35/35 (100.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13/13 (100.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22/22 (100.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>mTOR inhibitor, n/N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1/35 (2.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/13 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1/22 (4.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4 [0.19 &#8211; 10.57]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.743</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Reactivation of CMV, n/N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25/35 (71.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8/13 (61.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17/22 (77.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.54 [0.57 &#8211; 4.13]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.391</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Logarithm of maximum CMV viral load, log (copy/ml), median [quartiles]</td>
                  <td align="center">7.3 [6.6; 9.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9 [7.3; 9.9]</td>
                  <td align="center">8.6 [6.7; 9.9]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.05 [0.89 &#8211; 1.24]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.574</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rejection &gt; 2R/pulse therapy, n/N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19/35 (54.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7/13 (53.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12/22 (54.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.21 [0.53 &#8211; 2.73]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.650</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>*Cox proportional hazards models for negative PCR within 3 months after transplantation. CI: confidence interval; CMV: cytomegalovirus; DLP: dyslipidemia; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTx: heart transplantation; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin protein; PCR: qualitative polymerase chain reaction; PO: postoperative; SAH: arterial hypertension; SD: standard deviation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Within the period of 3 months after HTx, 22 patients had positive PCR for Chagas, that is, 62% of the sample, and the mean time to PCR reactivity was 45 &#177; 26.2 days. All patients who had positive PCR for Chagas received treatment with benznidazole for 60 days, according to the service protocol. They all had negative PCR results after treatment, and none of them presented complications linked to RCD afterwards. No other patients received benznidazole, besides those with positive PCR.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> describe the lymphocyte values according to the PCR result for Chagas up to the third month after HTx. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> also displays the AUC of lymphocytes for PCR positivity for <italic>T. cruzi</italic> (represented as a graph in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>), in addition to the cutoff points suggested as a risk factor (for PCR reactivity) for baseline lymphocyte values (D0), the minimum by D7, and the minimum by D14.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mean and standard deviation of absolute lymphocyte count per day, according to PCR results for Chagas within 3 months after heart transplantation, with AUC and cutoff point for lymphocytes as a risk factor for PCR reactivity</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Day (D)</th>
                  <th colspan="3">PCR for Chagas within 3 months after HTx</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Cutoff point &#8225;</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Sensitivity</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Specificity</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Negative</th>
                  <th>Positive</th>
                  <th>AUC</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>D0</td>
                  <td align="center">1585 &#177; 713</td>
                  <td align="center">1343 &#177; 508</td>
                  <td align="center">0.621</td>
                  <td align="center">1120</td>
                  <td align="center">83.3%</td>
                  <td align="center">42.9%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D3</td>
                  <td align="center">922 &#177; 360</td>
                  <td align="center">546 &#177; 241</td>
                  <td align="center">0.808</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D7</td>
                  <td align="center">1238 &#177; 693</td>
                  <td align="center">607 &#177; 412</td>
                  <td align="center">0.795</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D10</td>
                  <td align="center">1504 &#177; 946</td>
                  <td align="center">700 &#177; 390</td>
                  <td align="center">0.778</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D14</td>
                  <td align="center">1160 &#177; 537</td>
                  <td align="center">703 &#177; 395</td>
                  <td align="center">0.771</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Minimum* within 7 days</td>
                  <td align="center">810 &#177; 342</td>
                  <td align="center">438 &#177; 224</td>
                  <td align="center">0.822</td>
                  <td align="center">550</td>
                  <td align="center">83.3%</td>
                  <td align="center">71.4%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Minimum&#8224; within 14 days</td>
                  <td align="center">755 &#177; 303</td>
                  <td align="center">398 &#177; 189</td>
                  <td align="center">0.857</td>
                  <td align="center">550</td>
                  <td align="center">83.3%</td>
                  <td align="center">86.4%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>* Considering the mean lowest lymphocyte values in assessments up to D7 (including D0, D3, and D7). &#8224; Mean lowest lymphocyte values in assessments up to D14 (including D0, D3, D7, D10, and D14). &#8225; Lymphocytes/mm<sup>3</sup>. AUC: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; HTx: heart transplantation; PCR: polymerase chain reaction.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mean and standard deviation of lymphocytes per day, according to PCR results for Chagas (up to 3 months after heart transplantation). PCR: polymerase chain reaction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230588-30588-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ROC curves for mean baseline lymphocyte values (immediate preoperative period, D0) and mean lowest lymphocyte values within 7 days (D7) and 14 days (D14) after transplantation as a predictor of PCR negativity for Chagas within 3 months after heart transplantation. * Considering the mean lowest lymphocyte values in assessments up to D7 (including D0, D3, and D7). &#8224; Mean lowest lymphocyte values in assessments up to D14 (including D0, D3, D7, D10, and D14). AUC: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; CI: confidence interval; D: day after heart transplantation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230588-30588-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>There was an association between the mean lowest lymphocyte values observed in the first 7 and 14 days after HTx and PCR reactivity for Chagas that occurred in the first 3 months, highlighting the mean lowest lymphocyte values found in the first 14 days after transplantation (including D3, D7, D10, and D14), which presented predictive statistics (by AUC) of a greater relationship with PCR positivity within 3 months after HTx. In this case, the mean minimum value for lymphocytes was 755 &#177; 303 units/mm<sup>3</sup> in patients with negative PCR, much higher than the mean value of 398 &#177; 189 units/mm<sup>3</sup> in patients with positive PCR in the first 3 months after HTx, with AUC = 0.857. Based on these data, the cutoff point as a risk factor for PCR reactivity for Chagas was determined at 550 lymphocytes/mm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
        <p>It is worth highlighting, in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>, that the mean lymphocytes in patients with positive PCR after HTx was higher than in those with negative PCR, especially in periods from 3 to 14 days after transplantation, with lymphocyte values being similar after 90 days.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, the time to PCR positivity for Chagas was evaluated based on survival analysis, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>. Considering the mean lowest lymphocyte values within 7 and 14 days, there were significant effects for each increase of 100 lymphocytes. For the minimum value up to 14 days, it is evident that, for each additional 100 units of lymphocytes, the risk of reactivation was reduced by 26% (hazard rate ratio = 0.74 [95% confidence interval: 0.59 to 0.93]). The model was adjusted for other variables (age, dose of immunosuppression with mycophenolate, and rejection with indication for pulse therapy, the latter two previously described as related to the RCD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>), maintaining statistical significance. Other variables were not used to adjust the model due to the lack of association with PCR reactivity, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cox models for time to reactivation according to continuous lymphocytes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Model for time to reactivation</th>
                  <th>Hazard rate ratio [95%CI]</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                  <th>Hazard rate ratio&#8225; [95%CI]</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Immediate preoperative lymphocyte (D0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79 [0.66 &#8211; 0.93]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75 [0.61 &#8211; 0.92]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Minimum lymphocytes up to D7*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74 [0.59 &#8211; 0.93]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73 [0.58 &#8211; 0.93]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Minimum lymphocytes up to D14&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74 [0.59 &#8211; 0.93]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73 [0.58 &#8211; 0.93]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>* Considering the mean lowest lymphocyte values in assessments up to D7 (including D0, D3, and D7). &#8224; Mean lowest lymphocyte values in assessments up to D14 (including D0, D3, D7, D10, and D14). &#8225; Models adjusted for age, number of rejection episodes &gt; 2R/pulse therapy and higher doses of mycophenolate (&gt; 1000 mg/day mycophenolate mofetil or &gt; 720 mg/day mycophenolate sodium). CI: confidence interval; D: day after heart transplantation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref> shows that patients who had lymphocyte values below 550 units/mm<sup>3</sup> after transplantation had positive PCR in 80% of cases early, whereas, in patients with minimum lymphocytes above 550 units/mm<sup>3</sup>, only 30% tested positive for PCR later.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier for positive PCR for Chagas according to minimum lymphocyte value less than or equal to 550 lymphocytes/mm3, presenting within 14 postoperative days after heart transplantation. CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard rate ratio; PCR: polymerase chain reaction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-06-e20230588-30588-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>HTx in patients with refractory Chagas cardiomyopathy is common and has a favorable prognosis, but RCD secondary to immunosuppression is a severe complication. It is not known whether lymphopenia is related to RCD, as recently described in the reactivation of CMV after HTx.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Qualitative PCR for Chagas and reactivation of Chagas disease</title>
          <p>The study evaluated PCR reactivity for Chagas and its association with lymphopenia in the perioperative period of HTx. It is known that qualitative PCR has a high association with diagnosis of RCD, as demonstrated by Da Costa et al. in 2017, since this test presents sensitivity greater than 80% for RCD, resulting in AUC = 0.702, which is superior to conventional diagnostic methods for RCD, in addition to providing early identification of this complication (within 2 months).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Therefore, it is reasonable that the association of perioperative lymphopenia with PCR reactivity for Chagas may also be related to RCD itself. Quantitative serum PCR, in turn, was not used in this study, and it is already known that no specific cutoff values exist for defining RCD, since, as proposed by Benvenuti et al., blood is not always capable of reflecting the degree to which other organs, such as the myocardium, are affected by <italic>T. cruzi</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>PCR for Chagas may also be positive in patients with advanced chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy prior to HTx (immunocompetent patients), conferring a greater cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> However, there is still no consensus regarding the etiological treatment of these patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> unlike patients undergoing HTx for Chagas disease with detection of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> and RCD, for whom antiparasitic treatment is strongly recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In other words, monitoring with PCR can alter the management of transplant recipients with Chagas disease due to the possibility of early diagnosis and treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Lymphopenia as a risk factor for parasitemia (detected by PCR for Chagas)</title>
          <p>Initially, the sample presented, within the first 3 months after HTx, positive PCR for Chagas in 62% of patients, which is similar to the incidence of a study from the United States, in which reactivation reached a rate of 61% in transplant recipients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> reflecting the high prevalence of this complication, which, associated with its severity, makes it necessary to identify risk factors for the appropriate management of RCD.</p>
          <p>Some risk factors associated with RCD are already known, such as episodes of rejection, presence of neoplasia, and degree of immunosuppression with mycophenolate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> However, it is not known whether lymphopenia is related to RCD.</p>
          <p>The results of this study, in which the mean number of lymphocytes in patients who had positive PCR was lower than those whose PCR was negative (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>), especially for the mean lowest lymphocyte values in the first 14 days after transplantation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>, with means of 398 &#177; 189 and 755 &#177; 303 cells/mm<sup>3</sup> in patients with positive and negative PCR, respectively, with sensitivity and specificity greater than 80%), shows that there was an association between lymphopenia and PCR reactivity and, similarly, with RCD, similarly to the findings of studies on CMV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In addition to this finding, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>, for each increase of 100 lymphocytes, there was a 26% reduction in the risk of PCR reactivity.</p>
          <p>It is also worth highlighting the similarity between the cutoff value identified in this study as a risk factor for PCR positivity for Chagas, namely, 550 units/mm<sup>3</sup>, and the one described in previous studies for CMV reactivation after HTx, between 500 and 610 units/mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> reinforcing the dependence on the immune response when facing these infections.</p>
          <p>Early PCR positivity was observed, which occurred a mean of 45 days after HTx, a period slightly shorter than that demonstrated by Diez et al., approximately 71 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> When the number of lymphocytes was greater than 550 units/mm<sup>3</sup> in the first 14 days, in addition to an evidently lower prevalence of positive PCR for Chagas, there was a delay in the time to test positivity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Immunosuppression and early detection of T. cruzi by PCR</title>
          <p>In this study, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>, there was no statistically significant association between PCR reactivity and previous episodes of rejection, although this association has previously been reported,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> probably due to the limitations of this study, especially regarding the sample size. There was also no relationship with the number, type, and dose of immunosuppressants. It is worth highlighting the fact that the service where the study was conducted does not use azathioprine as the immunosuppressant of choice in patients with Chagas disease (as suggested by some authors<sup>3</sup>); therefore, there were no patients using this antiproliferative drug in the sample, opting for the lowest possible dose of mycophenolate, due to the evidence of its superiority in HTx outcomes in general.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In relation to the immunological response against the protozoan, cellular immunity stands out, mainly through CD4 T lymphocytes, producers of lytic antibodies and cytokines (such as gamma interferon), which assist in the destruction of intracellular forms of the parasites, in addition to some role of CD8 T lymphocytes in this process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> With immunosuppression in HTx, there is a reduction in the function/number of these cells, creating an environment conducive to RCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Regarding confirmation of the importance of cellular immunity in controlling Chagas disease, it is known that, in patients with concomitant HIV and <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infections, there is an elevated frequency (greater than 80%) of RCD when CD4 T lymphocytes are less than 200 cells/mm<sup>3</sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contributions of the findings to medical practice</title>
          <p>Knowing that lymphopenia is a risk factor for PCR reactivity for Chagas can promote better management of patients undergoing transplantation due to Chagas cardiomyopathy, since lymphocyte measurement is a widely available, low-cost, and easy-to-interpret laboratory test that can select patients with high risk for RCD. Accordingly, these individuals can have more rigorous surveillance regarding RCD, providing early diagnoses and treatments. This study confirmed the high efficacy of treating RCD with benznidazole, given that there was complete resolution of the parasitemia (confirmed by a new negative PCR) after appropriate treatment in all patients who had positive PCR for Chagas.</p>
          <p>Finally, these patients may even benefit from prophylactic treatments and/or reduction in the intensity of immunosuppression. Although Rossi et al., demonstrated in a retrospective study, that there was benefit in reducing the incidence of RCD with the use of prophylactic benznidazole after HTx,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> currently, prophylactic treatment against RCD is not recommended by current guidelines, especially due to the adverse effects caused by this treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nonetheless, the identification of high-risk patients with lymphopenia can guide more precise indication of possible drug prophylaxis, but further studies are certainly needed to evaluate the possible benefit of this type of conduct.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Evidently, the study has limitations inherent to the fact that it is retrospective and single-center, in addition to the reduced sample size and lack of internal and external validation.</p>
          <p>Furthermore, it presents limited availability to perform qualitative serum PCR tests. Finally, there was no availability, at the service, to perform quantitative serum PCR for Chagas or PCR for Chagas on material obtained from myocardial biopsy.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study demonstrated that there was a relationship between low absolute lymphocyte count during the perioperative period of HTx and early serum detection of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> by PCR in the first 3 months after HTx.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese under the protocol number 5918442; CAAE: 67067923.3.0000.5462. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
