<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">74kwmrqzvRTfBkv7RrtDrPB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000501001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230780</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Import&#226;ncia da Art&#233;ria Tor&#225;cica Interna como Fonte de Circula&#231;&#227;o Colateral em Pacientes com CRM com S&#237;ndrome de Leriche</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7427-3237</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farsky</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Silvio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3862-6909</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sena</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela Dalla Bernardina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelato</surname>
            <given-names>Janayna Thaina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6186-1531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Petisco</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cl&#225;udia Gomes Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4623-7834</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Arnoni</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Tambelini</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pedro Silvio Farsky</bold> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>pedro.farsky@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230780</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM), o uso da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna (ATI), &#233; uma indica&#231;&#227;o de Classe I para a anastomose com a art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (ADA).</p>
        <p>A aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica, al&#233;m da doen&#231;a coronariana, um ter&#231;o dos pacientes possuem doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica (DAOP), que &#233; um complicador da CRM. Na S&#237;ndrome de Leriche, a ATI pode ser fonte de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral para art&#233;rias abaixo do n&#237;vel de oclus&#227;o. O seu uso inadvertido pode levar a complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas graves nos territ&#243;rios dependentes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Leriche</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Tor&#225;cica Interna</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Mulher, 51 anos, com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) est&#225;vel com angina Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) classe III canadense e dispneia NYHA III. Hipertensa, dislipid&#234;mica, ex-tabagista, com hist&#243;rico familiar positivo para DAC e claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente para 200 metros. A tentativa de realiza&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo pela art&#233;ria femoral revelou obstru&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria Aorta em seu segmento distal. O acesso radial revelou doen&#231;a triarterial com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada, sendo a CRM a indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento ideal.</p>
      <p>O pulso femoral n&#227;o era palp&#225;vel bilateralmente e o pulso da art&#233;ria radial direita era filiforme, al&#233;m da oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria radial esquerda ap&#243;s cateterismo card&#237;aco. A angiotomografia computadorizada Angio-TC revelou obstru&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica total ap&#243;s emerg&#234;ncia das art&#233;rias renais. Al&#233;m disso, foi evidenciado que as art&#233;rias tor&#225;cicas internas serviam como fonte de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral para o enchimento distal da Aorta e das art&#233;rias femorais. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Renderiza&#231;&#227;o de volume 3D. Angiotomografia mostrando a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna como fonte de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral para a art&#233;ria epig&#225;strica inferior.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230780-30780-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Renderiza&#231;&#227;o de volume 3D. Angiotomografia mostrando a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna como fonte de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral para a art&#233;ria epig&#225;strica inferior.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230780-30780-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Neste momento, ficou evidenciada a implausibilidade da utiliza&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias tor&#225;cicas internas para CRM. Ap&#243;s discuss&#227;o em Heart Team, foi indicado procedimento percut&#226;neo na coron&#225;ria direita e art&#233;ria descendente anterior (ADA). A art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda oclu&#237;da ficou sem interven&#231;&#227;o. O procedimento foi bem-sucedido e a paciente recebeu alta no dia seguinte.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na S&#237;ndrome de Leriche, a documenta&#231;&#227;o da origem colateral dos membros inferiores &#233; muito importante nos pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de CRM. Nestes pacientes, a circula&#231;&#227;o colateral est&#225; relacionada ao local da obstru&#231;&#227;o, quanto maior a oclus&#227;o aortoil&#237;aca, menor a chance da origem das colaterais ser proveniente de art&#233;rias mesent&#233;ricas ou lombares e maior a possibilidade do fluxo ser oriundo das ATIs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em pacientes onde a ATI &#233; a principal origem das colaterais das art&#233;rias femorais, sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o na CRM tem sido associada &#224; isquemia aguda e em alguns casos &#224; isquemia grave de membros inferiores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dado o maior benef&#237;cio da ATI &#224; ADA, &#233; imperativo reavaliar a indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, angioplastia ou mesmo manuten&#231;&#227;o de tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado nesses pacientes. Enxertos arteriais alternativos ou enxertos venosos tamb&#233;m podem ser usados para substituir as ATIs. Isquemia de membros inferiores em CRM foi descrita anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, foi apenas em 1996 que um estudo da equipe de cirurgia cardiovascular do hospital San Raffaele, em Mil&#227;o, It&#225;lia, descreveu um paciente de 59 anos com S&#237;ndrome de Leriche submetido a dupla revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da ATI. Observou-se grave isquemia do membro inferior esquerdo, necessitando de fasciotomia e deriva&#231;&#227;o aortobifemoral posterior com enxerto femoral-popl&#237;teo.</p>
      <p>Anos mais tarde, Arnold et al., publicaram quatro casos semelhantes, utilizando a ATI esquerda e, posteriormente, realizando a deriva&#231;&#227;o aortobifemoral na mesma interna&#231;&#227;o, com apenas um paciente complicado com amputa&#231;&#227;o de membro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ferrer et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> publicaram tr&#234;s pacientes com diferentes estrat&#233;gias abordadas, como tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o apenas com enxertos venosos ou mesmo angioplastia.</p>
      <p>Como tratamento alternativo, Bobylev et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> em 2013 demonstraram a viabilidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica concomitante e deriva&#231;&#227;o aortobifemoral, ap&#243;s circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre o tratamento ideal para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana complexa concomitante e S&#237;ndrome de Leriche. Tratamentos alternativos devem ser avaliados. O uso de outros condutos arteriais n&#227;o est&#225; associado &#224; mesma pat&#234;ncia em longo prazo que a ATI. O uso de enxerto venoso pode estar associado a um risco aumentado de infec&#231;&#245;es de feridas nas pernas e a taxas de pat&#234;ncia significativamente mais baixas. A angioplastia em pacientes multiarteriais e diab&#233;ticos apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es importantes e deve ser indicada com cautela. A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e a deriva&#231;&#227;o aortobifemoral simult&#226;neas permitem o uso da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica para proteger o membro inferior, mas s&#227;o exigentes e podem estar associadas a um risco cir&#250;rgico aumentado. A experi&#234;ncia &#233; limitada nesta &#225;rea e deve ser uma decis&#227;o de um Heart Team.</p>
      <p>Contudo, &#233; obrigat&#243;ria a investiga&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da ATI como fonte de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral para o membro inferior. Utilizando angiografia ou angioTC, pode-se avaliar a fonte de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral para membros inferiores ap&#243;s obstru&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. A ultrassonografia &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo capaz de identificar a oclus&#227;o aortoil&#237;aca e avaliar a ATI. Di&#226;metros da ATI maiores que 3,0 mm (ATI direita=3,6mm e ATI esquerda=3,3mm) possivelmente est&#227;o relacionados &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o na colateraliza&#231;&#227;o para manuten&#231;&#227;o do fluxo para os membros inferiores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A e D) ATIs direita e esquerda, visualizadas na ultrassonografia bidimensional; B e E) fluxo nas ATI direita e esquerda ao Doppler colorido; C e F) fluxo nas ATIs ao Doppler espectral. Setas laranja: identificar ATIs na ultrassonografia. Setas azuis: medi&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro da ATI direita (3,6mm) e esquerda (3,3mm). Setas verdes: costelas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230780-30780-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Essa investiga&#231;&#227;o pode prevenir o uso inadvertido da ATI, que pode culminar em desfechos isqu&#234;micos agudos graves, e proporcionar o melhor tratamento para cada caso.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Yurdakul M, Tola M, Ozdemir E, Bayazit M, Cumhur T. Internal Thoracic Artery-Inferior Epigastric Artery as a Collateral Pathway in Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease. J Vasc Surg. 2006;43(4):707-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2005.12.042.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yurdakul</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tola</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozdemir</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bayazit</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cumhur</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Internal Thoracic Artery-Inferior Epigastric Artery as a Collateral Pathway in Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>707</fpage>
          <lpage>713</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jvs.2005.12.042</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Arnold JR, Greenberg JD, Clements S. Internal Mammary Artery Perfusing the Leriche's Syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69(4):1244-6. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(99)01457-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arnold</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenberg</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clements</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Internal Mammary Artery Perfusing the Leriche's Syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1244</fpage>
          <lpage>1246</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0003-4975(99)01457-5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Ferrer MC, Calvo I, S&#225;nchez-Rubio J, Galache G, Diarte JA, Lukic A, et al. The Importance of Investigating the Internal Thoracic Artery Before Coronary Artery Surgery in Leriche's Syndrome. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2007;60(11):1198-201.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrer</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calvo</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;nchez-Rubio</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galache</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diarte</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lukic</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Importance of Investigating the Internal Thoracic Artery Before Coronary Artery Surgery in Leriche's Syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1198</fpage>
          <lpage>1201</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Arnold JR, Greenberg J, Reddy K, Clements S. Internal Mammary Artery Perfusing Leriche&#8217;s Syndrome in Association with Significant Coronary Arteriosclerosis: Four Case Reports and Review of Literature. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2000;49(4):441-4. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1522-726x(200004)49:4&lt;441:aid-ccd20&gt;3.0.co;2-v.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arnold</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenberg</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reddy</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clements</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Internal Mammary Artery Perfusing Leriche&#8217;s Syndrome in Association with Significant Coronary Arteriosclerosis: Four Case Reports and Review of Literature</article-title>
          <source>Catheter Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>441</fpage>
          <lpage>444</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/(sici)1522-726x(200004)49:4&lt;441:aid-ccd20&gt;3.0.co;2-v</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Bobylev D, Fleissner F, Zhang R, Haverich A, Ismail I. Arterial Myocardial Revascularization with Right Internal Thoracic Artery and Epigastric Artery in a Patient with Leriche's Syndrome. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;8:53. doi: 10.1186/1749-8090-8-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bobylev</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fleissner</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haverich</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ismail</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Arterial Myocardial Revascularization with Right Internal Thoracic Artery and Epigastric Artery in a Patient with Leriche's Syndrome</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <size units="pages">53</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1749-8090-8-53</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 66068422.3.0000.5462. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230780i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Image</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Importance of the Internal Thoracic Artery as the Source of Collateral Circulation in CABG Patients with Leriche Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7427-3237</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farsky</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Silvio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3862-6909</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sena</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela Dalla Bernardina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelato</surname>
            <given-names>Janayna Thaina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6186-1531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Petisco</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cl&#225;udia Gomes Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4623-7834</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Arnoni</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Tambelini</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Pedro Silvio Farsky</bold> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: pedro.farsky@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>In coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) the use of the internal thoracic artery (ITA), is a Class I indication for the left anterior descending (LAD) artery.</p>
        <p>Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease, and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is an important complicator of CABG, present in about one-third of the patients with coronary disease. In Leriche Syndrome, ITA can be the source of collateral circulation for arteries below the level of occlusion. Its inadvertent use can lead to serious ischemic complications in the dependent territories.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>CABG</kwd>
        <kwd>Leriche Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Internal Thoracic Artery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 51-year-old female, with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) Canadian Class III and Dyspnea NYHA III. A hypertensive, dyslipidemic, former smoker, with family history, and stable intermittent claudication for 200 meters. A hemodynamic study through the femoral artery revealed aortic obstruction, the exam was interrupted and followed by radial access, that revealed three-vessel disease with preserved ventricular function, so CABG was the preferred choice.</p>
        <p>The femoral pulse was bilaterally non-palpable, and the right radial artery pulse was filiform, in addition to new occlusion of the left radial artery after heart cath. Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) revealed total aortic obstruction after the emergence of the renal arteries. It was also evidenced that bilateral internal thoracic arteries was the source of the collateral circulation for the distal filling (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; 3D volume rendering. Angiotomography showing the internal thoracic artery as a source of collateral circulation to the inferior epigastric artery.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230780-30780-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; 3D volume rendering. Angiotomography showing the internal thoracic artery as a source of collateral circulation to the inferior epigastric artery.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230780-30780-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>At this time, the implausibility of using the internal thoracic arteries for CABG was evidenced. After the Heart Team discussion, a percutaneous procedure was indicated to the right coronary and anterior descending artery (LAD). The occluded left circumflex artery was left without intervention. The procedure was successful, and the patient was discharged the next day.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In Leriche Syndrome, the documentation of the collateral branch of the lower limbs is very important in patients with CABG indication. In these syndrome, the collateral circulation is related to the site of obstruction, the higher the aortoiliac occlusion, the lower the chance the origin of collaterals comes from mesenteric or lumbar arteries and the greater the possibility of the flow coming from the ITAs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In patients where ITA is the main origin of the collateral branch for femoral arteries, their utilization in CABG has been associated with acute ischemia and in some cases with serious ischemia of lower limbs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Given the greater benefit of ITA to LAD, it is imperative to reevaluate the indication of CABG, angioplasty, or even maintenance of optimized clinical treatment in these patients. Alternative arterial grafts or venous grafts can also be used to replace the ITAs. Lower limb ischemia in CABG has been described previously.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, it was only in 1996 that a letter from the cardiovascular surgery team at the San Raffaele hospital in Milan Italy described a 59-year-old patient with Leriche Syndrome who underwent double ITA revascularization. Serious ischemia of the left lower limb was seen, requiring fasciotomy and posterior aortobifemoral bypass with femoral-popliteal grafts.</p>
        <p>Years later, Arnold et al., published four similar cases, using the left ITA and, subsequently, performing the aortobifemoral bypass in the same hospitalization, with only one patient complicated with limb amputation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ferrer et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> published three patients with different strategies addressed, like optimized clinical treatment, revascularization surgery with venous grafts only, or even angioplasty.</p>
        <p>As an alternative treatment, Bobylev et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> in 2013 demonstrated the feasibility of concomitant CABG and aortobifemoral bypass, after extracorporeal circulation.</p>
        <p>There is no consensus about the ideal treatment for concomitant complex coronary artery disease and Leriche Syndrome. Alternative treatments should be evaluated. The use of other arterial conduits is not associated with the same long-term patency as the ITA. Use of venous graft may be associated with an increased risk of leg wound infections and significantly lower patency rates. Angioplasty in multivessel disease and diabetic patients has important limitations and should be indicated with caution. Simultaneous CABG and aortobifemoral bypass allow the use of the thoracic artery to protect the lower limb but is demanding and might be associated with increased surgical risk. Experience is limited in this area, and it must be a Heart Team decision.</p>
        <p>However, is mandatory the anatomical investigation of the ITA as the source of collateral circulation for the lower limb. Using angiography or CTA, can evaluate the source of collateral circulation to lower limbs after the aortic obstruction. Ultrasonography is a non-invasive method capable of identifying aortoiliac occlusion and evaluating the ITA. ITA diameters greater than 3.0 mm (right ITA=3.6mm and left ITA=3.3mm) are possibly related to participation in collateralization to maintain flow to the lower limbs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">figure 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A and D) right and left ITAs, seen on bidimensional ultrasound; B and E) flow in the right and left ITA at color Doppler; C and F) flow in the ITAs at spectral Doppler. Orange arrows: identify ITAs on ultrasound. Blue arrows: measurement of the diameter of the right (3.6mm) and left (3.3mm) ITA. Green arrows: ribs.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230780-30780-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>This investigation can prevent the negligent use of ITA, which can culminate in severe acute ischemic outcomes, and provide the best treatment for each case.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia under the protocol number 66068422.3.0000.5462. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
