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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Qgb4c6gNCQLgNzfcmVhZwkn</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000500202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240189</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Vitamina D e o Aparelho Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2806-743X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>da Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Leinig Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Claudio Leinig Pereira da Cunha</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica,1 Curitiba, PR - Brasil Rua Olavo Bilac, 181. CEP <postal-code>80440-040</postal-code>, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>cpcunha@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240189</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Vitamina D</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Vitaminas Lipossol&#250;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>Calciferol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A vitamina D (ou calciferol) &#233; uma vitamina sol&#250;vel em gordura. &#201; um termo gen&#233;rico e refere-se a um grupo de compostos lipossol&#250;veis com uma estrutura de colesterol de quatro an&#233;is. A s&#237;ntese d&#233;rmica, sob a&#231;&#227;o da luz UV-B na pele, &#233; a principal fonte natural desta vitamina, visto que muito poucos alimentos cont&#234;m vitamina D naturalmente (os peixes gordurosos, como salm&#227;o, atum, sardinha, truta, s&#227;o a exce&#231;&#227;o).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Esta vitamina D, proveniente da dieta ou da s&#237;ntese d&#233;rmica, &#233; biologicamente inativa. Apresenta-se como vitamina D3 (colecalciferol) e vitamina D2 (ergocalciferol), que s&#227;o convertidas enzimaticamente no f&#237;gado em 25(OH)D (25-hidroxivitamina D = calcidiol), a principal forma circulante de vitamina D. Depois, no rim, o calcidiol &#233; convertido em calcitriol (1,25-di-hidroxivitamina D), a forma ativa da vitamina D, que aumenta a absor&#231;&#227;o intestinal do c&#225;lcio, aumenta a reabsor&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea e diminui a excre&#231;&#227;o renal do c&#225;lcio e fosfato.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O melhor indicador laboratorial da adequa&#231;&#227;o da vitamina D &#233; a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de 25(OH)D. No entanto n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre a concentra&#231;&#227;o ideal; a <italic>National Academy of Medicine</italic> indicou que 20 ng/ml &#233; suficiente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> mas a maioria dos especialistas (<italic>Endocrine Society, National Osteoporosis Foundation, International Osteoporosis Foundation, American Geriatrics Society</italic>)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> sugerem que um n&#237;vel m&#237;nimo de 30ng/ml seja necess&#225;rio para os adultos.</p>
    <p>A vitamina D e seus metab&#243;litos t&#234;m reconhecido papel cl&#237;nico na homeostase do c&#225;lcio e no metabolismo &#243;sseo. A defici&#234;ncia de vitamina D foi originalmente descoberta como a causa do raquitismo. Posteriormente, mostrou-se que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com vitamina D e c&#225;lcio diminuiu o risco de fraturas osteopor&#243;ticas em idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Al&#233;m do seu papel metab&#243;lico relativo ao c&#225;lcio e aos ossos, a vitamina D contribui para a regula&#231;&#227;o de muitas outras fun&#231;&#245;es celulares. O receptor de vitamina D (VDR) &#233; quase universalmente expresso em c&#233;lulas nucleadas, aproximadamente 3% do genoma humano est&#225; sob controle do calcitriol, que converte a vitamina D em sua forma ativa, e, portanto, o espectro de atividade do sistema end&#243;crino da vitamina D &#233; muito amplo. Entre os efeitos "extraesquel&#233;ticos" da vitamina D se destacam seu efeito na fun&#231;&#227;o muscular, no c&#226;ncer e nos sistemas imunol&#243;gico, metab&#243;lico e cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Faria et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> estudam os efeitos da suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina D na hemodin&#226;mica e no sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo de indiv&#237;duos obesos, com resultados favor&#225;veis desta a&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora estudos observacionais mostrem uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre baixo n&#237;vel de vitamina D e maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso entre os ensaios randomizados que analisam o benef&#237;cio da suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina D.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Meta-an&#225;lise de 19 estudos prospectivos, incluindo 65.994 pacientes, mostrou uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os n&#237;veis de 25(OH)D (variando de 8 a 24 ng/ml) e o risco cardiovascular (risco relativo 1,03, IC 95% 1,00-1,60).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em outras revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e meta-an&#225;lises, entretanto, n&#227;o houve efeito da suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina D nos desfechos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> As meta-an&#225;lises tamb&#233;m n&#227;o mostraram um efeito significativo da vitamina D nos fatores de risco cardiovascular (press&#227;o arterial, lip&#237;dios e glicose).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Dados epidemiol&#243;gicos em larga escala sobre popula&#231;&#245;es predominantemente brancas na Am&#233;rica do Norte e na Europa sugerem uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis baixos de 25(OH)D (&lt;20 ng/ml) e alto risco de mortalidade por todas as causas. Em algumas meta-an&#225;lises observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o modesta da mortalidade, notadamente em pacientes mais velhos, n&#227;o gravemente enfermos e com defici&#234;ncia de vitamina D.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em ensaios com adultos gravemente doentes ou em adultos sem defici&#234;ncia de vitamina D, n&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade com a suplementa&#231;&#227;o da vitamina D.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise da mortalidade cardiovascular, estudo prospectivo com dados do NHANES mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o inversa entre n&#237;veis de 25(OH)D &lt;21 ng/ml e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Por&#233;m estes achados n&#227;o t&#234;m se repetido em pesquisas que envolvem a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina D em grande n&#250;mero de pacientes, buscando a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Desta forma, embora estudos observacionais indiquem uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a vitamina D e a sa&#250;de extraesquel&#233;tica, inclusive a cardiovascular, faltam estudos randomizados com grande n&#250;mero de pacientes por tempo prolongado, que definam se a vitamina D pode oferecer benef&#237;cios preventivos e terap&#234;uticos em ampla gama de altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-esquel&#233;ticas.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Efeitos da Suplementa&#231;&#227;o de Vitamina D sobre Par&#226;metros Hemodin&#226;micos Centrais e Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo em Indiv&#237;duos com Obesidade ou Sobrepeso</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240189i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Vitamin D and the Cardiovascular System</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2806-743X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>da Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Leinig Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Claudio Leinig Pereira da Cunha &#8226;</bold> Rua Olavo Bilac, 181. Postal Code <postal-code>80440-040</postal-code>, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>cpcunha@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Vitamin D</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular System</kwd>
        <kwd>Fat Soluble Vitamins</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholecalciferol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Vitamin D (or calciferol) is a fat-soluble vitamin. It is a generic term and refers to a group of fat-soluble compounds with a four-ring cholesterol structure. Dermal synthesis, under the action of UV-B light on the skin, is the main natural source of this vitamin, as very few foods contain vitamin D naturally (fatty fish, such as salmon, tuna, sardines, trout, are the exception).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This vitamin D, whether derived from the diet or dermal synthesis, is biologically inactive. It is presented as vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), which are enzymatically converted in the liver into 25(OH)D (25-hydroxyvitamin D = calcidiol), the main circulating form of vitamin D. Then, in the kidney, calcidiol is converted into calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D), the active form of vitamin D, which increases intestinal absorption of calcium, increases bone reabsorption and decreases renal excretion of calcium and phosphate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The best laboratory indicator of vitamin D adequacy is the serum 25(OH)D concentration. However, there is no consensus on the ideal concentration; the National Academy of Medicine indicated that 20 ng/ml is suficiente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> but most experts (Endocrine Society, National Osteoporosis Foundation, International Osteoporosis Foundation, American Geriatrics Society)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> suggest that a minimum level of 30ng/ml is necessary for adults.</p>
      <p>Vitamin D and its metabolites have a recognized clinical role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. Vitamin D deficiency was originally discovered as the cause of rickets. Subsequently, supplementation with vitamin D and calcium was shown to decrease the risk of osteoporotic fractures in the elderly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In addition to its metabolic role in calcium and bones, vitamin D contributes to the regulation of many other cellular functions. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is almost universally expressed in nucleated cells, approximately 3% of the human genome is under the control of calcitriol, which converts vitamin D to its active form, and therefore the spectrum of activity of the endocrine system of vitamin D is very broad. Among the "extraskeletal" effects of vitamin D, its effect on muscle function, cancer, and the immune, metabolic, and cardiovascular systems stands out.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this edition of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Faria et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> study the effects of vitamin D supplementation on hemodynamics and the autonomic nervous system of obese individuals, with favorable results from this action.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although observational studies show an association between low vitamin D levels and increased risk of cardiovascular events, there is no consensus among randomized trials analyzing the benefit of vitamin D supplementation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Meta-analysis of 19 prospective studies, including 65,994 patients, showed an inverse relationship between 25(OH)D levels (ranging from 8 to 24 ng/ml) and cardiovascular risk (relative risk 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.60).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In other systematic reviews and meta-analyses, however, there was no effect of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Meta-analyses also did not show a significant effect of vitamin D on cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, lipids, and glucose).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Large-scale epidemiological data on predominantly white populations in North America and Europe suggest an association between low 25(OH)D levels (&lt;20ng/ml) and a high risk of mortality from all causes. In some meta-analyses, a modest reduction in mortality was observed, notably in older, non-seriously ill patients with vitamin D deficiency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In trials with seriously ill adults or in adults without vitamin D deficiency, there was no reduction in mortality. with vitamin D supplementation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the analysis of cardiovascular mortality, a prospective study with data from the NHANES showed an inverse association between 25(OH)D levels &lt;21 ng/ml and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> However, these findings have not been repeated in research involving vitamin D supplementation in a large number of patients, seeking to reduce cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Thus, although observational studies indicate an association between vitamin D and extraskeletal health, including cardiovascular, there is a lack of randomized studies with a large number of patients over a long period, that define whether vitamin D can offer preventive and therapeutic benefits in a wide range of non-skeletal disorders.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Central Hemodynamic Parameters and Autonomic Nervous System in Obese or Overweight Individuals</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
