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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">sdm7wtxdWG4bgtvqVpYyPBM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000500302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230650</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Impacto Cl&#237;nico e Econ&#244;mico do Atraso na Terapia de Reperfus&#227;o: Evid&#234;ncias do Mundo Real</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gioppatto</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prado</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Ara&#250;jo Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ver&#244;nica Homem de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Resende da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alexim</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Torres Bispo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Claudia Cavalcante</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4716-9543</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Anderson de Sousa Munhoz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nadruz</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6465-356X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Sergio F. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7127-2052</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) - Departamento de Cardiologia, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Aramari Apo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Aramari Apo, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andrei C. Sposito &#8226;</bold> UNICAMP - Laborat&#243;rio de Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular (Atherolab) - Rua Sandra Regina Costa Coghi, 500. CEP 13098-549, Campinas, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>sposito@unicamp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230650</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A terapia de reperfus&#227;o precoce &#233; reconhecida como a abordagem mais eficaz para reduzir as taxas de letalidade de casos em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Estimar as consequ&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas e econ&#244;micas do atraso da reperfus&#227;o em pacientes com IAMCSST.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo de coorte retrospectivo avaliou as taxas de mortalidade e as despesas totais decorrentes do atraso na terapia de reperfus&#227;o em 2.622 indiv&#237;duos com IAMCSST. Os custos de cuidados hospitalares e perda de produtividade por morte ou incapacidade foram estimados sob a perspectiva do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de indexado em d&#243;lares internacionais (Int$) ajustados pela paridade do poder de compra. Foi considerado estatisticamente significativo p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Cada hora adicional de atraso na terapia de reperfus&#227;o foi associada a um aumento de 6,2% (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,3% a 11,8%, p = 0,032) no risco de mortalidade hospitalar. As despesas gerais foram 45% maiores entre os indiv&#237;duos que receberam tratamento ap&#243;s 9 horas em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que foram tratados nas primeiras 3 horas, impulsionados principalmente pelos custos hospitalares (p = 0,005). Um modelo de regress&#227;o linear multivariada indicou que para cada 3 horas de atraso na tromb&#243;lise, houve um aumento nos custos hospitalares de Int$ 497 &#177; 286 (p = 0,003).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Os achados do nosso estudo oferecem mais evid&#234;ncias que enfatizam o papel crucial da terapia de reperfus&#227;o imediata no salvamento de vidas e na preserva&#231;&#227;o dos recursos de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Estes resultados enfatizam a necessidade urgente de implementa&#231;&#227;o de uma rede para gerir casos de IAMCSST.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>304257/2021-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Impacto Cl&#237;nico e Econ&#244;mico do Atraso na Terapia de Reperfus&#227;o: Evid&#234;ncias do Mundo Real</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230650-30650-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) &#233; uma das principais causas de mortalidade em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A terapia de reperfus&#227;o precoce &#233; amplamente reconhecida como a estrat&#233;gia mais eficaz para reduzir a letalidade em pacientes com IAMCSST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que os pacientes que n&#227;o recebem terapia de reperfus&#227;o t&#234;m um risco 3 a 4 vezes maior de morte em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que recebem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora as evid&#234;ncias apoiem os benef&#237;cios semelhantes da interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) prim&#225;ria e da tromb&#243;lise farmacol&#243;gica seguida de ICP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> a pr&#225;tica atual &#233; transferir os pacientes com IAMCSST para centros com capacidade para ICP o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel. Infelizmente, esta abordagem tem resultado em um n&#250;mero significativo de casos de IAMCSST n&#227;o reperfundidos (at&#233; 40%) devido &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o desigual de centros com capacidade para ICP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esfor&#231;os t&#234;m sido feitos para resolver a quest&#227;o dos casos de IAMCSST n&#227;o reperfundidos atrav&#233;s do estabelecimento de redes de IAMCSST, que provaram ser bem-sucedidas em garantir o acesso universal &#224; terapia de reperfus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, a divulga&#231;&#227;o dessas estrat&#233;gias permanece limitada, destacando a necessidade de maior conscientiza&#231;&#227;o entre os prestadores de cuidados de sa&#250;de &#224; sua rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade.</p>
      <p>Os custos diretos e indiretos das estrat&#233;gias de reperfus&#227;o t&#234;m sido adequadamente abordados em indiv&#237;duos que recebem ICP prim&#225;ria ou fibrin&#243;lise em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que n&#227;o recebem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, o impacto econ&#244;mico da terapia de reperfus&#227;o atrasada (por hora de atraso) permanece incerto. Portanto, nosso estudo visou medir os custos diretos e indiretos associados &#224; terapia de reperfus&#227;o atrasada em indiv&#237;duos com IAMCSST. A presente an&#225;lise oferecer&#225; uma melhor compreens&#227;o do poss&#237;vel aumento das taxas de mortalidade e das despesas associadas ao atraso na terapia de reperfus&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos e desenho do estudo</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo de coorte retrospectivo incluiu todos os indiv&#237;duos com IAMCSST que receberam tromb&#243;lise farmacol&#243;gica e/ou foram submetidos a um cateterismo card&#237;aco na Rede de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica do Distrito Federal (Bras&#237;lia, DF, Brasil) entre janeiro de 2011 e dezembro de 2019. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o do estudo exigiram que os pacientes atendessem &#224;s seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es: (i) eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST de pelo menos 1 mm (plano frontal) ou 2 mm (plano horizontal) em 2 deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas ou bloqueio de ramo esquerdo recentemente presumido ou bloqueio de ramo direito; (ii) necrose mioc&#225;rdica demonstrada por aumento de pelo menos um valor acima do limite de refer&#234;ncia do percentil 99 de CK-MB (25 U/L) e troponina I (0,04 ng/mL), seguido de decl&#237;nio subsequente em ambos; (iii) tromb&#243;lise farmacol&#243;gica administrada dentro de 24 horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas ou ICP prim&#225;ria dentro de 48 horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas; e (iv) cateterismo card&#237;aco durante a interna&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice.</p>
        <p>Foram identificados indiv&#237;duos (n = 2.622) com IAMCSST que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. O presente estudo foi conduzido de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e recebeu aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto de Gest&#227;o Estrat&#233;gica do Distrito Federal (IGEDPF) (n&#250;mero de aprova&#231;&#227;o do protocolo do estudo [CAAE] 28530919.0.1001.8153). Por se tratar de um estudo retrospectivo, o Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa aprovou a dispensa do consentimento informado dos participantes, desde que os dados fossem coletados anonimamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos (desfechos prim&#225;rios e secund&#225;rios)</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi composto pelos custos globais, uma soma dos custos hospitalares mais o custo da perda de produtividade (CPP) devido &#224; morte ou incapacidade. Embora os custos hospitalares incluam o impacto de procedimentos de alto custo, como di&#225;lise, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM), ICP, contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico e tempo gasto em unidades de terapia intensiva (detalhes na Tabela Suplementar S1), o CPP estima o impacto da perda da capacidade de trabalho na popula&#231;&#227;o economicamente ativa. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram desfechos cl&#237;nicos, como incid&#234;ncia de morte por todas as causas, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recorrente, CRM, parada card&#237;aca, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial aguda, acidente vascular cerebral e sangramento grave. Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos foram observados exclusivamente durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Avaliamos sistemas de registros eletr&#244;nicos de sa&#250;de e coletamos dados como demografia, informa&#231;&#245;es sobre apresenta&#231;&#227;o do IAMCSST, hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico passado, terapias hospitalares, informa&#231;&#245;es sobre procedimentos de alto custo, medicamentos na alta hospitalar e desfechos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados angiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>A gravidade anat&#244;mica, a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana, os tratamentos angiogr&#225;ficos e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda foram analisados por meio de relat&#243;rios escritos. A classifica&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da estenose adotada foi uma redu&#231;&#227;o do l&#250;men arterial &gt; 70% para vasos epic&#225;rdicos e &gt; 50% no tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda. A doen&#231;a multiarterial foi caracterizada por 3 ou mais vasos epic&#225;rdicos principais com estenose do l&#250;men arterial &gt; 70% ou com envolvimento do tronco principal esquerdo com estenose &gt; 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda foi definida como preservada na presen&#231;a de contratilidade normal e a disfun&#231;&#227;o foi definida como a presen&#231;a de hipocinesia ou acinesia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados de mortalidade</title>
        <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bitos foi determinada por meio de consulta ao Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o sobre Mortalidade (SIM/SUS) do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. A codifica&#231;&#227;o das certid&#245;es de &#243;bito no SIM &#233; realizada utilizando um sistema de codifica&#231;&#227;o automatizado. Todos os &#243;bitos exigem uma declara&#231;&#227;o de causa (certid&#227;o de &#243;bito) emitida por um m&#233;dico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de custos</title>
        <p>Os custos diretos inclu&#237;ram os cuidados hospitalares, incluindo exames, procedimentos e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de unidades de cuidados intensivos. Consideramos a perspectiva do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) como pagador. Os valores reembolsados para itens de custos s&#227;o padronizados em todo o pa&#237;s com base na tabela de pre&#231;os do SUS (descrito na e-Tabela 1). Para os custos brasileiros, os valores monet&#225;rios da tabela de pre&#231;os do SUS foram obtidos em reais (R$) e posteriormente convertidos para d&#243;lares internacionais (Int$) considerando a paridade do poder de compra (fator de convers&#227;o 2,36) para o ano de 2015 (ano mediano de admiss&#227;o entre os indiv&#237;duos do estudo). Esse m&#233;todo de extra&#231;&#227;o de dados dos bancos de dados do SUS j&#225; foi descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para avaliar os custos indiretos, ou seja, os custos associados &#224; perda de produtividade devido &#224; morte hospitalar nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, avaliamos o CPP e os anos de vida produtiva perdidos (AVPP). Os AVPP representam o n&#250;mero de anos de perda de produtividade decorrente da impossibilidade dos indiv&#237;duos participarem do mercado de trabalho devido &#224; sua condi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Para calcular os AVPP, primeiro distribu&#237;mos os &#243;bitos por faixa et&#225;ria. A idade m&#233;dia de cada grupo foi ent&#227;o calculada e subtra&#237;da da idade de aposentadoria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos em cada grupo et&#225;rio foi multiplicado pelo n&#250;mero de anos restantes para atingir a idade de aposentadoria. Neste caso, utilizamos a idade de aposentadoria de 65 anos. A soma desses produtos fornece o n&#250;mero total de anos de vida produtiva potencial perdidos devido &#224; s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda prematura.</p>
        <p>O CPP &#233; calculado multiplicando-se os AVPP pela soma da renda total estimada desde a idade da morte precoce at&#233; a idade da aposentadoria em indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda prematura. A renda foi baseada no sal&#225;rio m&#233;dio brasileiro no per&#237;odo corrigido pela taxa de desemprego. Representa a perda de produtividade em valor econ&#244;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O sal&#225;rio m&#233;dio mensal entre 2011 e 2019 foi de R$ 1.000. (Int$ 366,30) para mulheres e R$ 1.664,00 (Int$ 609,52) para homens. A taxa de desemprego neste per&#237;odo foi de aproximadamente 7%. Nessas an&#225;lises, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar o impacto dos eventos cl&#237;nicos ocorridos ap&#243;s a alta.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foram divididos 4 grupos de acordo com o tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a tromb&#243;lise qu&#237;mica: dentro de 3 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas, entre 3 e 6 horas, entre 6 e 9 horas e ap&#243;s 9 horas. As an&#225;lises prim&#225;rias inclu&#237;ram todos os indiv&#237;duos tratados por abordagem farmacoinvasiva, ICP de resgate ou ICP eletiva. As an&#225;lises de sensibilidade foram realizadas excluindo indiv&#237;duos tratados por ICP de resgate ou ICP eletiva. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis e sua normalidade foram verificadas por meio de histogramas, gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o e o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos, utilizamos o teste qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) unidirecional para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e teste de Kruskal-Wallis para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica. Quando uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa foi detectada usando ANOVA ou teste de Kruskal-Wallis, realizamos compara&#231;&#245;es post-hoc entre pares entre as m&#233;dias dos grupos usando o teste de Bonferroni ou Dunn, respectivamente. Para analisar a incid&#234;ncia de &#243;bito durante o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico, foram constru&#237;dos modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria e modelos de regress&#227;o linear para avaliar o impacto do tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a tromb&#243;lise qu&#237;mica. Antes de realizar essas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear, avaliamos os seguintes pressupostos: linearidade, normalidade multivariada, aus&#234;ncia de multicolinearidade e de autocorrela&#231;&#227;o, homoscedasticidade e n&#237;vel de medi&#231;&#227;o. Empregamos um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bivariada para avaliar o risco de morte hospitalar por hora de atraso desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a terapia de reperfus&#227;o. Posteriormente, foi utilizado um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para identificar os preditores independentes de &#243;bito hospitalar por meio de um processo <italic>stepwise</italic> (m&#233;todo para frente). Os dados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e como mediana (intervalo interquartil) para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como n&#250;mero absoluto (%) e comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher quando apropriado. O valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando R Studio v.1.1.463, linguagem R vers&#227;o 4.0.1 para Mac.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O estudo incluiu 2.622 participantes, dos quais 944 (36%) receberam tromb&#243;lise farmacol&#243;gica dentro de 3 horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas, 1.146 (43,7%) entre 3 e 6 horas, 358 (13,7%) entre 6 e 9 horas e 172 (6,6%) ap&#243;s 9 horas. A maioria dos pacientes tinha hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o e o grupo tratado ap&#243;s 9 horas apresentava uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior de indiv&#237;duos com diabetes tipo 2 pr&#233;vio (p &lt; 0,001). Outras comorbidades relatadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> foram distribu&#237;das uniformemente entre os grupos. Al&#233;m disso, os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para reperfus&#227;o ap&#243;s tromb&#243;lise foram menos frequentes no grupo tratado ap&#243;s 9 horas (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a terapia de reperfus&#227;o no IAMCSST</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">&lt; 3 h</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">3-6 h</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">6-9 h</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">&gt; 9 h</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">N</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">944</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">1148</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">358</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">172</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Dados demogr&#225;ficos e apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">585 (61,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">689 (60,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">229 (63,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">105 (61,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,841</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Idade, anos (m&#233;dia [DP])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">60,54 (9,26)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">62,72 (7,64)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">63,90 (9,51)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">64,08 (8,84)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,121</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">239 (25,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">351 (30,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">129 (36,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">77 (44,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Obesidade pr&#233;via (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">191 (20,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">210 (18,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">70 (19,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">40 (23,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,402</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Hipertens&#227;o pr&#233;via (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">533 (56,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">723 (63,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">215 (60,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">107 (62,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,023</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Hist&#243;rico familiar pr&#233;vio de DAC (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">195 (20,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">246 (21,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">76 (21,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">32 (18,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,850</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Abuso pr&#233;vio de drogas il&#237;citas (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">30 (3,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">43 (3,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">21 (5,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">9 (5,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,119</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Dislipidemia pr&#233;via (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">474 (50,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">575 (50,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">164 (45,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">80 (46,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,411</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">IM pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">89 (9,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">111 (9,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">27 (7,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">16 (9,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,678</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">AVC pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">29 (3,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">48 (4,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">17 (4,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10 (5,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,237</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">ICP pr&#233;via (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">49 (5,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">51 (4,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">12 (3,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10 (5,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,454</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">DAP pr&#233;via (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">40 (4,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">51 (4,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">16 (4,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7 (4,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,992</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">DRC pr&#233;via (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">56 (5,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">82 (7,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">24 (6,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">17 (9,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,272</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">CRM pr&#233;via (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">12 (1,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">24 (2,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6 (1,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5 (2,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,351</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tabagismo pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">625 (66,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">724 (63,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">217 (60,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">99 (57,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,072</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">IMC (m&#233;dia [DP])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">27,02 (4,54)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">26,86 (4,53)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">26,61 (4,67)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">27,39 (4,75)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,245</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Creatinina plasm&#225;tica (mediana [IIQ])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,91 [0,76; 1,10]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,90 [0,75; 1,10]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,90 [0,74; 1,12]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,90 [0,74; 1,20]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,855</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Eletrocardiograma</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">BRE (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2 (0,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5 (1,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Redu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &#8805; 50% ap&#243;s terapia de reperfus&#227;o (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">647 (68,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">860 (74,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">264 (73,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">96 (55,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Cuidados cardiovasculares agudos</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo desde os sintomas at&#233; o hospital prim&#225;rio (m&#233;dia [DP])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">64,54 (34,26)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">154,77 (70,64)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">277,90 (114,51)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">455,25 (228,80)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo sintomas-agulha (mediana [IIQ])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">120 [90; 150]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">240 [210; 290]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">410 [380; 462]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">630 [570; 731]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo desde a tromb&#243;lise farmacol&#243;gica at&#233; o hospital terci&#225;rio (mediana [IIQ])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">330 [200; 540]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">332 [208; 615,5]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">369,5 [222; 664]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">400 [245; 790]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo desde a tromb&#243;lise farmacol&#243;gica at&#233; o cateterismo (m&#233;dia [DP])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1115,81 (1154,80)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1282,36 (1237,06)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1368,27 (1135,76)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1380,97 (1379,48)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">PAS na admiss&#227;o (m&#233;dia [DP])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">133,45 (27,85)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">133,91 (28,18)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">132,15 (27,36)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">130,30 (26,74)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,366</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na admiss&#227;o (m&#233;dia [DP])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">78,30 (17,51)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">79,07 (17,26)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">79,89 (17,60)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">82,08 (19,39)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,054</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">I</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">902 (95,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1098 (95,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">323 (90,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">144 (83,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">II</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">36 (3,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">43 (3,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">34 (9,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">24 (14,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">III</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6 (0,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7 (0,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Estrat&#233;gia de ICP (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Farmacoinvasiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">594 (62,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">792 (69,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">243 (67,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">95 (55,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">ICP de resgate</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">332 (35,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">324 (28,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">100 (27,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">73 (42,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">ICP eletiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">18 (1,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">32 (2,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">15 (4,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">N&#250;mero de stents convencionais (m&#233;dia [DP])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,92 (0,79)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,85 (0,70)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,89 (0,78)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,74 (0,70)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">N&#250;mero de SF (mediana [IIQ])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,08 (0,33)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,09 (0,37)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,06 (0,31)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,15 (0,44)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">45 (4,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">57 (5,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">24 (6,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">18 (10,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,045</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Dobutamina (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4 (0,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">12 (1,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11 (3,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10 (5,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,025</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Adenosina durante o cateterismo (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">47 (5,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">41 (3,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6 (1,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11 (6,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">FEVE no terceiro dia (%, m&#233;dia [DP])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">52,04 (12,90)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">52,03 (13,44)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">52,03 (12,51)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">51,50 (13,00)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,966</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">GRACE (morte hospitalar) (m&#233;dia [DP])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">115,08 (39,34)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">118,98 (39,32)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">123,06 (43,91)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">125,25 (41,90)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Les&#245;es da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e resultados de ICP</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;a principal esquerda (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10 (1,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">15 (1,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6 (1,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,542</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;a de 3 vasos (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">182 (19,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">244 (21,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">78 (21,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">43 (25,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,320</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;a de 2 vasos (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">263 (27,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">362 (31,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">103 (28,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">56 (32,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,248</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;a uniarterial (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">434 (46,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">457 (39,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">147 (41,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">59 (34,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Grau de fluxo TIMI p&#243;s-ICP (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">167 (17,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">204 (17,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">59 (16,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">49 (28,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11 (1,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">13 (1,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6 (1,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">130 (13,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">143 (12,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">49 (13,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">32 (18,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">636 (67,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">788 (68,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">244 (68,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">88 (51,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Grau de blush p&#243;s-ICP (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,036</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">361 (38,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">411 (35,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">138 (38,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">89 (51,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">69 (7,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">86 (7,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">26 (7,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">9 (5,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">49 (5,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">67 (5,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">17 (4,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">465 (49,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">584 (50,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">177 (49,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">70 (40,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Laboratoriais</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Pico de troponina (mUI/dL, mediana [IIQ])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5929 [2703; 10471]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6354 [3076; 10973]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5576 [2886; 9798]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5951 [3268; 11703]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,311</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Hemoglobina (g/dL, m&#233;dia [DP])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14,64 (1,73)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14,48 (1,81)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14,19 (1,96)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14,51 (2,06)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Glicemia na admiss&#227;o (m&#233;dia [DP])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">145,02 (75,75)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">147,23 (73,02)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">148,98 (74,28)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">165,49 (85,45)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">HbA1c (%, m&#233;dia [DP])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6,11 (1,63)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6,32 (1,77)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6,57 (2,10)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6,78 (2,34)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; IAMCSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; SF: stents farmacol&#243;gicos.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A Figura Central ilustra os principais resultados deste estudo. A estrat&#233;gia farmacoinvasiva foi administrada &#224; maioria dos indiv&#237;duos em todos os grupos, e o grupo que recebeu tratamento ap&#243;s 9 horas teve maior frequ&#234;ncia de cateterismo de resgate (conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Os pacientes que receberam tromb&#243;lise atrasada tiveram um escore GRACE m&#233;dio mais alto (p &lt; 0,001), enquanto tempos de tratamento mais longos foram associados a n&#237;veis elevados de Hb1Ac (p &lt; 0,001). Os n&#237;veis de pico de troponina n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os grupos.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> demonstra que o grupo que recebeu tratamento ap&#243;s 9 horas teve maior incid&#234;ncia de morte hospitalar (p = 0,001), infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recorrente (p = 0,026), parada card&#237;aca (p = 0,040) e acidente vascular cerebral (p = 0,049). O sangramento maior foi mais prevalente no grupo tratado entre 6 e 9 horas, seguido pelo grupo tratado ap&#243;s 9 horas e depois pelos grupos tratados dentro de 3 horas e entre 3 e 6 horas (p = 0,040). Em um modelo bivariado (conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>), cada hora adicional desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a terapia de reperfus&#227;o foi associada a um risco 8,1% (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 2,5% a 13,2%, p = 0,003) maior de morte hospitalar (129 eventos).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Desfechos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a tromb&#243;lise no IAMCSST</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 3 h</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">3-6 h</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">6-9 h</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 9 h</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="7" valign="top">
                <bold>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Mortes hospitalares (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">42 (4,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">58 (5,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">31 (8,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">18 (10,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">CRM intra-hospitalar ap&#243;s IAMCSST (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">36 (3,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">41 (3,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">17 (4,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,386</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o (dias, mediana [IIQ])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4,0 [3,0; 5,0]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4,0 [3,0; 5,0]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4,0 [3,0; 6,0]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4,0 [2,75; 5,0]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,958</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">IM recorrente intra-hospitalar (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">16 (1,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">16 (1,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6 (1,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8 (4,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,026</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Parada card&#237;aca (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">93 (9,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">80 (7,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">27 (7,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">20 (11,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,040</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial aguda (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">37 (3,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">36 (3,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">16 (4,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,321</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Acidente vascular cerebral (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11 (1,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11 (1,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5 (1,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6 (3,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,049</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Sangramento maior (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">21 (2,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">25 (2,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">17 (4,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6 (3,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,040</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="7" valign="top">
                <bold>Desfechos relacionados a custos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Custos globais (Int$, mediana [IIQ])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4081 [1800; 7700]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3981 [1800; 7581]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4581 [1800; 8181]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5290 [2400; 8810]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,023</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Custo dos cuidados hospitalares (Int$, mediana [IIQ])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3200 [1800; 6200]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3200 [1800; 6200]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3800 [1800; 7700]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4400 [2400; 8450]</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Custo da perda de produtividade (Int$, m&#233;dia [DP])</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">627 (872)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">562 (815)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">520 (751)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">590 (769)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,282</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IAMCSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Os custos diretos foram calculados a partir dos valores descritos na e-Tabela 1 utilizando dados do Brasil obtidos do DATASUS (SIH/SUS e SIGTAP), o sistema de processamento de dados do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Foi empregado um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada <italic>stepwise</italic> para determinar os preditores independentes de morte hospitalar, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. A an&#225;lise revelou que o tempo decorrido desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a terapia de reperfus&#227;o foi um preditor independente de morte hospitalar. Especificamente, cada hora adicional de atraso na reperfus&#227;o foi associada a um aumento de 6,2% (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,3% a 11,8%, p = 0,032) no risco de morte hospitalar. Outros preditores independentes significativos de morte hospitalar inclu&#237;ram a necessidade de reperfus&#227;o de resgate, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a multiarterial, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e escore GRACE.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com morte hospitalar (129 eventos) como vari&#225;vel dependente</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">(modelo bivariado)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">OR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Inferior</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Superior</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a terapia de reperfus&#227;o (por atraso de 1 hora)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,081</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,025</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,132</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,003027</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>(modelo multivariado stepwise)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>OR</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>Inferior</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>Superior</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a terapia de reperfus&#227;o (por atraso de 1 hora)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,062</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,003</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,118</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,0322</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Reperfus&#227;o de resgate versus abordagem farmacoinvasiva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6,650</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4,580</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">9,822</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus pr&#233;vio</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,613</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,126</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2,307</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,0089</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Hipertens&#227;o pr&#233;via</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,833</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,220</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2,817</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,0044</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tabagismo pr&#233;vio</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,726</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,510</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,036</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,0763</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">N&#250;mero de SF</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,711</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,352</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,228</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,2774</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;a uniarterial</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,372</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,241</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,559</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">FEVE (por redu&#231;&#227;o de 10%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,312</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,165</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,463</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Escore GRACE para morte hospitalar (por aumento de 10 pontos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,384</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,328</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,443</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,0001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; OR: odds ratio; SF: stents farmacol&#243;gicos.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Os custos globais foram 45% maiores entre os indiv&#237;duos tratados ap&#243;s 9 horas do que entre os indiv&#237;duos tratados dentro de 3 horas, um impacto impulsionado principalmente pelos cuidados hospitalares (p = 0,005). Por&#233;m, o CPP entre os indiv&#237;duos tratados ap&#243;s 9 horas n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos. Por fim, um modelo de regress&#227;o linear multivariada mostrou que cada atraso de 3 horas na realiza&#231;&#227;o da tromb&#243;lise estava associado a um aumento nos custos de cuidados hospitalares de Int$ 497 &#177; 286 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>; p = 0,003). O modelo multivariado foi ajustado por reperfus&#227;o de resgate versus abordagem farmacoinvasiva, diabetes mellitus pr&#233;vio, hipertens&#227;o pr&#233;via, tabagismo pr&#233;vio, n&#250;mero de stents farmacol&#243;gicos durante ICP, doen&#231;a uniarterial, FEVE e escore GRACE para morte hospitalar, atingindo um R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> de 0,452.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Modelos de regress&#227;o linear para custos hospitalares</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">(modelo bivariado)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">beta</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">DP</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a terapia de reperfus&#227;o (por atraso de 3 horas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">603,91</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">303,37</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,00015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>(modelo multivariado stepwise)</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>beta</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>DP</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a terapia de reperfus&#227;o (por atraso de 3 horas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">496,62</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">286,10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,00335</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Modelo multivariado ajustado por: reperfus&#227;o de resgate versus abordagem farmacoinvasiva, diabetes mellitus pr&#233;vio, hipertens&#227;o pr&#233;via, tabagismo pr&#233;vio, n&#250;mero de stents farmacol&#243;gicos durante a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, doen&#231;a uniarterial, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e escore GRACE para morte hospitalar. Modelo R2 = 0,452.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As an&#225;lises de sensibilidade foram realizadas avaliando exclusivamente os 1.724 pacientes tratados com abordagem farmacoinvasiva. A Tabela Suplementar 2 mostra que 594 receberam tromb&#243;lise qu&#237;mica dentro de 3 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas, 792 entre 3 e 6 horas, 243 entre 6 e 9 horas e 95 ap&#243;s 9 horas. A frequ&#234;ncia de comorbidades entre os grupos foi homog&#234;nea em compara&#231;&#227;o com as an&#225;lises globais (n = 2.622). As mortes hospitalares foram menos frequentes naqueles tratados &lt; 3 horas (1,9%) ou entre 3 e 6 horas (2,3%), em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles entre 6 e 9 horas (4,5%) ou &gt; 9 horas (7,3%; p = 0,021). Os custos globais foram 50% maiores entre os indiv&#237;duos tratados ap&#243;s 9 horas do que entre os pacientes tratados dentro de 3 horas, um impacto impulsionado principalmente pelos cuidados hospitalares (p = 0,023).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as card&#237;acas s&#227;o um fardo importante nos Estados Unidos, resultando em um custo anual de aproximadamente 229 bilh&#245;es de d&#243;lares e 0,7 milh&#227;o de mortes (1 em cada 5) todos os anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Globalmente, as doen&#231;as card&#237;acas s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por 17,9 milh&#245;es de mortes anualmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Estes n&#250;meros persistentes levaram os prestadores de cuidados de sa&#250;de p&#250;blicos e privados a tomar medidas. Nosso estudo mostra que antecipar a reperfus&#227;o pode n&#227;o apenas reduzir a mortalidade, mas tamb&#233;m diminuir o custo geral associado ao IAMCSST. Para cada hora de atraso, a mortalidade hospitalar aumentou em 6%, e para cada 3 horas, o custo aumentou em cerca de Int$ 500. Nossos achados refor&#231;am os benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos da terapia de reperfus&#227;o imediata e destacam as potenciais economias de custos que podem ser alcan&#231;adas por meio de estrat&#233;gias bem planejadas para facilitar tratamento mais r&#225;pido.</p>
      <p>A reperfus&#227;o oportuna &#233; crucial no tratamento do IAMCSST, pois qualquer atraso pode ter consequ&#234;ncias graves, incluindo aumento da incapacidade e mortalidade. Consistente com nossos achados, um grande estudo retrospectivo constru&#237;do a partir de registros m&#233;dicos dinamarqueses de base populacional revelou que cada hora de atraso na terapia de reperfus&#227;o resulta em um aumento de 10% na mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Complementamos essa informa&#231;&#227;o mostrando que as consequ&#234;ncias da reperfus&#227;o atrasada ou inadequada tamb&#233;m pode ter impactos financeiros significativos no sistema de sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes e suas fam&#237;lias podem potencialmente enfrentar impactos financeiros significativos devido ao atraso na reperfus&#227;o. Por exemplo, um estudo transversal realizado no Sri Lanka revelou que 40% dos sobreviventes de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio que n&#227;o receberam terapia de reperfus&#227;o tiveram que procurar assist&#234;ncia financeira para as suas despesas diretas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o estudo verificou que 5% dos pacientes perderam seus empregos; 29% tinham atividade f&#237;sica limitada enquanto permaneciam empregados; 40% tinham restri&#231;&#245;es de tempo de emprego; 15,4% solicitaram empr&#233;stimos; 7,8% venderam sua propriedade; 19,1% sofreram perda de renda; e 33,8% tiveram que reduzir suas despesas habituais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> No Brasil, 38% das mortes cardiovasculares ocorrem em indiv&#237;duos em idade produtiva, o que causa uma perda produtiva equivalente a 15% do custo total associado &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De fato, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o particularmente preocupantes nos pa&#237;ses de renda baixa e m&#233;dia, onde se estima que ocorram 80% de todas as mortes cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Nesses pa&#237;ses, o IAMCSST tende a afetar indiv&#237;duos mais jovens em idade ativa, resultando em significativas consequ&#234;ncias econ&#244;micas diretas e indiretas. Al&#233;m disso, as proje&#231;&#245;es sugerem que a perda econ&#244;mica acumulada devido &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares nos pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, entre 2011 e 2025, atingir&#225; aproximadamente 3,76 trilh&#245;es de d&#243;lares estadunidenses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora a FEVE, a classe Killip e os n&#237;veis de troponina tenham sido semelhantes entre os grupos de acordo com o tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a tromb&#243;lise no IAMCSST, os pacientes tratados ap&#243;s 9 horas necessitaram de ICP de resgate com mais frequ&#234;ncia, o que foi um dos principais impulsionadores de piores resultados. Al&#233;m disso, como a ICP de resgate normalmente exige uma transfer&#234;ncia hospitalar demorada, os pacientes tratados ap&#243;s 9 horas tamb&#233;m apresentaram menor grau de <italic>blush</italic> mioc&#225;rdico e de fluxo TIMI, levando ao aumento do uso de inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa, adenosina e dobutamina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Esses achados podem estar subjacentes &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos cl&#237;nicos, como acidente vascular cerebral, sangramento maior e parada card&#237;aca, o que pode ter contribu&#237;do para a maior taxa de mortalidade em pacientes tratados posteriormente. Portanto, dado que a FEVE e a troponina foram semelhantes entre os grupos, &#233; mais prov&#225;vel que as mortes tenham sido causadas por fatores n&#227;o card&#237;acos ou indiretos.</p>
      <p>Em seu conjunto, esses achados destacam a necessidade de estrat&#233;gias bem planeadas para facilitar terapia de reperfus&#227;o mais r&#225;pida. Essas estrat&#233;gias podem incluir melhorias no transporte e triagem de pacientes, implementa&#231;&#227;o de protocolos de tratamento eficazes e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tecnologias avan&#231;adas para agilizar o processo de terapia de reperfus&#227;o. Ao desenvolver e implementar tais estrat&#233;gias, os prestadores de cuidados de sa&#250;de podem garantir que os pacientes recebam tratamento r&#225;pido e eficaz, o que pode levar a melhores desfechos e custos mais baixos.</p>
      <p>Na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos nossos achados, &#233; importante reconhecer certas limita&#231;&#245;es. Embora tenhamos conseguido ilustrar as implica&#231;&#245;es de custo da terapia de reperfus&#227;o atrasada, nosso estudo n&#227;o teve poder estat&#237;stico para estimar o custo por hora de atraso. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o t&#237;nhamos acesso a alguns dados relativos &#224; ampla gama de impactos financeiros que podem ocorrer nas fam&#237;lias de pacientes com IAMCSST, o que nos teria permitido gerar uma estimativa mais abrangente do custo total associado ao atraso da reperfus&#227;o. Embora os resultados tenham sido consistentes em toda a coorte do estudo, o tamanho limitado da amostra de pacientes que receberam terapia farmacoinvasiva tornou a an&#225;lise de custos pouco confi&#225;vel neste grupo espec&#237;fico de pacientes. Tamb&#233;m &#233; v&#225;lido notar que os nossos m&#233;todos para estimar os custos indiretos t&#234;m uma limita&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que n&#227;o conseguimos captar incapacidades cl&#237;nicas importantes a longo prazo ou eventos cl&#237;nicos que ocorreram ap&#243;s a alta; portanto, depende apenas de mortes hospitalares.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Resumindo, nossos resultados fornecem mais evid&#234;ncias que apoiam o papel cr&#237;tico da terapia de reperfus&#227;o imediata na preserva&#231;&#227;o de vidas e dos recursos de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. A aus&#234;ncia de um sistema eficaz para o manejo de casos de IAMCSST gera tanto custos financeiros diretos, como despesas hospitalares, quanto custos indiretos associados &#224; perda de anos produtivos devido &#224; morte prematura ou &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de trabalho.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
      <label>Disponibilidade dos dados:</label>
      <p>Todas as solicita&#231;&#245;es de dados brutos e analisados e materiais relacionados, excluindo c&#243;digos de programa&#231;&#227;o, ser&#227;o analisadas pelo departamento jur&#237;dico da Clarity Healthcare Intelligence para verificar se a solicita&#231;&#227;o est&#225; sujeita a quaisquer obriga&#231;&#245;es de propriedade intelectual ou confidencialidade. Solicita&#231;&#245;es de dados relacionados ao paciente podem ser consideradas mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o. Quaisquer dados e materiais que possam ser compartilhados ser&#227;o divulgados por meio de um Contrato de Transfer&#234;ncia de Materiais.</p>
    </sec>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq, processo 304257/2021-4. O financiador n&#227;o teve qualquer papel na concep&#231;&#227;o e realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo; na coleta, gerenciamento, an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados; na prepara&#231;&#227;o, revis&#227;o ou aprova&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito; ou na decis&#227;o de submeter o manuscrito para publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Silvio Gioppatto pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Gest&#227;o Estrat&#233;gica do Distrito Federal (IGEDPF) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 8530919.0.1001.8153. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <lpage>2025</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041297</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20 Chandrashekhar Y, Alexander T, Mullasari A, Kumbhani DJ, Alam S, Alexanderson E, et al. Resource and Infrastructure-Appropriate Management of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Circulation. 2020;141(24):2004-25. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041297.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do Material Suplementar 1, por favor, clique aqui. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0650_supplementary_material.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0650_supplementary_material.pdf</ext-link> </p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do Material Suplementar 2, por favor, clique aqui. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0650_supplementary_checklist.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0650_supplementary_checklist.pdf</ext-link> </p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230650i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Clinical and Economic Impact of Delayed Reperfusion Therapy: Real-World Evidence</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gioppatto</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prado</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Ara&#250;jo Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ver&#244;nica Homem de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Resende da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alexim</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Torres Bispo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Claudia Cavalcante</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4716-9543</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Anderson de Sousa Munhoz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nadruz</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6465-356X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Sergio F. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7127-2052</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) - Departamento de Cardiologia, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Aramari Apo, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Andrei C. Sposito &#8226;</bold> UNICAMP - Laborat&#243;rio de Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular (Atherolab) - Rua Sandra Regina Costa Coghi, 500. Postal Code 13098-549, Campinas, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>sposito@unicamp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Early reperfusion therapy is acknowledged as the most effective approach for reducing case fatality rates in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Estimate the clinical and economic consequences of delaying reperfusion in patients with STEMI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This retrospective cohort study evaluated mortality rates and the total expenses incurred by delaying reperfusion therapy among 2622 individuals with STEMI. Costs of in-hospital care and lost productivity due to death or disability were estimated from the perspective of the Brazilian Unified Health System indexed in international dollars (Int$) adjusted by purchase power parity. A p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Each additional hour of delay in reperfusion therapy was associated with a 6.2% increase (95% CI: 0.3% to 11.8%, p = 0.032) in the risk of in-hospital mortality. The overall expenses were 45% higher among individuals who received treatment after 9 hours compared to those who were treated within the first 3 hours, primarily driven by in-hospital costs (p = 0.005). A multivariate linear regression model indicated that for every 3-hour delay in thrombolysis, there was an increase in in-hospital costs of Int$497 &#177; 286 (p = 0.003).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The findings of our study offer further evidence that emphasizes the crucial role of prompt reperfusion therapy in saving lives and preserving public health resources. These results underscore the urgent need for implementing a network to manage STEMI cases.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfusion</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>304257/2021-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01-en">
          <label>Central Illustration:</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The Clinical and Economic Impact of Delayed Reperfusion Therapy: Real-World Evidence</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230650-30650-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Early reperfusion therapy is widely recognized as the most effective strategy for reducing lethality in patients with STEMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Studies have demonstrated that patients who do not receive reperfusion therapy are at a 3 to 4 times higher risk of death compared to those who do.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although evidence supports similar benefits of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and pharmacologic thrombolysis followed by PCI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> the current practice is to transfer patients with STEMI to PCI-capable centers as quickly as possible. Unfortunately, this approach has resulted in a significant number of non-reperfused STEMI cases (up to 40%) due to the uneven distribution of PCI-capable centers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Efforts have been made to address the issue of non-reperfused STEMI cases through the establishment of STEMI networks, which have proven to be successful in ensuring universal access to reperfusion therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, the dissemination of these strategies remains limited, highlighting the need for greater awareness among healthcare providers regarding their cost-effectiveness.</p>
        <p>Direct and indirect costs of reperfusion strategies have been properly addressed in individuals receiving versus not receiving primary PCI or fibrinolysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, the economic impact of delayed reperfusion therapy (per hour delayed) remains unclear. Therefore, our study aims to measure both direct and indirect costs associated with delayed reperfusion therapy in individuals with STEMI. This analysis will offer a better understanding of the possible rise in mortality rates and expenses linked to delayed reperfusion therapy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Study design and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This retrospective cohort study included all individuals with STEMI who received pharmacological thrombolysis and/or underwent cardiac catheterization in the Public Healthcare System of the Federal District (Bras&#237;lia, DF, Brazil) between January 2011 and December 2019. The study's inclusion criteria required patients to meet the following conditions: (i) ST-segment elevation of at least 1 mm (frontal plane) or 2 mm (horizontal plane) in 2 contiguous leads or a newly presumed left bundle branch block or right bundle branch block; (ii) myocardial necrosis demonstrated by an increase in at least one value above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile reference limit of CK-MB (25 U/L) and troponin I (0.04 ng/mL), followed by a subsequent decline in both; (iii) pharmacological thrombolysis administered within 24 hours of symptom onset or primary PCI within 48 hours of symptom onset; and (iv) cardiac catheterization during the index hospitalization.</p>
          <p>Individuals (n = 2,622) with STEMI who met the inclusion criteria were identified. This study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration, and it received approval from the Institutional Ethics Review Board (IRB) of the Instituto de Gest&#227;o Estrat&#233;gica do Distrito Federal (IGESDF) (study protocol approval number [CAAE] 28530919.0.1001.8153). Since this was a retrospective study, the IRB approved the waiver of participants&#8217; informed consent as long as data was captured anonymously.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical outcomes (primary and secondary outcomes)</title>
          <p>The primary outcome was the global costs, a sum of in-hospital costs plus the cost of lost productivity (CLP) due to death or disability. While in-hospital costs include the impact of high-cost procedures such as dialysis, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), PCI, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, and time spent in intensive care units (details in Supplementary Table S1), CLP estimates the impact of lost working capacity within the economically active population. The secondary outcomes included clinical outcomes such as the incidence of all-cause death, recurrent myocardial infarction (MI), CABG, cardiac arrest, acute atrial fibrillation, stroke, and major bleeding. The clinical outcomes were observed exclusively during the in-hospital stay.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical data</title>
          <p>We assessed electronic health record systems and collected data such as demography, information regarding STEMI presentation, past medical history, in-hospital therapies, information regarding high-cost procedures, discharge medications, and outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiographic data</title>
          <p>Anatomical severity, the extent of coronary atherosclerotic disease, angiographic treatments, and left ventricular function were analyzed by means of written reports. The classification for severity of stenosis adopted was a reduction of arterial lumen &gt; 70% for epicardial vessels and &gt; 50% in the left main coronary artery. Multivessel disease was characterized by 3 or more major epicardial vessels with arterial lumen stenosis &gt; 70% or left main involvement with stenosis &gt; 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Left ventricular function was defined as preserved in the presence of normal contractility, and dysfunction was defined as the presence of hypokinesia or akinesia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mortality data</title>
          <p>The occurrence of deaths was determined by consulting a specific information system for mortality (SIM/SUS) from the Brazilian Health Ministry. Coding of death certificates in SIM is undertaken utilizing an automated coding system. All deaths require a declaration of cause (death certificate) issued by a physician.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cost assessment</title>
          <p>Direct costs included the costs of in-hospital care, including exams, procedures, and critical care unit utilization. We considered the perspective of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) as the payer. The amounts reimbursed for cost items are standardized across the country based on the SUS price list (described in e-Table 1). For Brazilian costs, the monetary values of the SUS price list were obtained in Brazilian reais (BRL) and subsequently converted to international dollars (Int$) considering the purchasing power parity (conversion factor 2.36) for the year 2015 (median admission year among study individuals). This method of extracting data from SUS databases has been previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>To assess indirect costs, i.e., costs associated with lost productivity due to in-hospital death in this population, we evaluated the CLP and years of potential productive life lost (YPPLL). YPPLL represents the number of years of lost productivity resulting from individuals not being able to participate in the workforce due to their condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> To calculate the YPPLL, we first distributed the deaths by age group. We then calculated the mean age of each group and subtracted it from the retirement age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The number of deaths in each age group was multiplied by the number of years left to reach the retirement age. In this case, we used the retirement age of 65 years. The sum of these products provides the total number of years of potential productive life lost due to premature acute coronary syndrome.</p>
          <p>CLP is calculated by multiplying YPPLL by the sum of total estimated income from the age of early death to the age of retirement in individuals with premature acute coronary syndrome. This income was based on the average Brazilian salary in the period corrected for the unemployment rate. It represents the loss of productivity in economic value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The mean monthly salary between 2011 and 2019 was BRL1,000. (Int$366.30) for women, and BRL1,664.00 (Int$609.52) for men. The unemployment rate in this period was around 7%. In these analyses, we could not evaluate the impact of clinical events occurring after discharge.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>Four groups were segregated according to the time between symptoms onset and chemical thrombolysis: within 3 hours after symptoms onset, between 3 and 6 hours, between 6 and 9 hours, and after 9 hours. Primary analyses included all subjects treated either by pharmacoinvasive approach, rescue PCI, or elective PCI. Sensitivity analyses were conducted by excluding individuals treated by rescue PCI or elective PCI. The distribution of variables and their normality were checked using histograms, scatter plots, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. For comparison between the groups, we used the chi-square test for categorical variables, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables with normal distribution, and Kruskal-Wallis's test for continuous variables with a non-parametric distribution. When a statistically significant difference was detected using ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis test, we conducted post-hoc pairwise comparisons between group means using the Bonferroni or Dunn test, respectively. To analyze the incidence of death during clinical follow-up, binary logistic regression models and linear regression models were constructed to evaluate the impact of time from symptoms onset to chemical thrombolysis. Prior to conducting these linear regression analyses, we evaluated the following assumptions: linearity, multivariate normality, the absence of multicollinearity and autocorrelation, homoscedasticity, and measurement level. We employed a bivariate logistic regression model to evaluate the risk of in-hospital death per hour of delay from symptom onset to reperfusion therapy. Subsequently, a multivariate logistic regression model was utilized to identify the independent predictors of in-hospital death using a stepwise process (forward method). Data were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation for normally distributed data and as median (interquartile range) for non-normally distributed data. Categorical variables were presented as the absolute number (%) and were compared by chi-square test or Fisher's exact test when appropriate. The value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using R Studio v.1.1.463, R language version 4.0.1 for Mac.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The study comprised 2,622 participants, out of which 944 (36%) received pharmacological thrombolysis within 3 hours of symptom onset, 1146 (43.7%) between 3 and 6 hours, 358 (13.7%) between 6 and 9 hours, and 172 (6.6%) after 9 hours. The majority of subjects had a history of hypertension, and the group treated after 9 hours had a significantly higher proportion of subjects with prior type 2 diabetes (p &lt; 0.001). Other comorbidities reported in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref> were evenly distributed across the groups. Moreover, EKG criteria for reperfusion following thrombolysis were less frequent in the group treated after 9 hours (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of enrolled individuals</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Time from symptoms onset to reperfusion therapy in STEMI</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">&lt; 3 h</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">3-6 h</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">6-9 h</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">&gt; 9 h</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">N</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">944</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">1148</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">358</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">172</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Demography and clinical presentation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Male (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">585 (61.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">689 (60.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">229 (63.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">105 (61.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.841</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Age, years (mean [SD])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">60.54 (9.26)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">62.72 (7.64)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">63.90 (9.51)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">64.08 (8.84)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.121</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Prior diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">239 (25.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">351 (30.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">129 (36.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">77 (44.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Prior obesity (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">191 (20.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">210 (18.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">70 (19.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40 (23.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.402</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Prior hypertension (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">533 (56.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">723 (63.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">215 (60.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">107 (62.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Prior family history of CAD (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">195 (20.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">246 (21.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">76 (21.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">32 (18.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.850</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Prior illicit drug abuse (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">30 (3.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">43 (3.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">21 (5.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9 (5.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.119</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Prior dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">474 (50.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">575 (50.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">164 (45.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">80 (46.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.411</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Prior MI (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">89 (9.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">111 (9.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27 (7.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">16 (9.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.678</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Prior stroke (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">29 (3.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">48 (4.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">17 (4.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10 (5.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.237</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Prior PCI (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">49 (5.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">51 (4.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12 (3.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10 (5.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.454</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Prior PAD (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40 (4.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">51 (4.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">16 (4.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7 (4.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.992</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Prior CKD (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">56 (5.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">82 (7.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24 (6.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">17 (9.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.272</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Prior CABG (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12 (1.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24 (2.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (1.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (2.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.351</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Prior smoking (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">625 (66.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">724 (63.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">217 (60.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">99 (57.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.072</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">BMI (mean [SD])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27.02 (4.54)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26.86 (4.53)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26.61 (4.67)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27.39 (4.75)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.245</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Plasma creatinine (median [IQR])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.91 [0.76; 1.10]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.90 [0.75; 1.10]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.90 [0.74; 1.12]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.90 [0.74; 1.20]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.855</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>EKG</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">LBBB (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (0.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (1.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">ST-segment reduction &#8805;50% after reperfusion therapy (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">647 (68.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">860 (74.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">264 (73.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">96 (55.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Acute cardiovascular care</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Time from symptoms to primary hospital (mean [SD])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">64.54 (34.26)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">154.77 (70.64)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">277.90 (114.51)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">455.25 (228.80)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Symptoms-needle time (median [IQR])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">120 [90; 150]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">240 [210; 290]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">410 [380; 462]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">630 [570; 731]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Time from pharmacological thrombolysis to tertiary hospital (median [IQR])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">330 [200; 540]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">332 [208; 615.5]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">369.5 [222; 664]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">400 [245; 790]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Time from pharmacological thrombolysis to catheterization (mean [SD])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1115.81 (1154.80)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1282.36 (1237.06)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1368.27 (1135.76)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1380.97 (1379.48)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">SBP at admission (mean [SD])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">133.45 (27.85)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">133.91 (28.18)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">132.15 (27.36)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">130.30 (26.74)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.366</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Heart rate at admission (mean [SD])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">78.30 (17.51)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">79.07 (17.26)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">79.89 (17.60)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">82.08 (19.39)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.054</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Killip class (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">I</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">902 (95.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1098 (95.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">323 (90.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">144 (83.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">II</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36 (3.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">43 (3.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">34 (9.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24 (14.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">III</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (0.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7 (0.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>PCI strategy (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Pharmacoinvasive</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">594 (62.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">792 (69.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">243 (67.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">95 (55.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Rescue PCI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">332 (35.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">324 (28.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">100 (27.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">73 (42.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Elective PCI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18 (1.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">32 (2.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 (4.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Number conventional stents (mean [SD])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.92 (0.79)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.85 (0.70)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.89 (0.78)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.74 (0.70)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Number DES (median [IQR])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.08 (0.33)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.09 (0.37)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.06 (0.31)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.15 (0.44)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45 (4.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">57 (5.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24 (6.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18 (10.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Dobutamine (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (0.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12 (1.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11 (3.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10 (5.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Adenosine during catheterization (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">47 (5.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">41 (3.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (1.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11 (6.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">LVEF at the 3rd day (%, mean [SD])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">52.04 (12.90)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">52.03 (13.44)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">52.03 (12.51)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">51.50 (13.00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.966</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">GRACE (in-hospital death) (mean [SD])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">115.08 (39.34)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">118.98 (39.32)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">123.06 (43.91)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">125.25 (41.90)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Coronary artery lesions and PCI results</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Left main disease (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10 (1.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 (1.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (1.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.542</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">3-vessel disease (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">182 (19.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">244 (21.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">78 (21.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">43 (25.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.320</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">2-vessel disease (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">263 (27.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">362 (31.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">103 (28.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">56 (32.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.248</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">1-vessel disease (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">434 (46.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">457 (39.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">147 (41.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">59 (34.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>TIMI flow grade post-PCI (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">167 (17.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">204 (17.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">59 (16.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">49 (28.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11 (1.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13 (1.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (1.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">130 (13.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">143 (12.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">49 (13.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">32 (18.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">636 (67.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">788 (68.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">244 (68.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">88 (51.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Blush grade post-PCI (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">361 (38.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">411 (35.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">138 (38.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">89 (51.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">69 (7.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">86 (7.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26 (7.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9 (5.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">49 (5.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">67 (5.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">17 (4.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">465 (49.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">584 (50.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">177 (49.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">70 (40.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Laboratory</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Troponin peak (mUI/dL, median [IQR])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5929 [2703; 10471]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6354 [3076; 10973]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5576 [2886; 9798]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5951 [3268; 11703]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.311</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hemoglobin (g/dL, mean [SD])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14.64 (1.73)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14.48 (1.81)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14.19 (1.96)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14.51 (2.06)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Admission glycemia (mean [SD])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">145.02 (75.75)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">147.23 (73.02)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">148.98 (74.28)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">165.49 (85.45)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">HbA1c (%, mean [SD])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6.11 (1.63)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6.32 (1.77)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6.57 (2.10)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6.78 (2.34)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; DES: drug-eluting stents; EKG: electrocardiogram; IQR: interquartile range; LBBB: left bundle branch block; MI: myocardial infarction; PAD: peripheral artery disease; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SD: standard deviation; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The Central Illustration illustrates the main results of this study. The pharmacoinvasive strategy was administered to the majority of subjects in all groups, and the group that received treatment after 9 hours had a higher frequency of rescue catheterization (as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>). Patients who experienced delayed thrombolysis had a higher mean GRACE score (p &lt; 0.001), while longer treatment times were associated with elevated Hb1Ac levels (p &lt; 0.001). Peak troponin levels were not found to differ significantly between the groups.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref> demonstrates that the group receiving treatment after 9 hours had a greater incidence of in-hospital death (p = 0.001), recurrent MI (p = 0.026), cardiac arrest (p = 0.040), and stroke (p = 0.049). Major bleeding was more prevalent in the group treated between 6 and 9 hours, followed by the group treated after 9 hours, and then the groups treated within 3 hours and between 3 and 6 hours (p = 0.040). In a bivariate model (as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>), each additional hour from symptom onset to reperfusion therapy was associated with an 8.1% (95% CI: 2.5% to 13.2%, p = 0.003) higher risk of in-hospital death (129 events).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Outcomes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Time from symptoms onset to thrombolysis in STEMI</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 3 h</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">3-6 h</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">6-9 h</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 9 h</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="7" valign="top">
                  <bold>Clinical outcomes</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">In-hospital deaths (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">42 (4.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">58 (5.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">31 (8.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18 (10.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">In-hospital CABG after STEMI (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36 (3.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">41 (3.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">17 (4.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.386</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Length of stay (days, median [IQR])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4.0 [3.0; 5.0]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4.0 [3.0; 5.0]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4.0 [3.0; 6.0]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4.0 [2.75; 5.0]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.958</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">In-hospital recurrent MI (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">16 (1.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">16 (1.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (1.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8 (4.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cardiac arrest (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">93 (9.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">80 (7.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27 (7.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">20 (11.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Acute atrial fibrillation (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">37 (3.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36 (3.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">16 (4.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.321</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Stroke (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11 (1.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11 (1.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (1.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (3.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.049</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Major bleeding (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">21 (2.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">25 (2.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">17 (4.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (3.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="7" valign="top">
                  <bold>Cost outcomes</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Global costs (Int$, median [IQR])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4081 [1800; 7700]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3981 [1800; 7581]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4581 [1800; 8181]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5290 [2400; 8810]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Custo dos cuidados hospitalares (Int$, mediana [IIQ])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3200 [1800; 6200]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3200 [1800; 6200]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3800 [1800; 7700]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4400 [2400; 8450]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Custo da perda de produtividade (Int$, m&#233;dia [DP])</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">627 (872)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">562 (815)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">520 (751)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">590 (769)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.282</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; IQR: interquartile range; MI: myocardial infarction; SD: standard deviation; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Direct costs were calculated with values described in e-Table 1 using data for Brazil obtained from DATASUS (SIH/SUS and SIGTAP), the data processing system of the Brazilian Health Ministry.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A stepwise multivariate logistic regression model was employed to determine the independent predictors of in-hospital death, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>. The analysis revealed that the time elapsed from symptom onset to reperfusion therapy was an independent predictor of in-hospital death. Specifically, each additional hour of delay in reperfusion was associated with a 6.2% (95% CI: 0.3% to 11.8%, p = 0.032) increase in the risk of in-hospital death. Other significant independent predictors of in-hospital death included the need for rescue reperfusion, diabetes, hypertension, multi-vessel disease, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and GRACE score.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Logistic regression models with in-hospital death (129 events) as dependent variable</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">(bivariate model)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">OR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Lower</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Upper</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Time from symptoms onset to reperfusion therapy (per 1-h delay)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.081</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.025</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.132</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.003027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>(multivariate stepwise model)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>Lower</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>Upper</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Time from symptoms onset to reperfusion therapy (per 1-h delay)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.062</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.003</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.118</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.0322</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Rescue reperfusion versus pharmacoinvasive</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6.650</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4.580</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9.822</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Prior diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.613</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.126</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.307</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.0089</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Prior hypertension</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.833</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.220</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.817</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.0044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Prior smoking</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.726</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.510</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.036</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.0763</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Number DES</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.711</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.352</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.228</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.2774</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">1-vessel disease</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.372</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.241</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.559</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">LVEF (per 10% decrease)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.312</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.165</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.463</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">GRACE score for in-hospital death (per 10-point increase)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.384</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.328</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.443</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>DES: drug-eluting stents; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; OR: odds ratio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Global costs were 45% higher among individuals treated after 9 hours than individuals treated within 3 hours, an impact mainly driven by in-hospital care (p = 0.005). However, the CLP among individuals treated after 9 hours was not different across groups. Finally, a multivariate linear regression model showed that every 3-hour delay in performing thrombolysis was associated with an increase in in-hospital care costs by Int$497 &#177; 286 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>; p = 0.003). The multivariate model was adjusted by rescue reperfusion versus pharmacoinvasive approach, prior diabetes mellitus, prior hypertension, prior smoking, number of drug eluting stents during PCI, 1-vessel disease, LVEF, and GRACE score for in-hospital death, reaching an R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> of 0.452.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Linear regression models for in-hospital costs</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">(bivariate model)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">beta</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">SD</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Time from symptoms onset to reperfusion therapy (per 3-hour delay)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">603.91</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">303.37</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.00015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>(multivariate stepwise model)</bold>*</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>beta</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>SD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Time from symptoms onset to reperfusion therapy (per 3-hour delay)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">496.62</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">286.10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.00335</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>SD: standard deviation.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Multivariate model adjusted by: rescue reperfusion versus pharmacoinvasive, prior diabetes mellitus, prior hypertension, prior smoking, number of drug-eluting stents during percutaneous coronary intervention, 1-vessel disease, left ventricular ejection fraction, and GRACE score for in-hospital death. Model R2 = 0.452.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Sensitivity analyses were conducted by evaluating exclusively the 1,724 individuals treated with a pharmacoinvasive approach. Supplementary e-Table 2 shows 594 received chemical thrombolysis within 3 hours after symptoms onset, 792 between 3 and 6 hours, 243 between 6 and 9 hours, and 95 after 9 hours. The frequency of comorbidities across groups was homogeneous compared to the global analyses (n = 2,622). In-hospital deaths were less frequent for those treated &lt; 3 hours (1.9%) or between 3 and 6 hours (2.3%), as compared with those between 6 and 9 hours (4.5%) or &gt; 9 hours (7.3%; p = 0.021). Global costs were 50% higher among individuals treated after 9 hours than in individuals treated within 3 hours, an impact mainly driven by in-hospital care (p = 0.023).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Heart disease is a major burden in the United States, resulting in an annual cost of approximately $229 billion and 0.7 million deaths (1 in 5) each year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Globally, heart disease is responsible for 17.9 million deaths annually.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> These persistent figures have prompted both public and private healthcare providers to take action. Our study shows that anticipating reperfusion can not only reduce mortality, but also lower the overall cost associated with STEMI. For every hour of delay, in-hospital mortality increases by 6%, and for every 3 hours, the cost increases by about Int$ 500. Our findings reinforce the clinical benefits of prompt reperfusion therapy and highlight the potential cost savings that can be achieved through well-planned strategies to facilitate faster treatment.</p>
        <p>Timely reperfusion is crucial in the management of STEMI, as any delay can have severe consequences, including increased disability and mortality. Consistent with our findings, a large retrospective study built on population-based Danish medical registries revealed that each hour of delay in reperfusion therapy results in a 10% increase in mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> We complemented this information by showing that the consequences of delayed or inadequate reperfusion can also have significant financial impacts on the healthcare system.</p>
        <p>In addition, patients and their families can potentially face significant financial impacts due to delayed reperfusion. For instance, a cross-sectional study conducted in Sri Lanka revealed that 40% of MI survivors who did not receive reperfusion therapy had to seek financial assistance for their out-of-pocket expenses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Furthermore, the study discovered that 5% of patients lost their jobs; 29% had limited physical activity while remaining employed; 40% had employment time constraints; 15.4% applied for loans; 7.8% sold their property; 19.1% experienced an income loss; and 33.8% had to reduce their usual expenses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In Brazil, 38% of cardiovascular deaths occur in working-age individuals, which causes a productive loss equivalent to 15% of the total cost associated with cardiovascular disease. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Indeed, cardiovascular disease is particularly concerning in low and middle-income countries (LMIC), where it is estimated that 80% of all cardiovascular deaths occur. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In these countries, STEMI tends to affect younger working-age individuals, resulting in significant direct and indirect economic consequences. Furthermore, projections suggest that the cumulative economic loss from cardiovascular diseases in LMIC, between 2011 and 2025, will reach approximately US$3.76 trillion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although LVEF, Killip class, and troponin levels were similar between the groups according to the time from symptom onset to thrombolysis in STEMI, individuals treated after 9 hours required rescue PCI more frequently, which was a major driver of worse outcomes. Additionally, because rescue PCI typically necessitates a time-consuming hospital transfer, individuals treated after 9 hours also had lower myocardial blush and TIMI flow grades, leading to increased use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, adenosine, and dobutamine (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>). These findings may underlie the occurrence of clinical endpoints such as stroke, major bleeding, and cardiac arrest, which may have contributed to the higher death rate in individuals treated later. Therefore, given that LVEF and troponin were similar across groups, it is more likely that the deaths were caused by non-cardiac or indirect factors.</p>
        <p>Altogether, these findings underscore the need for well-planned strategies to facilitate faster reperfusion therapy. These strategies may include improvements in the transportation and triage of patients, implementation of effective treatment protocols, and utilization of advanced technologies to streamline the process of reperfusion therapy. By developing and implementing such strategies, healthcare providers can ensure that patients receive prompt and effective treatment, which can lead to better outcomes and lower costs.</p>
        <p>In interpreting our findings, it is important to acknowledge certain limitations. While we were able to illustrate the cost implications of delayed reperfusion therapy, our study lacked the statistical power to estimate the cost per hour of delay. Moreover, we lacked access to some data concerning the wide range of financial impacts that can transpire within the families of patients with STEMI, which would have enabled us to generate a more comprehensive estimate of the total cost associated with delayed reperfusion. While the results were consistent throughout the entire study cohort, the limited sample size of patients who received pharmacoinvasive therapy rendered the cost analysis unreliable in this particular group of patients. It is also noteworthy that our methods for estimating indirect costs have a limitation as we were unable to capture long-term major clinical disability or clinical events occurring after discharge; thus, it relies only on in-hospital deaths.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>To sum up, our results provide further evidence supporting the critical role of prompt reperfusion therapy in preserving both lives and public health resources. The absence of a well-functioning system for managing STEMI cases generates both direct financial costs, such as in-hospital expenses, and indirect costs associated with the loss of productive years due to premature death or reduced working capacity.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Data availability:</label>
        <p>All requests for raw and analyzed data and related materials, excluding programming codes, will be reviewed by the Clarity Healthcare Intelligence legal department to verify whether the request is subject to any intellectual property or confidentiality obligations. Requests for patient-related data can be considered upon request. Any data and materials that can be shared will be released via a Material Transfer Agreement.</p>
      </sec>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq, process 304257/2021-4. The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Gest&#227;o Estrat&#233;gica do Distrito Federal (IGEDPF) under the protocol number CAAE 8530919.0.1001.8153. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Material 1, please click here. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0650_supplementary_material.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0650_supplementary_material.pdf</ext-link> </p>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Material 2, please click here. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0650_supplementary_checklist.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0650_supplementary_checklist.pdf</ext-link> </p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
