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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vd7nh7qqDm4MghML6vf5Y9n</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000500702</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00702</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230790</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>FLNC Associada a Cardiomiopatia Restritiva e Hipertrabecula&#231;&#227;o, uma Associa&#231;&#227;o Rara</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2234-5152</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aristizabal</surname>
            <given-names>Ana M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0431-8035</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guzm&#225;n-Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lizcano</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;a Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4010-2103</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mosquera</surname>
            <given-names>Walter</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0679-4249</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lores</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2672-0439</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pachajoa</surname>
            <given-names>Harry</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9887-2872</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cely</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Icesi</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cali</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CO">Col&#244;mbia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Icesi, Cali &#8211; Col&#244;mbia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Fundaci&#243;n Valle del Lili</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiolog&#237;a Pedi&#225;trica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cali</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CO">Col&#244;mbia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiolog&#237;a Pedi&#225;trica - Fundaci&#243;n Valle del Lili, Cali &#8211; Col&#244;mbia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Fundaci&#243;n Valle del Lili</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Investigaciones Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cali</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CO">Col&#244;mbia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Investigaciones Cl&#237;nicas - Fundaci&#243;n Valle del Lili, Cali &#8211; Col&#244;mbia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universitario del Valle</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiolog&#237;a Pedi&#225;trica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cali</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CO">Col&#244;mbia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiolog&#237;a Pedi&#225;trica - Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali &#8211; Col&#244;mbia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Icesi</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Investigaciones en Anomal&#237;as Cong&#233;nitas y Enfermedades Raras</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cali</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CO">Col&#244;mbia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Investigaciones en Anomal&#237;as Cong&#233;nitas y Enfermedades Raras (CIACER) - Universidad Icesi, Cali &#8211; Col&#244;mbia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Ciencias B&#225;sicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cali</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CO">Col&#244;mbia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ciencias B&#225;sicas - Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud - Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cali &#8211; Col&#244;mbia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Fundaci&#243;n Valle del Lili</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cali</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CO">Col&#244;mbia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servicio de Gen&#233;tica - Fundaci&#243;n Valle del Lili, Cali &#8211; Col&#244;mbia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Alberto Guzm&#225;n-Serrano</bold> &#8226; Pontificia Universidad Javeriana - Cali - Valle del Cauca - Cl. 18 #118-250, Barrio Pance, Cali, Valle del Cauca Cali <postal-code>760008</postal-code> &#8211; Col&#244;mbia E-mail: <email>carlos.guzman.s@fvl.org.co</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230790</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Menina de seis anos com cardiomiopatia restritiva e hipertrabecula&#231;&#227;o na qual, devido ao in&#237;cio precoce da doen&#231;a, foi realizado sequenciamento completo do exoma, revelando a presen&#231;a de uma nova variante heterozig&#243;tica missense no gene FLNC. A mesma variante gen&#233;tica tamb&#233;m foi identificada em seu pai, que, j&#225; adulto, apresentava resultados de imagem normais e n&#227;o apresentava sintomas. Esta variante n&#227;o foi relatada em bancos de dados populacionais ou na literatura m&#233;dica atual e &#233; classificada como provavelmente patog&#234;nica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Restritiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Filaminas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da cardiomiopatia pode variar desde pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, com manifesta&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas, at&#233; um curso progressivo e grave que pode resultar em choque cardiog&#234;nico, arritmias e at&#233; morte s&#250;bita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora a linhagem gen&#233;tica tenha sido identificada para algumas das cardiomiopatias, as formas familiares apresentam diversos modos de heran&#231;a de acordo com o fen&#243;tipo expresso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A maior parte dos dados dispon&#237;veis sobre cardiomiopatias refere-se &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o adulta. Neste relato, descrevemos o caso de um paciente em idade escolar, com associa&#231;&#227;o de cardiomiopatia restritiva e hipertrabecula&#231;&#227;o, anteriormente conhecida como n&#227;o-compacta&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo n&#227;o dilatado (VEND).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Uma menina de seis anos, previamente h&#237;gida, sem hist&#243;ria familiar ou de consanguinidade relevante, apresentava hist&#243;ria de hiporexia h&#225; 24 meses, aumento da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e &#234;mese recorrente; nos &#250;ltimos dois meses com dor tor&#225;cica e diminui&#231;&#227;o progressiva da classe funcional. Ela foi encontrada com hepatomegalia aproximadamente 6 cm abaixo da margem costal. O ecocardiograma inicial revelou dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada das veias supra-hep&#225;ticas e veia cava inferior, com dilata&#231;&#227;o biatrial acentuada, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica com padr&#227;o restritivo e sinais indiretos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. Suspeitou-se de CMR e iniciou-se tratamento com diur&#233;ticos, carvedilol e enalapril, com melhora da classe funcional.</p>
      <p>Foram solicitados estudos para esclarecer a etiologia da CMR, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca relatou hipertrabecula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda com rela&#231;&#227;o regi&#227;o n&#227;o compactada/regi&#227;o compactada de 4:1, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, hipertrabecula&#231;&#227;o significativa da cavidade ventricular, dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito com deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, um ECG Holter de 24 horas descreveu altera&#231;&#245;es atriais direita e esquerda e dist&#250;rbio de repolariza&#231;&#227;o nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais. Pelo exposto, a paciente foi discutida em reuni&#227;o de cardiologia, considerando a coexist&#234;ncia de cardiomiopatia restritiva e hipertrabecula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca: sequ&#234;ncia cine SSFP TrusFisp em eixo longo 2 c&#226;maras e eixo curto onde se observa hipertrabecula&#231;&#227;o significativa da cavidade ventricular esquerda, comprometendo as paredes lateral e inferior e m&#233;dio-apical com rela&#231;&#227;o regi&#227;o n&#227;o compactada/regi&#227;o compactada de 4.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230790-30790-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Foi iniciado tratamento m&#233;dico anti-insufici&#234;ncia e houve melhora da classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da New York Heart Association (NYHA) de III para II. Por&#233;m, ap&#243;s alguns meses, a paciente apresentou piora cl&#237;nica, necessitando de interna&#231;&#227;o em unidade de terapia intensiva por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria, sendo feito diagn&#243;stico de tamponamento card&#237;aco necessitando de janela peric&#225;rdica, suporte com oxigena&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica extracorp&#243;rea e posterior hemorragia cerebral maci&#231;a levando &#224; sua morte.</p>
      <p>O consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido do respons&#225;vel legal/parente mais pr&#243;ximo da menor, para publicar quaisquer imagens ou dados potencialmente identific&#225;veis neste artigo. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica aprovou a condu&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o baseada em gen&#244;mica</title>
        <p>Devido ao diagn&#243;stico de CMR de in&#237;cio precoce, a equipe m&#233;dica de gen&#233;tica foi consultada. O exame f&#237;sico era normal e n&#227;o havia hist&#243;ria familiar de cardiomiopatias ou morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. Ap&#243;s uma revis&#227;o cuidadosa do caso, foi realizado o sequenciamento completo do exoma (WES).</p>
        <p>Uma nova variante heterozig&#243;tica missense no gene FLNC (NM_001458.5) foi identificada: c.7559C&gt;A, p.Thr2520Asn e confirmada por sequenciamento Sanger. Essa substitui&#231;&#227;o converte o c&#243;don treonina na posi&#231;&#227;o 2520 em asparagina, localizado no dom&#237;nio ROD2 no qual h&#225; agrupamento de variantes associadas principalmente &#224; cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. Esta variante n&#227;o foi relatada em bancos de dados populacionais ou na literatura m&#233;dica atual e &#233; classificada como provavelmente patog&#234;nica.</p>
        <p>Outras variantes gen&#233;ticas identificadas neste caso foram: uma variante frameshift heterozig&#243;tica no gene AGK (NM_018238.4): c.675delG, p.Trp225CysfsTer6, classificada como patog&#234;nica de acordo com as diretrizes da ACMG; e uma variante heterozig&#243;tica missense no gene PKP2 (NM_004572.4): c.1163G&gt;A, p.Arg388Gln, classificada como variante de significado incerto (VSI).</p>
        <p>Nenhuma outra variante gen&#233;tica foi identificada neste caso. A m&#227;e da paciente (34 anos), o pai (38 anos) e os av&#243;s paternos (55 e 62 anos) consentiram no teste gen&#233;tico, constatando que o pai era portador das variantes FLNC e AGK (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Apresenta ecocardiograma normal e est&#225; em avalia&#231;&#227;o pela equipe de cardiologia.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Informa&#231;&#245;es de pedigree do paciente e familiares. Seta preta: o probando. Vermelha: Cardiomiopatia restritiva (*): Avalia&#231;&#227;o documentada. A nomenclatura padronizada de pedigree humano foi seguida (J Genet Counsel (2008) 17:424&#8211;433).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230790-30790-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No que diz respeito &#224; CMR, os genes mais comumente implicados s&#227;o aqueles que codificam prote&#237;nas sarcom&#233;ricas, incluindo aqueles para troponina I (TNNI3), cadeia pesada de &#946;-miosina (MYH7), &#945;-actina card&#237;aca (ACTC1), titina (TTN) e genes da cadeia leve da miosina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Existem casos espor&#225;dicos e familiares, e at&#233; 30% dos pacientes t&#234;m hist&#243;ria familiar relevante, sendo a endomiocardiofibrose a causa mais frequente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, a hipertrabecula&#231;&#227;o corresponde a um tra&#231;o fenot&#237;pico e n&#227;o a uma cardiomiopatia por si s&#243;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> &#201; caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de trab&#233;culas proeminentes no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e recessos intertrabeculares profundos e tamb&#233;m tem sido associada a genes sarcom&#233;ricos, mais comumente o gene MYH7.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Portanto, discute-se se corresponde a uma cardiomiopatia diferente ou a um tra&#231;o morfol&#243;gico comum. Vale ressaltar que pacientes com variantes patog&#234;nicas nos genes do sarc&#244;mero tendem a apresentar in&#237;cio precoce e maior incid&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Outros genes ligados &#224; hipertrabecula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o ZASP, distrobrevina e tafazzin, bem como um &#250;nico ponto de muta&#231;&#227;o no gene da cadeia pesada da beta-miosina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste caso, a WES identificou 3 variantes diferentes: variantes dos genes FLNC, AGK e PKP2. Entre estas, a primeira variante foi de particular interesse. O gene FLNC codifica a prote&#237;na filamina C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; actina, um dos tr&#234;s membros da fam&#237;lia encontrados em humanos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A filamina C &#233; composta por 6 dom&#237;nios: um dom&#237;nio de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; actina, subdom&#237;nios ROD1 e ROD2 e um dom&#237;nio de dimeriza&#231;&#227;o no seu terminal C; e serve como uma &#226;ncora de prote&#237;nas do sarcolema para o citoesqueleto e sistema de liga&#231;&#227;o c&#233;lulas-c&#233;lulas ou c&#233;lulas-matriz extracelular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Muta&#231;&#245;es no gene FLNC foram inicialmente associadas &#224; estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do tecido muscular esquel&#233;tico, embora mais recentemente tenham sido reconhecidas em CMD, CMH, VENC e CMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Maior preval&#234;ncia de muta&#231;&#245;es foi encontrada em pacientes com CMD, seguido de CMH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Poucos casos foram notificados ao CMR, com variantes localizadas principalmente nos dom&#237;nios ROD1 e ROD2; a variante encontrada neste caso est&#225; localizada em ROD2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Outros relat&#243;rios mostraram variantes n&#227;o repetitivas descritas no gene FLNC entre popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas e adultas, fornecendo informa&#231;&#245;es que sugerem uma liga&#231;&#227;o familiar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No nosso caso, foi identificada uma nova muta&#231;&#227;o missense, enquanto um estudo de segrega&#231;&#227;o familiar revelou o pai como portador da mesma variante, sendo atualmente um adulto assintom&#225;tico de 38 anos. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para atribuir significado patog&#234;nico a esta muta&#231;&#227;o e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a heran&#231;a familiar.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s variantes de AGK e PKP2, a primeira geralmente &#233; encontrada na s&#237;ndrome de Sengers e em um tipo de catarata autoss&#244;mica recessiva; como a paciente apresenta essa muta&#231;&#227;o em estado heterozigoto, ela &#233; considerada portadora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Este &#250;ltimo, PKP2, uma variante heterozig&#243;tica patog&#234;nica que tem sido associada &#224; cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica; neste caso, a variante &#233; classificada como VSI e n&#227;o se correlaciona com o fen&#243;tipo encontrado, mas pesquisas est&#227;o em andamento na &#225;rea de gen&#233;tica cardiovascular para compreender as poss&#237;veis contribui&#231;&#245;es de muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas de baixa a m&#233;dia penetr&#226;ncia nas cardiomiopatias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tal como evidenciado na nossa paciente, apesar do in&#237;cio do tratamento m&#233;dico, ela apresentou r&#225;pida deteriora&#231;&#227;o do seu quadro cl&#237;nico devido a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria com desfecho fatal. Seguindo as diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia, estudos gen&#233;ticos poderiam ser realizados para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico, avaliar o progn&#243;stico, selecionar o tratamento, como parte do aconselhamento reprodutivo, ou quando o estudo visa fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias para um parente pr&#243;ximo, em nossa opini&#227;o, &#233; deve ser realizado em todos os pacientes cuja resposta terap&#234;utica n&#227;o esteja produzindo resultados, na presen&#231;a de deteriora&#231;&#227;o de in&#237;cio r&#225;pido ou na presen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos tipos de cardiomiopatias coexistentes. Portanto, consideramos relevante divulgar esse tipo de associa&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que foi descrita uma variante potencialmente patog&#234;nica da FLNC nunca descrita anteriormente, o que poderia explicar sua evolu&#231;&#227;o e contribuir para novos estudos sobre o tema.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Investigaci&#243;n Biom&#233;dica de la Fundaci&#243;n Valle del Lili sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 173-2021. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230790i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>FLNC Associated Restrictive Cardiomyopathy and Hypertrabeculation, a Rare Association</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2234-5152</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aristizabal</surname>
            <given-names>Ana M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0431-8035</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guzm&#225;n-Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lizcano</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;a Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4010-2103</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mosquera</surname>
            <given-names>Walter</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0679-4249</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lores</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2672-0439</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pachajoa</surname>
            <given-names>Harry</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9887-2872</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cely</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cali</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CO">Colombia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Icesi, Cali &#8211; Colombia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cali</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CO">Colombia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiolog&#237;a Pedi&#225;trica - Fundaci&#243;n Valle del Lili, Cali &#8211; Colombia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cali</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CO">Colombia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Investigaciones Cl&#237;nicas - Fundaci&#243;n Valle del Lili, Cali &#8211; Colombia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cali</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CO">Colombia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiolog&#237;a Pedi&#225;trica - Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali &#8211; Colombia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cali</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CO">Colombia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Investigaciones en Anomal&#237;as Cong&#233;nitas y Enfermedades Raras (CIACER) - Universidad Icesi, Cali &#8211; Colombia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cali</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CO">Colombia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ciencias B&#225;sicas - Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud - Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cali &#8211; Colombia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cali</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CO">Colombia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servicio de Gen&#233;tica - Fundaci&#243;n Valle del Lili, Cali &#8211; Colombia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Alberto Guzm&#225;n-Serrano</bold> &#8226; Pontificia Universidad Javeriana - Cali - Valle del Cauca - Cl. 18 #118-250, Barrio Pance, Cali, Valle del Cauca Cali <postal-code>760008</postal-code> &#8211; Colombia E-mail: <email>carlos.guzman.s@fvl.org.co</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>A six-year-old girl with restrictive cardiomyopathy and hypertrabeculation, due to the early onset of her disease, whole exome sequencing was conducted, revealing the presence of a novel heterozygous missense variant in the FLNC gene. The same gene variant was also identified in her father, who, at an adult age, displayed normal imaging results and was symptom-free. This variant has not been reported in population databases or current medical literature and is classified as likely pathogenic.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Restrictive Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Filamins</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiomyopathy clinical presentation can range from asymptomatic patients, with nonspecific manifestations, up to a progressive and severe course that can result in cardiogenic shock, arrhythmias, and even sudden death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although genetic lineage has been identified for some of the cardiomyopathies, familial forms show diverse modes of inheritance according to the expressed phenotype.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Most of the data available about cardiomyopathies refer to an adult population. In this report, we describe a case of a school-aged patient, with an association of restrictive cardiomyopathy and hypertrabeculation, formerly known as non-dilated left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A previously healthy six-year-old girl, without relevant family or consanguinity history, presented with a 24-month history of hyporexia, increase in abdominal circumference, and recurrent emesis; in the last two months with thoracic pain and progressive decrease in functional class. She was found with hepatomegaly approximately 6 cm below the costal margin. An initial echocardiogram revealed severe dilation of the suprahepatic veins and inferior cava vein, with severe biatrial dilation, diastolic dysfunction with a restrictive pattern, and indirect signs of pulmonary hypertension. RCM was suspected and management with diuretics, carvedilol, and enalapril was begun, with improvement in functional class.</p>
        <p>Studies were requested to clarify the etiology of RCM, cardiac magnetic resonance reported left ventricular hypertrabeculation with a non-compaction region/compaction region ratio of 4:1, systolic dysfunction, significant hypertrabeculation of the ventricular cavity, dilation of the right ventricle with deterioration of systolic function (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>). In addition, a 24-hour Holter ECG described right and left atrial changes and repolarization disorder in precordial leads. Due to the foregoing, the patient was discussed in a cardiology meeting, considering the coexistence of restrictive cardiomyopathy and hypertrabeculation.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance: cine SSFP TrusFisp sequence in long axis 2-chamber and short axis where significant hypertrabeculation of the left ventricular cavity is observed, compromising the lateral and inferior and mid-apical walls with a non-compaction region/compaction region ratio of 4.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230790-30790-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Anti-failure medical management was started and there was improvement in the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification from III to II. However, after a few months, the patient evidenced clinical deterioration, requiring hospitalization in the intensive care unit for refractory heart failure, and a cardiac tamponade diagnosis was made requiring a pericardial window, support by extracorporeal mechanical oxygenation and subsequent massive cerebral hemorrhage leading to her death.</p>
        <p>Written informed consent was obtained from the minor's legal guardian/next of kin, to publish any potentially identifiable images or data in this article. The ethics committee approved the conduct of the study.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Genomics-based evaluation</title>
          <p>Because of the diagnosis of early-onset RCM, the medical genetics team was consulted. Physical examination was unremarkable, and there was no family history of cardiomyopathies or sudden cardiac death. After a careful review of the case, whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed.</p>
          <p>A novel heterozygous missense variant in the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene (NM_001458.5) was identified: c.7559C&gt;A, p.Thr2520Asn and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. This substitution converts the threonine codon at position 2520 into asparagine, located in the ROD2 domain in which there is clustering of variants associated mainly with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This variant has not been reported in population databases or current medical literature and is classified as likely pathogenic.</p>
          <p>Other gene variants identified in this case were: a heterozygous frameshift variant in the <italic>AGK</italic> gene (NM_018238.4): c.675delG, p.Trp225CysfsTer6, classified as pathogenic according to ACMG guidelines; and a heterozygous missense variant in the <italic>PKP2</italic> gene (NM_004572.4): c.1163G&gt;A, p.Arg388Gln, classified as a variant of uncertain significance (VUS).</p>
          <p>No other gene variants were identified in this case. The patient's mother (34 years old), father (38 years old), and paternal grandparents (55 and 62 years old) consented to genetic testing, finding that the father was a carrier for both the FLNC and AGK variants (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>). He has a normal echocardiogram and is currently being evaluated by the cardiology team.</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pedigree information of the patient and relatives. Black arrow: the proband Red: Restrictive cardiomyopathy (*): Documented evaluation. Standardized human pedigree nomenclature was followed (J Genet Counsel (2008) 17:424&#8211;433).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230790-30790-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Concerning RCM, the most commonly implicated genes are those encoding sarcomeric proteins, including those for troponin I (<italic>TNNI3</italic>), &#946;-myosin heavy chain (<italic>MYH7</italic>), cardiac &#945;-actin (<italic>ACTC1</italic>), titin (<italic>TTN</italic>), and myosin light-chain genes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Sporadic and familial cases exist, and up to 30% of patients have a relevant family history with endomyocardial fibrosis being the most frequent cause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Similarly, hypertrabeculation corresponds to a phenotypic trait rather than a cardiomyopathy by itself.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is characterized by the presence of prominent left-ventricle trabeculae and deep intertrabecular recesses and has also been linked to sarcomeric genes, most commonly the MYH7 gene.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Therefore, it is debated whether it corresponds to a different cardiomyopathy or a shared morphological trait. It is worth noting, that patients with pathogenic variants in sarcomere genes tend to present an early age onset and a higher incidence of adverse effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Other genes linked to hypertrabeculation are ZASP, dystrobrevin, and tafazzin, as well as a single mutation point in the beta-myosin heavy chain gene.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this case, WES identified 3 different variants: FLNC, AGK, and PKP2 gene variants. Among these, the first variant was of particular interest. <italic>FLNC</italic> gene encodes for actin-binding protein filamin C, one of the three family members found in humans.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Filamin C is composed of 6 domains: an actin-binding domain, ROD1 and ROD2 subdomains, and a dimerization domain at its C-terminus; and it serves as an anchor of sarcolemmal proteins to the cytoskeleton and linkage system cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix attachments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mutations in the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene were first associated with the structure and function of skeletal muscle tissue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A higher prevalence of mutations was found in patients with DCM, followed by HCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Few cases have been reported to RCM, with variants located mostly in the ROD1 and ROD2 domains; the variant found in this case is located in ROD2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Other reports have shown non-repeating variants described in the <italic>FLNC</italic> gene among pediatric and adult populations, providing information to suggest a familial linkage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In our case, a novel missense mutation was identified, while a familiar segregation study revealed the father as a carrier of the same variant, currently being a 38-year-old asymptomatic adult. Further studies are needed to incur pathogenic meaning to this mutation and its relation to familial heritage.</p>
        <p>Concerning the variants of AGK and PKP2, the first is usually found in Sengers syndrome and an autosomal recessive type of cataract; since the patient has this mutation in a heterozygous state, she is considered a carrier.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The latter, PKP2, a pathogenic heterozygous variant that has been linked to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy; in this case, the variant is classified as VUS and does not correlate to the phenotype found, but research is ongoing in the field of cardiovascular genetics to understand the possible contributions of low to medium penetrance gene mutations in cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As evidenced in our patient, despite the start of medical management, she had a rapid deterioration of her clinical condition due to refractory heart failure with a fatal outcome. Following the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology, genetic studies could be performed to confirm diagnosis, assess prognosis, select treatment, as part of reproductive counseling, or when the study aims to provide necessary information for a close relative, in our opinion, it should be conducted in every patient whose therapeutic response is not yielding results, in the presence of rapid onset deterioration or multiple types of cardiomyopathies coexisting. Therefore, we consider it relevant to disclose this type of association since a potentially pathogenic variant in FLNC never described before was described, which could explain her evolution and contribute to further studies regarding the topic.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Investigaci&#243;n Biom&#233;dica de la Fundaci&#243;n Valle del Lili under the protocol number 173-2021. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
