<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vCDZqmjTyjqdZ5bx88LnWCd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000500313</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00313</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230551</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desfechos Intra-Hospitalares no Registro Brasileiro de Implante de Biopr&#243;tese A&#243;rtica por Cateter &#8211; 14 Anos em An&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8973-4438</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Meira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0732-9920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lemke</surname>
            <given-names>Viviana de Mello Guzzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6457-3217</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Sanali Moura de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do;</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8313-8766</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Emilia Matos do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3098-092X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Bas&#237;lio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiocare Clinica Cardiol&#243;gica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiocare Clinica Cardiol&#243;gica, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Atena de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Natal</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RN</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Atena de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica, Natal, RN &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; R. Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 &#8211; 8&#176; Andar &#8211; Sala 6. CEP 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, RJ &#8211; Brasil; E-mail: <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Pedro Lemos</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230551</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Desfechos Intra-Hospitalares no Registro Brasileiro de Implante de Biopr&#243;tese A&#243;rtica por Cateter &#8211; 14 Anos em An&#225;lise</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/vCDZqmjTyjqdZ5bx88LnWCd/c223fabb1d44ddcc7d20c903b0b63f5d4ea72ca0.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/vCDZqmjTyjqdZ5bx88LnWCd/d468602b052eb9cb175b08972c0c9f429af9a448.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/vCDZqmjTyjqdZ5bx88LnWCd/0bba4e39c3fac6686688bf541af8634aeedfc7c8.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O implante valvar a&#243;rtico transcateter (TAVI) apresenta crescimento exponencial de suas indica&#231;&#245;es e foi incorporado ao Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de em 2022, sendo necess&#225;rio avaliar seu uso no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Conhecer os fatores associados a mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais intra-hospitalares, em ambos os g&#234;neros, na popula&#231;&#227;o do Registro Brasileiro de Implante de Biopr&#243;tese A&#243;rtica por Cateter e Novas Tecnologias (RIBAC-NT).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p> An&#225;lise do banco de dados RIBAC-NT de 2008 a 2022. Aplicados modelos log&#237;sticos e <italic>machine learning</italic> na avalia&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica da associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis com os desfechos, empregando o <italic>software R</italic> e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Analisados 2.588 pacientes (mulheres, 51,2%; &#243;bito intra-hospitalar, 8,2%). Mortalidade associou-se a complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento, dentre elas destacam-se complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares (CV) maiores e insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (IRA) (p&lt; 0,001). A CV maior ocorreu em 6%, com 34% de mortalidade; IRA ocorreu em 8,8%, com 13% de mortalidade, que aumentou at&#233; 8 vezes quando IRA coexistiu com outras complica&#231;&#245;es. Complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais ocorreram em 50,5% do total de pacientes, acometendo 63% daqueles com biopr&#243;tese de 1<sup>a</sup> gera&#231;&#227;o (1G) e 39% daqueles com biopr&#243;tese de 2<sup>a</sup> gera&#231;&#227;o (2G) p&lt;0,001. O acesso n&#227;o femoral e o ritmo card&#237;aco influenciaram as complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais nas pr&#243;teses 1G, enquanto complica&#231;&#245;es das pr&#243;teses 2G associaram-se ao g&#234;nero feminino (39,6% <italic>vs.</italic> 30,4%, p= 0,003).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A mortalidade intra-hospitalar na popula&#231;&#227;o do RIBAC-NT associou-se diretamente a complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento, principalmente CV maior e IRA. A ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais diferiu conforme o g&#234;nero e o tipo da biopr&#243;tese.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Valvopatia A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante de Pr&#243;tese de Valva Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#243;teses Valvulares Card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A estenose a&#243;rtica degenerativa afeta atualmente 2% a 5% dos adultos com mais de 65 anos, tendo se tornado um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica mundial nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica calcificada aumentou 201,8% de 1990 para 2019, refletindo o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>O implante valvar a&#243;rtico transcateter (TAVI) surgiu como op&#231;&#227;o para reduzir a mortalidade dos pacientes portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica inoper&#225;veis e de alto risco cir&#250;rgico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Embora diversos estudos cl&#237;nicos tenham tido importante papel no avan&#231;o da TAVI, publica&#231;&#227;o recente de Barili et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> com an&#225;lise de 8 estudos randomizados de TAVI <italic>versus</italic> cirurgia de troca valvar a&#243;rtica, identificou a ocorr&#234;ncia de diversos vieses com desbalanceamentos favor&#225;veis a TAVI, como desvio da randomiza&#231;&#227;o 6,7 vezes e perda de seguimento 2,5 vezes menores no grupo TAVI, enquanto tratamentos adicionais durante o procedimento foram 3,7 vezes mais frequentes no grupo cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      <p>Objetivando entender o emprego da TAVI, v&#225;rios registros realizados em diversos pa&#237;ses mostraram mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais com taxas mais elevadas que nos estudos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Com intuito de conhecer os resultados da incorpora&#231;&#227;o dessa tecnologia no Brasil, a Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista (SBHCI) implementou um registro dos pacientes submetidos a TAVI no territ&#243;rio nacional denominado Registro Brasileiro de Implante de Biopr&#243;tese A&#243;rtica por Cateter e Novas Tecnologias (RIBAC-NT), que re&#250;ne dados dos pacientes submetidos a esse procedimento desde 2008.</p>
      <p>Com os esfor&#231;os desenvolvidos para incorpora&#231;&#227;o da TAVI pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) nos &#250;ltimos anos, &#233; importante avaliar seu desempenho nos diversos cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos no Brasil no que tange &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do procedimento. Um problema particular refere-se &#224;s mulheres, que t&#234;m maior expectativa de vida e, portanto, maior probabilidade de serem submetidas a TAVI, al&#233;m de mais complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do procedimento, ainda que sem maior mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Desse modo, o objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar os fatores associados aos desfechos mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais intra-hospitalares nos pacientes do RIBAC-NT submetidos a TAVI, al&#233;m de avaliar se existe associa&#231;&#227;o do g&#234;nero com esses desfechos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Material e M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Estudo observacional, retrospectivo, de an&#225;lise do banco de dados do RIBAC-NT, um registro de participa&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria e que inclui 266 centros em 20 unidades federativas brasileiras, no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2008 a janeiro de 2022. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa em 21/9/2022 (CAAE 60808622.4.0000.5252).</p>
      <p>As biopr&#243;teses utilizadas no RIBAC-NT foram classificadas conforme a gera&#231;&#227;o de fabrica&#231;&#227;o e o mecanismo de expans&#227;o (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0551_AO_supplementary-tables.pdf">Tabela 1 suplementar</ext-link>).</p>
      <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do procedimento foram padronizadas de acordo com o documento <italic>Valve Academic Research Consortium</italic> 2012 (VARC-2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Neste estudo, as complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas classificadas no VARC-2 como maior e de risco de vida foram agrupadas sob a denomina&#231;&#227;o &#8216;complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas maiores&#8217;.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o foram descritas com vari&#225;veis qualitativas dicot&#244;micas, representadas como percentual de ocorr&#234;ncia, e com vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, representadas como mediana e intervalo interquartil. Na an&#225;lise comparativa entre percentuais de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos, aplicou-se o teste do qui-quadrado. O teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk rejeitou a hip&#243;tese de normalidade das vari&#225;veis. A n&#227;o normalidade dos dados foi confirmada atrav&#233;s de inspe&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica.</p>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise dos fatores associados aos desfechos mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais, consideraram-se as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nico-laboratoriais e as comorbidades, assim como os dados t&#233;cnicos e as complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento.</p>
        <p>Inicialmente, empregou-se o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com o uso da regulariza&#231;&#227;o <italic>elastic net</italic>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> m&#233;todo para sele&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via das vari&#225;veis independentes. Em seguida, outros modelos log&#237;sticos foram utilizados, descartando-se as vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica no modelo anterior. O uso de diversos modelos objetivou identificar padr&#245;es e associa&#231;&#245;es que podem n&#227;o ser facilmente detectadas em apenas um modelo devido &#224; complexidade dos dados.</p>
        <p>T&#233;cnicas de <italic>machine learning</italic> foram empregadas com os modelos n&#227;o param&#233;tricos baseados em &#225;rvores de classifica&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>Uma estrutura hier&#225;rquica baseada em algoritmos foi formada, buscando-se associa&#231;&#245;es e interdepend&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis entre os n&#243;s.</p>
        <p>O modelo multinomial foi utilizado para an&#225;lise dos desfechos compostos de morte e complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais.</p>
        <p>O pacote Partykit do <italic>software</italic> R foi empregado para an&#225;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica utilizado foi de 5%.</p>
        <p>Realizou-se uma an&#225;lise temporal do desfecho mortalidade e as complica&#231;&#245;es associadas nos anos em estudo, utilizando-se o <italic>star plot</italic>, t&#233;cnica de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de dados para an&#225;lise multivariada. Esse m&#233;todo produz gr&#225;ficos em forma de estrela, onde cada vari&#225;vel &#233; representada por uma &#225;rea proporcional ao valor observado. Os dados utilizados nessa an&#225;lise foram os resultantes da divis&#227;o dos valores correspondentes &#224;s vari&#225;veis de maior impacto nos desfechos nos anos de 2008 a 2021.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Procedimento de TAVI foi realizado em 3.793 pacientes (1883 homens e 1910 mulheres), dos quais 1.205 foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise por falta de algumas informa&#231;&#245;es (619 homens e 586 mulheres, p= 0,067). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os g&#234;neros. Dados completos foram obtidos em 2.588 pacientes, que foram submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> suplementar).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; &#193;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores associados a mortalidade intra-hospitalar. IRA: insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230551-30551-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>&#211;bito intra-hospitalar ocorreu em 8,2% dos pacientes, sendo percentualmente mais elevado nas mulheres. Os pacientes que morreram eram mais idosos, com a maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo em classe funcional III e IV da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>. Dentre as comorbidades, a doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) apresentou maior percentual de ocorr&#234;ncia nos que morreram. A depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina foi mais elevada nos sobreviventes (p= 0,0001) e o escore <italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeons</italic> (STS) foi mais elevado nos que morreram (p&lt;0,0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Taxas de ocorr&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nico-laboratoriais e das comorbidades nos pacientes do RIBAC-NT, comparativo entre sobreviventes e &#243;bito</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Total</th>
                <th>Sobreviventes</th>
                <th>&#211;bito</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#250;mero de pacientes, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2.588 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">2.375 (91,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">213 (8,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Dados demogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homens, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.264 (48,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.181 (93,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (6,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.324 (51,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.194 (90,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (9,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, mediana (IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (78&#8212;86)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (77&#8212;86)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (79&#8212;88)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup>, mediana (IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">25,8 (23,3&#8212;29,0)</td>
                <td align="center">25,8 (23,3&#8212;29)</td>
                <td align="center">26,2 (23,1&#8212;29,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe funcional III ou IV, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1924 (74,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">495 (88,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (11,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina pectoris, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">637 (24,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">594 (93,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (6,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ncope, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">681 (26,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">631 (92,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (7,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.399 (54%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.284 (91,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (8,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">363 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">332 (91,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (8,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">207 (7,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">188 (90,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (9,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DC e cerebrovascular, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">421 (16,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">383 (91,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (9,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">474 (18,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">418 (88,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (11,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aneurisma de aorta, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">108 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (91,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (8,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">869 (33,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">800 (92,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (7,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.495 (57,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.375 (92,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (8,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2.148 (82,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.966 (91,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">182 (8,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAP, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">493 (19%)</td>
                <td align="center">448 (90,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (9,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAP, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">607 (23,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">547 (90,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (9,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IRC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.917 (74%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.748 (91,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">169 (8,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Dados laboratoriais</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ritmo sinusal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2.043 (78,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.883 (92,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">160 (7,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ritmo de marca-passo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">214 (8,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">199 (93,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (7,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o/Flutter atrial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">331 (12,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">293 (88,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (11,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dl), mediana (IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (0,9&#8212;1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (0,9&#8212;1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (0,9&#8212;1,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Depura&#231;&#227;o creatinina (ml/min), mediana (IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">46,6 (34,8&#8212;62,2)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (35,2&#8212;62,4)</td>
                <td align="center">39,5 (29,8&#8212;57,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE Ecocardiograma, (%), mediana (IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (53&#8212;69)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (53&#8212;69)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (50&#8212;69)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore STS, mediana (IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">5,5 (3,4&#8212;10,2)</td>
                <td align="center">5,3 (3,3&#8212;9,9)</td>
                <td align="center">7,7 (4,5&#8212;14,0)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; DC: doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; HAP: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IQ: intervalo interquartil; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica; STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O modelo log&#237;stico identificou as vari&#225;veis DPOC, n&#237;vel de creatinina e complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento, sejam cl&#237;nicas, cir&#250;rgicas ou mec&#226;nicas decorrentes da biopr&#243;tese, como as associadas com morte (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis identificadas pelo modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica como associadas ao desfecho &#243;bito</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Estimate</th>
                <th>Std. Error</th>
                <th>z value</th>
                <th>Pr(&gt;|z|)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">0.25226</td>
                <td align="center">0.07389</td>
                <td align="center">3.414</td>
                <td align="center">0.000640</td>
                <td align="center">***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">0.67307</td>
                <td align="center">0.18777</td>
                <td align="center">3.585</td>
                <td align="center">0.000338</td>
                <td align="center">***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#227;o IAM</td>
                <td align="center">2.03395</td>
                <td align="center">0.53088</td>
                <td align="center">3.831</td>
                <td align="center">0.000127</td>
                <td align="center">***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#227;o AVC</td>
                <td align="center">1.81760</td>
                <td align="center">0.32690</td>
                <td align="center">5.560</td>
                <td align="center">2.70e-08</td>
                <td align="center">***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica maior</td>
                <td align="center">0.91282</td>
                <td align="center">0.23560</td>
                <td align="center">3.874</td>
                <td align="center">0.000107</td>
                <td align="center">***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica menor</td>
                <td align="center">-0.04292</td>
                <td align="center">0.51031</td>
                <td align="center">0.084</td>
                <td align="center">0.932966</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda</td>
                <td align="center">1.40844</td>
                <td align="center">0.17848</td>
                <td align="center">7.891</td>
                <td align="center">2.99e-15</td>
                <td align="center">***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#227;o vascular maior</td>
                <td align="center">1.25127</td>
                <td align="center">0.26325</td>
                <td align="center">4.753</td>
                <td align="center">2.00e-06</td>
                <td align="center">***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#227;o vascular menor</td>
                <td align="center">-0.50648</td>
                <td align="center">0.49991</td>
                <td align="center">-1.013</td>
                <td align="center">0.310990</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estenose de biopr&#243;tese</td>
                <td align="center">12.15345</td>
                <td align="center">535.41122</td>
                <td align="center">-0.023</td>
                <td align="center">0.981890</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia de biopr&#243;tese</td>
                <td align="center">1.34886</td>
                <td align="center">0.41188</td>
                <td align="center">3.275</td>
                <td align="center">0.001057</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">-0.58469</td>
                <td align="center">0.26618</td>
                <td align="center">-2.197</td>
                <td align="center">0.028047</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Necessidade de MPD</td>
                <td align="center">-0.93291</td>
                <td align="center">0.32887</td>
                <td align="center">-2.837</td>
                <td align="center">0.004558</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">3.77983</td>
                <td align="center">1.23676</td>
                <td align="center">3.056</td>
                <td align="center">0.002241</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CIV</td>
                <td align="center">1.94111</td>
                <td align="center">1.14184</td>
                <td align="center">1.700</td>
                <td align="center">0.089135</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Perfura&#231;&#227;o de VE</td>
                <td align="center">2.09158</td>
                <td align="center">0.51046</td>
                <td align="center">4.097</td>
                <td align="center">4.18e-05</td>
                <td align="center">***</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Significado estat&#237;stico &#8216;***&#8217;0.001, &#8216;**&#8217;0.01, &#8216;*&#8217;0.05, &#8216; &#8217;1. Estimate: estimativa; Std. Error: erro-padr&#227;o da estimativa; z value: percentil da distribui&#231;&#227;o normal padr&#227;o; Pr(&gt;|z|): n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia observado. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; CIV: comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; MPD: marca-passo definitivo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o, constru&#237;da a partir das vari&#225;veis selecionadas no modelo log&#237;stico, demonstrou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento e morte. A primeira vari&#225;vel selecionada foi complica&#231;&#227;o vascular (CV) maior (n&#243; 1), seguida de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (IRA) (n&#243; 2). Quando n&#227;o ocorreu nenhuma dessas complica&#231;&#245;es, a mortalidade foi 4,3% (n&#243; 3) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Pacientes que apresentaram CV maior associada com perfura&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) apresentaram mortalidade de 73,3% (n&#243;s 1, 11 e 13) e, na aus&#234;ncia de perfura&#231;&#227;o de VE, a mortalidade foi 34,8% (n&#243;s 1 e 12). Quando a CV inexistiu ou foi do tipo menor e na presen&#231;a de IRA, a mortalidade variou conforme coexist&#234;ncia com: acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), mortalidade de 84,6% (n&#243;s 2, 4 e 10); disfun&#231;&#227;o de biopr&#243;tese do tipo insufici&#234;ncia, mortalidade de 58,3% (n&#243;s 2, 5 e 9); complica&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica maior, mortalidade de 31,7% (n&#243;s 2, 6 e 8); e complica&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica menor, mortalidade de 13% (n&#243;s 2, 6 e 7) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Os modelos estat&#237;sticos n&#227;o identificaram g&#234;nero como fator associado a mortalidade, embora houvesse predom&#237;nio do g&#234;nero feminino nas complica&#231;&#245;es. A CV maior ocorreu em 156 (6%) pacientes, sendo mais frequente em mulheres (8,1% <italic>vs</italic>. 3,9%, p&lt; 0,001), a perfura&#231;&#227;o de VE ocorreu em 25 (0,9%), sendo duas vezes mais frequente no g&#234;nero feminino (1,4% <italic>vs</italic>. 0,6%, p= 0,03) e a complica&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica menor ocorreu em 87 (3,7%), predominando em mulheres (5,3% <italic>vs</italic>. 3,2%, p=0,05). Observaram-se IRA em 355 (13,7%) pacientes e AVC em 65 (2,5%), ambos sem diferen&#231;a entre os g&#234;neros. A disfun&#231;&#227;o da biopr&#243;tese do tipo insufici&#234;ncia ocorreu em 47 (1,8%) pacientes, com predom&#237;nio em homens (2,4% <italic>vs.</italic> 1,3%, p=0,03), e a do tipo estenose ocorreu em somente 1 paciente no estudo.</p>
      <p>Ao avaliar as complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais, observou-se que 1.308 (50,5%) pacientes tiveram algum tipo de complica&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao procedimento. As complica&#231;&#245;es foram mais frequentes nas biopr&#243;teses de 1&#170; gera&#231;&#227;o (1G), utilizadas em 47,3% da popula&#231;&#227;o, do que nas de 2&#170; gera&#231;&#227;o (2G), tendo ocorrido em 774 (63,1%) pacientes <italic>versus</italic> 532 (39,1%), respectivamente, p&lt;0,001.</p>
      <p>Entre as vari&#225;veis independentes com associa&#231;&#227;o de maior significado estat&#237;stico com as complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais, o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica identificou g&#234;nero feminino, AVC e ritmo de marca-passo pr&#233;vios, assim como tipo de biopr&#243;tese (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis identificadas pelo modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica como associadas ao desfecho complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Estimate</th>
                <th>Std.Error</th>
                <th>z value</th>
                <th>Pr(&gt;|z|)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">0.20839</td>
                <td align="center">0.08689</td>
                <td align="center">2.398</td>
                <td align="center">0.01647</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria AVC</td>
                <td align="center">0.52861</td>
                <td align="center">0.16235</td>
                <td align="center">3.256</td>
                <td align="center">0.00113</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ritmo de MPD</td>
                <td align="center">-0.74091</td>
                <td align="center">0.16631</td>
                <td align="center">-4.455</td>
                <td align="center">8.39e-06</td>
                <td align="center">***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ritmo de FA/Flutter atrial</td>
                <td align="center">-0.13150</td>
                <td align="center">0.13223</td>
                <td align="center">-0.99</td>
                <td align="center">0.32001</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acesso vascular n&#227;o femoral</td>
                <td align="center">0.38136</td>
                <td align="center">0.19996</td>
                <td align="center">1.907</td>
                <td align="center">0.05650</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Biopr&#243;tese autoexpans&#237;vel</td>
                <td align="center">-0.64416</td>
                <td align="center">0.08935</td>
                <td align="center">-7.210</td>
                <td align="center">5.61e-13</td>
                <td align="center">***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Biopr&#243;tese ME</td>
                <td align="center">0.21087</td>
                <td align="center">0.28060</td>
                <td align="center">0.751</td>
                <td align="center">0.45236</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Biopr&#243;tese 2<sup>a</sup> gera&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">-0.94258</td>
                <td align="center">0.08841</td>
                <td align="center">-10.661</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 2e-16</td>
                <td align="center">***</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Significado estat&#237;stico &#8216;***&#8217;0.001, &#8216;**&#8217;0.01, &#8216;*&#8217;0.05, &#8216; &#8217;1. Estimate = estimativa, Std. Error = erro-padr&#227;o da estimativa, z value = percentil da distribui&#231;&#227;o normal padr&#227;o, Pr(&gt;|z|) = n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia observado. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; MPD: marca-passo definitivo; ME: mecanicamente expans&#237;vel.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o, constru&#237;da a partir das vari&#225;veis selecionadas no modelo log&#237;stico, mostrou que as complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais diferenciam-se conforme a gera&#231;&#227;o de fabrica&#231;&#227;o e o mecanismo de libera&#231;&#227;o da biopr&#243;tese utilizada. O n&#243; 1 divide a &#225;rvore em dois grupos de acordo com a gera&#231;&#227;o da biopr&#243;tese utilizada. As pr&#243;teses 1G apresentam associa&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es diferente conforme o mecanismo de libera&#231;&#227;o (n&#243; 2). Quando autoexpans&#237;vel (AE) ou mecanicamente expans&#237;vel (ME), o percentual de complica&#231;&#227;o diferiu conforme o ritmo card&#237;aco (n&#243; 3), tendo sido 70,3% em pacientes com ritmo sinusal ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o/<italic>flutter</italic> atrial (n&#243; 4) e 42,4% naqueles com ritmo de marca-passo (n&#243; 5). As complica&#231;&#245;es das pr&#243;teses 1G bal&#227;o expans&#237;veis (BE) apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com o acesso vascular utilizado (n&#243; 6). No acesso femoral, a taxa de complica&#231;&#227;o foi 41,5% (n&#243; 7) e, no acesso n&#227;o femoral, 63,6% (n&#243; 8) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; &#193;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores associados a complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais intra-hospitalares.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230551-30551-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Quando pr&#243;teses 2G foram empregadas, a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es associou-se ao g&#234;nero (n&#243; 9), tendo sido menor no masculino (30,4% - n&#243; 10) do que no feminino (39,6% - n&#243; 11) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>O modelo multinomial aplicado na an&#225;lise dos desfechos compostos de morte e complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais mostrou associa&#231;&#245;es entre ritmo de marca-passo e complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais, entre DPOC e morte e entre o uso de pr&#243;teses BE e complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais e fatais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis identificadas pelo modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica como associadas aos desfechos complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais e fatais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Estimate</th>
                <th>Std. Error</th>
                <th>z value</th>
                <th>Pr(&gt;|z|)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="6">
                  <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">-0.071772</td>
                <td align="center">0.057691</td>
                <td align="center">-1.2441</td>
                <td align="center">0.2134779</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina</td>
                <td align="center">-0.120351</td>
                <td align="center">0.097514</td>
                <td align="center">-1.2342</td>
                <td align="center">0.2171300</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">0.010330</td>
                <td align="center">0.110159</td>
                <td align="center">0.0938</td>
                <td align="center">0.9252862</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ritmo de marca-passo</td>
                <td align="center">-0.672786</td>
                <td align="center">0.161549</td>
                <td align="center">-4.1646</td>
                <td align="center">3.119e-05</td>
                <td align="center">***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ritmo FA<italic>/flutter</italic> atrial</td>
                <td align="center">-0.103293</td>
                <td align="center">0.128402</td>
                <td align="center">-0.8045</td>
                <td align="center">0.4211338</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Biopr&#243;tese BE</td>
                <td align="center">-0.668686</td>
                <td align="center">0.086679</td>
                <td align="center">-7.7145</td>
                <td align="center">1.221e-14</td>
                <td align="center">***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Biopr&#243;tese ME</td>
                <td align="center">0.047406</td>
                <td align="center">0.516099</td>
                <td align="center">0.0919</td>
                <td align="center">0.9268136</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="6">
                  <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es com MORTE</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">0.121578</td>
                <td align="center">0.072942</td>
                <td align="center">1.6668</td>
                <td align="center">0.0955582</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina</td>
                <td align="center">-0.357984</td>
                <td align="center">0.184781</td>
                <td align="center">-1.9373</td>
                <td align="center">0.0527033</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">0.495042</td>
                <td align="center">0.174086</td>
                <td align="center">2.8437</td>
                <td align="center">0.0044598</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ritmo de marca-passo</td>
                <td align="center">-0.395878</td>
                <td align="center">0.286658</td>
                <td align="center">-1.3810</td>
                <td align="center">0.1672751</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ritmo de FA<italic>/flutter</italic> atrial</td>
                <td align="center">0.298336</td>
                <td align="center">0.201967</td>
                <td align="center">1.4771</td>
                <td align="center">0.1396355</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Biopr&#243;tese BE</td>
                <td align="center">-0.523401</td>
                <td align="center">0.155061</td>
                <td align="center">-3.3755</td>
                <td align="center">0.0007369</td>
                <td align="center">***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Biopr&#243;tese ME</td>
                <td align="center">0.047406</td>
                <td align="center">0.516099</td>
                <td align="center">0.0919</td>
                <td align="center">0.9268136</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Significado estat&#237;stico: &#8216;***&#8217;0.001, &#8216;**&#8217;0.01, &#8216;*&#8217;0.05, &#8216; &#8217;1. Estimate = estimativa, Std. Error = erro-padr&#227;o da estimativa, z value = percentil da distribui&#231;&#227;o normal padr&#227;o, Pr(&gt;|z|) = n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia observado. DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; BE: bal&#227;o expans&#237;vel; ME: mecanicamente expans&#237;vel.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o constru&#237;da a partir da sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis do <italic>elastic net</italic> do modelo multinomial mostra que o mecanismo de libera&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese (n&#243; 1) divide a &#225;rvore em dois ramos. Nos pacientes que receberam pr&#243;teses AE e ME, as complica&#231;&#245;es variaram conforme o ritmo card&#237;aco pr&#233;vio (n&#243; 2). Com ritmo sinusal ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o/<italic>flutter</italic> atrial, as complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais ocorreram em 50% dos pacientes e as fatais, em 9% (n&#243; 3). Nos pacientes com ritmo de marca-passo pr&#233;vio, as complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais ocorreram em 31,1% e as fatais, em 7,4% (n&#243; 4). Esses dados refor&#231;am a an&#225;lise do modelo estat&#237;stico anterior. Nos pacientes que usaram pr&#243;teses BE, as complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais ocorreram em 33,7% e as fatais, em 7,3% (n&#243; 5), independentemente do ritmo card&#237;aco. Houve maior frequ&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais nos pacientes do n&#243; 3, por&#233;m, as taxas de mortalidade foram similares nos n&#243;s 3, 4 e 5 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; &#193;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o do desfecho composto morte e complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais intra-hospitalares.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230551-30551-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise comparativa dos desfechos a cada ano realizada pelo <italic>star plot,</italic> observa-se, de modo geral, uma redu&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos do estudo, tanto da mortalidade como das complica&#231;&#245;es ao longo do tempo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref> e <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0551_AO_tabelas-suplementares.pdf">Tabela 2 suplementar</ext-link>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico star plot das principais complica&#231;&#245;es ligadas a mortalidade a cada ano. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral, Disfun&#231;&#227;o da biopr&#243;teses tipo 2= insufici&#234;ncia da biopr&#243;tese; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230551-30551-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A m&#233;dia de mortalidade intra-hospitalar do RIBAC-NT pode ser considerada elevada para o per&#237;odo observado. Os registros nacionais de outros pa&#237;ses apresentaram mortalidade de cerca de 10% nos primeiros anos de TAVI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>com queda gradual a cada ano, atingindo valores entre 1,3% e 3,5% mais recentemente, com m&#233;dia de mortalidade de 2% a 3,5% na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Com um n&#250;mero cada vez maior de pacientes submetidos a TAVI a cada ano, os &#243;bitos diminu&#237;ram em raz&#227;o de melhora da t&#233;cnica, evolu&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos e abordagem de pacientes menos complexos. Embora o RIBAC-NT demonstre claramente uma queda na mortalidade a cada ano, essa n&#227;o atingiu o percentual dos registros de outros pa&#237;ses citados na refer&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Uma hip&#243;tese para explicar a mortalidade elevada no RIBAC-NT &#233; a caracter&#237;stica de que somente os cardiologistas intervencionistas principiantes nessa tecnica seriam obrigados a registrar seus primeiros casos para adquirir a certifica&#231;&#227;o no implante de biopr&#243;tese por cateter pela SBHCI, o que representa um registro com vi&#233;s de in&#237;cio da curva de aprendizado. Essa mortalidade elevada pode ainda refletir a poss&#237;vel expans&#227;o do procedimento para centros de menor volume. Estudo recente sobre a influ&#234;ncia da experi&#234;ncia do operador sobre os resultados intra-hospitalares de TAVI mostrou que esse n&#227;o &#233; um fator de interfer&#234;ncia quando h&#225; efic&#225;cia do <italic>heart team</italic> hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>Cabe ressaltar que Bestehorn et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>avaliaram a rela&#231;&#227;o do volume de procedimentos do centro com os desfechos no registro alem&#227;o e encontraram uma cont&#237;nua e significativa diminui&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es e da mortalidade com o aumento do volume dos centros, com 5,6% &#177; 5% de mortalidade em hospitais com volume anual &lt; 50 TAVI e de 2,4% &#177; 1% naqueles com volume &gt; 200 TAVI. A TAVI tem uma longa curva de aprendizado e, dos 266 centros participantes do RIBAC-NT, poucos podem ser considerados de alto volume comparado aos dos pa&#237;ses europeus ou norte-americano.</p>
      <p>No nosso estudo, os fatores mais importantes associados a mortalidade foram as complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do procedimento, sendo a CV maior a mais relevante. &#201; grande a variabilidade do percentual de CV descritas na literatura. Sardar et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>reportaram para as CV uma faixa de 1,9% a 30,7%, incluindo CV maiores e menores. No estudo Partner,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>que incluiu as pr&#243;teses BE 1G, a frequ&#234;ncia foi de 15%. Meta-an&#225;lise realizada por Rahhab et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>com 14.308 pacientes, encontrou m&#233;dia de 7,71% de CV maiores em an&#225;lise que incluiu as duas gera&#231;&#245;es de biopr&#243;teses. Uma importante observa&#231;&#227;o dos estudos foi o pior desfecho a curto prazo quando CV maiores ocorreram, assim como a diminui&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia dessas complica&#231;&#245;es com dispositivos de menor perfil. A frequ&#234;ncia de CV maiores em nosso estudo foi de 6%, refletindo um n&#250;mero satisfat&#243;rio comparado ao das publica&#231;&#245;es citadas. No entanto, chama a aten&#231;&#227;o a mortalidade de 34% associada &#224; sua ocorr&#234;ncia, sugerindo pouca efetividade na resolu&#231;&#227;o desses eventos, o que pode estar relacionado &#224; falta de experi&#234;ncia do operador e da intera&#231;&#227;o de um <italic>heart team</italic> multiprofissional, como ocorre nos grandes centros. A import&#226;ncia da CV na mortalidade em um registro composto, em boa parte, por casos referentes &#224; curva de aprendizado da t&#233;cnica demonstra a necessidade de aten&#231;&#227;o dos instrutores n&#227;o somente com o ensino do emprego do dispositivo, mas com o ensino do passo a passo de todo o procedimento.</p>
      <p>A IRA foi a segunda vari&#225;vel selecionada pela t&#233;cnica de <italic>machine learning</italic> como associada com mortalidade. Na literatura, a frequ&#234;ncia de IRA varia de 8% a 58%, estando associada com mortalidade 4 a 6 vezes maior,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>conforme observado em nosso estudo. S&#227;o m&#250;ltiplas as raz&#245;es para o desenvolvimento de IRA nesse grupo de pacientes, entre elas o uso de meios de contraste, hipotens&#227;o tempor&#225;ria por diminui&#231;&#227;o de d&#233;bito card&#237;aco durante a libera&#231;&#227;o das biopr&#243;teses, emboliza&#231;&#227;o de debris de aterosclerose para as art&#233;rias renais, hipovolemias, hemorragias e regurgita&#231;&#227;o importante da pr&#243;tese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de o percentual de &#243;bitos nas mulheres ser superior ao nos homens, o g&#234;nero n&#227;o foi associado com mortalidade em nenhum dos modelos estat&#237;sticos apresentados, &#224; semelhan&#231;a do que encontramos na literatura onde mulheres se beneficiam de TAVI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais ocorrem com maior frequ&#234;ncia nas biopr&#243;teses 1G, devido ao seu perfil elevado, &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas dos dispositivos de implante com maior dificuldade t&#233;cnica de manuseio e &#224; menor experi&#234;ncia dos operadores e dos centros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A primeira biopr&#243;tese liberada para uso no Brasil foi a <italic>AE CoreValve</italic>, implantada em 56,6% dos pacientes com pr&#243;teses 1G. Essas pr&#243;teses apresentavam dificuldade de posicionamento na altura adequada, o que podia levar a contato indesejado com o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, associando-se, dessa forma, com maior necessidade de implante de marca-passo definitivo e com novo bloqueio de ramo esquerdo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>justificando o maior &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#227;o nos portadores de ritmo sinusal ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o/flutter atrial do que no grupo com ritmo pr&#233;vio de marca-passo. As pr&#243;teses BE 1G foram as &#250;nicas pass&#237;veis de implanta&#231;&#227;o por acesso transapical, o que justifica a sua associa&#231;&#227;o com complica&#231;&#245;es pelo acesso de via n&#227;o femoral. Atualmente n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias robustas sobre a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia desse acesso, sendo recomendado apenas em situa&#231;&#245;es excepcionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A maior frequ&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares em mulheres com uso de pr&#243;teses 2G foi um achado sem refer&#234;ncia na literatura, mas pode ser justificada por alguns dados anat&#244;micos caracter&#237;sticos desse g&#234;nero. Por serem compat&#237;veis com art&#233;rias femorais menos calibrosas, essas pr&#243;teses passaram a atender um n&#250;mero maior de mulheres, especialmente as de menor porte, antes incompat&#237;veis com implante transcateter. Por&#233;m, devido a vasos de menor di&#226;metro, mais CV e hemorr&#225;gicas ocorrem no g&#234;nero feminino,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>n&#227;o sendo diferente no RIBAC-NT. A anatomia pequena do complexo valvar a&#243;rtico com coron&#225;rias baixas aumenta o risco de oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria, complica&#231;&#227;o associada a pr&#243;teses BE que ocorreu 4 vezes mais em mulheres no RIBAC-NT. No maior registro multic&#234;ntrico reportando obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria p&#243;s-TAVI, mulheres apresentaram a maioria das ocorr&#234;ncias (&gt; 80%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Ressalta-se finalmente que, como no RIBAC-NT, numerosos estudos cl&#237;nicos sobre g&#234;nero demonstram que complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento de TAVI s&#227;o mais frequentes em mulheres, mas n&#227;o se traduzem em maior mortalidade, havendo diversas explica&#231;&#245;es para esse fato nos estudos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo consistiu em uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva realizada em banco de dados eletr&#244;nico constru&#237;do voluntariamente. Por esse motivo, pode estar sujeito a vi&#233;s resultante do aporte de dados por m&#250;ltiplos cardiologistas intervencionistas, embora todas as vari&#225;veis fossem padronizadas e o aporte de dados orientado por manual de instru&#231;&#227;o. A falta de aporte de dados foi outra limita&#231;&#227;o importante, embora n&#227;o tenha prejudicado a an&#225;lise (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0551_AO_figura-suplementar1.pdf">Figura 1 suplementar</ext-link>). O aporte de dados obrigat&#243;rio somente para os profissionais principiantes, sendo facultativo ap&#243;s obtida a certifica&#231;&#227;o de profici&#234;ncia no m&#233;todo, contribuiu para um percentual grande de aportes durante a curva de aprendizado. A anonimiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados impediu o conhecimento de diferen&#231;as regionais, entre centros de porte diferente e entre profissionais de graus diversos de experi&#234;ncia. Por&#233;m, esse &#233; o &#250;nico banco de dados sobre TAVI em nosso meio, constituindo a fonte que permite avaliar a incorpora&#231;&#227;o dessa tecnologia no Brasil, sendo, portanto, de grande import&#226;ncia nesse campo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A an&#225;lise do registro RIBAC-NT mostrou que a mortalidade e as complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais intra-hospitalares est&#227;o associadas principalmente ao procedimento e menos aos dados demogr&#225;ficos e &#224;s comorbidades. A an&#225;lise tamb&#233;m mostrou gradativa diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e das complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais intra-hospitalares com o decorrer dos anos de incorpora&#231;&#227;o da tecnologia. O g&#234;nero feminino foi associado com complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fatais, mas n&#227;o com mortalidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Lindroos M, Kupari M, Heikkil&#228; J, Tilvis R. Prevalence of Aortic Valve Abnormalities in the Elderly: An Echocardiographic Study of a Random Population Sample. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;21(5):1220-5. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90249-z.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lindroos</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kupari</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heikkil&#228;</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tilvis</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of Aortic Valve Abnormalities in the Elderly: An Echocardiographic Study of a Random Population Sample</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1220</fpage>
          <lpage>1225</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0735-1097(93)90249-z</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global Burden of 369 Diseases and Injuries in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990-2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204-22. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global Burden of 369 Diseases and Injuries in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990-2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>396</volume>
          <issue>10258</issue>
          <fpage>1204</fpage>
          <lpage>1222</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack M, Miller DC, Moses JW, Svensson LG, et al. Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Implantation for Aortic Stenosis in Patients who Cannot Undergo Surgery. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(17):1597-607. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1008232.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leon</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moses</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svensson</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Implantation for Aortic Stenosis in Patients who Cannot Undergo Surgery</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>363</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1597</fpage>
          <lpage>1607</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1008232</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Popma JJ, Adams DH, Reardon MJ, Yakubov SJ, Kleiman NS, Heimansohn D, et al. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Using a Self-Expanding Bioprosthesis in Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosis at Extreme Risk for Surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(19):1972-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.556.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Popma</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reardon</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yakubov</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleiman</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heimansohn</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Using a Self-Expanding Bioprosthesis in Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosis at Extreme Risk for Surgery</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>1972</fpage>
          <lpage>1981</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.556</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Smith CR, Leon MB, Mack MJ, Miller DC, Moses JW, Svensson LG, et al. Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic-Valve Replacement in High-Risk Patients. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(23):2187-98. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1103510.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leon</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moses</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svensson</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic-Valve Replacement in High-Risk Patients</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>364</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2187</fpage>
          <lpage>2198</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1103510</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Barili F, Brophy JM, Ronco D, Myers PO, Uva MS, Almeida RMS, et al. Risk of Bias in Randomized Clinical Trials Comparing Transcatheter and Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(1):e2249321. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49321.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barili</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brophy</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ronco</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Myers</surname>
              <given-names>PO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uva</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>RMS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk of Bias in Randomized Clinical Trials Comparing Transcatheter and Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Netw Open</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e2249321</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49321</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Krasopoulos G, Falconieri F, Benedetto U, Newton J, Sayeed R, Kharbanda R, et al. European Real World Trans-Catheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of European National Registries. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016;11(1):159. doi: 10.1186/s13019-016-0552-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Krasopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Falconieri</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benedetto</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newton</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sayeed</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kharbanda</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>European Real World Trans-Catheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of European National Registries</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">159</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13019-016-0552-6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Saad M, Nairooz R, Pothineni NVK, Almomani A, Kovelamudi S, Sardar P, et al. Long-Term Outcomes with Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Women Compared with Men: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2018;11(1):24-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2017.08.015.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Saad</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nairooz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pothineni</surname>
              <given-names>NVK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almomani</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kovelamudi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sardar</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-Term Outcomes with Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Women Compared with Men: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>24</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2017.08.015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Stangl V, Baldenhofer G, Laule M, Baumann G, Stangl K. Influence of Sex on Outcome Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Interv Cardiol. 2014;27(6):531-9. doi: 10.1111/joic.12150.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stangl</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baldenhofer</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laule</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumann</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stangl</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of Sex on Outcome Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Interv Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>531</fpage>
          <lpage>539</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/joic.12150</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. O'Connor SA, Morice MC, Gilard M, Leon MB, Webb JG, Dvir D, et al. Revisiting Sex Equality with Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Outcomes: A Collaborative, Patient-Level Meta-Analysis of 11,310 Patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(3):221-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.024.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Connor</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morice</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gilard</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leon</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webb</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dvir</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Revisiting Sex Equality with Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Outcomes: A Collaborative, Patient-Level Meta-Analysis of 11,310 Patients</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>221</fpage>
          <lpage>228</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.024</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Kappetein AP, Head SJ, G&#233;n&#233;reux P, Piazza N, van Mieghem NM, Blackstone EH, et al. Updated Standardized Endpoint Definitions for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: The Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 Consensus Document (VARC-2). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012;42(5):45-60. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezs533.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kappetein</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Head</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#233;n&#233;reux</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piazza</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Mieghem</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blackstone</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Updated Standardized Endpoint Definitions for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: The Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 Consensus Document (VARC-2)</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>45</fpage>
          <lpage>60</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ejcts/ezs533</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Zou H, Hastie T. Regularization and Variable Selection Via the Elastic Net. J.R. Statistic Soc B. 2005;67(2):301-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9868.2005.00503.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zou</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hastie</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Regularization and Variable Selection Via the Elastic Net</article-title>
          <source>J.R. Statistic Soc B</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>301</fpage>
          <lpage>320</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1467-9868.2005.00503.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Breiman L, Friedman JH, Olshen RA, Stone CJ. Classification and Regression Trees. Chapman and Hall; 1984.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Breiman</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friedman</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olshen</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stone</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Classification and Regression Trees</source>
          <publisher-name>Chapman and Hall</publisher-name>
          <year>1984</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Hothorn T, Zeileis A. Partykit: A Modular Toolkit for Recursive Partytioning in R. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 2015;16(118):3905-9. doi: 10.5555/2789272.2912120.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hothorn</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zeileis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Partykit: A Modular Toolkit for Recursive Partytioning in R</article-title>
          <source>J. Mach. Learn. Res.</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>118</issue>
          <fpage>3905</fpage>
          <lpage>3909</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5555/2789272.2912120</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2021.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>R Core Team</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing</source>
          <publisher-loc>Vienna</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>R Foundation for Statistical Computing</publisher-name>
          <year>2021</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Chambers JM, Cleveland WS, Kleiner B, Tukey PA. Graphical Methods for Data Analysis. New Jersey: Wadsworth, 1983.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chambers</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleveland</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleiner</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tukey</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Graphical Methods for Data Analysis</source>
          <publisher-loc>New Jersey</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Wadsworth</publisher-name>
          <year>1983</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Didier R, Le Breton H, Eltchaninoff H, Cayla G, Commeau P, Collet JP, et al. Evolution of TAVI Patients and Techniques Over the Past Decade: The French TAVI Registries. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;115(4):206-13. doi: 10.1016/j.acvd.2022.04.004.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Didier</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Le Breton</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eltchaninoff</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cayla</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Commeau</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collet</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evolution of TAVI Patients and Techniques Over the Past Decade: The French TAVI Registries</article-title>
          <source>Arch Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>206</fpage>
          <lpage>213</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.acvd.2022.04.004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Carroll JD, Mack MJ, Vemulapalli S, Herrmann HC, Gleason TG, Hanzel G, et al. STS-ACC TVT Registry of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(21):2492-516. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.595.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carroll</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mack</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vemulapalli</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herrmann</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gleason</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanzel</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>STS-ACC TVT Registry of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2492</fpage>
          <lpage>2516</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.595</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Rong LQ, Gaudino M, Tam DY, Mao J, Zheng X, Hameed I, et al. Impact of Operator Characteristics on Outcomes in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. Ann Thorac Surg. 2021;111(3):853-60. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.06.018.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rong</surname>
              <given-names>LQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaudino</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tam</surname>
              <given-names>DY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mao</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zheng</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hameed</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Operator Characteristics on Outcomes in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>853</fpage>
          <lpage>860</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.06.018</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Bestehorn K, Eggebrecht H, Fleck E, Bestehorn M, Mehta RH, Kuck KH. Volume-Outcome Relationship with Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI): Insights from the Compulsory German Quality Assurance Registry on Aortic Valve Replacement (AQUA). EuroIntervention. 2017;13(8):914-20. doi: 10.4244/EIJ-D-17-00062.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bestehorn</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eggebrecht</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fleck</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bestehorn</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehta</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuck</surname>
              <given-names>KH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Volume-Outcome Relationship with Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI): Insights from the Compulsory German Quality Assurance Registry on Aortic Valve Replacement (AQUA)</article-title>
          <source>EuroIntervention</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>914</fpage>
          <lpage>920</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4244/EIJ-D-17-00062</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Sardar MR, Goldsweig AM, Abbott JD, Sharaf BL, Gordon PC, Ehsan A, et al. Vascular Complications Associated with Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. Vasc Med. 2017;22(3):234-44. doi: 10.1177/1358863X17697832.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sardar</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldsweig</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abbott</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharaf</surname>
              <given-names>BL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gordon</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ehsan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vascular Complications Associated with Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</article-title>
          <source>Vasc Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>234</fpage>
          <lpage>244</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1358863X17697832</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Rahhab Z, Misier KR, El Faquir N, Kroon H, Ziviello F, Kardys I, et al. Vascular Complications after Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Structural Heart. 2020; 4(1):62-71. doi.org/10.1080/24748706.2019.1694730.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rahhab</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Misier</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El Faquir</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kroon</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ziviello</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kardys</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vascular Complications after Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Structural Heart</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>62</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/24748706.2019.1694730</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Scherner M, Wahlers T. Acute Kidney Injury After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation. J Thorac Dis. 2015;7(9):1527-35. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.06.14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Scherner</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wahlers</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute Kidney Injury After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Dis</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1527</fpage>
          <lpage>1535</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.06.14</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Morcos M, Burgdorf C, Vukadinivikj A, Mahfoud F, Latus J, Persson PB, et al. Kidney Injury as Post-Interventional Complication of TAVI. Clin Res Cardiol. 2021;110(3):313-22. doi: 10.1007/s00392-020-01732-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morcos</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burgdorf</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vukadinivikj</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahfoud</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Latus</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Persson</surname>
              <given-names>PB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Kidney Injury as Post-Interventional Complication of TAVI</article-title>
          <source>Clin Res Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>313</fpage>
          <lpage>322</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00392-020-01732-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Ruparelia N, Latib A, Kawamoto H, Buzzatti N, Giannini F, Figini F, et al. A Comparison Between First-Generation and Second-Generation Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) Devices: A Propensity-Matched Single-Center Experience. J Invasive Cardiol. 2016;28(5):210-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ruparelia</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Latib</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kawamoto</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buzzatti</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giannini</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figini</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Comparison Between First-Generation and Second-Generation Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) Devices: A Propensity-Matched Single-Center Experience</article-title>
          <source>J Invasive Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>210</fpage>
          <lpage>216</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, Milojevic M, Baldus S, Bauersachs J, et al. 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the Management of Valvular Heart Disease. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(7):561-632. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab395.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vahanian</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beyersdorf</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Praz</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milojevic</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baldus</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bauersachs</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the Management of Valvular Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>561</fpage>
          <lpage>632</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab395</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Madigan M, Atoui R. Non-Transfemoral Access Sites for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10(7):4505-15. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2018.06.150.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Madigan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atoui</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Non-Transfemoral Access Sites for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Dis</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>4505</fpage>
          <lpage>4515</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21037/jtd.2018.06.150</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Szerlip M, Gualano S, Holper E, Squiers JJ, White JM, Doshi D, et al. Sex-Specific Outcomes of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement with the SAPIEN 3 Valve: Insights from the PARTNER II S3 High-Risk and Intermediate-Risk Cohorts. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2018;11(1):13-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2017.09.035.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Szerlip</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gualano</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holper</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Squiers</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doshi</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sex-Specific Outcomes of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement with the SAPIEN 3 Valve: Insights from the PARTNER II S3 High-Risk and Intermediate-Risk Cohorts</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>13</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2017.09.035</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Al-Lamee R, Broyd C, Parker J, Davies JE, Mayet J, Sutaria N, et al. Influence of Gender on Clinical Outcomes Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation from the UK Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Registry and the National Institute for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113(3):522-8. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.10.024.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Lamee</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Broyd</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parker</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davies</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mayet</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sutaria</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of Gender on Clinical Outcomes Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation from the UK Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Registry and the National Institute for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>522</fpage>
          <lpage>528</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.10.024</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Tchetche D, Boiago M. Understanding Women Specificities: The Right Way to Improve Their Outcomes. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2022;15(16):1661-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2022.07.019.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tchetche</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boiago</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Understanding Women Specificities: The Right Way to Improve Their Outcomes</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1661</fpage>
          <lpage>1663</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2022.07.019</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Ribeiro HB, Webb JG, Makkar RR, Cohen MG, Kapadia SR, Kodali S, et al. Predictive Factors, Management, and Clinical Outcomes of Coronary Obstruction Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Insights from a Large Multicenter Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(17):1552-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.040.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webb</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Makkar</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kapadia</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kodali</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictive Factors, Management, and Clinical Outcomes of Coronary Obstruction Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Insights from a Large Multicenter Registry</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1552</fpage>
          <lpage>1562</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.040</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Maria Cristina Meira Ferreira, pelo Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologiade do Instituto de Cardiologia Edson Saad, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 60808622.4.0000.5252. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn5">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para tabelas suplementares, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0551_AO_tabelas-suplementares.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para figura suplementar, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0551_AO_figura-suplementar1.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo recebeu fomento da Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) do Minist&#233;rio da Educa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230551i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>In-Hospital Outcomes in the Brazilian Registry of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation &#8211; 14-Year Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8973-4438</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Meira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0732-9920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lemke</surname>
            <given-names>Viviana de Mello Guzzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6457-3217</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Sanali Moura de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8313-8766</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Emilia Matos do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3098-092X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Bas&#237;lio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiocare Clinica Cardiol&#243;gica, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Atena de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica, Natal, RN &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; R. Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 &#8211; 8&#176; Andar &#8211; Sala 6. Postal Code 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, RJ &#8211; Brazil; E-mail: glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Pedro Lemos</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: In-Hospital Outcomes in the Brazilian Registry of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation &#8211; 14-Year Analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230551-30551-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has had an exponential increase of its indication, being incorporated into the Brazilian Unified Public Health System in 2022, thus requiring assessment of its use in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objeticve</title>
          <p> To assess the factors associated with in-hospital mortality and non-fatal complications in both genders in the Brazilian Registry of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation and New Technologies (RIBAC-NT) population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p> Analysis of the RIBAC-NT database from 2008 to 2022 was performed. Logistic models and machine learning were used for statistical assessment of the association between variables and outcomes. The software R was used and a 5% significance level, adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Analysis of 2588 patients (women, 51.2%; in-hospital death, 8.2%). Mortality was associated with procedural complications, of which major vascular complication (VC) and acute kidney injury (AKI) stood out (p&lt;0.001). Major VC occurred in 6% of the patients, with 34% mortality; AKI occurred in 8.8%, with 13% mortality, which increased up to 8 times when AKI coexisted with other complications. Non-fatal complications occurred in 50.5% of all patients, affecting 63% of those with 1<sup>st</sup> generation (1G) bioprosthesis and 39% of those with 2<sup>nd</sup> generation (2G) bioprosthesis (p&lt;0,001). Non-femoral access and heart rhythm influenced non-fatal complications in patients with 1G prostheses, while complications in patients with 2G prosthesis associated with the female gender (39.6% vs. 30.4%, p=0.003).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> In-hospital mortality in the RIBAC-NT population was directly associated with procedural complications, mainly major VC and AKI. The occurrence of non-fatal complications differed according to gender and bioprosthesis type.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Degenerative aortic stenosis, which currently afects 2% to 5% of adults over 65 years of age, has become a public health problem worldwide in recent decades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In Brazil, the prevalence of calcific aortic valve disease increased by 201.8% from 1990 to 2019, reflecting population aging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has appeared as an option to reduce mortality in patients with aortic stenosis in whom surgery would be difficult or risky.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Although several clinical studies have played an important role in the TAVI procedure evolution, a recent publication by Barili et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> analysing 8 randomized clinical trials on TAVI <italic>versus</italic> surgical aortic valve replacement, has identified the occcurrence of several biases with a systematic selective imbalance, favoring TAVI, such as deviation from random assigned treatment and loss to follow-up 6.7 times and 2.5 times smaller, respectively, in the TAVI group, while additional treatments during the procedure were 3.7 times more frequent in the surgical group.</p>
        <p>Aiming to assess and monitor the use of TAVI, several nationally-representative registries have been implemented in several countries, showing higher rates of mortality and of non-fatal complications as compared to those reported in clinical trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> To better understand the results of the use of the TAVI technology in Brazil, the Brazilian Association of Interventional Cardiology (SBHCI) has implemented a registry of patients submitted to TAVI in Brazil, known as the Brazilian Registry of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation and New Technologies (RIBAC-NT), which compiles data from patients undergoing TAVI since 2008.</p>
        <p>The incorporation of the TAVI procedure into the Brazilian Unified Public Health System (SUS) in recent years requires follow-up and performance assessment regarding procedural complications in the different clinical scenarios in Brazil. Women represent a challenge, considering that, as compared to men, they have longer life expectancy, being, thus, more likely to undergo TAVI, and have more procedural complications, although without higher mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Thus, this study was aimed at assessing, in patients from the RIBAC-NT submitted to TAVI, not only the factors associated with the outcomes in-hospital mortality and non-fatal complications, but the existence of an association between gender and those outcomes as well.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material and Methods</title>
        <p>Observational, retrospective study analyzing the database from the RIBAC-NT from January 2008 to January 2022. The participation in the RIBAC-NT, which includes 266 centers in 20 Brazilian Federative Units, is voluntary. This study was submitted to and approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research on 09/21/2022 (CAAE 60808622.4.0000.5252).</p>
        <p>The bioprostheses used in the RIBAC-NT were classified according to their generation and release mechanism (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0551_AO_supplementary-tables.pdf">supplemental Table 1</ext-link>).</p>
        <p>The complications from the procedure were categorized according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium 2012 (VARC-2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In this study, the bleeding events classified in VARC-2 as major or life threatening were grouped under the name of major bleeding complications.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The population characteristics were described with dichotomous qualitative variables, presented as percentage of occurrence, and with continuous variables, presented as median and interquartile range. The chi-square test was used to compare the percentages of occurrence of events. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test rejected the hypothesis of normality of the variables. The non-normal data distribution was confirmed by use of graphic inspection.</p>
          <p>The analysis of the factors associated with the outcomes mortality and non-fatal complications involved demographic, clinical and laboratory variables, and comorbidities, as well as the procedure&#8217;s technical data and complications.</p>
          <p>Initially the logistic regression model with elastic net regularization, a method to previously select the independent variables, was used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Then, other logistic models were used, removing the variables that showed no statistical significance in the previous model. The use of different models was aimed at identifying patterns and associations that cannot be easily detected with only one model because of data complexity.</p>
          <p>Machine learning techniques were used for the nonparametric models based on classification trees.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>A hierarchy structure based on algorhythms was built, in the search for associations and interdependence of variables in the nodes.</p>
          <p>The multinomial model was used to analyze the combined outcomes of death and non-fatal complications.</p>
          <p>The Partykit package in R was used in the analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>The statistical significance level adopted was 5%.</p>
          <p>A temporal analysis of the mortality and its related complications across the years studied was performed using star plot, a data visualization technique for multivariate analysis. The method produces star-shaped graphs, where each variable is represented as an area proportional to the value observed. The data used in the analysis resulted from the division of the values corresponding to the variables with higher impact on the outcomes from 2008 to 2021.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The TAVI procedure was performed in 3793 patients (1883 men and 1910 women), 1205 of whom were excluded from the analysis due to lack of some information (619 men and 586 women, p= 0,067). Complete data were obtained from 2588 patients, who comprised our sample for analysis. No statistically significant difference was observed between genders (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0551_AO_figura-suplementar1.pdf">supplemental Figure 1</ext-link>).</p>
        <p>In-hospital death occurred in 8.2% of the patients, being proportionaly higher in women. Patients who died were older and study population was represented mostly by functional class III or IV. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was the most commonly found comorbidity among those who died. Creatinine clearance was higher among those who survived (p= 0.0001), while the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score was higher among those who died (p&lt;0.0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Occurrence rate of the demographic, clinical and laboratory variables, and comorbidities in patients of the RIBAC-NT, comparison between patients who survived and died</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>Survivors</th>
                  <th>Death</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Number of patients, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2588 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2375 (91.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">213 (8.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Demographic data</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Men, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1264 (48.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1181 (93.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (6.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Women, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1324 (51.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1194 (90.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (9.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (78&#8212;86)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (77&#8212;86)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (79&#8212;88)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup>, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.8 (23.3&#8212;29.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.8 (23.3&#8212;29)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.2 (23.1&#8212;29.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Clinical data</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Functional class III or IV, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1924 (74.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">495 (88.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (11.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina pectoris, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">637 (24.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">594 (93.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (6.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Syncope, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">681 (26.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">631 (92.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (7.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1399 (54%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1284 (91.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">115 (8.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous AMI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">363 (14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">332 (91.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (8.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous stroke, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">207 (7.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">188 (90.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (9.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Carotid and cerebrovascular disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">421 (16.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">383 (91.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (9.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COPD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">474 (18.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">418 (88.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (11.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aortic aneurysm, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (91.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (8.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">869 (33.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">800 (92.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (7.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.495 (57.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.375 (92.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (8.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAH, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.148 (82.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1966 (91.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">182 (8.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">493 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">448 (90.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (9.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAH, @@n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">607 (23.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">547 (90.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (9.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CKF, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.917 (74%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.748 (91.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">169 (8.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Laboratory data</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sinus rhythm, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2043 (78.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1883 (92.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">160 (7.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacemaker rhythm, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">214 (8.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">199 (93.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (7.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial fibrillation/Flutter, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">331 (12.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">293 (88.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (11.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dL), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (0.9&#8212;1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (0.9&#8212;1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (0.9&#8212;1.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine clearance (mL/min), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">46.6 (34.8&#8212;62.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (35.2&#8212;62.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">39.5 (29.8&#8212;57.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF echocardiogram, (%), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (53&#8212;69)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (53&#8212;69)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (50&#8212;69)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STS score, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.5 (3.4&#8212;10.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.3 (3.3&#8212;9.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.7 (4.5&#8212;14.0)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>AMI: acute myocardial infarction; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; CKF: chronic kidney failure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EF: ejection fraction; IQR: interquartile range; PAD: peripheral artery disease; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The logistic model identified the variables COPD, creatinine level, and procedural complications attributable to the bioprosthesis, such as clinical, surgical and mechanical, as those associated with death (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Variables identified in the logistic regression model as associated with the outcome death</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Estimate</th>
                  <th>Std. Error</th>
                  <th>z value</th>
                  <th>Pr(&gt;|z|)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25226</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07389</td>
                  <td align="center">3.414</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000640</td>
                  <td align="center">***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COPD</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67307</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18777</td>
                  <td align="center">3.585</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000338</td>
                  <td align="center">***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complication: AMI</td>
                  <td align="center">2.03395</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53088</td>
                  <td align="center">3.831</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000127</td>
                  <td align="center">***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complication: stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">1.81760</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32690</td>
                  <td align="center">5.560</td>
                  <td align="center">2.70e-08</td>
                  <td align="center">***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Major bleeding complication</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91282</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23560</td>
                  <td align="center">3.874</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000107</td>
                  <td align="center">***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Minor bleeding complication</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.04292</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51031</td>
                  <td align="center">0.084</td>
                  <td align="center">0.932966</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acute kidney injury</td>
                  <td align="center">1.40844</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17848</td>
                  <td align="center">7.891</td>
                  <td align="center">2.99e-15</td>
                  <td align="center">***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Major vascular complication</td>
                  <td align="center">1.25127</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26325</td>
                  <td align="center">4.753</td>
                  <td align="center">2.00e-06</td>
                  <td align="center">***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Minor vascular complication</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.50648</td>
                  <td align="center">0.49991</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.013</td>
                  <td align="center">0.310990</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bioprosthesis stenosis</td>
                  <td align="center">12.15345</td>
                  <td align="center">535.41122</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.023</td>
                  <td align="center">0.981890</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bioprosthesis regurgitation</td>
                  <td align="center">1.34886</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41188</td>
                  <td align="center">3.275</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001057</td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left bundle branch block</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.58469</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26618</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.197</td>
                  <td align="center">0.028047</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Need for PPM</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.93291</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32887</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.837</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004558</td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary obstruction</td>
                  <td align="center">3.77983</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23676</td>
                  <td align="center">3.056</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002241</td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VSD</td>
                  <td align="center">1.94111</td>
                  <td align="center">1.14184</td>
                  <td align="center">1.700</td>
                  <td align="center">0.089135</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV perforation</td>
                  <td align="center">2.09158</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51046</td>
                  <td align="center">4.097</td>
                  <td align="center">4.18e-05</td>
                  <td align="center">***</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Statistical significance &#8216;***&#8217;0.001, &#8216;**&#8217;0.01, &#8216;*&#8217;0.05, &#8216; &#8217;1. Std. Error = standard error, z value = percentile of the standard normal distribution, Pr(&gt;|z|) = significance level. AMI: acute myocardial infarction; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LV: left ventricular; PPM: permanent pacemaker; VSD: ventricular septal defect.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The classification tree built from the variables selected in the logistic model showed the association between procedural complications and death. The first variable selected was major vascular complication (VC) (node 1), followed by acute kidney injury (AKI) (node 2). In the absence of those complications, mortality was 4.3% (node 3) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Classification tree of in-hospital mortality related factors. AKI= acute kidney injury, LV= left ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230551-30551-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Patients with major VC associated with left ventricular (LV) perforation had a mortality of 73.3% (nodes 1, 11, and 13), and in the absence of LV perforation, mortality was 34.8% (nodes 1 and 12). When VC was absent or minor type, and in the presence of AKI, mortality varied according to the coexistence of stroke, with mortality of 84.6% (nodes 2, 4, and 10); bioprosthesis dysfunction of the regurgitation type, mortality of 58.3% (nodes 2, 5, and 9); major bleeding complication, mortality of 31.7% (nodes 2, 6, and 8); and minor bleeding complication, mortality of 13% (nodes 2, 6, and 7) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>The statistical models did not identify gender as a factor associated with mortality, although complications predominated in the female gender. Major VC occurred in 156 (6%) patients, more frequently in women (8.1% <italic>vs</italic>. 3.9%, p&lt; 0.001), LV perforation occurred in 25 (0.9%), twice more frequently in the female gender (1.4% <italic>vs</italic>. 0.6%, p= 0.03), and minor bleeding complication occurred in 87 (3.7%), mainly in women (5.3% <italic>vs</italic>. 3.2%, p=0.05). Acute kidney injury was observed in 355 (13.7%) patients and stroke, in 65 (2.5%), both without difference between genders. Bioprosthesis dysfunction of the regurgitation type occurred in 47 (1.8%) patients, more often in men (2.4% <italic>vs.</italic> 1.3%, p=0.03), while that of the stenosis type occurred in only 1 patient in the study.</p>
        <p>Regarding the non-fatal complications, 1308 (50.5%) patients had some type of complication related to the procedure. Complications occurred more frequently with the 1st generation (1G) bioprostheses, which were used in 47.3% of the study population, as compared to the 2nd generation (2G) ones, affecting 774 (63.1%) patients <italic>versus</italic> 532 (39.1%), respectively, p&lt;0.001.</p>
        <p>Of the independent variables with statiscally significant association with non-fatal complications, the logistic regression model identified female gender, previous stroke and pacemaker rhythm, as well as bioprosthesis type (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Variables identified in the logistic regression model as associated with the outcome non-fatal complications</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Estimate</th>
                  <th>Std.Error</th>
                  <th>z value</th>
                  <th>Pr(&gt;|z|)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Women</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20839</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08689</td>
                  <td align="center">2.398</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01647</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>History of stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52861</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16235</td>
                  <td align="center">3.256</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00113</td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PPM rhythm</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.74091</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16631</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.455</td>
                  <td align="center">8.39e-06</td>
                  <td align="center">***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF/Atrial flutter rhythm</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.13150</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13223</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-femoral vascular access</td>
                  <td align="center">0.38136</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19996</td>
                  <td align="center">1.907</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05650</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Self-expanding bioprosthesis</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.64416</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08935</td>
                  <td align="center">-7.210</td>
                  <td align="center">5.61e-13</td>
                  <td align="center">***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ME bioprosthesis</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21087</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28060</td>
                  <td align="center">0.751</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45236</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2<sup>nd</sup> generation bioprosthesis</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.94258</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08841</td>
                  <td align="center">-10.661</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 2e-16</td>
                  <td align="center">***</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>Statistical significance: &#8216;***&#8217;0.001, &#8216;**&#8217;0.01, &#8216;*&#8217;0.05, &#8216; &#8217;1. Std. Error = standard error, z value = percentile of the standard normal distribution, Pr(&gt;|z|) = significance level. AF: atrial fibrillation; ME: mechanically expanded; PPM: permanent pacemaker.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The classification tree built from the variables selected in the logistic model showed that the non-fatal complications differed according to the generation and release mechanism of the bioprosthesis used. Node 1 divides the tree into two branches according to the bioprosthesis generation. The 1G prostheses had different association with complications depending on the release mechanism (node 2). When self-expanding (SE) or mechanically expanded (ME) bioprostheses were used, the percentage of complications differed depending on heart rhythm (node 3), being 70.3% in patients with sinus rhythm or atrial fibrillation/flutter (node 4) and 42.4% in patients with pacemaker rhythm (node 5). The complications of the balloon-expandable (BE) 1G prostheses showed association with the vascular access used (node 6). With the femoral access, the complication rate was 41.5% (node 7), while with the non-femoral access, 63.6% (node 8) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Classification tree of non-fatal related factors. AF: atrial fibrillation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230551-30551-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>When 2G prostheses were used, the occurrence of complications associated with gender (node 9), being lower in the male gender (30.4% - node 10) than in the female gender (39.6% - node 11) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>The multinomial model used in the analysis of the combined outcomes death and non-fatal complications showed associations between pacemaker rhythm and non-fatal complications, between COPD and death, and between the use of BE prostheses and non-fatal and fatal complications (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Variables identified in the logistic regression model as associated with the outcomes non-fatal and fatal complications</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Estimate</th>
                  <th>Std. Error</th>
                  <th>z value</th>
                  <th>Pr(&gt;|z|)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>NON-FATAL COMPLICATIONS</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.071772</td>
                  <td align="center">0.057691</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.2441</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2134779</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.120351</td>
                  <td align="center">0.097514</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.2342</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2171300</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COPD</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010330</td>
                  <td align="center">0.110159</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0938</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9252862</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacemaker rhythm</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.672786</td>
                  <td align="center">0.161549</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.1646</td>
                  <td align="center">3.119e-05</td>
                  <td align="center">***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF/atrial flutter rhythm</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.103293</td>
                  <td align="center">0.128402</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.8045</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4211338</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BE bioprosthesis</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.668686</td>
                  <td align="center">0.086679</td>
                  <td align="center">-7.7145</td>
                  <td align="center">1.221e-14</td>
                  <td align="center">***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ME bioprosthesis6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.047406</td>
                  <td align="center">0.516099</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0919</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9268136</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>FATAL COMPLICATIONS</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine</td>
                  <td align="center">0.121578</td>
                  <td align="center">0.072942</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6668</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0955582</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.357984</td>
                  <td align="center">0.184781</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.9373</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0527033</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COPD</td>
                  <td align="center">0.495042</td>
                  <td align="center">0.174086</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8437</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0044598</td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacemaker rhythm</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.395878</td>
                  <td align="center">0.286658</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.3810</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1672751</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF/atrial flutter rhythm</td>
                  <td align="center">0.298336</td>
                  <td align="center">0.201967</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4771</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1396355</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BE bioprosthesis</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.523401</td>
                  <td align="center">0.155061</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.3755</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0007369</td>
                  <td align="center">***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ME bioprosthesis</td>
                  <td align="center">0.047406</td>
                  <td align="center">0.516099</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0919</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9268136</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>Statistical significance: &#8216;***&#8217;0.001, &#8216;**&#8217;0.01, &#8216;*&#8217;0.05, &#8216; &#8217;1. Std. Error = standard error, z value = percentile of the standard normal distribution, Pr(&gt;|z|) = significance level. AF: atrial fibrillation; BE: balloon-expandable; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ME: mechanically expanded.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The classification tree built from the variables selected in the elastic net of multinomial modeling shows that the release mechanism of the prosthesis (node 1) divides the tree into two branches. In patients who received SE and ME prostheses, the complications differed according to the previous heart rhythm (node 2). With sinus or atrial fibrillation/flutter rhythm, non-fatal complications occurred in 50% of the patients, while fatal complications occurred in 9% (node 3). In patients with previous pacemaker rhythm, non-fatal complications occurred in 31.1%, while fatal complications, in 7.4% (node 4). These data support the analysis of the previous estatistical model. In patients with BE prostheses, non-fatal complications occurred in 33.7%, while fatal complications, in 7.3% (node 5), regardless of the heart rhythm. The frequency of non-fatal complications was higher in patients in node 3, but the mortality rates were similar in nodes 3, 4, and 5 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Classification tree: compost outcomes in-hospital death and non-fatal complications.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230551-30551-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the comparative analysis of the outcomes performed yearly by use of the star plot, a reduction in the study outcomes, both mortality and complications, was observed over time (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0551_AO_supplementary-tables.pdf">supplemental Table 2</ext-link>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Star plot graph of the main complications associated with mortality per year. Bioprosthesis dysfunction type 2= insufficiency; LV: left ventricular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230551-30551-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The mean in-hospital mortality in the RIBAC-NT can be considered elevated for the period studied. The registries of other countries had mortality around 10% in the initial years of the TAVI procedure implementation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> There has been a gradual decline per year, reaching figures between 1.3% and 3.5% in most recent years, with mean mortality ranging from 2% to 3.5% in the past decade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> With the growing number of patients undergoing TAVI annually, the number of deaths has decreased due to technique improvement, evolution of the devices, and treatment of less complex patients. Despite the clear mortality reduction observed in the RIBAC-NT over the years, the figures of the registries of the other countries have not been reached.</p>
        <p>One hypothesis for the high mortality in the RIBAC-NT is that the entry of TAVI procedure data into that registry is mandatory only for interventional cardiologists at the beginning of their TAVI practices to obtain their SBHCI transcatheter prosthesis implantation certification.Thus, that high mortality might be explained not only by a learning curve bias but also by the possible expansion of the procedure to lower-volume centers. A recent study on the influence of the operator&#8217;s experience on the in-hospital results of TAVI procedures has shown that, in the presence of an effective heart team, that is not a factor of interference.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>It is worth noting that Besterhorn et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>assessing the center&#8217;s volume-outcome relationship in the German registry, have found a continuous and statistically significant reduction in complications and mortality associated with the increasing TAVI volume of a center, with mortality of 5.6% &#177; 5% in hospitals with an annual volume &lt; 50 TAVI and of 2.4% &#177; 1% in those with an annual volume &gt; 200 TAVI. The TAVI procedure has a long learning curve and, of the 266 centers participating in the RIBAC-NT, only a few can be considered high-volume as compared to those in European and North American countries.</p>
        <p>In our study, the most important factors associated with mortality were procedural complications, major VC being the most relevant. The percentage of VCs reported in the literature is high. Sardar et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>have reported VC frequency ranging from 1.9% to 30.7%, including major and minor VCs. In the Partner Trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>which included BE 1G prostheses, that frequency was 15%. A meta-analysis conducted by Rahhab et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>with 14 308 patients, has found a mean of 7.71% of major VCs in an analysis including the two generations of bioprostheses. An important finding of the studies was worse short-term outcomes when major VCs occurred and a reduction in the occurrence of those complications with low-profile devices. In our study, the frequency of major VCs was 6%, which is satisfactory when compared to that of the mentioned studies. However, the 34% mortality associated with their occurrence found in our study stands out, suggesting low effectiveness in solving those events, which might be related to the operator&#8217;s lack of experience and the lack of the multiprofessional heart team interaction. The importance of VC to mortality in a registry comprising mainly data from the interventional cardiologists&#8217; learning curves of TAVI shows the need for supervision regarding guidance not only on the device&#8217;s use, but also during all the procedure, step by step.</p>
        <p>Acute kidney injury was the second variable associated with mortality selected in the machine learning technique. In the literature, the frequency of AKI ranges from 8% to 58%, being associated with mortality 4 to 6 times higher,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>as observed in our study. The development of AKI in that group of patients has multiple reasons, such as the use of contrast media, transient hypotension due to output decrease during bioprosthesis release, atherosclerotic debris embolization to renal arteries, hypovolemia, bleeding, and important prosthesis regurgitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although the percentage of women&#8217;s deaths is higher than men&#8217;s, gender was not associated with mortality in any of the statistical models used, similarly to that found in the literature where women benefit from TAVI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Non-fatal complications most frequently occur with 1G bioprostheses, because of their high profile, higher technical difficulty for their handling, as well as the little experience of the operators and centers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The first bioprosthesis available for use in Brazil was the <italic>AE CoreValve</italic>, implanted in 56.6% of the patients with 1G prostheses. One challenge of those prostheses was the difficulty in positioning at the proper height, which could lead to unwanted contact with the conduction system and, thus, higher need for a permanent pacemaker implantation, in addition to a new left bundle branch block,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>justifying the higher rate of complication in patients with sinus rhythm or atrial fibrillation/flutter than in the group with previous pacemaker rhythm. The BE 1G prostheses were the only ones that could be implanted through transapical access, justifying their association with complications related to the non-transfemoral access. Currently, there is no firm evidence of the safety and efficacy of that access site, being only exceptionally recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our finding of higher frequency of in-hospital complications in women with the use of 2G prostheses has not been reported in the literature, but can be justified by some anatomical characteristics of the female gender. By being compatible with femoral arteries of smaller caliber, those prostheses have met the need of a larger number of women, mainly the small ones, who were formerly unsuitable for transcatheter implantation. However, because of vessels of smaller diameters, more vascular and bleeding complicatins occur in the female gender,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>which was not different in the RIBAC-NT. The small size of the valvar aortic complex with low coronary arteries increases the risk of coronary obstruction, a complication associated with BE prostheses that occurred 4 times more often in women in the RIBAC-NT. In the largest multicenter registry reporting post-TAVI coronary obstruction, most of the cases were observed in women (&gt; 80%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> It is worth noting that, similarly to the RIBAC-NT, numerous clinical trials on gender have shown that TAVI procedural complications are more frequent in women, but do not translate into higher mortality, and the clinical trials have provided several explanations for that.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>Our study was a retrospective analysis of an electronic database, in which participation is voluntary. Thus, bias regarding data input by multiple interventional cardiologists might have occurred, although all variables had been standardized and data input guided by an instruction manual. In addition, lack of data input was another important limitation, even though that has not hindered data analysis (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0551_AO_figura-suplementar1.pdf">supplemental Figure 1</ext-link>). The fact that the entry of TAVI procedure data into the RIBAC-NT is mandatory only for interventional cardiologists at the beginning of their practices to obtain their SBHCI certification, but not after that, contributes to a high percentage of registry entries during the interventional cardiologists&#8217; learning curves. Data anonymization hindered knowledge of the differences between regions, between centers of different volumes, and between professionals of different experience levels. However, that is the only database on the TAVI procedure in Brazil, a source for assessing the incorporation of that technology, thus, a highly important registry.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The analysis of the RIBAC-NT registry showed that in-hospital mortality and non-fatal complications are mainly associated with the procedure and less associated with demographic data and comorbidities. In addition, the analysis showed a gradual reduction in in-hospital mortality and non-fatal complications over the years of the TAVI technology incorporation. Female gender associated with non-fatal complications, but not with mortality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Maria Cristina Meira Ferreira, from Posgraduate Program in Cardiology of the Instituto de Cardiologia Edson Saad, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado under the protocol number CAAE 60808622.4.0000.5252. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn5001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For supplemental tables, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0551_AO_supplementary-tables.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For supplemental figure, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0551_AO_figura-suplementar1.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> The present article was fuding by Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES), Education Ministery.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
