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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">hMQ9S967mZwqsXfYyyb49VN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000500701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230576</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pericardite Constritiva Idiop&#225;tica com Estrutura Restritiva em "Duplo Anel Vertical" em Paciente com Estenose da Via de Sa&#237;da do Ventr&#237;culo Direito</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jiang</surname>
            <given-names>Ying</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5975-3398</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bu</surname>
            <given-names>Haisong</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Central South University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Xiangya Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Changsha</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery - Xiangya Hospital - Central South University, Changsha &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Haisong Bu</bold> &#8226; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan <postal-code>410008</postal-code> - China E-mail: <email>buhaisong@csu.edu.cn</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230576</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Idiop&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Pericardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da Via de Sa&#237;da do Ventr&#237;culo Direito</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province</funding-source>
          <award-id>2022JJ40765</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Natural Science Foundation of Changsha City, China</funding-source>
          <award-id>kq2202366</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Research Program Project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission</funding-source>
          <award-id>B2019197</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A pericardite constritiva &#233; definida como um processo inflamat&#243;rio das camadas fibrosas e serosas do peric&#225;rdio que leva ao espessamento peric&#225;rdico e &#224; compress&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, resultando em uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A pericardite tuberculosa continua a ser a principal causa de pericardite constritiva em todo o mundo, especialmente nas &#225;reas rurais remotas dos pa&#237;ses orientais, onde o n&#237;vel de cuidados e servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de &#233; relativamente atrasado. Outras causas incluem p&#243;s cardiotomia, doen&#231;as do tecido conjuntivo, irradia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-mediastinal, uremia e doen&#231;as idiop&#225;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apresentamos aqui um caso raro de pericardite constritiva idiop&#225;tica com estenose grave da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (VSVD). O tecido espessado formou uma estrutura restritiva em "duplo anel vertical", envolvendo o sulco atrioventricular e os ventr&#237;culos o que levou &#224; compress&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Uma mulher de 35 anos de uma aldeia remota no sul da China, que apresentou falta de ar moderada induzida por exerc&#237;cio e desconforto tor&#225;cico intermitente (sem quaisquer caracter&#237;sticas de angina), foi encaminhada ao nosso departamento. Seis meses atr&#225;s, por causa da respira&#231;&#227;o aguda induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio, ela foi submetida a um ecocardiograma local e foi diagnosticada com espessamento peric&#225;rdico e derrame peric&#225;rdico (leve), que foi aliviado ap&#243;s tomar diur&#233;ticos e, em seguida, tomar empiricamente medicamentos antituberculose por n&#227;o ter teste cut&#226;neo de tuberculose na vila. O exame f&#237;sico em nosso hospital revelou que a temperatura corporal era de 36,5&#176;C e os sinais vitais estavam est&#225;veis. A press&#227;o venosa central estava aumentada (25mmHg), com sopro sist&#243;lico e diminui&#231;&#227;o do som card&#237;aco. N&#227;o houve outros achados cl&#237;nicos not&#225;veis, nem hist&#243;rico familiar de cirurgia e doen&#231;a infecciosa ap&#243;s hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico e exame f&#237;sico. N&#227;o houve anormalidades &#243;bvias no exame laboratorial, como rotina de sangue (contagem de gl&#243;bulos brancos: 8,0x10^9), ESR (12mm/h), conjunto completo de imunidade ao reumatismo (Negativo) e teste cut&#226;neo de tuberculose (di&#226;metro de endurecimento&lt;2mm).</p>
      <p>Um ecocardiograma do nosso hospital revelou peric&#225;rdio espessado (especialmente para o sulco atrioventricular), veia cava inferior (VCI) alargada, estenose pulmonar e relaxamento ventricular limitado. Os di&#226;metros do VD, do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), da VSVD e da VCI foram 16 mm, 30 mm, 12 mm e 27 mm, respectivamente. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE estava restrita com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 55%. Regurgita&#231;&#245;es leves mitral e tric&#250;spide tamb&#233;m foram detectadas. Foi realizada tomografia computadorizada (TC) card&#237;aca que demonstrou espessamento e calcifica&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">B</xref>, setas) e evidente compress&#227;o da VSVD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">C</xref>, setas). O tecido espessado forma uma estrutura em anel transversal, que comprime a base ventricular esquerda e direita, resultando em deforma&#231;&#227;o da cavidade card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>, setas). A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m foi realizada para avaliar se ela afetava o mioc&#225;rdio, e os resultados sugeriram que o peric&#225;rdio espessado, a estrutura do anel transversal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1D</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">E</xref>, setas), comprimia a VSVD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1F</xref>, seta).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>TC card&#237;aca demonstra espessamento e calcifica&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica e forma uma estrutura em anel transversal (A, setas); Compress&#227;o evidente da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (B e C, setas); RM card&#237;aca mostrando peric&#225;rdio espessado (D, seta); A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica confirmou a estrutura do anel transversal (E, setas) e a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito comprimida (F, seta). VCS: veia cava superior; AP: art&#233;ria pulmonar; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230576-30576-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Ap&#243;s extensas discuss&#245;es com o paciente e sua fam&#237;lia, foi agendada a remo&#231;&#227;o completa do peric&#225;rdio e a dissocia&#231;&#227;o da estrutura restritiva em "duplo anel vertical" sem aux&#237;lio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Em caso de sangramento excessivo ou instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, o tratamento cir&#250;rgico ser&#225; realizado sob circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Primeiramente, o peric&#225;rdio foi incisado longitudinalmente com bisturi e, uma vez no plano correto, foi retirado primeiro do VD. O sangramento durante a dissec&#231;&#227;o p&#244;de ser controlado por compress&#227;o suave com gaze &#250;mida e quente ou suturas finas. Deve-se tomar cuidado extra para mobilizar e preservar os nervos fr&#234;nicos. O achado intraoperat&#243;rio foi que a estrutura do "anel duplo vertical" &#233; composta pelo anel transversal na raiz da grande art&#233;ria e pelo anel sagital ao longo do sulco atrioventricular, limitando a contra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, especialmente na VSVD e na art&#233;ria pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">B</xref>). Ap&#243;s a ressec&#231;&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio atrial direito e ventricular direito, tamb&#233;m &#233; necess&#225;ria a dissec&#231;&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio ao redor da aorta, art&#233;ria pulmonar, veia cava superior e VCI. A hemodin&#226;mica permaneceu est&#225;vel durante a opera&#231;&#227;o, o limite da cavidade card&#237;aca estava claro e ativo ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o, a estenose da VSVD foi significativamente aliviada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2B</xref>) e a press&#227;o venosa central diminuiu para 13mmHg. Ap&#243;s cuidadosa hemostasia e fechamento da ferida por planos, o paciente foi cuidadosamente transferido para a unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) em estado est&#225;vel. Os esp&#233;cimes removidos foram examinados patologicamente e n&#227;o foram observados sinais de inflama&#231;&#227;o granulomatosa ou inflama&#231;&#227;o aguda, consistindo apenas de peric&#225;rdio espessado e fibr&#243;tico com calcifica&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">D</xref>). O DNA bacteriano do complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis e o gene <italic>rpoB</italic> relacionado &#224; resist&#234;ncia &#224; rifampicina n&#227;o foram detectados na cultura histobacteriol&#243;gica p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. O acompanhamento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio revelou al&#237;vio da compress&#227;o da VSVD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3A</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">C</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Vis&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria da estrutura em "anel duplo vertical": a estrutura em anel transversal (A, seta); Corte da estrutura do anel mostrando a estrutura do anel sagital (B, seta); A imunohistoqu&#237;mica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio confirma o diagn&#243;stico de pericardite constritiva com degenera&#231;&#227;o hialina e calcifica&#231;&#227;o (C e D). VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230576-30576-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria (A), ultrassonografia card&#237;aca (B) e tomografia computadorizada (C) revelaram al&#237;vio da compress&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. VCS: veia cava superior; AP: art&#233;ria pulmonar.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230576-30576-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results|conclusions">
      <title>Resultado e conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O paciente recebeu alta hospitalar no 7&#176; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, sem intercorr&#234;ncias, com retorno da press&#227;o venosa central ao normal (12mmHg), com seguimento subsequente recomendado.</p>
      <p>A principal causa da pericardite constritiva ainda &#233; considerada a pericardite tuberculosa, que &#233; definida como um processo inflamat&#243;rio das camadas fibrosa e serosa do peric&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Fisiologicamente, o peric&#225;rdio aderente espessado diminui a complac&#234;ncia ventricular e restringe o enchimento card&#237;aco no final da di&#225;stole. O aspecto mais desafiador do diagn&#243;stico da pericardite tuberculosa continua sendo estabelecer uma etiologia tuberculosa. Apesar dos nossos melhores esfor&#231;os, cerca de 15% das doen&#231;as peric&#225;rdicas dificilmente s&#227;o diagnosticadas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> refletindo a escassez geral de novos testes de diagn&#243;stico fi&#225;veis e econ&#243;micos que possam ajudar rapidamente na tomada de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. O resultado &#233; que a pr&#225;tica em muitas regi&#245;es tem sido tratar a tuberculose empiricamente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> especialmente nas &#225;reas rurais remotas dos pa&#237;ses orientais, onde o n&#237;vel de cuidados e servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de &#233; relativamente atrasado.</p>
      <p>Os sintomas e sinais incluem fadiga, intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, edema dos p&#233;s e, em casos extremos, s&#237;ncope aos esfor&#231;os, congest&#227;o hep&#225;tica e ascite. Na ausculta, sons card&#237;acos abafados e/ou batida peric&#225;rdica s&#227;o achados comuns. A radiografia de t&#243;rax pode mostrar calcifica&#231;&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas e silhueta card&#237;aca normal em paciente com sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita. A ecocardiografia &#233; a base de uma ferramenta diagn&#243;stica n&#227;o invasiva durante a triagem precoce<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> que retrata o espessamento peric&#225;rdico, atividade ventricular, fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, etc. A TC e a RM fornecem excelentes informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais para o diagn&#243;stico. Al&#233;m disso, oferecem avalia&#231;&#227;o tridimensional das rela&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas entre os grandes vasos e estruturas adjacentes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e fornecem vistas seccionais das estruturas card&#237;acas de v&#225;rios &#226;ngulos.</p>
      <p>O manejo cir&#250;rgico da pericardite constritiva envolve a remo&#231;&#227;o completa do peric&#225;rdio, que geralmente &#233; realizada por meio de abordagem por esternotomia mediana. O tecido espessado e calcificado geralmente comprime os vasos sangu&#237;neos e o cora&#231;&#227;o. Como mostrado no presente caso, a estrutura em "anel duplo vertical" &#233; extremamente rara, principalmente a estrutura em anel sagital, que se localiza no sentido do sulco atrioventricular. Felizmente, o paciente n&#227;o apresentou estenose coronariana &#243;bvia ou sintomas cl&#237;nicos. Notavelmente, ap&#243;s a ressec&#231;&#227;o da estrutura em "duplo anel vertical", tamb&#233;m &#233; necess&#225;ria a dissec&#231;&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio ao redor da aorta, art&#233;ria pulmonar, veia cava superior e VCI. &#201; extremamente essencial observar que a dissocia&#231;&#227;o excessiva do tecido fibroso e da les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica no sulco atrioventricular deve ser evitada para evitar acidentes iatrog&#234;nicos. O corte parcial do tecido fibroso e o al&#237;vio da compress&#227;o devem ser realizados se uma extensa ressec&#231;&#227;o da estrutura do anel n&#227;o puder ser realizada. Al&#233;m disso, cortes histol&#243;gicos adequados, patologia e cultura e detec&#231;&#227;o bacteriana s&#227;o cruciais para um diagn&#243;stico preciso.</p>
      <p>No presente caso, o paciente apresentava suspeita de pericardite constritiva idiop&#225;tica, incluindo estenose da VSVD e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Assim, foi realizada a remo&#231;&#227;o completa do peric&#225;rdio e dissocia&#231;&#227;o da estrutura restritiva em "duplo anel vertical" para maximizar o benef&#237;cio do paciente. Este relat&#243;rio ilustrativo destaca a ess&#234;ncia da melhoria do diagn&#243;stico preciso, especialmente nas zonas rurais remotas dos pa&#237;ses orientais, onde o n&#237;vel de cuidados e servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de &#233; relativamente atrasado. A falha em identificar a pericardite constritiva n&#227;o tuberculosa neste caso atrasar&#225; o diagn&#243;stico preciso e o tratamento eficaz. O acompanhamento com ecocardiografia e TC deve ser continuado para detectar recorr&#234;ncia e efeitos em longo prazo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2022JJ40765), the Natural Science Foundation of Changsha City, China (kq2202366), e Research Program Project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission (B2019197).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Xiangya Hospital of Central South University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo XYYY2023C06. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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              <surname>Myers</surname>
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        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230576i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Idiopathic Constrictive Pericarditis with Restrictive "Vertical Double Ring" Structure in a Patient with Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Stenosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jiang</surname>
            <given-names>Ying</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5975-3398</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bu</surname>
            <given-names>Haisong</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Changsha</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery - Xiangya Hospital - Central South University, Changsha &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Haisong Bu</bold> &#8226; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan <postal-code>410008</postal-code> - China E-mail: <email>buhaisong@csu.edu.cn</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Idiopathic</kwd>
        <kwd>Pericarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province</funding-source>
          <award-id>2022JJ40765</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Natural Science Foundation of Changsha City, China</funding-source>
          <award-id>kq2202366</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Research Program Project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission</funding-source>
          <award-id>B2019197</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Constrictive pericarditis is defined as an inflammatory process of the fibrous and serous layers of the pericardium that leads to pericardial thickening and compression of the cardiac chambers, ultimately resulting in a significant reduction in cardiac function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Tuberculous pericarditis remains the leading cause of constrictive pericarditis worldwide, especially in the remote rural areas of eastern countries where the level of health care and services is relatively backward. Other causes include postcardiotomy, connective tissue diseases, postmediastinal irradiation, uremia, and idiopathic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Herein, we present a rare case of idiopathic constrictive pericarditis with severe right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) stenosis. The thickened tissue formed a restrictive "vertical double ring" structure, involving the atrioventricular sulcus and ventricles that led to compression of the cardiac chambers.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 35-year-old female from a remote village in southern China, who experienced moderate exercise-induced shortness of breath and intermittent chest discomfort (without any angina characteristics), was referred to our department. Six months ago, because of exercise-induced acute breathing, she underwent a local echocardiogram and was diagnosed with pericardial thickening and pericardial effusion (mild), which was relieved after taking diuretics, and then empirically taking anti-tuberculosis medications because there was not tuberculosis skin testing in the village. Physical examination in our hospital revealed that the body temperature was 36.5&#176;C and the vital signs were stable. The central venous pressure was increased (25mmHg), with systolic murmur, and decreased heart sound. There were no other notable clinical findings and no family history of surgery and infectious disease following medical history and physical examination. There were no obvious abnormalities in laboratory examination, such as blood routine (white blood cell count: 8.0x10^9), ESR (12mm/h), complete set of rheumatism immunity (Negative), and tuberculosis skin test (hardening diameter&lt;2mm).</p>
        <p>An echocardiogram from our hospital revealed a thickened pericardium (especially for the atrioventricular sulcus), widened inferior vena cava (IVC), pulmonary stenosis, and limited ventricular relaxation. The diameters of the right ventricle (RV), the left ventricle (LV), the RVOT, and IVC were 16mm, 30mm, 12mm, and 27mm, respectively. The LV systolic function was restricted with an ejection fraction of 55%. Mild mitral and tricuspid regurgitation were also detected. Cardiac computed tomography (CT) was performed and demonstrated pericardial thickening and calcification (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">B</xref>, arrows), and obvious compression of the RVOT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">C</xref>, arrows). The thickened tissue forms a transverse ring structure, which compresses the left and right ventricular base, resulting in cardiac cavity deformation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1A</xref>, arrows). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was also performed to assess whether it affected the myocardium, and the results suggested that the thickened pericardium, the transverse ring structure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1D</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">E</xref>, arrows) compressed the RVOT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1F</xref>, arrow).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiac CT showing pericardial thickening and calcification and forms a transverse ring structure (A, arrows); Obvious compression of the right ventricular outflow tract (B and C, arrows); Cardiac MRI showing the thickened pericardium (D, arrow); MRI confirmed the transverse ring structure (E, arrows) and compressed right ventricular outflow tract (F, arrow). SVC: superior vena cava; PA: pulmonary artery; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230576-30576-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>After extensive discussions with the patient and his family, the complete removal of the pericardium and the dissociation of the restrictive "vertical double ring" structure was scheduled without the assistance of a cardiopulmonary bypass. In case of excessive bleeding or hemodynamic instability, surgical treatment would be carried out under cardiopulmonary bypass. First, the pericardium was incised longitudinally with a scalpel and once in the correct plane, it was removed first from the right ventricle. Bleeding during dissection could be controlled by gentle compression with warm wet gauze or fine sutures. Extra care must be taken to mobilize and preserve the phrenic nerves. Intraoperative finding was that the "vertical double ring" structure is composed of the transverse ring at the root of the great artery and the sagittal ring along the atrioventricular sulcus, limiting the cardiac contraction, especially at RVOT and pulmonary artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">B</xref>). After the resection of the right atrial and right ventricular pericardium, the dissection of the pericardium around the aorta, pulmonary artery, superior vena cava, and IVC is also necessary. The hemodynamics were stable during the operation, the cardiac cavity boundary was clear and active after the operation, the RVOT stenosis was significantly relieved (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2B</xref>), and the central venous pressure decreased to 13mmHg. After careful hemostasis and closing of the wound in layers, the patient was carefully transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) in stable condition. The removed specimens were examined pathologically and were noted to have no evidence of granulomatous inflammation, or acute inflammation, consisting solely of the thickened and fibrotic pericardium with calcifications (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">D</xref>). The bacterial DNA of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and rifampicin resistance-related <italic>rpoB</italic> gene were not detected in postoperative histobacteriological culture. Postoperative follow-up revealed relief of RVOT compression (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3A</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">C</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Intraoperative view of the "vertical double ring" structure: the transverse ring structure (A, arrow); Cutting the ring structure section showing sagittal ring structure (B, arrow); Immunohistochemistry post-operatively confirms the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis with hyaline degeneration and calcification (C and D). RV: right ventricle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230576-30576-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Postoperative chest X-ray(A), cardiac ultrasound(B), and CT(C) revealed relief of right ventricular outflow tract compression. SVC: superior vena cava; PA: pulmonary artery.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230576-30576-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results|conclusions">
        <title>Result and conclusion</title>
        <p>The patient was discharged uneventfully on the 7th postoperative day with the central venous pressure returned to normal (12mmHg) with recommended subsequent follow-up.</p>
        <p>The main cause of constrictive pericarditis is still considered to be tuberculous pericarditis, which is defined as an inflammatory process of the fibrous and serous layers of the pericardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Physiologically, the thickened adherent pericardium decreases ventricular compliance and restricts cardiac filling in late diastole. The most challenging aspect of the diagnosis of tuberculous pericarditis remains to be establishing a tuberculous etiology. Despite our best efforts, about 15% of pericardial diseases are hardly diagnosed,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> reflecting the overall paucity of reliable, cost-effective new diagnostic tests that could rapidly aid clinical decision-making. The result is that the practice in many regions has been to treat tuberculous empirically,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> especially for the remote rural areas of eastern countries where the level of health care and services is relatively backward.</p>
        <p>Symptoms and signs include fatigue, exercise intolerance, pedal edema, and in extreme cases syncope on exertion, hepatic congestion, and ascites. On auscultation, muffled heart sounds, and/or a pericardial knock are common findings. The chest X-ray may show pericardial calcifications and a normal cardiac silhouette in a patient with right-sided heart failure symptoms. Echocardiography is the mainstay of a non-invasive diagnostic tool during the early screening<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> that depicts the pericardial thickening, ventricular activity, cardiac function, etc. CT and MRI provide excellent additional information for the diagnosis. Additionally, it offers a three-dimensional assessment of the anatomic relations between great vessels and adjacent structures,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and it provides sectional views of the cardiac structures from various angles.</p>
        <p>The surgical management of constrictive pericarditis involves the complete removal of the pericardium, which is usually performed through a midline sternotomy approach. Thickened and calcified tissue usually compresses blood vessels and the heart. As shown in the present case, the "vertical double ring" structure is extremely rare, especially for the sagittal ring structure, which is along the direction of the atrioventricular sulcus. Fortunately, the patient had no obvious coronary stenosis or clinical symptoms. Notably, after the resection of the "vertical double ring" structure, the dissection of the pericardium around the aorta, pulmonary artery, superior vena cava, and IVC is also necessary. It is critically essential to note that excessive dissociation of fibrous tissue and myocardial injury at the atrioventricular sulcus should be avoided to avoid iatrogenic accidents. Cut off partial fibrous tissue and relieving compression should be performed if an extensive range of the ring structure resection cannot be performed. What is more, adequate histologic sections, pathology, and bacterial culture and detection are crucial for accurate diagnosis.</p>
        <p>In the case herein, the patient had suspected idiopathic constrictive pericarditis, including RVOT stenosis and cardiac insufficiency. Thus, the complete removal of the pericardium and dissociation of the restrictive "vertical double ring" structure was performed to maximize the patient's benefit. This illustrative report highlights the essence of improving accurate diagnosis, especially for the remote rural areas of eastern countries where the level of health care and services is relatively backward. Failure to identify non-tuberculous constrictive pericarditis in this case will delay accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Follow-up with echocardiography and CT should be continued to detect recurrence and long-term effects.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2022JJ40765), the Natural Science Foundation of Changsha City, China (kq2202366), and Research Program Project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission (B2019197).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Xiangya Hospital of Central South University under the protocol number XYYY2023C06. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
