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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">DQYxt3ZqKzMn8DCFptQ4kSz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000500301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230678</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da Suplementa&#231;&#227;o de Vitamina D sobre Par&#226;metros Hemodin&#226;micos Centrais e Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo em Indiv&#237;duos com Obesidade ou Sobrepeso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-8749-9324</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana C. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Lyra</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0797-572X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Michelle Rabello da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Samanta</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oigman</surname>
            <given-names>Wille</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Fritsch</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Aplicada</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Aplicada, Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Mario Fritsch Neves &#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto &#8211; Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro, 77 sala 329. CEP 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil Email: <email>mariofneves@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230678</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Efeitos da Suplementa&#231;&#227;o de Vitamina D sobre Par&#226;metros Hemodin&#226;micos Centrais e Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo em Indiv&#237;duos com Obesidade ou Sobrepeso</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/DQYxt3ZqKzMn8DCFptQ4kSz/a9256b3dd043f45a867fac28ef228f647a922919.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/DQYxt3ZqKzMn8DCFptQ4kSz/7ea7802f11ddf1cfdeb9e6197f461fb22e44cd6c.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/DQYxt3ZqKzMn8DCFptQ4kSz/ba2fa609c1172879b14931d7d6f323670666a86b.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Estudos pr&#233;vios t&#234;m sido inconsistentes em demonstrar efeitos cardiovasculares ben&#233;ficos da suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina D.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar efeitos da suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina D3 sobre par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos centrais e atividade auton&#244;mica em indiv&#237;duos obesos/sobrepeso e baixos n&#237;veis de vitamina D (&lt;30ng/dl).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Ensaio cl&#237;nico prospectivo, randomizado, duplo-cego (NCT 05689632), adultos 40-65 anos com &#237;ndice de massa corporal &#8805;25&lt;40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Hemodin&#226;mica central avaliada por m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico (Mobil-O-Graph&#174;), variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca utilizando frequenc&#237;metro Polar (software Kubios<sup>&#174;</sup>). Os pacientes (n=53) receberam placebo no grupo controle (CO, n=25) ou vitamina D3 (VD, n=28) 7000 UI/dia, avaliados antes (S0) e ap&#243;s 8 semanas (S8) com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os grupos foram homog&#234;neos na idade (51&#177;6 vs. 52&#177;6 anos, p=0,509) e n&#237;veis de vitamina D (22,8&#177;4,9 vs. 21,7&#177;4,5ng/ml, p=0,590). Na S8, o grupo VD apresentou n&#237;veis significativamente maiores de vitamina D (22,5 vs. 35,6ng/ml, p&lt;0,001). Apenas o grupo VD mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS; 123&#177;15 vs. 119&#177;14mmHg, p=0,019) e fosfatase alcalina (213&#177;55 vs. 202&#177;55mg/dl, p=0,012). O grupo CO mostrou eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o de aumento (AP: 9 vs. 12mmHg, p=0,028) e do &#237;ndice de incremento (Aix: 26 vs. 35%, p=0,020), o que n&#227;o foi observado no grupo VD (AP: 8 vs. 8mmHg, Aix: 26 vs. 25%, p&gt;0,05). Grupo VD apresentou aumento no &#237;ndice do sistema nervoso (iSN) parassimp&#225;tico (-0,64&#177;0,94 vs. -0,16&#177;1,10, p=0,028) e no intervalo R-R (866&#177;138 vs. 924&#177;161ms, p=0,026).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Nesta amostra, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria de vitamina D durante oito semanas resultou em melhora dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos centrais e do equil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Vitamina D</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodin&#226;mica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A obesidade contribui diretamente para uma eleva&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular com aumento de mortalidade, independentemente de outros fatores de risco. Uma variedade de mecanismos pode modular esse efeito adverso, uma vez que existe consider&#225;vel heterogeneidade metab&#243;lica e inflamat&#243;ria entre indiv&#237;duos com obesidade e sobrepeso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A vitamina D &#233; um horm&#244;nio esteroide essencial para regula&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de esquel&#233;tica e concentra&#231;&#245;es de 25-hidroxivitamina D (25(OH)D) entre 20ng/ml e 50ng/ml (50&#8211;125 nmol/l) foram consideradas seguras para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de esquel&#233;tica na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nos &#250;ltimos anos, evid&#234;ncias revelaram pap&#233;is funcionais adicionais da vitamina D (efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos), ligando sua defici&#234;ncia (25(OH)D &lt; 20ng/dl) e estado sub&#243;timo (25(OH)D &#8805; 20 e &lt;30ng/dl) a v&#225;rias doen&#231;as e fatores metab&#243;licos desfavor&#225;veis, como resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, diabetes melito tipo 2 e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos demonstraram que a defici&#234;ncia de vitamina D est&#225; associada a um risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares futuros e rigidez arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A dificuldade de manuten&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis adequados de vitamina D &#233; altamente prevalente entre os indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso, provavelmente por dilui&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica (lipossolubilidade) e por sequestro pelo tecido adiposo (reservat&#243;rio) entre outras hip&#243;teses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A resposta &#224; suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina D &#233; menor nestes indiv&#237;duos, sugerindo ajustes de dose ao tamanho corporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A obesidade e a defici&#234;ncia de vitamina D juntas promovem inflama&#231;&#227;o e induzem disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular atrav&#233;s do aumento da secre&#231;&#227;o de fatores de vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o, importantes contribuintes para a inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular e ativa&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Ambas se associam com pior sa&#250;de cardiovascular e s&#227;o consideradas fatores de risco para altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares, metab&#243;licas e pior desfecho cl&#237;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos observacionais sustentam a teoria fisiol&#243;gica da suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina D visando melhorar par&#226;metros vasculares e eventos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Entretanto, os resultados dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECR) t&#234;m sido inconsistentes quanto ao efeito protetor. Alguns fatores, como popula&#231;&#245;es heterog&#234;neas e doses de suplementa&#231;&#227;o insuficientes para alterar o estado pr&#233;vio de vitamina D, podem ser relacionados com essas falhas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A inclus&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com defici&#234;ncia ou insufici&#234;ncia de Vitamina D s&#233;rica, e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de doses elevadas e seguras para suplementa&#231;&#227;o de Vitamina D adotadas neste estudo seguem crit&#233;rios recentes estipulados para realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos com nutrientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>At&#233; o presente momento n&#227;o foram observados estudos visando melhora na variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) em pacientes com baixos n&#237;veis de vitamina D e excesso de peso. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina D sobre o sistema cardiovascular atrav&#233;s da avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial e da atividade do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Volunt&#225;rios adultos, de ambos os g&#234;neros, com idade entre 40 e 70 anos, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) entre 25,0 e 39,9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> e n&#237;veis de 25(OH)D &lt;30 ng/ml foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram diabetes melito, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, coron&#225;ria ou renal cr&#244;nica, usu&#225;rios de betabloqueadores ou suplementos contendo vitamina D, gesta&#231;&#227;o ou c&#226;ncer nos &#250;ltimos 5 anos. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa local (CAAE: 61044522.0.0000.5259) e todos os participantes leram e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE). A pesquisa ocorreu de acordo coma a resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 466/2012. O ensaio cl&#237;nico foi registrado no Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 05689632).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e randomiza&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Ensaio cl&#237;nico prospectivo, randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo realizado na Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial e Doen&#231;as Metab&#243;licas Associadas, no Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> apresenta o fluxograma do estudo com 53 participantes designados aleatoriamente, segundo plano de randomiza&#231;&#227;o (<italic>wwww.randomization.com</italic>), para receber placebo (triglicer&#237;deos de cadeia m&#233;dia (TCM) 100mg) no grupo controle (CO, n=25) ou Vitamina D3 7.000UI e TCM 100mg no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (VD, n=28), diariamente ap&#243;s o almo&#231;o, durante 8 semanas. O ensaio foi duplo cego, para a equipe e os volunt&#225;rios, que recebiam frascos sem r&#243;tulo, numerados, contendo o mesmo n&#250;mero de c&#225;psulas id&#234;nticas em cor, formato e tamanho. Todas as c&#225;psulas foram manufaturadas na mesma unidade (Centralfarma &#8211; Ipatinga, Minas Gerais, Brasil). A ades&#227;o foi avaliada pela porcentagem de c&#225;psulas consumidas e uma taxa de ades&#227;o de 80% foi considerada satisfat&#243;ria. Todos os exames foram realizados antes (S0) e ap&#243;s 8 semanas (S8) de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230678-30678-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica, antropom&#233;trica e da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</title>
        <p>As medidas da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD), c&#225;lculo da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM), e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) foram obtidas por dispositivo digital calibrado (modelo HEM-705 CP, <italic>OMRON Healthcare Inc</italic>., Illinois), em posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, no membro superior direito (MSD), ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso.</p>
        <p>O peso foi aferido em balan&#231;a digital com precis&#227;o de &#177; 0,1 kg (Filizola SA, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil) e o IMC foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula: peso em quilogramas dividido pelo quadrado da altura em metros (m<sup>2</sup>). As circunfer&#234;ncias da cintura (CC) e do quadril (CQ) foram obtidas por fita m&#233;trica de fibra de vidro flex&#237;vel e inextens&#237;vel. A CC, em cent&#237;metros (cm), foi medida em p&#233;, no ponto m&#233;dio entre a &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca, na expira&#231;&#227;o. A CQ, em cm, aferida no ponto mais largo sobre o quadril/n&#225;degas, com a fita paralela ao ch&#227;o. Raz&#227;o cintura/quadril (RCQ) e cintura/estatura (RCE) foram calculadas.</p>
        <p>A composi&#231;&#227;o corporal foi avaliada por Bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica (BIA) para estimativa do percentual de gordura corporal (% gordura), m&#233;todo simples, pr&#225;tico e facilmente reproduz&#237;vel. A BIA foi realizada atrav&#233;s do <italic>Biodynamics 450&#174; analyzer</italic> (<italic>Biodynamics</italic> Corp., Shoreline, WA, USA), frequ&#234;ncia &#250;nica de 50khz tetrapolar, em condi&#231;&#245;es padronizadas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s jejum de 8 horas, foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso e de urina. O hemograma foi medido por citometria de fluxo fluorescente, imped&#226;ncia e colorimetria, e realizado o c&#225;lculo da rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos. &#193;cido &#250;rico, glicose s&#233;rica, creatinina, colesterol total, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c) foram medidos por an&#225;lise automatizada <italic>(Technicon DAX96, Miles Inc</italic>). As concentra&#231;&#245;es de colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) foram calculadas pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald. A insulina por radioimunoensaio e o <italic>Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance</italic> (HOMA-IR) foi utilizado para estimar a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. A determina&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de prote&#237;na C-reativa foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo turbidim&#233;trico (l&#225;tex de alta sensibilidade). Marcadores hep&#225;ticos foram analisados pelo m&#233;todo cin&#233;tico ultravioleta. Eletr&#243;litos como magn&#233;sio e c&#225;lcio pelo m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico. Tiroxina livre, horm&#244;nio estimulador da tireoide (TSH), paratorm&#244;nio (PTH) e 25(OH)D foram analisados por imunoensaio eletroquimioluminescente. As amostras urin&#225;rias de c&#225;lcio foram analisadas por m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico de rea&#231;&#227;o com cresolftale&#237;na e da creatinina pelo m&#233;todo cin&#233;tico, com posterior c&#225;lculo da rela&#231;&#227;o c&#225;lcio-creatinina urin&#225;ria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da hemodin&#226;mica central</title>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos centrais foram acessados pelo Mobil-O Graph<sup>&#174;</sup> (I.E.M. GmbH, Stolberg, Germany). Um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo de an&#225;lise da onda de pulso arterial por oscilometria, permitindo an&#225;lise simult&#226;nea da press&#227;o arterial (PA) perif&#233;rica e central, da velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) e do &#237;ndice de incremento (Aix). A determina&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica central (PASc) foi baseada na grava&#231;&#227;o das ondas de pulso da arterial, com insufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito por 10 segundos ao n&#237;vel da PAD utilizando bra&#231;adeiras convencionais para adultos obesos e um sensor MPX50550 (<italic>Freescale Inc., Tempe, AZ, EUA)</italic>. PAS e press&#227;o de pulso (PP) centrais e perif&#233;ricas foram coletadas, e press&#227;o de aumento (AP), Aix, Aix@75 (corrigido para frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 75bpm), VOP, amplifica&#231;&#227;o de PP e idade arterial foram calculadas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>A VFC foi utilizada para estimar a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica atrav&#233;s do frequenc&#237;metro (Polar<sup>&#174;</sup>-<italic>Verity Sense, Kempele, Finland</italic>) posicionado e ajustado na face antero-medial do antebra&#231;o direito. Os indiv&#237;duos foram avaliados em posi&#231;&#227;o sentada ap&#243;s cinco minutos de repouso, atrav&#233;s da aferi&#231;&#227;o denominada <italic>ST (Short Term</italic>), sendo validada para respira&#231;&#227;o normal em repouso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Todos os dados foram processados utilizando o <italic>software</italic> Kubios<sup>&#174;</sup> HRV (<italic>Kubios Oy, Kuopio, Finland</italic>) desprezando o primeiro minuto (per&#237;odo de relaxamento).</p>
        <p>A cada batimento card&#237;aco (ondas R), os intervalos R-R (iRR) e outros par&#226;metros foram identificados e analisados quanto aos dom&#237;nios do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia atrav&#233;s de m&#233;todos lineares e n&#227;o lineares. O dom&#237;nio do tempo quantifica a VFC em milissegundos (ms) e reflete a atividade auton&#244;mica de maneira global. Utilizaram-se os par&#226;metros lineares: iRR - m&#233;dia dos intervalos entre cada batimento card&#237;aco; SDNN - desvio-padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo, em ms; RMSSD - raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre os intervalos RR normais adjacentes, em um intervalo de tempo (ms). Na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos dom&#237;nios de frequ&#234;ncia (an&#225;lise espectral), a menor variabilidade nos iRR tem mais rela&#231;&#227;o com as bandas de menor frequ&#234;ncia (LF- <italic>low frequency</italic>) e a maior variabilidade com as bandas de frequ&#234;ncia mais elevada (HF<italic>- high frequency</italic>). Os m&#233;todos n&#227;o lineares foram representados por um mapa de pontos em coordenadas cartesianas (<italic>Poincar&#233; plot</italic>), indicando os &#237;ndices SD1, desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea batimento a batimento, e SD2, desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade global da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O &#237;ndice do sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico (iSNP) foi calculado com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da iRR, RMSSD e SD1, e do simp&#225;tico (iSNS) atrav&#233;s da FC m&#233;dia, &#237;ndice de estresse (SI, de Baesvsky) e SD2. Ambos os algoritmos foram fornecidos pelo <italic>software Kubios</italic><sup><italic>&#174;</italic></sup>. As raz&#245;es SD2/SD1 e LF/HF refletem o balan&#231;o simpatovagal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C&#225;lculo amostral</title>
        <p>Para determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho amostral deste estudo, a VOP foi considerada como desfecho prim&#225;rio. Desse modo para uma diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima de 0,7m/s na VOP, desvio-padr&#227;o de 0,8 m/s, poder do estudo de 80% e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%, seria necess&#225;rio o m&#237;nimo de 44 pacientes. Considerando uma perda estimada de 10%, o n&#250;mero inicial previsto da amostra seria de 48 indiv&#237;duos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis foram analisadas para normalidade pelo teste Shapiro&#8211;Wilk. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram confirmadas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para comparar vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Os resultados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e em percentagem (%) para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O Teste t pareado foi realizado para comparar as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas intragrupos entre S0 e S8. O Teste t de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras independentes foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas intergrupos. A an&#225;lise das correla&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis foi realizada para obter o coeficiente de Pearson. A regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla foi utilizada para os ajustes de sexo e idade. Para todas as an&#225;lises foi adotado o intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% e o valor de p&lt;0,05 considerado estatisticamente significativo. Os resultados foram obtidos com o aux&#237;lio do <italic>software Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic><sup><italic>&#174;</italic></sup> (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, USA) vers&#227;o 25.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, antropom&#233;tricos e da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal no per&#237;odo basal do estudo s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> e os dados laboratoriais na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos nos dois grupos (CO, n=25 e VD, n=28) foi homog&#234;nea em S0, especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, IMC e n&#237;veis de vitamina D.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e antropom&#233;tricas dos grupos controle (CO) e grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (VD), no per&#237;odo basal</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>CO (n=25)</th>
                <th>VD (n=28)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">51&#177;6</td>
                <td align="center">52&#177;6</td>
                <td align="center">0,509</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">51,2</td>
                <td align="center">48,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,337</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pacientes hipertensos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41,2</td>
                <td align="center">58,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,572</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">30,9&#177;3,7</td>
                <td align="center">31,3&#177;3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,760</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, cm</td>
                <td align="center">102&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">104&#177;10</td>
                <td align="center">0,485</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o cintura-quadril</td>
                <td align="center">0,89&#177;0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,90&#177;0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,596</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o cintura-estatura</td>
                <td align="center">0,63&#177;0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,63&#177;0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,986</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gordura Corporal Total, %</td>
                <td align="center">38&#177;4</td>
                <td align="center">37&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center">0,309</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o. P-valor: teste t independente para vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas e teste exato de Fisher para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis laboratoriais dos grupos controle (CO) e grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (VD), no per&#237;odo basal</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>CO (n=25)</th>
                <th>VD (n=28)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o Neutr&#243;filo/Linf&#243;cito</td>
                <td align="center">1,94&#177;0,73</td>
                <td align="center">2,07&#177;1,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,617</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">84&#177;8</td>
                <td align="center">86&#177;14</td>
                <td align="center">0,448</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insulina, &#181;U/ml</td>
                <td align="center">12&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center">13&#177;6</td>
                <td align="center">0,381</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HOMA-IR</td>
                <td align="center">2,39&#177;1,39</td>
                <td align="center">2,87&#177;1,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,252</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">0,94&#177;0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,92&#177;0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,720</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido &#250;rico, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">4,3&#177;1,2</td>
                <td align="center">4,8&#177;1,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,116</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Magn&#233;sio, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">2,1&#177;0,18</td>
                <td align="center">2,0&#177;0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,157</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">209&#177;37</td>
                <td align="center">210&#177;45</td>
                <td align="center">0,942</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-colesterol, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">60&#177;16</td>
                <td align="center">51&#177;16</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-colesterol, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">131&#177;31</td>
                <td align="center">127&#177;45</td>
                <td align="center">0,718</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>T4 livre, ng/ml</td>
                <td align="center">1,25&#177;0,19</td>
                <td align="center">1,28&#177;0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,578</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Horm&#244;nio estimulante da tireoide, &#181;UI/ml</td>
                <td align="center">3,2&#177;3,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,5&#177;1,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,330</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aspartato aminotransferase, U/L</td>
                <td align="center">23&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center">23&#177;6</td>
                <td align="center">0,746</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alanina aminotransferase, U/L</td>
                <td align="center">23&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">27&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">0,140</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gama-glutamil transferase, U/L</td>
                <td align="center">34&#177;23</td>
                <td align="center">56&#177;85</td>
                <td align="center">0,220</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fosfatase alcalina, U/L</td>
                <td align="center">205&#177;70</td>
                <td align="center">218&#177;60</td>
                <td align="center">0,451</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na C-reativa, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">0,39&#177;0,38</td>
                <td align="center">0,74&#177;0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,095</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vitamin D, ng/ml</td>
                <td align="center">22,3&#177;5,6</td>
                <td align="center">21,5&#177;4,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,590</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o. P-valor: teste t independente. HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistence; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; T4: fra&#231;&#227;o livre horm&#244;nio tiroxina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> fornece os dados do PTH, c&#225;lcio s&#233;rico e corrigido pela albumina e a rela&#231;&#227;o c&#225;lcio/creatinina urinaria nos momentos basal e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o. Apenas no grupo VD, ap&#243;s 8 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o, houve aumento significativo nos n&#237;veis de vitamina D s&#233;rica e redu&#231;&#227;o da fosfatase alcalina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, foram encontradas correla&#231;&#245;es inversas dos n&#237;veis de vitamina D com a RCE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>) e com o %gordura (r=-0,41 e p=0,044) mantendo signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica ap&#243;s os ajustes para sexo e idade (%gordura <italic>&#946;</italic>=-0,914, IC-95% = 1,129/-0,099, p=0,029.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; N&#237;veis de paratorm&#244;nio, c&#225;lcio s&#233;rico, c&#225;lcio corrigido pela albumina e rela&#231;&#227;o c&#225;lcio/creatinina urinaria nos per&#237;odos basal e ap&#243;s 8 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="3">Grupo Controle</th>
                <th colspan="3">Grupo Vitamina D</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>S0</th>
                <th>S8</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>S0</th>
                <th>S8</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Paratorm&#244;nio,pg/ml</td>
                <td align="center">60&#177;23</td>
                <td align="center">56&#177;23</td>
                <td align="center">0,455</td>
                <td align="center">65&#177;23</td>
                <td align="center">66&#177;32</td>
                <td align="center">0,758</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C&#225;lcio, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">9,8&#177;0,3</td>
                <td align="center">9,8&#177;0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,705</td>
                <td align="center">9,9&#177;0,6</td>
                <td align="center">9,8&#177;0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,186</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C&#225;lcio corrigido, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">9,6&#177;0,3</td>
                <td align="center">9,6&#177;0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,694</td>
                <td align="center">9,8&#177;0,5</td>
                <td align="center">9,6&#177;0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,251</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C&#225;lcio/creatinina urin&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">0,09&#177;0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,09&#177;0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,784</td>
                <td align="center">0,09&#177;0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,07&#177;0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,194</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o. P-valor: teste t pareado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de vitamina D e fosfatase alcalina no per&#237;odo basal e ap&#243;s 8 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230678-30678-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#245;es da vitamina D com raz&#227;o cintura/estatura e SDNN (desvio-padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo) no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o na oitava semana.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230678-30678-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na S8, houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa das PAS e PAM perif&#233;ricas apenas no grupo VD. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hemodin&#226;mica central, na S8, o grupo controle mostrou eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa na AP e no Aix, n&#227;o observado no grupo VD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 4</xref>). Estes &#237;ndices apresentaram correla&#231;&#245;es com outros par&#226;metros da hemodin&#226;mica central como PPc (r=0,65, p=0,002 e r=0,51, p=0,015), VOP (r=0,65, p=0,002 e r=0,45, p=0,036) e com a idade vascular (r=0,62, p=0,003 e r=0,45, p=0,035), mas perderam signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica ap&#243;s ajustes para sexo e idade.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos perif&#233;ricos e centrais nos per&#237;odos basal e ap&#243;s 8 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal" valign="bottom">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="3">Grupo Controle</th>
                <th colspan="3">Grupo Vitamina D</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>S0</th>
                <th>S8</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>S0</th>
                <th>S8</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Hemodin&#226;mica Perif&#233;rica</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">123&#177;11</td>
                <td align="center">120&#177;14</td>
                <td align="center">0,219</td>
                <td align="center">123&#177;15</td>
                <td align="center">119&#177;14</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">84&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center">83&#177;8</td>
                <td align="center">0,353</td>
                <td align="center">83&#177;9</td>
                <td align="center">81&#177;8</td>
                <td align="center">0,068</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAM, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">97&#177;8</td>
                <td align="center">95&#177;9</td>
                <td align="center">0,220</td>
                <td align="center">97&#177;11</td>
                <td align="center">93&#177;9</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">38&#177;8</td>
                <td align="center">37&#177;10</td>
                <td align="center">0,305</td>
                <td align="center">40&#177;9</td>
                <td align="center">38&#177;9</td>
                <td align="center">0,072</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">70&#177;10</td>
                <td align="center">73&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">0,112</td>
                <td align="center">68&#177;10</td>
                <td align="center">67&#177;11</td>
                <td align="center">0,520</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Hemodin&#226;mica Central</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PASc, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">116&#177;11</td>
                <td align="center">117&#177;10</td>
                <td align="center">0,465</td>
                <td align="center">118&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">117&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">0,386</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PPc, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">30&#177;8</td>
                <td align="center">30&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">0,852</td>
                <td align="center">31&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center">32&#177;6</td>
                <td align="center">0,583</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Amplifica&#231;&#227;o PP, %</td>
                <td align="center">30&#177;10</td>
                <td align="center">32&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center">0,505</td>
                <td align="center">27&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">24&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">0,311</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">9&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">12&#177;8</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
                <td align="center">8&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">8&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">0,748</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aix, %</td>
                <td align="center">26&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">35&#177;19</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
                <td align="center">26&#177;14</td>
                <td align="center">25&#177;14</td>
                <td align="center">0,827</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aix@75, %</td>
                <td align="center">23&#177;10</td>
                <td align="center">24&#177;9</td>
                <td align="center">0,502</td>
                <td align="center">21&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center">15&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">0,053</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VOP, m/s</td>
                <td align="center">7,2&#177;0,9</td>
                <td align="center">7,3&#177;0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,386</td>
                <td align="center">7,5&#177;0,93</td>
                <td align="center">7,4&#177;0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,255</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade vascular, anos</td>
                <td align="center">50&#177;8</td>
                <td align="center">51&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center">0,329</td>
                <td align="center">53&#177;8</td>
                <td align="center">52&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center">0,558</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o. P-valor: teste t pareado. PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; PP: press&#227;o de pulso; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PASc: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica central; PPc: press&#227;o de pulso central; AP: press&#227;o de aumento; Aix: &#237;ndice de incremento; <email>Aix@75:</email> &#237;ndice de incremento corrigido para frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 75 batimentos por minuto; VOP: velocidade da onda de pulso.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade auton&#244;mica na S8 mostra que o grupo VD apresentou um aumento no iSNP, no iRR, concomitante &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, no iSNS e no SI, sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas no grupo controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>). O &#237;ndice SDNN correlacionou-se positivamente com os n&#237;veis de vitamina D, mantendo signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica ap&#243;s ajustes para sexo e idade, obtidos por regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos per&#237;odos basal e ap&#243;s 8 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal" valign="bottom">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="3">Grupo Controle</th>
                <th colspan="3">Grupo Vitamina D</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>S0</th>
                <th>S8</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>S0</th>
                <th>S8</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>FC</td>
                <td align="center">72&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center">73&#177;11</td>
                <td align="center">0,934</td>
                <td align="center">71&#177;11</td>
                <td align="center">67&#177;11</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iRR, ms</td>
                <td align="center">852&#177;143</td>
                <td align="center">847&#177;127</td>
                <td align="center">0,858</td>
                <td align="center">866&#177;138</td>
                <td align="center">924&#177;161</td>
                <td align="center">0,026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDNN</td>
                <td align="center">39&#177;36</td>
                <td align="center">29&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">0,115</td>
                <td align="center">24&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">27&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">0,253</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RMSSD</td>
                <td align="center">39&#177;46</td>
                <td align="center">29&#177;16</td>
                <td align="center">0,206</td>
                <td align="center">25&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center">31&#177;16</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice SNP</td>
                <td align="center">-0,37&#177;1,35</td>
                <td align="center">-0,63&#177;0,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,073</td>
                <td align="center">-0,64&#177;0,94</td>
                <td align="center">-0,16&#177;1,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice SNS</td>
                <td align="center">1,08&#177;1,37</td>
                <td align="center">1,23&#177;1,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,519</td>
                <td align="center">1,68&#177;2,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,92&#177;1,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,033</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SI</td>
                <td align="center">14&#177;6</td>
                <td align="center">15&#177;4</td>
                <td align="center">0,294</td>
                <td align="center">19&#177;9</td>
                <td align="center">15&#177;6</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LF, ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">614&#177;999</td>
                <td align="center">332&#177;263</td>
                <td align="center">0,213</td>
                <td align="center">320&#177;388</td>
                <td align="center">336&#177;315</td>
                <td align="center">0,860</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HF, ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">483&#177;524</td>
                <td align="center">356&#177;334</td>
                <td align="center">0,094</td>
                <td align="center">269&#177;236</td>
                <td align="center">386&#177;376</td>
                <td align="center">0,149</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LF / HF</td>
                <td align="center">2,03&#177;2,06</td>
                <td align="center">1,51&#177;1,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,261</td>
                <td align="center">1,69&#177;1,66</td>
                <td align="center">1,44&#177;1,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,507</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SD2/SD1</td>
                <td align="center">2,03&#177;0,75</td>
                <td align="center">1,89&#177;0,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,290</td>
                <td align="center">1,79&#177;0,59</td>
                <td align="center">1,73&#177;1,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,808</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o. P-valor: teste t pareado. FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; iRR: m&#233;dia dos intervalos entre cada batimento card&#237;aco; SDNN: desvio-padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo (ms); RMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre os intervalos RR normais adjacentes (ms); SNP: sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico; SNS: sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico; SI: &#237;ndice de estresse; LF: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (low frequency); HF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia (high frequency); SD2: desvio-padr&#227;o da variabilidade global da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no gr&#225;fico de Poincar&#233; e SD1: desvio-padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea batimento-a-batimento no gr&#225;fico Poincar&#233;.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os efeitos da suplementa&#231;&#227;o de doses elevadas de vitamina D sobre diversos marcadores cl&#237;nicos, bioqu&#237;micos e vasculares foram avaliados ap&#243;s dois meses em adultos com excesso de peso. Os dois grupos de estudo apresentaram semelhan&#231;a quanto &#224; idade, IMC elevado e n&#237;veis baixos de vitamina D, corroborando relatos de uma metan&#225;lise que descreve uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre IMC e estado de vitamina D.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> No presente estudo, com a eleva&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da 25(OH)D, houve redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos perif&#233;ricos e aumento no t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico.</p>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios mostram uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa e significativa entre vitamina D e fosfatase alcalina, e a eleva&#231;&#227;o desta pode sugerir remodela&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea cont&#237;nua naqueles indiv&#237;duos com baixos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de vitamina D.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> O grupo interven&#231;&#227;o apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de fosfatase alcalina, sugerindo recupera&#231;&#227;o de matriz &#243;ssea. A literatura relaciona os baixos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de vitamina D com &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos elevados e, esses par&#226;metros quando avaliados ap&#243;s suplementa&#231;&#227;o, apresentam resultados bastante heterog&#234;neos, como relatado recentemente por Musazadeh et al. Esta metan&#225;lise observou que a vitamina D reduziu efetivamente a CC, por&#233;m sem afetar a gordura corporal. Os resultados do presente estudo s&#227;o parcialmente semelhantes ao correlacionar inversamente os n&#237;veis de vitamina D com uma melhor RCE e %gordura corporal, sem, entretanto, afet&#225;-los significativamente, muito provavelmente pelo curto per&#237;odo de suplementa&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar da forte associa&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular com defici&#234;ncia grave (com morte s&#250;bita e acidente vascular cerebral) e moderada (com hipertens&#227;o e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica) da vitamina D, n&#227;o h&#225; recomenda&#231;&#227;o para sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o para preven&#231;&#227;o de DCV, nem para tratamento da obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Tal fato se deve aos resultados heterog&#234;neos e muitas vezes inconsistentes dos estudos de suplementa&#231;&#227;o e dos grandes ensaios, al&#233;m do risco aumentado de toxicidade por suplementa&#231;&#227;o com doses elevadas por per&#237;odos prolongados. Os riscos de hipercalcemia e hipercalcinose podem levar a diversos efeitos colaterais e precisam ser identificados. Neste estudo, a escolha de doses elevadas de suplementa&#231;&#227;o da vitamina D foi realizada pela maior necessidade j&#225; demonstrada no excesso de peso. Entretanto, o per&#237;odo curto da interven&#231;&#227;o funciona como prote&#231;&#227;o aos poss&#237;veis efeitos colaterais. Apenas a vitamina D s&#233;rica apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa, sem atingir 100ng/ml (hipervitaminose) ou 150ng/ml (t&#243;xicos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> N&#227;o houve queixas cl&#237;nicas dos indiv&#237;duos ou achados laboratoriais que pudessem ser relacionados com toxicidade como hipercalcemia, hipercalci&#250;ria ou redu&#231;&#227;o importante dos n&#237;veis de PTH, garantindo a seguran&#231;a dos sujeitos submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Os estudos com suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina D encontram resultados variados quanto aos efeitos nas PA perif&#233;ricas e centrais. Neste ensaio, a redu&#231;&#227;o nas press&#245;es perif&#233;ricas se assemelha aos resultados de uma metan&#225;lise que incluiu ECRs, com suplementa&#231;&#227;o superior a tr&#234;s meses e doses m&#233;dias de vitamina D acima de 2000 UI/dia. Destes, seis estudos encontraram redu&#231;&#245;es na PA sist&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Esta discreta redu&#231;&#227;o remete ao estudo de Hardy et al., que relatam uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 1 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica sendo associada a menos eventos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ao t&#233;rmino do presente estudo, o grupo controle evoluiu com aumento significativo nas AP e Aix, medidas indiretas de rigidez arterial, refletindo uma maior velocidade na propaga&#231;&#227;o da onda refletida ao cora&#231;&#227;o, achados n&#227;o observados naqueles que receberam vitamina D, sugerindo um potencial efeito protetor nestes indiv&#237;duos, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao envelhecimento vascular. Estes resultados n&#227;o s&#227;o semelhantes aos referidos em uma metan&#225;lise onde, entre 12 ECRs avaliados, nenhum apresentou piora do Aix nos grupos controle. Os efeitos protetores sobre a hemodin&#226;mica central, ap&#243;s suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina D, ainda n&#227;o podem ser afirmados pela heterogeneidade dos resultados, mas h&#225; relatos de redu&#231;&#227;o no Aix em dois estudos, em popula&#231;&#245;es de idosos e diab&#233;ticos tipo 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Em parte do estudo <italic>DAYLIGHT</italic> (<italic>Vitamin D Therapy in Individuals with Prehypertension or Hypertension)</italic>, os autores encontraram redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na AP e no Aix em 41 indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos com IMC m&#233;dio semelhante ao desta popula&#231;&#227;o, suplementando 4mil UI/dia de vitamina D por seis meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina D propiciou eleva&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico e concomitante redu&#231;&#227;o no t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico, demonstrados pelo aumento na VFC. De uma forma geral, a VFC reflete as altera&#231;&#245;es adaptativas do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, refletindo sua influ&#234;ncia sobre o n&#243; sinusal. O aumento da VFC sugere boa adapta&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica pressupondo bom funcionamento cardiovascular. Uma VFC reduzida pode ser um indicador de m&#225; adapta&#231;&#227;o tanto por hiperatividade simp&#225;tica ou em decorr&#234;ncia de uma retirada vagal, encontrada em alguns processos patol&#243;gicos do sistema cardiovascular. O t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico &#233; demonstrado predominantemente pelo RMSSD, HF, e SD1, al&#233;m do iPNS. Por outro lado, SDNN, LF, SD2, iSNS e SI s&#227;o influenciados por efeito adren&#233;rgico e colin&#233;rgico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o na VFC e a hipovitaminose D est&#227;o associadas a DCV e poucos estudos investigaram essa associa&#231;&#227;o e os efeitos dessa suplementa&#231;&#227;o. Recentemente uma revis&#227;o sobre micronutrientes chama a aten&#231;&#227;o para associa&#231;&#227;o entre defici&#234;ncia nos n&#237;veis de vitamina B12 e de Vitamina D com menor VFC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Tak et al. observaram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis de 25(OH)D e o SDNN, em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, usando registros de intervalo RR de 5 minutos, semelhantes aos desse estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> H&#225; relatos de outros dois estudos transversais, tamb&#233;m em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, mostrando associa&#231;&#227;o entre baixos n&#237;veis de vitamina D e redu&#231;&#227;o na VFC, utilizando avalia&#231;&#227;o distinta (grava&#231;&#245;es de 24 horas).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada redu&#231;&#227;o na VFC em dois ECRs em pacientes diab&#233;ticos com disautonomia card&#237;aca e em um estudo em indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em 2016, Mann et al. realizaram o primeiro estudo de suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina D objetivando melhora na adapta&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, em pacientes saud&#225;veis e com baixos n&#237;veis de vitamina D. Uma resposta protetiva cardiovagal por eleva&#231;&#227;o no componente HF foi encontrada nos indiv&#237;duos suplementados, ap&#243;s est&#237;mulo estressor (inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de angiotensina II por 30 minutos). Pr&#233; suplementa&#231;&#227;o, a resposta auton&#244;mica era desfavor&#225;vel com eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa da rela&#231;&#227;o LF:HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Dogdus et al. encontraram aumento na VFC em adultos saud&#225;veis com baixos n&#237;veis de vitamina D ap&#243;s suplementa&#231;&#227;o em dose &#250;nica, avaliada por eletrocardiograma de 24h.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O ensaio <italic>VITAH (Vitamin D supplementation and cardiac autonomic tone in hemodialisys)</italic> postulou se a suplementa&#231;&#227;o intensiva (50.000 UI/semana) de vitamina D reduziria a rela&#231;&#227;o LF:HF, quando adicionada &#224; suplementa&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica j&#225; em uso para pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise (alfacalcidol 0,25mcg 3 vezes/semana). Ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o intensiva, n&#227;o foi verificado redu&#231;&#227;o na rela&#231;&#227;o LF:HF. Entretanto, s&#243; houve eleva&#231;&#227;o nesta rela&#231;&#227;o nos indiv&#237;duos que permaneceram com vitamina D s&#233;rica insuficiente, mesmo ap&#243;s suplementa&#231;&#227;o intensiva por seis semanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> De forma semelhante, este ensaio encontrou prote&#231;&#227;o vagal ap&#243;s a suplementa&#231;&#227;o da vitamina D, pela eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa do t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico. Adicionalmente, esses achados se corroboraram, de forma consistente, pela redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. A amostra populacional pode ser considerada pequena, mas atingiu o tamanho amostral m&#237;nimo calculado previamente, o que foi suficiente para obter signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise comparativa de algumas vari&#225;veis entre os grupos. Al&#233;m disso, os m&#233;todos de estudo da estrutura vascular foram mais espec&#237;ficos do que aqueles realizados em outros estudos com vitamina D, o que permitiu um tamanho amostral mais reduzido. O tempo de estudo tamb&#233;m pode ser considerado insuficiente para obter resultados mais relevantes. Por outro lado, os achados significativos observados com apenas oito semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o refor&#231;am os efeitos precoces da suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina D e trazem mais originalidade para o presente estudo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta amostra de indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso ou obesidade, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria de vitamina D durante oito semanas resultou em melhora das press&#245;es perif&#233;ricas e do equil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico. Houve manuten&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es centrais sugerindo atenua&#231;&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica desfavor&#225;vel observada na aus&#234;ncia desta reposi&#231;&#227;o. Estes resultados positivos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e prote&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica se tornam relevantes justamente pelo curto per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o e pela escolha da popula&#231;&#227;o com excesso de peso, concomitante aos baixos n&#237;veis de vitamina D. Esses achados refor&#231;am a hip&#243;tese de um efeito protetor da vitamina D no sistema cardiovascular em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e indicam a necessidade de novos estudos randomizados em maior escala e por per&#237;odo prolongado visando maior n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Adriana C. C. Faria pela Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 5.600.773-CAAE: 61044522.0.0000.5259. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group content-type="state">
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela FAPERJ e CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230678i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Central Hemodynamic Parameters and Autonomic Nervous System in Obese or Overweight Individuals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-8749-9324</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana C. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Lyra</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0797-572X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Michelle Rabello da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Samanta</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oigman</surname>
            <given-names>Wille</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Fritsch</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Aplicada, Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Mario Fritsch Neves &#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto &#8211; Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro, 77, sala 329. Postal Code 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil Email: mariofneves@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Central Hemodynamic Parameters and Autonomic Nervous System in Obese or Overweight Individuals</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230678-30678-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Previous studies have been inconsistent in demonstrating beneficial cardiovascular effects of vitamin D supplementation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on central hemodynamic parameters and autonomic activity in obese/overweight individuals with low vitamin D levels (&lt;30ng/dl).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Adults 40-65 years old with body mass index &#8805;25&lt;40 kg/m<sup>2</sup> were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial (NCT 05689632). Central hemodynamics was assessed using the oscillometric method (Mobil-O-Graph<sup>&#174;</sup>), and heart rate variability using a Polar heart rate monitor (Kubios<sup>&#174;</sup> software). Patients (n=53) received a placebo in the control group (CO, n=25) or vitamin D3 (VD, n=28) 7000 IU/day, and were evaluated before (W0) and after 8 weeks (W8) with a significance level of 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The groups were homogeneous regarding age (51&#177;6 vs 52&#177;6 years, p=0.509) and vitamin D levels (22.8&#177;4.9 vs 21.7&#177;4.5ng/ml, p=0.590). At W8, the VD group had significantly higher levels of vitamin D (22.5 vs 35.6ng/ml, p&lt;0.001). Only the VD group showed a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP; 123&#177;15 vs 119&#177;14mmHg, p=0.019) and alkaline phosphatase (213&#177;55 vs 202&#177;55mg/dl, p=0.012). The CO group showed an increase in augmentation pressure (AP: 9 vs 12 mmHg, p=0.028) and augmentation index (AIx: 26 vs 35%, p=0.020), which was not observed in the VD group (AP: 8 vs 8 mmHg, AIx: 26 vs 25%, p&gt;0.05). VD group showed an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system index (PNSi) (-0.64&#177;0.94 vs -0.16&#177;1.10, p=0.028) and the R-R interval (866&#177;138 vs 924&#177;161 ms, p= 0.026).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> In this sample, eight weeks of daily vitamin D supplementation resulted in an improvement in blood pressure levels and autonomic balance.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Vitamin D</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodynamics</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Obesity directly contributes to a higher cardiovascular risk with increased mortality, independently of other risk factors. Several mechanisms can modulate this adverse effect since there is considerable metabolic and inflammatory heterogeneity between obese and overweight individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Vitamin D is a steroid hormone essential for the regulation of skeletal health, and concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) between 20ng/ml and 50ng/ml (50&#8211;125 nmol/l) have been considered safe for the maintenance of skeletal health in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In recent years, additional functional roles of vitamin D (pleiotropic effects) have been evidenced, linking its deficiency (25(OH)D &lt; 20ng/dl) and suboptimal state (25(OH)D &#8805; 20 and &lt;30ng/dl) to several diseases and unfavorable metabolic factors, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases (CVD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Epidemiological studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of future cardiovascular events and arterial stiffness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The difficulty in maintaining adequate vitamin D levels is highly prevalent among overweight individuals, probably due to volumetric dilution (lipossolubility) and adipose tissue sequestration (reservoir) among other hypotheses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The response to vitamin D supplementation is lower in these individuals, indicating dose adjustments to body size.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Obesity and vitamin D deficiency together promote inflammation and induce vascular dysfunction through the increased release of vasoconstriction factors, which are harmful to vascular inflammation and endothelial activation. Both are associated with worse cardiovascular health and are considered risk factors for vascular and metabolic changes and worse clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Observational studies support the physiological theory of vitamin D supplementation improving vascular parameters and clinical events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, results from selected randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have been inconsistent regarding this protective effect. Some factors, such as heterogeneous populations and low supplementation doses incapable of altering the previous vitamin D status, may be related to these failures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Therefore, the decision to enroll only deficient or insufficient vitamin D serum levels subjects and the use of high and safe doses of Vitamin D supplementation adopted in this study follows recently described criteria stipulated for carrying out studies with nutrients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To date, no studies have been observed aiming to improve heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with low levels of vitamin D and overweight. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the cardiovascular system by assessing arterial stiffness and autonomic nervous system activity.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Subjects</title>
          <p>Adult volunteers, of both genders, aged between 40 and 70 years, body mass index (BMI) between 25.0 and 39.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and 25(OH)D levels &lt;30 ng/ml were enrolled. Exclusion criteria were diabetes mellitus, peripheral arterial, coronary, or chronic kidney diseases, use of beta-blockers or supplements containing vitamin D, pregnancy, or cancer in the last 5 years. The protocol was approved by the local Research Ethics Committee (CAAE: 61044522.0.0000.5259) and all participants read and signed the participatory and informed consent (PIC). This study was carried out following resolution n&#186; 466/2012 and was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 05689632).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and randomization</title>
          <p>A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out at the Clinic of Hypertension and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, Rio de Janeiro State University, Brazil. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> presents the study flowchart with 53 participants randomly assigned, according to the randomization plan (wwww.randomization.com) to receive a placebo (medium chain triglycerides (MCT) 100mg) in the control group (CO, n=25) or Vitamin D3 7.000UI and TCM 100mg in the intervention group (VD, n=28), daily after lunch, for 8 weeks. The trial was double-blind, for the team and volunteers, who received unlabeled, numbered bottles, containing the same number of capsules identical in color, shape, and size. All capsules were manufactured in the same unit (Centralfarma &#8211; Ipatinga, Minas Gerais, Brazil). Adherence was assessed by the percentage of capsules consumed and an adherence rate of 80% was satisfactorily guaranteed. All exams were performed before (W0) and after 8 weeks (W8) of intervention.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Study flowchart.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230678-30678-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood pressure, anthropometric, and body composition assessment</title>
          <p>Measurements of systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, calculation of mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) were obtained using a calibrated digital device (model HEM-705 CP, OMRON Healthcare Inc., Illinois), in a sitting position, on the right upper limb, after 5 minutes of rest.</p>
          <p>Weight was measured on a digital scale with an accuracy of &#177; 0.1 kg (Filizola SA, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil) and BMI was calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters (m<sup>2</sup>). Waist (WC) and hip (HC) circumferences were obtained using a flexible and inextensible fiberglass measuring tape. WC was measured standing up, at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest, during expiration. The HC was measured at the widest point on the hip/buttocks, with the tape parallel to the floor. Waist/hip ratio (WHR) and waist/height ratio (WHtR) were calculated.</p>
          <p>Body composition was assessed using Bioelectrical Impedance (BIA) to estimate the percentage of body fat (% fat), a simple, practical, and easily reproducible method. BIA was performed using the Biodynamics 450&#174; analyzer (Biodynamics Corp., Shoreline, WA, USA), single frequency of 50 kHz tetrapolar, under standardized conditions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Biochemical analysis</title>
          <p>After 8 hours of fasting, venous blood and urine samples were collected. The blood count was measured by fluorescent flow cytometry, impedance, and colorimetry, and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was calculated. Uric acid, serum glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) were measured by automated analysis (Technicon DAX96, Miles Inc). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) concentrations were calculated using the Friedewald equation. Radioimmunoassay insulin and Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) were used to estimate insulin resistance. The determination of the serum concentration of C-reactive protein was carried out using the turbidimetric method (high-sensitivity latex). Liver markers were analyzed using the ultraviolet kinetic method. Electrolytes such as magnesium and calcium using the colorimetric method. Free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and 25(OH)D were analyzed by electrochemiluminescent immunoassay. Urinary calcium samples were analyzed using the colorimetric method of reaction with cresolphthalein and creatinine using the kinetic method, with subsequent calculation of the urinary calcium-creatinine ratio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Central hemodynamics assessment</title>
          <p>Central hemodynamic parameters were accessed by Mobil-O Graph<sup>&#174;</sup> (I.E.M. GmbH, Stolberg, Germany). A non-invasive, oscillometric method of arterial pulse wave analysis, allows simultaneous assessment of peripheral and central blood pressure (BP), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and augmentation index (AIx). The determination of central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) was based on the recording of arterial pulse waves, with cuff inflation for 10 seconds at the level of DBP using conventional cuffs for obese adults and an MPX50550 sensor (Freescale Inc., Tempe, AZ, USA). Central and peripheral SBP and pulse pressure (PP) were collected, and augmentation pressure (AP), AIx, AIx@75 (adjusted for heart rate 75bpm), PWV, PP amplification, and arterial age were calculated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Heart rate variability</title>
          <p>HRV was used to estimate autonomic function using a heart rate monitor (Polar<sup>&#174;</sup>-Verity Sense, Kempele, Finland) positioned and adjusted on the anteromedial surface of the right forearm. The individuals were evaluated in a sitting position after five minutes of rest, using the measurement called ST (Short Term), which is validated for normal breathing at rest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> All data were processed using the Kubios<sup>&#174;</sup> HRV software (Biosignal Analysis and Medical Imaging Group, Kuopio, Finland) disregarding the first minute (relaxation period).</p>
          <p>At each heartbeat (R waves), the mean R-R intervals (mRR) and other parameters were identified and analyzed in the time and frequency domains using linear and non-linear methods. The time domain quantifies HRV in milliseconds (ms) and reflects autonomic activity globally. The following linear parameters were calculated: mRR - average of the intervals between each heartbeat; SDNN - standard deviation of all normal RR intervals recorded in a time interval, in ms and RMSSD - square root of the mean of the square of the differences between adjacent normal RR intervals, in a time interval (ms). When evaluating frequency domains (spectral analysis), the lower variability in iRR is more related to the lower frequency bands (LF- low frequency) and the greater variability to the higher frequency bands (HF- high frequency). The non-linear methods were represented by a map of points in Cartesian coordinates (Poincar&#233; plot), indicating the indices SD1, the standard deviation of instantaneous beat-to-beat variability, and SD2, the standard deviation of global heart rate variability. The parasympathetic nervous system index (PNSi) was calculated using mRR, RMSSD, and SD1, and the sympathetic nervous system index (SNSi) using mean HR, stress index (SI, Baesvsky), and SD2. Both algorithms were provided by Kubios<sup>&#174;</sup> software. The SD2/SD1 and LF/HF ratios reflect the sympathovagal balance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size calculation</title>
          <p>To determine the sample size for this study, PWV was considered as the primary outcome. Therefore, for a minimum difference of 0.7 m/s in PWV, a standard deviation of 0.8 m/s, a study power of 80%, and a significance level of 5%, a minimum of 44 patients would be necessary. Considering an estimated loss of 10%, the expected initial number of the sample would be 48 individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Variables were analyzed for normality using the Shapiro&#8211;Wilk test. Continuous variables were confirmed with normal distribution. Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used to compare categorical variables. The results are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables and as a percentage (%) for categorical variables. Paired t-test was performed to compare intragroup continuous variables between W0 and W8. Student&#8217;s t-test for independent samples was used for comparisons between continuous intergroup variables. The analysis of correlations between variables was carried out to obtain the Pearson coefficient. Multiple linear regression was used to adjust for sex and age. For all analyses, the 95% confidence interval (CI) was adopted and the p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results were obtained with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences&#174; (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, USA) software version 25.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The evaluation of clinical, anthropometric, and body composition parameters in the baseline period of the study are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>, and laboratory data in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. The individuals were evenly distributed between the two groups (CO, n=25 and VD, n=28) in W0, especially according to age, BMI, and vitamin D levels.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline clinical and anthropometric variables of control group (CO) and intervention group (VD)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>CO (n=25)</th>
                  <th>VD (n=28)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">51&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">52&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.509</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51.2</td>
                  <td align="center">48.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.337</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41.2</td>
                  <td align="center">58.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.572</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body Mass Index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">30.9&#177;3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">31.3&#177;3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.760</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Waist circunference, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">102&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">104&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.485</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Waist-to-hip ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89&#177;0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90&#177;0.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.596</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Waist-to-height ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63&#177;0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63&#177;0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">0.986</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body fat, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38&#177;4</td>
                  <td align="center">37&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.309</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD or proportions. P value corresponds to the Student t-test for continuous variables and Fisher&#8217;s exact test for categorical variables.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline biochemical analysis of the control group (CO) and intervention group (VD)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>CO (n=25)</th>
                  <th>VD (n=28)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">1.94&#177;0.73</td>
                  <td align="center">2.07&#177;1.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.617</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">84&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">86&#177;14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.448</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulin, &#181;U/ml</td>
                  <td align="center">12&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">13&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.381</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HOMA-IR</td>
                  <td align="center">2.39&#177;1.39</td>
                  <td align="center">2.87&#177;1.60</td>
                  <td align="center">0.252</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94&#177;0.16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.92&#177;0.22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.720</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uric acid, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3&#177;1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">4.8&#177;1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.116</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Magnesium, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1&#177;0.18</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0&#177;0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.157</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">209&#177;37</td>
                  <td align="center">210&#177;45</td>
                  <td align="center">0.942</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">60&#177;16</td>
                  <td align="center">51&#177;16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">131&#177;31</td>
                  <td align="center">127&#177;45</td>
                  <td align="center">0.718</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Free T4, ng/ml</td>
                  <td align="center">1.25&#177;0.19</td>
                  <td align="center">1.28&#177;0.23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.578</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TSH, &#181;UI/ml</td>
                  <td align="center">3.2&#177;3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5&#177;1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.330</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspartate transaminase, U/L</td>
                  <td align="center">23&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">23&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.746</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alanine transaminase, U/L</td>
                  <td align="center">23&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">27&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.140</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GGT, U/L</td>
                  <td align="center">34&#177;23</td>
                  <td align="center">56&#177;85</td>
                  <td align="center">0.220</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alkaline phosphatase, U/L</td>
                  <td align="center">205&#177;70</td>
                  <td align="center">218&#177;60</td>
                  <td align="center">0.451</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C-reactive protein, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39&#177;0.38</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74&#177;0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.095</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vitamin D, ng/ml</td>
                  <td align="center">22.3&#177;5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">21.5&#177;4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.590</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD. p-value Student&#8217;s t-test. HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; T4: Free thyroxine; TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> provides data on PTH, serum, and albumin-corrected calcium and the urinary calcium/creatinine ratio at baseline and post-intervention. Only in the VD group, after 8 weeks of intervention, there was a significant increase in serum vitamin D levels and a reduction in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). Furthermore, inverse correlations were found between vitamin D levels and WHtR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>) and with %fat (r=-0.41 and p=0.044), maintaining statistical significance after adjustments for sex and age (%fat &#946;= -0.914, 95% CI =-1.129/-0.099, p=0.029).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline and post-intervention parathyroid hormone, calcium, albumin-corrected calcium, and the urinary calcium/creatinine ratio</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal" valign="bottom">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Control Group</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Vitamin D Group</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>W0</th>
                  <th>W8</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>W0</th>
                  <th>W8</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PTH, pg/ml</td>
                  <td align="center">60&#177;23</td>
                  <td align="center">56&#177;23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.455</td>
                  <td align="center">65&#177;23</td>
                  <td align="center">66&#177;32</td>
                  <td align="center">0.758</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">9.8&#177;0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">9.8&#177;0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.705</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9&#177;0.6</td>
                  <td align="center">9.8&#177;0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.186</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumin-corrected calcium, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">9.6&#177;0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">9.6&#177;0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.694</td>
                  <td align="center">9.8&#177;0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">9.6&#177;0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.251</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urinary calcium/creatinine ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09&#177;0.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09&#177;0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0.784</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09&#177;0.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07&#177;0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">0.194</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; SD. P-value Student&#8217;s t-test. PTH: Parathyroid hormone.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline and post-intervention Vitamin D and alkaline phosphatase levels.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230678-30678-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline and post-intervention correlations of Vitamin D with waist-to-height ratio and SDNN (standard deviation of all normal RR intervals).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230678-30678-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>At W8, there was a significant reduction in peripheral SBP and MAP only in the VD group. Regarding central hemodynamics at W8, the control group showed a significant increase in AP and AIx, not observed in the VD group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). These indices showed correlations with other central hemodynamic parameters such as cPP (r=0.65, p=0.002 and r=0.51, p=0.015), PWV (r=0.65, p=0.002 and r=0.45, p=0.036) and with vascular age (r=0.62, p=0.003 and r=0.45, p=0.035), but lost statistical significance after adjustments for sex and age.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline and post-intervention peripheral and central hemodynamic parameters</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal" valign="bottom">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Control Group</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Vitamin D Group</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>W0</th>
                  <th>W8</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>W0</th>
                  <th>W8</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">
                    <bold>Peripheral Hemodynamics</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">123&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">120&#177;14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.219</td>
                  <td align="center">123&#177;15</td>
                  <td align="center">119&#177;14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBD, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">84&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">83&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.353</td>
                  <td align="center">83&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">81&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.068</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MAP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">97&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">95&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.220</td>
                  <td align="center">97&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">93&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">38&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">37&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.305</td>
                  <td align="center">40&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">38&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.072</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">70&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">73&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.112</td>
                  <td align="center">68&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">67&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.520</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">
                    <bold>Central Hemodynamics</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cSBP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">116&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">117&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.465</td>
                  <td align="center">118&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">117&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.386</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cPP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">30&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">30&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.852</td>
                  <td align="center">31&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">32&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.583</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PP amplification, %</td>
                  <td align="center">30&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">32&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.505</td>
                  <td align="center">27&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">24&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.311</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">9&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">12&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.028</td>
                  <td align="center">8&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">8&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.748</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aix, %</td>
                  <td align="center">26&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">35&#177;19</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020</td>
                  <td align="center">26&#177;14</td>
                  <td align="center">25&#177;14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.827</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aix@75, %</td>
                  <td align="center">23&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">24&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.502</td>
                  <td align="center">21&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">15&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.053</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PWV, m/s</td>
                  <td align="center">7.2&#177;0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">7.3&#177;0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.386</td>
                  <td align="center">7.5&#177;0.93</td>
                  <td align="center">7.4&#177;0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.255</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vascular age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">50&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">51&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.329</td>
                  <td align="center">53&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">52&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.558</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; SD. p-value Student&#8217;s t-test. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure; PP: pulse pressure; HR: heart rate; cSBP: central systolic blood pressure; cPP: central pulse pressure; AP: augmentation pressure; Aix: Augmentation index; <email>Aix@75:</email> augmentation index adjusted for heart rate 75bpm; PWV: pulse wave velocity.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The assessment of autonomic activity at W8 shows that the VD group presented an increase in PNSi, and mRR, along with a reduction in heart rate, SNSi, and SI, without significant changes in the control group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>). The SDNN index correlated positively with vitamin D levels, maintaining statistical significance after adjustments for sex and age, obtained by multiple linear regression (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline and post-intervention heart rate variabilit</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal" valign="bottom">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Control Group</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Vitamin D Group</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>W0</th>
                  <th>W8</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>W0</th>
                  <th>W8</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR</td>
                  <td align="center">72&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">73&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.934</td>
                  <td align="center">71&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">67&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>mRR, ms</td>
                  <td align="center">852&#177;143</td>
                  <td align="center">847&#177;127</td>
                  <td align="center">0.858</td>
                  <td align="center">866&#177;138</td>
                  <td align="center">924&#177;161</td>
                  <td align="center">0.026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SDNN</td>
                  <td align="center">39&#177;36</td>
                  <td align="center">29&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.115</td>
                  <td align="center">24&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">27&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.253</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RMSSD</td>
                  <td align="center">39&#177;46</td>
                  <td align="center">29&#177;16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.206</td>
                  <td align="center">25&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">31&#177;16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.102</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PNSi</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.37&#177;1.35</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.63&#177;0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">0.073</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.64&#177;0.94</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.16&#177;1.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SNSi</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08&#177;1.37</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23&#177;1.26</td>
                  <td align="center">0.519</td>
                  <td align="center">1.68&#177;2.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.92&#177;1.53</td>
                  <td align="center">0.033</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SI</td>
                  <td align="center">14&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">15&#177;4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.294</td>
                  <td align="center">19&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">15&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LF, ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">614&#177;999</td>
                  <td align="center">332&#177;263</td>
                  <td align="center">0.213</td>
                  <td align="center">320&#177;388</td>
                  <td align="center">336&#177;315</td>
                  <td align="center">0.860</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HF, ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">483&#177;524</td>
                  <td align="center">356&#177;334</td>
                  <td align="center">0.094</td>
                  <td align="center">269&#177;236</td>
                  <td align="center">386&#177;376</td>
                  <td align="center">0.149</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LF/HF</td>
                  <td align="center">2.03&#177;2.06</td>
                  <td align="center">1.51&#177;1.56</td>
                  <td align="center">0.261</td>
                  <td align="center">1.69&#177;1.66</td>
                  <td align="center">1.44&#177;1.57</td>
                  <td align="center">0.507</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SD2/SD1</td>
                  <td align="center">2.03&#177;0.75</td>
                  <td align="center">1.89&#177;0.59</td>
                  <td align="center">0.290</td>
                  <td align="center">1.79&#177;0.59</td>
                  <td align="center">1.73&#177;1.15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.808</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; SD. p-value Student&#8217;s t-test. FC: heart rate; mRR: beat-to-beat RR interval mean; SDNN: standard deviation of all normal RR intervals; RMSSD: root mean square of successive differences between RR intervals; PNS: parasympathetic nervous system index; SNS: sympathetic nervous system index; SI: stress index; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; SD2: standard deviation of overall variability of the Poincare plot; SD1: standard deviation of instantaneous beat-to-beat variability of the Poincare plot.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The effects of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on several clinical, biochemical, and vascular markers were evaluated after two months in overweight adults. The two study groups were similar in terms of age, high BMI, and low levels of vitamin D, corroborating reports from a meta-analysis that describes an inverse correlation between BMI and vitamin D status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In the present study, with the increase in serum levels of 25(OH)D, there was a reduction in peripheral blood pressure levels and an increase in parasympathetic tone.</p>
        <p>Previous studies show an inverse and significant relationship between vitamin D and alkaline phosphatase. Increases in ALP may suggest ongoing bone remodeling in those individuals with low serum levels of vitamin D.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The intervention group showed a reduction in ALP levels, suggesting recovery of bone matrix. The literature links low serum levels of vitamin D with high anthropometric indices and, when these parameters are evaluated after supplementation, they present very heterogeneous results, as recently reported by Musazadeh et al. This meta-analysis observed that vitamin D effectively reduced WC without affecting body fat. The results of the present study are partially similar when shows vitamin D levels inversely correlated with better WHR and % body fat, without, however, significantly affecting them, most likely due to the short period of supplementation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the strong association of cardiovascular risk with severe (with sudden death and stroke) and moderate (with hypertension and metabolic syndrome) vitamin D deficiency, there is no recommendation for its use to prevent CVD, nor for obesity treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> This fact is due to the heterogeneous and often inconsistent results of supplementation studies and large trials, in addition to the increased risk of toxicity due to supplementation with high doses for prolonged periods. The risks of hypercalcemia and hypercalcinosis can lead to several side effects and need to be identified. In this study, the decision to administer high doses of vitamin D supplementation was based on previous evidence suggesting that overweight individuals may have a greater need for vitamin D. On the other hand, the short period of intervention works as a protection against possible side effects. Despite the high doses administered, serum vitamin D levels increased significantly but did not reach levels associated with hypervitaminosis (&gt;100ng/ml) or toxicity (&gt;150ng/ml).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> There were no clinical complaints from the individuals or laboratory findings that could be related to toxicity such as hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, or significant reduction in PTH levels, ensuring the safety of subjects undergoing the intervention.</p>
        <p>Vitamin D supplementation studies find several results regarding the effects on peripheral and central BP. This statement suggests that the reduction in peripheral pressures observed in the trial is consistent with the findings of a meta-analysis that included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of vitamin D supplementation over periods longer than three months and with average doses exceeding 2000 IU/day. Of these, six studies found reductions in systolic BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> This slight reduction refers to the study by Hardy et al. who reported a reduction of 1 mmHg in systolic blood pressure being associated with fewer heart failure events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>At the conclusion of the study, the control group experienced a notable increase in AP and AIx, both of which are indirect measures of arterial stiffness. An elevated Aix indicates an increased speed at which the reflected wave from arterial branching returns to the heart during the cardiac cycle. However, in contrast, the group that received vitamin D did not exhibit these increases, suggesting a potential protective effect against vascular aging. This implies that vitamin D supplementation may have mitigated or slowed down the progression of arterial stiffness in these individuals.</p>
        <p>On the other hand, the results of the present study contrast with those of a meta-analysis where none of the 12 RCTs evaluated showed worsening of AIx in the control groups. The protective effects on central hemodynamics after vitamin D supplementation cannot be confirmed due to the heterogeneity of the results, but there are reports of a reduction in AIx in specific populations such as elderly individuals and those with type 2 diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In part of the DAYLIGHT study (Vitamin D Therapy in Individuals with Prehypertension or Hypertension), the authors found significant reductions in AP and AIx in 41 prehypertensive individuals with an average BMI similar to this population, supplementing 4.000 IU/day of vitamin D for six months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Vitamin D supplementation led to an increase in parasympathetic tone and a concomitant reduction in sympathetic tone, demonstrated by an increase in HRV. In general, HRV reflects the adaptive changes of the autonomic nervous system, reflecting its influence on the sinus node. The increase in HRV suggests good physiological adaptation, assuming good cardiovascular functioning. A reduced HRV may be an indicator of poor adaptation either due to sympathetic hyperactivity or as a result of vagal withdrawal, found in some pathological processes of the cardiovascular system. The parasympathetic tone is demonstrated predominantly by RMSSD, HF, and SD1, in addition to SNPi. On the other hand, SDNN, LF, SD2, SNSi, and SI are influenced by adrenergic and cholinergic effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Reduced HRV and hypovitaminosis D are associated with CVD and few studies have investigated this association and the effects of this supplementation. Recently, a review on micronutrients drew attention to the association between deficiency in vitamin B12 and Vitamin D levels with lower HRV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Tak et al. observed a positive correlation between 25(OH)D levels and SDNN in healthy individuals, using 5-minute RR interval recordings, like those adopted in this study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> There are reports of two other cross-sectional studies, also in healthy individuals, showing an association between low levels of vitamin D and a reduction in HRV, using different assessments (24-hour recordings).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Reduction in HRV was also demonstrated in two RCTs in diabetic patients with cardiac dysautonomia and one study in individuals with chronic heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In 2016, Mann et al. carried out the first vitamin D supplementation study aiming to improve autonomic adaptation in healthy patients with low vitamin D levels. A cardiovagal protective response due to an increase in the HF component was found in supplemented individuals, after a stressful stimulus (intravenous injection of angiotensin II for 30 minutes). Pre-supplementation, the autonomic response was unfavorable with a significant increase in the LF: HF ratio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Dogdus et al. found an increase in HRV in healthy adults with low levels of vitamin D after single-dose supplementation, assessed by 24-hour electrocardiogram.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The VITAH (Vitamin D supplementation and cardiac autonomic tone in hemodialysis) trial postulated whether intensive vitamin D supplementation (50.000 IU/week) would reduce the LF: HF ratio when added to the basic supplementation already in use for hemodialysis patients (alfacalcidol 0.25mcg 3 times/week). After the intensive intervention, there was no reduction in the LF: HF ratio. However, this relationship only increased in individuals who remained with insufficient serum vitamin D, even after intensive supplementation for six weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Similarly, this trial found vagal protection after vitamin D supplementation, due to a significant increase in parasympathetic tone. Additionally, these findings were consistently corroborated by the significant reduction in sympathetic tone.</p>
        <p>The present study has some limitations. The population sample can be considered small, but it reached the previously calculated minimum sample size, which was sufficient to obtain statistical significance in the comparative analysis of some variables between the groups. Furthermore, the methods for studying the vascular structure were more specific than those carried out in other studies with vitamin D, which allowed a smaller sample size. Study time can also be considered insufficient to obtain more relevant results. On the other hand, the significant findings observed after only eight weeks of intervention reinforce the early effects of vitamin D supplementation and bring more originality to the present study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this sample of overweight or obese individuals, daily vitamin D supplementation for eight weeks resulted in improvements in peripheral pressures and autonomic balance. Central pressures were maintained, suggesting an attenuation of the unfavorable clinical evolution observed in the absence of this replacement. These positive results concerning hemodynamic parameters and autonomic protection become relevant precisely due to the short period of intervention and the choice of the overweight population, concomitant with low levels of vitamin D. These findings reinforce the hypothesis of a protective effect of vitamin D on the cardiovascular system in some clinical situations and indicate the need for new randomized studies on a larger scale and for a prolonged period aiming at a higher level of evidence.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Adriana C. C. Faria, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto under the protocol number 5.600.773-CAAE: 61044522.0.0000.5259. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding : This study was partially funded by FAPERJ and CNPq</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
