<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">H9qjQFsc6gvBpYMTZJPQJFF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000500314</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00314</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230791</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor Progn&#243;stico da Escore PREC&#304;SE DAPT em Resultados de Curto e Longo Prazo em Pacientes MINOCA com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8277-4370</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Onuk</surname>
            <given-names>Tolga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6414-3743</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polat</surname>
            <given-names>Fuat</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5863-4039</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yaylak</surname>
            <given-names>Bari&#351;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4153-4589</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;alik</surname>
            <given-names>Ali Nazmi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0836-4429</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Eren</surname>
            <given-names>Semih</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2596-6875</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aky&#252;z</surname>
            <given-names>&#350;&#252;kr&#252;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education Research Hospital, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Okan University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Health Science</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Okan University Faculty of Health Science, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Tolga Onuk &#8226; Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Educat&#305;on Research Hospital &#8211; Selimiye Mah. T&#305;bbiye Cad. No.25 &#220;sk&#252;dar/&#304;stanbul &#8211; Turquia; E-mail: <email>tolgaonuk77@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230791</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Valor Progn&#243;stico da Escore PREC&#304;SE DAPT em Resultados de Curto e Longo Prazo em Pacientes MINOCA com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/H9qjQFsc6gvBpYMTZJPQJFF/e0f5d7f1c9c1c10bddfe68638b3588bf462e93ce.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/H9qjQFsc6gvBpYMTZJPQJFF/8099e9c3c49c7ac79887edfe0fa29d03e025a2ed.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/H9qjQFsc6gvBpYMTZJPQJFF/1ee61228918dc78108838e4280cbca3fa2ec50a0.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o obstrutivas (MINOCA) constitui um subconjunto significativo de infartos agudos do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com marcadores progn&#243;sticos incertos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o precoce do risco &#233; crucial para identificar pacientes MINOCA em risco de resultados adversos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a capacidade preditiva do escore PRECISE-DAPT na avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico de curto e longo prazo em pacientes MINOCA que apresentam infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST) ou com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Entre 741 pacientes MINOCA, o escore PRECISE-DAPT foi calculado para analisar sua associa&#231;&#227;o com eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACE) intra-hospitalares e de acompanhamento. Os par&#226;metros que apresentaram signific&#226;ncia nos grupos MACEM (+) foram submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada para eventos intra-hospitalares e regress&#227;o univariada de Cox para eventos de seguimento. Para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, foi adotado n&#237;vel pr&#233;-definido de &#945; = 0,05. Os par&#226;metros que demonstraram signific&#226;ncia foram submetidos &#224; regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla para eventos intra-hospitalares e &#224; regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox para eventos de seguimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os MACE intra-hospitalares ocorreram em 4,1% dos pacientes, enquanto 58% apresentaram MACE no acompanhamento. Os n&#237;veis de hemoglobina e o escore PRECISE-DAPT foram identificados como par&#226;metros independentes para MACE intra-hospitalar. Al&#233;m disso, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE%) e o escore PRECISE-DAPT surgiram como preditores independentes de MACE no acompanhamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O estudo revelou que um escore PRECISE-DAPT mais alto foi significativamente associada a riscos aumentados de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores tanto intra-hospitalares quanto de longo prazo em pacientes MINOCA que apresentam s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), ressaltando o potencial do escore na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para esta coorte de pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="key-points">
        <title>Destaques</title>
        <p>&#8211; O escore PRECISE-DAPT prev&#234; o risco de MACE em pacientes MINOCA.</p>
        <p>&#8211; O n&#237;vel de hemoglobina e o escore PRECISE-DAPT predizem MACE intra-hospitalar.</p>
        <p>&#8211; A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e o escore PRECISE-DAPT predizem MACE em longo prazo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>MINOCA</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial, Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Antiplaquet&#225;ria Dupla</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o obstrutivas (MINOCA) representam 6% a 14% de todos aqueles com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico de MINOCA depende da presen&#231;a de IAM cl&#237;nico e da aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva (DAC). Na verdade, MINOCA &#233; inicialmente considerado um diagn&#243;stico v&#225;lido durante a angiografia at&#233; que outras poss&#237;veis causas de eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina sejam exclu&#237;das. As causas subjacentes podem ser condi&#231;&#245;es coronarianas ou n&#227;o coronarianas, incluindo doen&#231;as card&#237;acas ou n&#227;o card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> MINOCA pode ser apresentado como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) ou sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST) em um eletrocardiograma (ECG), entretanto, IAMCSST &#233; mais comum na popula&#231;&#227;o MINOCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Pacientes MINOCA apresentam melhor progn&#243;stico em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) com DAC obstrutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Entretanto, pacientes MINOCA apresentam pior expectativa de vida em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis de mesma idade e sexo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Foi demonstrado anteriormente que escores de risco como o Grace Risk Score est&#227;o associados ao progn&#243;stico na popula&#231;&#227;o MINOCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O escore PRECISE-DAPT, que prev&#234; risco de sangramento em pacientes submetidos a implante de Stent e subsequente terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla (DAPT), foi desenvolvido para prever o risco de sangramento em pacientes tratados com DAPT ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP). Esse escore &#233; calculado por cinco itens (idade, contagem de leuc&#243;citos, n&#237;vel de hemoglobina, depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina e hist&#243;ria de sangramento espont&#226;neo) e pacientes com escore &gt; 25 apresentam alto risco de sangramento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> As diretrizes atuais recomendam o uso do escore PRECISE-DAPT para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de sangramento, e um escore &gt; 25 indica que o per&#237;odo DAPT deve ser menor que 3 a 6 meses em pacientes com escore &lt; 25,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Em um estudo recente, um escore PRECISE-DAPT alto foi associado a maior mortalidade por todas as causas em longo prazo em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do escore PRECISE-DAPT na predi&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico de curto e longo prazo em pacientes MINOCA apresentando SCA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O estudo &#233; retrospectivo e observacional. Inclu&#237;mos 7.300 pacientes internados em nosso hospital com diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST OU ISMSSST entre abril de 2013 e dezembro de 2022. Entre os 7.300 pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, um subconjunto de 741 indiv&#237;duos recebeu diagn&#243;stico de SCA e MINOCA. A angiografia coron&#225;ria foi realizada em todos os pacientes. Pacientes que n&#227;o apresentavam estenose coronariana de 50% ou mais em qualquer art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria na angiografia coronariana e que n&#227;o foram diagnosticados com dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, miocardite e cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo foram classificados como MINOCA. Em nosso estudo, pacientes com estenose obstrutiva da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, exceto doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo e n&#227;o foram classificados como MINOCA. O fluxograma da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230791-30791-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O escore PRECISE-DAPT, idade, depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina, contagem de leuc&#243;citos, hemoglobina e hist&#243;rico de sangramento pr&#233;vio foram calculados para cada caso usando uma calculadora da web <underline>(</underline>http://www.precisedaptscore.com). Dados cl&#237;nicos, bioqu&#237;micos, intervencionistas, ECG e ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica foram obtidos do conjunto eletr&#244;nico de dados do hospital. A ecocardiografia foi realizada para determinar a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE). A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de ataque card&#237;aco ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana foi especificada e inclu&#237;da no estudo. Todos os pacientes, inclusive aqueles com infarto pr&#233;vio ou hist&#243;rico de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, foram submetidos a ICP de emerg&#234;ncia. Os medicamentos, incluindo o in&#237;cio e a dura&#231;&#227;o da terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla e da terapia anticoagulante, foram prescritos a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente no momento da alta. Os principais eventos cardiovasculares intra-hospitalares foram identificados como mortalidade cardiovascular, acidente vascular cerebral e sangramento maior. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares maiores de longo prazo foram considerados: morte vascular card&#237;aca, morte n&#227;o cardiovascular, acidente vascular cerebral, sangramento maior, interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. O MACE intra-hospitalar de todos os pacientes foi obtido dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos do paciente. Os principais eventos cardiovasculares de longo prazo de todos os pacientes foram obtidos dos registros m&#233;dicos do paciente, dos m&#233;dicos relevantes do hospital para o qual os pacientes foram encaminhados ou por telefone dos pacientes. O desenho do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local e conduzido de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos dados utilizou o software SPSS (vers&#227;o 23.0, SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas quanto &#224; normalidade, empregando inspe&#231;&#227;o visual por meio de histogramas, gr&#225;ficos de probabilidade e teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O teste de Levene foi utilizado para avaliar a homogeneidade. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e como mediana com intervalo interquartil para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, testes estat&#237;sticos incluindo o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado e o teste de Mann-Whitney foram aplicados para avaliar diferen&#231;as nas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os grupos, garantindo uma an&#225;lise abrangente das associa&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram dadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, as diferen&#231;as nas vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os grupos foram avaliadas pelo teste qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise intra-hospitalar, os par&#226;metros que demonstraram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa no grupo MACE (+) foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial por meio de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada, seguida de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla para resultados significativos. Para a an&#225;lise de acompanhamento, os par&#226;metros que exibiram uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa no grupo MACE (+) foram inicialmente examinados usando an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada de Cox, seguida por regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox para resultados significativos.</p>
        <p>Posteriormente, os fatores que predizem independentemente o MACE foram submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise ROC para determinar a sensibilidade e a especificidade. O valor de corte do escore PRECISE-DAPT, determinado pela maior sensibilidade e especificidade, foi utilizado na an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier para comparar a sobrevida em longo prazo. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi de 5%. Al&#233;m disso, foram realizadas an&#225;lises garantindo pressupostos b&#225;sicos para regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, incluindo independ&#234;ncia de erros, linearidade no logit para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, aus&#234;ncia de multicolinearidade e aus&#234;ncia de outliers fortemente influentes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultado</title>
      <p>Um total de 741 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Foram obtidos dados de acompanhamento de longo prazo de 734 pacientes. A mediana do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento do total de 734 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo foi de 56,8 (intervalo interquartil [IQR] 38,3-76,5) meses. Os MACE intra-hospitalares ocorreram em 4,1% dos pacientes e os MACE no acompanhamento ocorreram em 58% dos pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; MACE intra-hospitalar e de acompanhamento dos pacientes. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230791-30791-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 61,4&#177;14,1 anos, e o sexo masculino foi predominante (58,5%). A m&#233;dia do escore PRECISE DAPT dos pacientes foi de 23,6 &#177; 14,4. Quase todos os pacientes (98,8%) receberam AAS 300 mg antes ou durante o procedimento. A maioria dos pacientes recebeu Clopidogrel 300 mg antes ou durante o procedimento. A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que receberam Ticagrelor no in&#237;cio do estudo foi de 11,7%. Outras caracter&#237;sticas de todos os pacientes s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas do paciente</th>
                <th>n = 741</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (masculino) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">434(58,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos) (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">61,4&#177;14,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">28,21&#177;5,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">369(49,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes Mellitus (%)</td>
                <td align="center">224(30,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo (Ativo) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">305(41,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39(5.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29(3,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque cardiog&#234;nico na admiss&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40(5,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Killip III-IV na admiss&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42(5,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRE no ECG (%)</td>
                <td align="center">68(9,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ataque card&#237;aco pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">49(6,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                <td align="center">71(9,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29(3,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore PRECISE DAPT (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">23,6&#177;14,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso pr&#233;vio de varfarina (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42(5,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso pr&#233;vio de NOAC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29(3,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leuc&#243;citos (10<sup>3</sup>/uL) (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">10,3&#177;4,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL) (mediana, IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0(0,8-1,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL) (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">12,5&#177;2,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE% (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">46&#177;12,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ticagrelor (%)</td>
                <td align="center">87(11,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidogrel 300 mg (%)</td>
                <td align="center">638(86)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidogrel 600 mg (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8(1.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AAS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">733(98,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador (%)</td>
                <td align="center">693(93,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">172(23,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA (%)</td>
                <td align="center">574(77,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IBP (%)</td>
                <td align="center">734(99,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina (%)</td>
                <td align="center">618(83,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HBPM antes do procedimento (%)</td>
                <td align="center">667(90,6)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IECA/BRA: Inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina/bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II; AAS: &#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; DPOC: Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; ECG: Eletrocardiografia; IQR: Intervalo interquartil; BRE: Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; HBPM: Heparina de baixo peso molecular; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NOAC: anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o antagonistas da vitamina K; IBP: inibidor da bomba de pr&#243;tons; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos com (+) MACE hospitalar e sem (-) MACE hospitalar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). No grupo MACE (+) havia taxas mais altas de choque cardiog&#234;nico (p=0,008), maior m&#233;dia de IMC (p=0,025) e fumantes ativos. A escore PRECISE DAPT foi duas vezes maior (22,6% vs. 43,9%) em pacientes MACE (+) do que em pacientes MACE (-). Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes com MACE (+) apresentaram taxas mais baixas de inibidores da ECA/BRA e prescri&#231;&#245;es de estatinas, n&#237;veis mais baixos de hemoglobina, FEVE% mais baixos e n&#237;veis mais elevados de creatinina.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes com ou sem grupos de MACE intra-hospitalares</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas do paciente</th>
                <th>MACE (-) no Hospital (n=709)</th>
                <th>MACE (+) no Hospital (n=32)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (masculino) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">414(58,4)</td>
                <td align="center">19(59,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,533</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos) (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">61,6&#177;14</td>
                <td align="center">57.1&#177;14.3</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">28.09&#177;5.02</td>
                <td align="center">30.05&#177;6,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,008*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">352(49,6)</td>
                <td align="center">17(53,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,419</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes Mellitus (%)</td>
                <td align="center">215(30,3)</td>
                <td align="center">9(28,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,482</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo (Ativo) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">285(40,2)</td>
                <td align="center">19(59,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,025*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38(5.4)</td>
                <td align="center">1(3.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,488</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28(3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1(3.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,640</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque cardiog&#234;nico na admiss&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35(4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">5(15,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,024*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Killip III-IV na admiss&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">37(5.2)</td>
                <td align="center">4(12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,094</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRE no ECG (%)</td>
                <td align="center">64(9)</td>
                <td align="center">4(12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,337</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ataque card&#237;aco pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">46(6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">3(9,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,127</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (9,3)</td>
                <td align="center">5(15,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,089</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28(3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1(3.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,640</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore PRECISE DAPT (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">22.6&#177;13,8</td>
                <td align="center">43,9&#177;13,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso pr&#233;vio de varfarina (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41(5,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1(3.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,444</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso pr&#233;vio de NOAC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28(4)</td>
                <td align="center">1(3.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,640</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leuc&#243;citos (10<sup>3</sup>/uL) (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">10.2&#177;4.1</td>
                <td align="center">11,5&#177;4.1</td>
                <td align="center">0,053</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL) (mediana, IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (0,7-1,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,3(0,9-1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL) (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">12.6&#177;1,9</td>
                <td align="center">9.4&#177;1.7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE% (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">46,3&#177;12.4</td>
                <td align="center">38,2&#177;15,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ticagrelor (%)</td>
                <td align="center">83(11,7)</td>
                <td align="center">4(12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,531</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidogrel 300 mg (%)</td>
                <td align="center">609(85,9)</td>
                <td align="center">28(87,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,525</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidogrel 600 mg (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8(1.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,701</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AAS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">701(98,9)</td>
                <td align="center">31(96,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,329</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador (%)</td>
                <td align="center">665(93,8)</td>
                <td align="center">28(87,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,146</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">161(22,7)</td>
                <td align="center">11(34,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA (%)</td>
                <td align="center">562(79,3)</td>
                <td align="center">12(37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IBP (%)</td>
                <td align="center">702(99)</td>
                <td align="center">32(100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,733</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina (%)</td>
                <td align="center">597(84,2)</td>
                <td align="center">21(65,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,011*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HBPM antes do procedimento (%)</td>
                <td align="center">638(90,6)</td>
                <td align="center">29(90,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,593</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>IECA/BRA: Inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina/bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II; AAS: &#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; DPOC: Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; ECG: Eletrocardiografia; IQR: Intervalo interquartil; BRE: Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; HBPM : Heparina de baixo peso molecular; FEVE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; MACE: Principais eventos cardiovasculares adversos; NOAC: Anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o antagonistas da vitamina K; IBP: Inibidor da bomba de pr&#243;tons; DP: Desvio padr&#227;o. * Valor P significativo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Quando os par&#226;metros estatisticamente significativos entre os dois grupos foram avaliados por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada, tabagismo ativo, choque na admiss&#227;o, escore PRECISE DAPT, n&#237;vel de creatinina, n&#237;vel de hemoglobina, FEVE%, uso de IECA/BRA, uso de estatinas e IMC foram os fatores retidos significativamente. Aplicando esses par&#226;metros a an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, o n&#237;vel de hemoglobina e o escore PRECISE DAPT foram considerados par&#226;metros independentes para MACE intra-hospitalar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e m&#250;ltipla dos grupos com e sem MACE durante o per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas do paciente</th>
                <th colspan="3">An&#225;lise Univariada</th>
                <th colspan="3">An&#225;lise de Regress&#227;o Log&#237;stica M&#250;ltipla</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante (Ativo)</td>
                <td align="center">2.174</td>
                <td align="center">1.051-4.473</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque na admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">3.566</td>
                <td align="center">1.299-9.820</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore PRECISA DAPT</td>
                <td align="center">1.100</td>
                <td align="center">1.071-1.131</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1.039</td>
                <td align="center">1.003-1.077</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">1.304</td>
                <td align="center">1.075-1.581</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina</td>
                <td align="center">0,405</td>
                <td align="center">0,316-0,520</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,482</td>
                <td align="center">0,356-0,652</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">0,955</td>
                <td align="center">0,930-0,981</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">0,157</td>
                <td align="center">0,075-0,328</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">0,358</td>
                <td align="center">0,168-0,763</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">1.073</td>
                <td align="center">0,030-5,522</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>IECA/BRA: Inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina/bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II; IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; FEVE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os pacientes acompanhados foram divididos em dois grupos com (+) MACE de acompanhamento e sem (-) MACE de acompanhamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). Os MACE foram mais frequentes em pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico, Killip III-IV na apresenta&#231;&#227;o e em pacientes com BRE no ECG. A escore PRECISE DAPT foi mais frequente (18,1% vs. 27,1%) em pacientes MACE (+) do que em pacientes MACE (-). Pacientes com MACE (+) apresentaram taxas mais altas de uso de varfarina e BCC e taxas mais baixas de uso de clopidogrel e ticagrelor por mais de 1 ano, uso de IECA/BRA e IBP. Al&#233;m disso, foram observados n&#237;veis mais baixos de hemoglobina e FEVE% e n&#237;veis mais elevados de creatinina e leuc&#243;citos em pacientes com MACE (+).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes com ou sem acompanhamento dos grupos MACE</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas do paciente</th>
                <th>MACE (-) Acompanhamento (n=308)</th>
                <th>MACE (+) Acompanhamento (n=426)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (masculino) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">172(55,8)</td>
                <td align="center">258(60,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,114</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos) (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">61,7&#177;13.2</td>
                <td align="center">61,1&#177;14,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,563</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">28,7&#177;5.2</td>
                <td align="center">27,8&#177;4.9</td>
                <td align="center">0,113</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">156(50,6)</td>
                <td align="center">208(48,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,340</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes Mellitus (%)</td>
                <td align="center">93(30,2)</td>
                <td align="center">131(30,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,469</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo (Ativo) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">123(39,9)</td>
                <td align="center">178(41,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,335</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20(6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">19(4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,248</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12(3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">17(4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,554</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque cardiog&#234;nico na admiss&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9(2,9)</td>
                <td align="center">28(6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Killip III-IV na admiss&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6(1,9)</td>
                <td align="center">32(7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRE no ECG (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15(4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">52(12,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ataque card&#237;aco pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20(6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">29(6,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,405</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29(9,4)</td>
                <td align="center">42(9,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,234</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12(3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">17(4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,554</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore PRECISE DAPT (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">18,1&#177;13,2</td>
                <td align="center">27,1&#177;13,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso pr&#233;vio de varfarina (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11(3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">31(7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,023*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso pr&#233;vio de NOAC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11(3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">18(4.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,406</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leuc&#243;citos (10<sup>3</sup>/uL) (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">9,5&#177;3,8</td>
                <td align="center">10,4&#177;4,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,008*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL) (mediana, IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0(0,8-1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,3(1,0-1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL) (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">12,9&#177;2,1</td>
                <td align="center">12,1&#177;2,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE% (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">51,5&#177;10,6</td>
                <td align="center">42,2&#177;12,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AAS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">305(99)</td>
                <td align="center">420(98,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,433</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador (%)</td>
                <td align="center">291(94,5)</td>
                <td align="center">397(93,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,291</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">52(16,9)</td>
                <td align="center">120(28,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA (%)</td>
                <td align="center">268(87)</td>
                <td align="center">306(71,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IBP (%)</td>
                <td align="center">283(91,9)</td>
                <td align="center">333(78,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidor P2Y12 &gt;1 ano (%)</td>
                <td align="center">214(69,5)</td>
                <td align="center">217(50,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>IECA/BRA: Inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina/bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II; AAS: &#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; DPOC: Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; ECG: Eletrocardiografia; IQR: Intervalo interquartil; BRE: Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; HBPM: Heparina de baixo peso molecular; FEVE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; MACE: Principais eventos cardiovasculares adversos; NOAC: Anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o antagonistas da vitamina K; IBP: Inibidor da bomba de pr&#243;tons; DP: Desvio padr&#227;o.* Valor p significativo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Quando par&#226;metros estatisticamente significativos entre os dois grupos foram avaliados por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada de Cox, BRE no ECG, escore PRECISE DAPT, n&#237;vel de leuc&#243;citos, n&#237;vel de creatinina, n&#237;vel de hemoglobina, FEVE, uso de clopidogrel e ticagrelor por mais de 1 ano, uso de IECA/BRA e uso de estatinas foram os fatores retidos significativamente. Aplicando esses par&#226;metros a uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox (m&#233;todo enter), descobriu-se que a FEVE% e o escore PRECISE DAPT s&#227;o os preditores independentes de MACE de acompanhamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox univariada e multivariada dos grupos com e sem MACE durante o acompanhamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas do paciente</th>
                <th colspan="3">An&#225;lise Univariada</th>
                <th colspan="3">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>HR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
                <th>HR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque na admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,383</td>
                <td align="center">0,942-2,030</td>
                <td align="center">0,097</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Killip III-IV na admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,432</td>
                <td align="center">0,998-2,054</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRE no ECG</td>
                <td align="center">1,381</td>
                <td align="center">1,024-1,862</td>
                <td align="center">0,034*</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore PRECISA DAPT</td>
                <td align="center">1,019</td>
                <td align="center">1,013-1,025</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">1,013</td>
                <td align="center">1,006-1,020</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso pr&#233;vio de varfarina</td>
                <td align="center">1,096</td>
                <td align="center">0,760-1,581</td>
                <td align="center">0,624</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leuc&#243;citos</td>
                <td align="center">1,027</td>
                <td align="center">1,006-1,048</td>
                <td align="center">0,012*</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">1,104</td>
                <td align="center">1,025-1,190</td>
                <td align="center">0,009*</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina</td>
                <td align="center">0,902</td>
                <td align="center">0,862-0,945</td>
                <td align="center">0,001*</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">0,975</td>
                <td align="center">0,968-0,982</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">0,980</td>
                <td align="center">0,972-0,987</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CCB</td>
                <td align="center">1.319</td>
                <td align="center">1.067-1.630</td>
                <td align="center">0,010*</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">0,710</td>
                <td align="center">0,574-0,878</td>
                <td align="center">0,002*</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">0,698</td>
                <td align="center">0,554-0,879</td>
                <td align="center">0,002*</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidor P2Y12 &gt;1 ano</td>
                <td align="center">0,799</td>
                <td align="center">0,660-0,968</td>
                <td align="center">0,022*</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>IECA/BRA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina/bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II; ECG: eletrocardiografia; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. * Valor p significativo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Avaliamos a sensibilidade e a especificidade dos preditores independentes de MACE por meio da an&#225;lise ROC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>). Como a &#225;rea AUC foi baixa na an&#225;lise ROC realizada de acordo com a FEVE, n&#227;o foram feitos c&#225;lculos de sensibilidade e especificidade. O n&#237;vel AUC da escore PRECISE DAPT foi suficientemente elevado. Quando o escore PRECISE DAPT foi &gt; 20,5, a sensibilidade foi determinada como 72%, a especificidade como 62%, o valor preditivo positivo como 65,5% e o valor preditivo negativo como 68,9%.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise ROC do escore PRECISE DAPT entre grupos na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o proporcional multivariada de Cox.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230791-30791-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Utilizamos o valor de corte de 20,5% para avaliar a sobrevida em longo prazo pela an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>), que resultou em um qui-quadrado de 43,29, p&lt;0,001 de longo prazo. Observou-se que a taxa de MACE entre os grupos diferiu no primeiro ano de acompanhamento.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Sobrevida em longo prazo de acordo com o escore PRECISE DAPT pela an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230791-30791-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, descobrimos que um escore PRECISE-DAPT alto &#233; um preditor independente significativo de MACE intra-hospitalar e de longo prazo em pacientes MINOCA com SCA. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a relatar que o MACE intra-hospitalar e de longo prazo &#233; significativamente maior em pacientes MINOCA com SCA com um escore PRECISE-DAPT alto. A an&#225;lise ROC demonstrou que o escore PRECISE-DAPT teve uma capacidade de discrimina&#231;&#227;o moderada para estratificar pacientes com SCA-MINOCA pelo risco de MACE. Os dados mostraram que o escore de risco PRECISE-DAPT tem valor progn&#243;stico em pacientes com SCA-MINOCA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>Numerosos estudos foram publicados recentemente sobre o valor progn&#243;stico do MINOCA. Em uma revis&#227;o recente realizada por Pasupathy et al., o MINOCA apresentou uma taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas mais baixa do que aqueles com IAM-DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em uma meta-an&#225;lise publicada por Pizzi et al., todas as taxas de eventos de desfecho cardiovascular (MACE, todas as mortes, morte card&#237;aca, IAM e todas as mortes mais IAM) na DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva foram significativamente menores do que aquelas na DAC obstrutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Um estudo recente em pacientes chineses do MINOCA revelou que MACE (mortes cardiovasculares, IAM n&#227;o fatal, acidentes vasculares cerebrais, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e reinterna&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares) foi menor no grupo MINOCA do que no grupo IAM-DAC no acompanhamento de 1 ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Em alguns estudos, foi demonstrado que o progn&#243;stico do MINOCA &#233; melhor do que o dos pacientes IAM-DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Alguns estudos indicaram que pacientes com MINOCA tiveram resultados cl&#237;nicos semelhantes aos de pacientes com IAM-DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Dreyer et al., indicaram pior progn&#243;stico no acompanhamento de 1 ano ap&#243;s IAM em pacientes idosos com MINOCA com mais de 65 anos de idade em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com pacientes com IAM-DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Al&#233;m de todos esses estudos, 2 estudos encontraram maior incid&#234;ncia de MACE em pacientes MINOCA em compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As ferramentas de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco podem ajudar a prever a probabilidade de mortalidade e morbidade. At&#233; onde sabemos, existe atualmente apenas um escore de risco para prever o progn&#243;stico do MINOCA. Yin, Guoqing, et al., mostraram que a incid&#234;ncia de MACE total foi significativamente maior em pacientes com escores de risco GRACE elevados do que em pacientes com escores de risco GRACE baixos em pacientes com IAMSSST-MINOCA. Eles indicaram que o escore de risco GRACE fornece informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas potencialmente valiosas sobre resultados cl&#237;nicos quando aplicado a pacientes MINOCA com IAMSSST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O escore PRECISE-DAPT pode ser calculado de forma r&#225;pida e f&#225;cil e fornece uma classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco r&#225;pida sem custos adicionais. No entanto, o escore PREC&#304;SE-DAPT, comumente usado para prever o risco de sangramento em pacientes tratados com DAPT ap&#243;s ICP, n&#227;o foi projetado para previs&#245;es de mortalidade em longo prazo. No entanto, alguns estudos demonstraram forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre o escore PRECISE-DAPT e eventos cardiovasculares. Long et al. descobriram que o escore PRECISE-DAPT est&#225; independentemente ligado &#224; extens&#227;o da estenose coronariana em pacientes com SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, em pacientes com IAMCSST, o escore PRECISE-DAPT &#233; um preditor independente de IAMCSST. mortalidade hospitalar ap&#243;s ICP prim&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, descobrimos que um escore PRECISE-DAPT mais alto e n&#237;veis mais baixos de hemoglobina estavam associados a um risco aumentado de MACE intra-hospitalar ap&#243;s ajuste para outros fatores. Bassand et al. indicaram que um n&#237;vel basal baixo de hemoglobina &#233; um preditor independente do risco de sangramento maior na SCA, bem como do risco de morte e IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Esse achado &#233; semelhante ao resultado que encontramos no presente estudo.</p>
      <p>Descobriu-se que um PRECISE-DAPT mais alto e uma FEVE mais baixa foram preditores independentes de MACE de acompanhamento. Sabemos muito bem que a FEVE baixa &#233; o indicador progn&#243;stico a longo prazo mais importante na SCA e o nosso achado neste estudo &#233; consistente com esta conclus&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Entretanto, vale ressaltar que a <italic>odds ratio</italic> para o PRECISE-DAPT se aproxima de 1; isto indica que, apesar da signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a marginal no risco. Este achado levanta quest&#245;es sobre o significado fisiol&#243;gico desta rela&#231;&#227;o. Esta discrep&#226;ncia entre a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica e o tamanho modesto do efeito, refletido pelo <italic>odds ratio</italic> pr&#243;ximo de 1, sublinha a necessidade de uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o cautelosa dos resultados. Sugere que, embora estatisticamente significativas, as implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas do escore PRECISE-DAPT na previs&#227;o de MACE hospitalares podem n&#227;o se manifestar como diferen&#231;as substanciais no risco entre os pacientes.</p>
      <p>Este estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, &#233; um estudo retrospectivo e observacional. Em segundo lugar, foi realizado num &#250;nico centro terci&#225;rio. Em terceiro lugar, embora tenham sido inclu&#237;dos pacientes consecutivos, pode haver um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Como tal, os resultados e a dura&#231;&#227;o dos eventos devem ser interpretados com cautela &#224; luz destas altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em pacientes MINOCA com SCA, um escore PRECISE-DAPT elevado foi associado a maiores MACE intra-hospitalares e de longo prazo. Como resultado, o escore PRECISE-DAPT pode ser &#250;til n&#227;o apenas para identificar um risco elevado de hemorragia, mas tamb&#233;m para prever um mau resultado em termos de MACE a longo prazo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Beltrame JF. Assessing Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Nonobstructed Coronary Arteries (MINOCA). J Intern Med. 2013;273(2):182-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-279.2012.02591.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beltrame</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessing Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Nonobstructed Coronary Arteries (MINOCA)</article-title>
          <source>J Intern Med</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>273</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>182</fpage>
          <lpage>185</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-279.2012.02591.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. DeWood MA, Spores J, Notske R, Mouser LT, Burroughs R, Golden MS, et al. Prevalence of Total Coronary Occlusion During the Early Hours of Transmural Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med. 1980;303(16):897-902. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198010163031601.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>DeWood</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spores</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Notske</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mouser</surname>
              <given-names>LT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burroughs</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Golden</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of Total Coronary Occlusion During the Early Hours of Transmural Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1980</year>
          <volume>303</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>897</fpage>
          <lpage>902</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM198010163031601</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Patel MR, Chen AY, Peterson ED, Newby LK, Pollack CV Jr, Brindis RG, et al. Prevalence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Patients with non-ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Insignificant Coronary Artery Disease: Results from the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress ADverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines (CRUSADE) Initiative. Am Heart J. 2006;152(4):641-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2006.02.035.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>AY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peterson</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newby</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pollack</surname>
              <given-names>CV</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brindis</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Patients with non-ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Insignificant Coronary Artery Disease: Results from the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress ADverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines (CRUSADE) Initiative</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>152</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>641</fpage>
          <lpage>647</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ahj.2006.02.035</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Pasupathy S, Air T, Dreyer RP, Tavella R, Beltrame JF. Systematic Review of Patients Presenting with Suspected Myocardial Infarction and Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries. Circulation. 2015;131(10):861-70. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011201.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pasupathy</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Air</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dreyer</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavella</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beltrame</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Systematic Review of Patients Presenting with Suspected Myocardial Infarction and Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>861</fpage>
          <lpage>870</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011201</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Pasupathy S, Tavella R, Beltrame JF. Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries (MINOCA): The Past, Present, and Future Management. Circulation. 2017;135(16):1490-3. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.027666.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pasupathy</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavella</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beltrame</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries (MINOCA): The Past, Present, and Future Management</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>135</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1490</fpage>
          <lpage>1493</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.027666</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al. Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018). Circulation. 2018;138(20):618-51. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000617.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thygesen</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alpert</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaffe</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaitman</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bax</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morrow</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018)</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>138</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>618</fpage>
          <lpage>651</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000617</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Tamis-Holland JE, Jneid H, Reynolds HR, Agewall S, Brilakis ES, Brown TM, et al. Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Myocardial Infarction in the Absence of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139(18):891-908. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000670.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tamis-Holland</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jneid</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reynolds</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agewall</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brilakis</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Myocardial Infarction in the Absence of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>139</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>891</fpage>
          <lpage>908</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000670</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Kang WY, Jeong MH, Ahn YK, Kim JH, Chae SC, Kim YJ, et al. Are Patients with Angiographically Near-normal Coronary Arteries Who Present as Acute Myocardial Infarction Actually Safe? Int J Cardiol. 2011;146(2):207-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.07.001.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kang</surname>
              <given-names>WY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jeong</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahn</surname>
              <given-names>YK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chae</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>YJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Are Patients with Angiographically Near-normal Coronary Arteries Who Present as Acute Myocardial Infarction Actually Safe?</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>146</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>207</fpage>
          <lpage>212</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.07.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Andersson HB, Pedersen F, Engstr&#248;m T, Helqvist S, Jensen MK, J&#248;rgensen E, et al. Long-term Survival and Causes of Death in Patients with ST-elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Without Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(2):102-10. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx491.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andersson</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Engstr&#248;m</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Helqvist</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>J&#248;rgensen</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term Survival and Causes of Death in Patients with ST-elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Without Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>102</fpage>
          <lpage>110</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehx491</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Grodzinsky A, Arnold SV, Gosch K, Spertus JA, Foody JM, Beltrame J, et al. Angina Frequency After Acute Myocardial Infarction In Patients Without Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2015;1(2):92-9. doi: 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcv014.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grodzinsky</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arnold</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gosch</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spertus</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foody</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beltrame</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Angina Frequency After Acute Myocardial Infarction In Patients Without Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>92</fpage>
          <lpage>99</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjqcco/qcv014</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Larsen AI, Galbraith PD, Ghali WA, Norris CM, Graham MM, Knudtson ML. Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Angiographically Normal Coronary Arteries. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95(2):261-3. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.09.014.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Larsen</surname>
              <given-names>AI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galbraith</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghali</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Norris</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Graham</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knudtson</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Angiographically Normal Coronary Arteries</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>261</fpage>
          <lpage>263</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.09.014</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Yin G, Abdu FA, Liu L, Xu S, Xu B, Luo Y, et al. Prognostic Value of GRACE Risk Scores in Patients With Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction With Non-obstructive Coronary Arteries. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:582246. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.582246.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yin</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abdu</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luo</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Value of GRACE Risk Scores in Patients With Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction With Non-obstructive Coronary Arteries</article-title>
          <source>Front Cardiovasc Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <size units="pages">582246</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcvm.2021.582246</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Costa F, van Klaveren D, James S, Heg D, R&#228;ber L, Feres F, et al. Derivation and Validation of the Predicting Bleeding Complications in Patients Undergoing Stent Implantation and Subsequent Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (PRECISE-DAPT) Score: A Pooled Analysis of Individual-patient Datasets from Clinical Trials. Lancet. 2017;389(10073):1025-34. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30397-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Klaveren</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>James</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heg</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>R&#228;ber</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feres</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Derivation and Validation of the Predicting Bleeding Complications in Patients Undergoing Stent Implantation and Subsequent Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (PRECISE-DAPT) Score: A Pooled Analysis of Individual-patient Datasets from Clinical Trials</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>389</volume>
          <issue>10073</issue>
          <fpage>1025</fpage>
          <lpage>1034</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30397-5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Valgimigli M, Bueno H, Byrne RA, Collet JP, Costa F, Jeppsson A, et al. 2017 ESC Focused Update on Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Coronary Artery Disease Developed in Collaboration with EACTS: The Task Force for dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Coronary Artery Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(3):213-60. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx419.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Valgimigli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bueno</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Byrne</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collet</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jeppsson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2017 ESC Focused Update on Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Coronary Artery Disease Developed in Collaboration with EACTS: The Task Force for dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Coronary Artery Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>213</fpage>
          <lpage>260</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehx419</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, Brindis RG, Fihn SD, Fleisher LA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA Guideline Focused Update on Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines: An Update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery, 2012 ACC/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease, 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes, and 2014 ACC/AHA Guideline on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Management of Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery. Circulation. 2016;134(10):123-55. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000404.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levine</surname>
              <given-names>GN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bates</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittl</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brindis</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fihn</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fleisher</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2016 ACC/AHA Guideline Focused Update on Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines: An Update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery, 2012 ACC/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease, 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes, and 2014 ACC/AHA Guideline on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Management of Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>134</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>123</fpage>
          <lpage>155</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000404</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Kimura K, Kimura T, Ishihara M, Nakagawa Y, Nakao K, Miyauchi K, et al. JCS 2018 Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome. Circ J. 2019;83(5):1085-196. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-19-0133.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kimura</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kimura</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ishihara</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakagawa</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakao</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miyauchi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>JCS 2018 Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Circ J</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1085</fpage>
          <lpage>1196</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1253/circj.CJ-19-0133</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Ando T, Nakazato K, Kimishima Y, Kiko T, Shimizu T, Misaka T, et al. The Clinical Value of the PRECISE-DAPT Score in Predicting Long-term Prognosis in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2020;29:100552. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100552.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ando</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakazato</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kimishima</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiko</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shimizu</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Misaka</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Clinical Value of the PRECISE-DAPT Score in Predicting Long-term Prognosis in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <size units="pages">100552</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100552</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Pizzi C, Xhyheri B, Costa GM, Faustino M, Flacco ME, Gualano MR, et al. Nonobstructive Versus Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(12):e004185. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004185.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pizzi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xhyheri</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faustino</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flacco</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gualano</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nonobstructive Versus Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <elocation-id>e004185</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.116.004185</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Abdu FA, Liu L, Mohammed AQ, Luo Y, Xu S, Auckle R, et al. Myocardial Infarction with Non-obstructive Coronary Arteries (MINOCA) in Chinese Patients: Clinical Features, Treatment and 1 year Follow-up. Int J Cardiol. 2019;287:27-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.02.036.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abdu</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohammed</surname>
              <given-names>AQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luo</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Auckle</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial Infarction with Non-obstructive Coronary Arteries (MINOCA) in Chinese Patients: Clinical Features, Treatment and 1 year Follow-up</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>287</volume>
          <fpage>27</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.02.036</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Raparelli V, Elharram M, Shimony A, Eisenberg MJ, Cheema AN, Pilote L. Myocardial Infarction With No Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: Angiographic and Clinical Insights in Patients With Premature Presentation. Can J Cardiol. 2018;34(4):468-76. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.01.004.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Raparelli</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elharram</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shimony</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eisenberg</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheema</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pilote</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial Infarction With No Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: Angiographic and Clinical Insights in Patients With Premature Presentation</article-title>
          <source>Can J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>468</fpage>
          <lpage>476</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cjca.2018.01.004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Safdar B, Spatz ES, Dreyer RP, Beltrame JF, Lichtman JH, Spertus JA, et al. Presentation, Clinical Profile, and Prognosis of Young Patients With Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries (MINOCA): Results From the VIRGO Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(13):e009174. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.009174.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Safdar</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spatz</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dreyer</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beltrame</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lichtman</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spertus</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Presentation, Clinical Profile, and Prognosis of Young Patients With Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries (MINOCA): Results From the VIRGO Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <elocation-id>e009174</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.118.009174</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Dreyer RP, Tavella R, Curtis JP, Wang Y, Pauspathy S, Messenger J, et al. Myocardial Infarction with Non-obstructive Coronary Arteries as Compared with Myocardial Infarction and Obstructive Coronary Disease: Outcomes in a Medicare Population. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(7):870-8. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz403.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dreyer</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavella</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curtis</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pauspathy</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Messenger</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial Infarction with Non-obstructive Coronary Arteries as Compared with Myocardial Infarction and Obstructive Coronary Disease: Outcomes in a Medicare Population</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>870</fpage>
          <lpage>878</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehz403</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Williams MJA, Barr PR, Lee M, Poppe KK, Kerr AJ. Outcome After Myocardial Infarction without Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease. Heart. 2019;105(7):524-30. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2018-313665.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>MJA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barr</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poppe</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kerr</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Outcome After Myocardial Infarction without Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>524</fpage>
          <lpage>530</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/heartjnl-2018-313665</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Eggers KM, Hjort M, Baron T, Jernberg T, Nordenskj&#246;ld AM, Tornvall P, et al. Morbidity and Cause-specific Mortality in First-time Myocardial Infarction with Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries. J Intern Med. 2019;285(4):419-28. doi: 10.1111/joim.12857.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Eggers</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hjort</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baron</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jernberg</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nordenskj&#246;ld</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tornvall</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Morbidity and Cause-specific Mortality in First-time Myocardial Infarction with Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries</article-title>
          <source>J Intern Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>285</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>419</fpage>
          <lpage>428</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/joim.12857</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Yin G, Abdu FA, Liu L, Xu S, Xu B, Luo Y, et al. Prognostic Value of GRACE Risk Scores in Patients With Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction With Non-obstructive Coronary Arteries. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:582246. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.582246.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yin</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abdu</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luo</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Value of GRACE Risk Scores in Patients With Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction With Non-obstructive Coronary Arteries</article-title>
          <source>Front Cardiovasc Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <size units="pages">582246</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcvm.2021.582246</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Long T, Peng L, Li F, Xia K, Jing R, Liu X, et al. Correlations of DAPT Score and PRECISE-DAPT Score with the Extent of Coronary Stenosis in Acute Coronary Syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(39):e12531. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012531.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Long</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peng</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xia</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jing</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Correlations of DAPT Score and PRECISE-DAPT Score with the Extent of Coronary Stenosis in Acute Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Medicine (Baltimore)</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>39</issue>
          <fpage>e12531</fpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/MD.0000000000012531</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Tanik VO, Cinar T, Arugaslan E, Karabag Y, Hayiroglu MI, Cagdas M, et al. The Predictive Value of PRECISE-DAPT Score for In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Angiology. 2019;70(5):440-7. doi: 10.1177/0003319718807057.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tanik</surname>
              <given-names>VO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cinar</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arugaslan</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karabag</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayiroglu</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cagdas</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Predictive Value of PRECISE-DAPT Score for In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</article-title>
          <source>Angiology</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>440</fpage>
          <lpage>447</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0003319718807057</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Bassand JP, Afzal R, Eikelboom J, Wallentin L, Peters R, Budaj A, et al. Relationship Between Baseline Haemoglobin and Major Bleeding Complications in Acute Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(1):50-8. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp401.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bassand</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afzal</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eikelboom</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wallentin</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peters</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Budaj</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship Between Baseline Haemoglobin and Major Bleeding Complications in Acute Coronary Syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>50</fpage>
          <lpage>58</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehp401</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230791i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic Value of PREC&#304;SE DAPT Score on Short- and Long-Term Outcomes in MINOCA Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8277-4370</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Onuk</surname>
            <given-names>Tolga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6414-3743</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polat</surname>
            <given-names>Fuat</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5863-4039</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yaylak</surname>
            <given-names>Bari&#351;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4153-4589</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;alik</surname>
            <given-names>Ali Nazmi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0836-4429</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Eren</surname>
            <given-names>Semih</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2596-6875</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aky&#252;z</surname>
            <given-names>&#350;&#252;kr&#252;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education Research Hospital, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Okan University Faculty of Health Science, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Tolga Onuk</bold> &#8226; Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Educat&#305;on Research Hospital &#8211; Selimiye Mah. T&#305;bbiye Cad. No.25 &#220;sk&#252;dar/&#304;stanbul &#8211; Turkey; E-mail: tolgaonuk77@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Prognostic Value of PREC&#304;SE DAPT Score on Short- and Long-Term Outcomes in MINOCA Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230791-30791-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) constitutes a significant subset of acute myocardial infarctions (AMI) with uncertain prognostic markers. Early risk assessment is crucial to identify MINOCA patients at risk of adverse outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This study aimed to evaluate the predictive capacity of the PRECISE-DAPT score in assessing short- and long-term prognoses in MINOCA patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Among 741 MINOCA patients, the PRECISE-DAPT score was computed to analyze its association with in-hospital and follow-up major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Parameters showing significance in MACE (+) groups underwent statistical analysis: univariate logistic regression for in-hospital events and univariate Cox regression for follow-up events. For statistical significance, a predefined level of &#945; = 0.05 was adopted. Parameters demonstrating significance proceeded to multiple logistic regression for in-hospital events and multivariate Cox regression for follow-up events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> In-hospital MACE occurred in 4.1% of patients, while 58% experienced follow-up MACE. Hemoglobin levels and the PRECISE-DAPT Score were identified as independent parameters for in-hospital MACE. Furthermore, ejection fraction (EF%) and the PRECISE-DAPT Score emerged as independent predictors of follow-up MACE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> The study revealed that a higher PRECISE-DAPT score was significantly associated with increased risks of both in-hospital and long-term major adverse cardiovascular events in MINOCA patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), underscoring the score&#8217;s potential in risk stratification for this patient cohort.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="key-points">
        <title>Highlights</title>
        <p>_ PRECISE-DAPT score predicts MACE risk in MINOCA patients.</p>
        <p>_ Hemoglobin level and PRECISE-DAPT score predict in-hospital MACE.</p>
        <p>_ Ejection fraction and PRECISE-DAPT score predict long-term MACE.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>MINOCA</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Dual Anti-Platelet Therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Patients with myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) account for 6% to 14% of patients of all those with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The diagnosis of MINOCA is dependent on the presence of clinical acute MI and the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Actually, MINOCA is initially considered a valid diagnosis during angiography until other possible causes of troponin elevation are excluded. The underlying causes may be coronary conditions or noncoronary conditions including cardiac or noncardiac disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> MINOCA can be presented as ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) on an electrocardiogram (ECG), however, NSTEMI myocardial infarction is more common in the MINOCA population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> MINOCA patients show a better prognosis compared to acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients with obstructive CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, MINOCA patients have a worse life expectancy compared to age and sex-matched healthy individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It has been previously shown that risk scores such as the Grace Risk Score are associated with the prognosis in the MINOCA population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The PRECISE-DAPT score, which predicts bleeding risk in patients undergoing stent implantation and subsequent dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), was developed to predict bleeding risk in patients treated with DAPT after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This score is calculated by five items (age, white blood cell count, hemoglobin level, creatinine clearance, and history of spontaneous bleeding) and patients with a score of &gt; 25 are at a high risk of bleeding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The current guidelines recommend using the PRECISE-DAPT score for bleeding risk stratification, and a score of &gt; 25 indicates that the DAPT period should be shorter than 3 to 6 months in patients with a score of &lt; 25.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In a recent study, a high PRECISE-DAPT score was associated with higher long-term all-cause mortality in patients with AMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Thus, the present study aims to assess the performance of the PRECISE-DAPT score in predicting the short and long-term prognosis in MINOCA patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The study is retrospective and observational. We included 7300 patients admitted to our hospital with the diagnosis of STEMI or NSTEMI between April 2013 and December 2022. Among the 7300 patients who underwent percutaneous intervention, a subset of 741 individuals received a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome and MINOCA. Coronary angiography was performed in all patients. Patients who did not have coronary stenosis of 50% or more in any coronary artery on coronary angiography and who were not diagnosed with spontaneous coronary artery dissection, myocarditis, and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy were classified as MINOCA. In our study, patients with obstructive coronary artery stenosis other than atherosclerotic coronary artery diseases were not included in the study and were not classified as MINOCA. The flowchart of the study population is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; The flowchart of the study population.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230791-30791-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The PRECISE-DAPT score, age, creatinine clearance, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, and previous bleeding history were calculated for each case using a web calculator (http://www.precisedaptscore.com). Clinical, biochemical, interventional, ECG and transthoracic echocardiography data were obtained from the hospital&#8217;s electronic data set. Echocardiography was performed to determine left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The proportion of patients with a previous history of heart attack or coronary revascularization was specified and included in the study. All patients, including those with a previous heart attack or history of revascularization, underwent emergency PCI. Medications, including the initiation and duration of dual antiplatelet therapy and anticoagulation therapy, were prescribed at the discretion of the attending physician upon discharge. The major in-hospital cardiovascular events were identified as cardiovascular mortality, stroke, and major bleeding. For assessing long-term major cardiovascular events, the following were considered: cardiac vascular death, non-cardiovascular death, stroke, major bleeding, percutaneous intervention, and myocardial infarction. The in-hospital MACE of all patients was obtained from the patient&#8217;s medical records. The long-term major cardiovascular events of all patients were obtained from the patient&#8217;s medical records, the relevant doctors at the hospital to which the patients were referred, or by telephoning the patients. The study design was approved by the local ethical committee and was conducted following the Helsinki Declaration.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The data analysis utilized SPSS software (Version 23.0, SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). Continuous variables were assessed for normality, employing visual inspection through histograms, probability plots, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Levene&#8217;s test was utilized to assess homogeneity. Continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation for normally distributed data and as median with interquartile range for non-normally distributed data.</p>
          <p>Additionally, statistical tests including unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test and Mann-Whitney test were applied to assess differences in continuous variables between groups, ensuring a comprehensive analysis of continuous variable associations. While categorical variables were given as absolute and relative frequencies, differences in categorical variables between groups were assessed using the Chi-square or Fisher&#8217;s exact test.</p>
          <p>In the in-hospital analysis, parameters demonstrating a statistically significant difference in the MACE (+) group underwent initial evaluation through univariate logistic regression analysis, followed by multiple logistic regression analysis for significant results. For the follow-up analysis, parameters exhibiting a statistically significant difference in the MACE (+) group were initially examined using univariate Cox regression analysis, followed by multivariate Cox regression for significant findings.</p>
          <p>Subsequently, factors independently predicting MACE underwent ROC analysis to determine sensitivity and specificity. The cut-off value for the PRECISE-DAPT score, determined by the highest sensitivity and specificity, was utilized for Kaplan-Meier analysis to compare long-term survival. The level of significance adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%. Additionally, analyses were conducted ensuring basic assumptions for logistic regression including independence of errors, linearity in the logit for continuous variables, absence of multicollinearity, and lack of strongly influential outliers.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Result</title>
        <p>A total of 741 patients were included in the study. Long-term follow-up data of 734 patients were obtained. The median follow-up period of the total of 734 patients included in the study was 56.8 (Interquartile range [IQR] 38.3-76.5) months. In-hospital MACE occurred in 4.1% of the patients and follow-up MACE occurred in 58% of the patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; In-hospital and Follow-up MACE of the patients.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230791-30791-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The average age of the patients was 61.4&#177;14.1 years, and the male gender was predominant (58.5%). The mean PRECISE DAPT Score of the patients was 23.6 &#177; 14.4. Almost all patients (98.8%) received ASA 300 mg before or during the procedure. The majority of patients received Clopidogrel 300 mg before or during the procedure. The proportion of patients receiving Ticagrelor at baseline was 11.7%. Other characteristic features of all patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Patient characteristics</th>
                  <th>n = 741</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex (male) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">434(58.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years) (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.4&#177;14.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.21&#177;5.35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">369(49.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">224(30.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking (Active) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">305(41.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39(5.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COPD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29(3.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiogenic shock on admission (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40(5.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Killip III-IV on admission (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42(5.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LBBB on ECG (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68(9.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior heart attack (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49(6.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>prior revascularization (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">71(9.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior cerebrovascular accident (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29(3.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PRECISE DAPT Score (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">23.6&#177;14.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior warfarin use (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42(5.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior NOAC use (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29(3.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC (10<sup>3</sup>/uL) (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3&#177;4.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dL) (median, IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0(0.8-1.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/dL) (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.5&#177;2.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF% (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">46&#177;12.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ticagrelor (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">87(11.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clopidogrel 300 mg (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">638(86)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clopidogrel 600 mg (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(1.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">733(98.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blocker (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">693(93.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium channel blocker (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">172(23.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEi/ARB (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">574(77.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PPI (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">734(99.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">618(83.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LMWH before the procedure (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">667(90.6)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>ACEi/ARB: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/Angiotensin II receptor blockers; ASA: Acetylsalicylic acid; BMI: Body mass index; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ECG: Electrocardiography; IQR: Interquartile range; LBBB: Left bundle branch block; LMWH: Low molecular weight heparin; LVEF: Left ventricle ejection fraction; NOAC: Non-Vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; SD: Standard deviation; WBC: White blood cell.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The patients were divided into two groups with (+) in-hospital MACE and without (-) in-hospital MACE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). In the MACE (+) group there were higher rates of cardiogenic shock (p=0.008), higher mean BMI (p=0.025), and active smokers. The PRECISE DAPT score was two times higher (22.6% vs 43.9%) in MACE (+) patients than in MACE (-) patients. In addition, MACE (+) patients had lower rates of ACE inhibitors/ARBs and statin prescriptions, lower hemoglobin levels, lower LVEF%, and higher creatinine levels.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with or without in-hospital MACE groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Patient characteristics</th>
                  <th>MACE (-) in Hospital (n=709)</th>
                  <th>MACE (+) in Hospital (n=32)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex (male) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">414(58.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">19(59.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.533</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years) (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.6&#177;14</td>
                  <td align="center">57.1&#177;14.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.071</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.09&#177;5.02</td>
                  <td align="center">30.05&#177;6.86</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">352(49.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">17(53.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.419</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">215(30.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(28.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.482</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking (Active) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">285(40.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">19(59.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38(5.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(3.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.488</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COPD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28(3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(3.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.640</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiogenic shock on admission (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35(4.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5(15.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.024*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Killip III-IV on admission (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37(5.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4(12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.094</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LBBB on ECG (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">64(9)</td>
                  <td align="center">4(12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.337</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior heart attack (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46(6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(9.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.127</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>prior revascularization (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (9.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5(15.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.089</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior cerebrovascular accident (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28(3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(3.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.640</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PRECISE DAPT Score (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">22.6&#177;13.8</td>
                  <td align="center">43.9&#177;13.9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior warfarin use (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41(5.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(3.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.444</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior NOAC use (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28(4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(3.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.640</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC (10<sup>3</sup>/uL) (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.2&#177;4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">11.5&#177;4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.053</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dL) (median, IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 (0.7-1.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3(0.9-1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/dL) (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.6&#177;1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">9.4&#177;1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF% (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">46.3&#177;12.4</td>
                  <td align="center">38.2&#177;15.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ticagrelor (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83(11.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4(12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.531</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clopidogrel 300 mg (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">609(85.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">28(87.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.525</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clopidogrel 600 mg (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.701</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">701(98.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">31(96.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.329</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blocker (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">665(93.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">28(87.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.146</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium channel blocker (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">161(22.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(34.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.098</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEi/ARB (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">562(79.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">12(37.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PPI (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">702(99)</td>
                  <td align="center">32(100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.733</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">597(84.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">21(65.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.011*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LMWH before the procedure (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">638(90.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">29(90.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.593</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>ACEi/ARB: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/Angiotensin II receptor blockers; ASA: Acetylsalicylic acid; BMI: Body mass index; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ECG: Electrocardiography; IQR: Interquartile range; LBBB: Left bundle branch block; LMWH: Low molecular weight heparin; LVEF: Left ventricle ejection fraction; MACE: Major adverse cardiovascular events; NOAC: Non-Vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; SD: Standard deviation; WBC: White blood cell. * Significant p value.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>When statistically significant parameters between the two groups were evaluated by univariate logistic regression analysis, active smoking, shock on admission, PRECISE DAPT Score, creatinine level, hemoglobin level, LVEF%, ACEi/ARB use, statin use, and BMI were the factors retained significantly. Applying these parameters to multiple logistic regression analyses, hemoglobin level, and PRECISE DAPT Score were found to be independent parameters for in-hospital MACE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis results of groups with and without MACE during the in-hospital</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Patient characteristics</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Univariate Analysis</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>95%CI</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>95%CI</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking (Active)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.174</td>
                  <td align="center">1.051-4.473</td>
                  <td align="center">0.035</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Shock on admission</td>
                  <td align="center">3.566</td>
                  <td align="center">1.299-9.820</td>
                  <td align="center">0.014</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PRECISE DAPT Score</td>
                  <td align="center">1.100</td>
                  <td align="center">1.071-1.131</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.039</td>
                  <td align="center">1.003-1.077</td>
                  <td align="center">0.034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine</td>
                  <td align="center">1.304</td>
                  <td align="center">1.075-1.581</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin</td>
                  <td align="center">0,405</td>
                  <td align="center">0,316-0,520</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,482</td>
                  <td align="center">0,356-0,652</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF</td>
                  <td align="center">0,955</td>
                  <td align="center">0,930-0,981</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEi/ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">0,157</td>
                  <td align="center">0,075-0,328</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin</td>
                  <td align="center">0,358</td>
                  <td align="center">0,168-0,763</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">1.073</td>
                  <td align="center">0,030-5,522</td>
                  <td align="center">0.019</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>IACEi/ARB: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/Angiotensin II receptor blockers; BMI: Body mass index; LVEF: Left ventricle ejection fraction.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The follow-up patients were divided into two groups with (+) follow-up MACE and without (-) follow-up MACE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). MACE was more frequent in patients with cardiogenic shock, Killip III-IV at presentation, and in patients with LBBB on ECG. The PRECISE DAPT score was more frequent (18.1% vs 27.1%) in MACE (+) patients than in MACE (-) patients. MACE (+) patients had higher rates of warfarin and CCB use and lower rates of clopidogrel and ticagrelor use longer than 1 year, ACE&#304;/ARB, and PPI use. In addition, lower hemoglobin and LVEF% and higher creatinine and WBC levels were observed in MACE (+) patients.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with or without follow-up MACE groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Patient characteristics</th>
                  <th>MACE (-) Follow-up (n=308)</th>
                  <th>MACE (+) Follow-up (n=426)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex (male) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">172(55.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">258(60.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.114</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years) (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.7&#177;13.2</td>
                  <td align="center">61.1&#177;14.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.563</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.7&#177;5.2</td>
                  <td align="center">27.8&#177;4.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.113</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">156(50.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">208(48.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.340</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">93(30.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">131(30.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.469</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking (Active) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">123(39.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">178(41.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.335</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20(6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">19(4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.248</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COPD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12(3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">17(4.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.554</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiogenic shock on admission (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(2.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">28(6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.018*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Killip III-IV on admission (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(1.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">32(7.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LBBB on ECG (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(4.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">52(12.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior heart attack (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20(6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">29(6.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.405</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior revascularization (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29(9.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">42(9.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.234</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior cerebrovascular accident (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12(3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">17(4.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.554</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PRECISE DAPT Score (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.1&#177;13.2</td>
                  <td align="center">27.1&#177;13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior warfarin use (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(3.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">31(7.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior NOAC use (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(3.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">18(4.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.406</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC (103/uL) (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.5&#177;3.8</td>
                  <td align="center">10.4&#177;4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dL) (median, IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0(0.8-1.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3(1.0-1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/dL) (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.9&#177;2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">12.1&#177;2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF% (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">51.5&#177;10.6</td>
                  <td align="center">42.2&#177;12.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">305(99)</td>
                  <td align="center">420(98.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.433</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blocker (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">291(94.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">397(93.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.291</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium channel blocker (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52(16.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">120(28.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEi/ARB (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">268(87)</td>
                  <td align="center">306(71.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PPI (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">283(91.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">333(78.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P2Y12 inhibitor &gt;1 year (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">214(69.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">217(50.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>IECA/BRA: Inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina/bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II; AAS: &#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; DPOC: Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; ECG: Eletrocardiografia; IQR: Intervalo interquartil; BRE: Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; HBPM: Heparina de baixo peso molecular; FEVE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; MACE: Principais eventos cardiovasculares adversos; NOAC: Anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o antagonistas da vitamina K; IBP: Inibidor da bomba de pr&#243;tons; DP: Desvio padr&#227;o.* Valor p significativo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>When statistically significant parameters between the two groups were evaluated by univariate Cox regression analysis, LBBB on ECG, PRECISE DAPT Score, WBC level, creatinine level, hemoglobin level, LVEF, clopidogrel and ticagrelor use longer than 1 year, ACEi/ARB and statin use were the factors retained significantly. Applying these parameters to a multivariate Cox regression analysis (enter method), LVEF% and PRECISE DAPT Score were found to be the independent predictors of follow-up MACE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis results of groups with and without MACE during follow-up</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Patient characteristics</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Univariate Analysis</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Multivariate Analysis</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>95%CI</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>95%CI</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Shock on admission</td>
                  <td align="center">1.383</td>
                  <td align="center">0.942-2.030</td>
                  <td align="center">0.097</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Killip III-IV on admission</td>
                  <td align="center">1.432</td>
                  <td align="center">0.998-2.054</td>
                  <td align="center">0.051</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LBBB on ECG</td>
                  <td align="center">1.381</td>
                  <td align="center">1.024-1.862</td>
                  <td align="center">0.034*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PRECISE DAPT Score</td>
                  <td align="center">1.019</td>
                  <td align="center">1.013-1.025</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                  <td align="center">1.013</td>
                  <td align="center">1.006-1.020</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior warfarin use</td>
                  <td align="center">1.096</td>
                  <td align="center">0.760-1.581</td>
                  <td align="center">0.624</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC</td>
                  <td align="center">1.027</td>
                  <td align="center">1.006-1.048</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine</td>
                  <td align="center">1.104</td>
                  <td align="center">1.025-1.190</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin</td>
                  <td align="center">0.902</td>
                  <td align="center">0.862-0.945</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF</td>
                  <td align="center">0.975</td>
                  <td align="center">0.968-0.982</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.980</td>
                  <td align="center">0.972-0.987</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CCB</td>
                  <td align="center">1.319</td>
                  <td align="center">1.067-1.630</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACE/ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">0.710</td>
                  <td align="center">0.574-0.878</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin</td>
                  <td align="center">0.698</td>
                  <td align="center">0.554-0.879</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P2Y12 inhibitor &gt;1 year</td>
                  <td align="center">0.799</td>
                  <td align="center">0.660-0.968</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>ACEi/ARB: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/Angiotensin II receptor blockers; ECG: Electrocardiography; LBBB: Left bundle branch block; LVEF: Left ventricle ejection fraction; WBC: White blood cell. * Significant p value.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the independent predictors of MACE using ROC analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>). Since the AUC area was low in the ROC analysis performed according to LVEF, sensitivity and specificity calculations were not made. The AUC level of the PRECISE DAPT score was sufficiently high. When the PRECISE DAPT score was &gt; 20.5, sensitivity was determined as 72%, specificity as 62%, positive predictive value as 65.5%, and negative predictive value as 68.9%.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ROC analysis of PRECISE DAPT Score between groups in multivariate Cox proportional regression analysis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230791-30791-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>We used the 20.5% cut-off value to evaluate long-term survival by Kaplan-Meier analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>), which resulted in a Chi-square of 43.29, long-rank p&lt;0.001. The MACE rate between groups was observed to differ in the first follow-up year.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Long-term survival according to PRECISE DAPT score by Kaplan-Meier analysis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230791-30791-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, we found that a high PRECISE-DAPT score is a significant independent predictor of in-hospital and long-term MACE in MINOCA patients with acute coronary syndrome. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report that in-hospital and long-term MACE is significantly higher in MINOCA patients with acute coronary syndrome with a high PRECISE-DAPT score. ROC analysis demonstrated that the PRECISE-DAPT score had a moderate discrimination ability to stratify ACS-MINOCA patients by their risk of MACE. The data showed that the PRECISE-DAPT risk score has prognostic value in patients with ACS-MINOCA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>Numerous studies have recently been published on the prognostic value of MINOCA. In a recent review by Pasupathy et al., MINOCA had a lower all-cause mortality rate than those with MI-CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In a meta-analysis published by Pizzi et al., all cardiovascular outcome event rates (MACE, all deaths, cardiac death, MI, and all deaths plus MI) in non-obstructive CAD were significantly lower than those in obstructive CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A recent study on Chinese MINOCA patients revealed that MACE (cardiovascular deaths, non-fatal MI, strokes, heart failures, and cardiovascular-related rehospitalizations) was lower in the MINOCA group than in the MI-CAD group at the 1-year follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In some studies, it has been shown that the prognosis of MINOCA is better than MI-CAD patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Some studies indicated that patients with MINOCA had clinical outcomes that were similar to those of MI-CAD patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Dreyer et al., indicated a worse prognosis at 1-year follow-up after AMI in elderly MINOCA patients over 65 years of age compared to those with MI-CAD patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In addition to all these studies, 2 studies found higher MACE incidence in MINOCA patients compared to the normal population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Risk assessment tools can help to predict the probability of mortality and morbidity. To our knowledge, there is currently only one risk score for predicting the prognosis of MINOCA. Yin, Guoqing, et al., showed that the incidence of total MACE was significantly higher in patients with high GRACE risk scores than in patients with low GRACE risk scores in NSTEMI-MINOCA patients. They indicated that the GRACE risk score provides potentially valuable prognostic information on clinical outcomes when applied to MINOCA patients with NSTEMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The PRECISE-DAPT score can be quickly and easily calculated and provides a rapid risk classification without additional costs. However, the PREC&#304;SE-DAPT score which is commonly used to predict bleeding risk in patients treated with DAPT after PCI, is not designed for long-term mortality predictions. Nevertheless, some studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between the PRECISE-DAPT score and cardiovascular events. Long et al. found that the PRECISE-DAPT score is independently linked to the extent of coronary stenosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Moreover, in patients with STEMI, the PRECISE-DAPT score is an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality after primary PCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the current study, we found that a higher PRECISE-DAPT score and lower hemoglobin levels were all associated with an increased risk of in-hospital MACE after adjusting for other factors. Bassand et al. indicated that a low baseline hemoglobin level is an independent predictor of the risk of major bleeding in ACS as well as of the risk of death and MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> This finding is similar to the result we found in the current study.</p>
        <p>Higher PRECISE-DAPT and lower LVEF were found to be the independent predictors of follow-up MACE. We know very well that low LVEF is the most important long-term prognostic indicator in ACS and our finding in this study is consistent with this conclusion.</p>
        <p>However, it is noteworthy that the odds ratio for PRECISE-DAPT approaches 1; This indicates that despite statistical significance, there is no marginal difference in risk. This finding raises questions regarding the physiological significance of this relationship. This discrepancy between statistical significance and the modest effect size, as reflected by the odds ratio close to 1, underscores the need for cautious interpretation of the findings. It suggests that while statistically significant, the clinical implications of the PRECISE-DAPT score in predicting in-hospital MACE may not manifest as substantial differences in risk among patients.</p>
        <p>This study has several limitations. Firstly, it is a retrospective and observational study. Secondly, it was conducted at a single tertiary center. Thirdly, while consecutive patients were enrolled, there may be a selection bias. As such, the results and duration of events should be interpreted with caution in light of these changes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In MINOCA patients with ACS, a high PRECISE-DAPT score was associated with higher in-hospital and long-term MACE. As a result, the PRECISE-DAPT score can be useful not just for identifying a high risk of bleeding, but also for forecasting a poor outcome in terms of long-term MACE.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
