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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">97JvHDBpDfQQpF9Hvwfh7JD</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000500703</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00703</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230489</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome de Marfan, Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica e QT Longo, uma Associa&#231;&#227;o Rara como Causa de Morte S&#250;bita</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8446-662X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Diana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Sim&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0380-4018</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pacheco</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6954-4925</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Briosa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Baixo Vouga</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aveiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Centro Hospitalar Baixo Vouga, Aveiro &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Penafiel </named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa, Penafiel &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Diana Carvalho</bold> &#8226; Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga EPE &#8211; Aveiro 3810 &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>diana.carvalho.71530@chbv.min-saude.pt</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230489</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Marfan</kwd>
        <kwd>Prolapso da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome de Marfan (SM) &#233; uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica do tecido conjuntivo com transmiss&#227;o autoss&#244;mica dominante, geralmente associada a uma muta&#231;&#227;o no gene da fibrilina 1 (FBN1). A preval&#234;ncia estimada &#233; de 6,5/100.0001. De acordo com os crit&#233;rios revisados de Ghent, a muta&#231;&#227;o no gene FBN1, a ectopia do cristalino e a dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz da aorta s&#227;o os fatores-chave para o diagn&#243;stico de SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> A esperan&#231;a de vida &#233; essencialmente determinada pelas complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, particularmente a aortopatia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Os autores descrevem o caso de uma mulher de 31 anos, com forte hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita inexplic&#225;vel (pai e tr&#234;s irm&#227;os morreram entre os 20-30 anos). Foi internada ap&#243;s reanima&#231;&#227;o de parada card&#237;aca s&#250;bita em ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular em outubro de 2018. O eletrocardiograma de admiss&#227;o mostrou ritmo sinusal, ondas T negativas na parede inferior e intervalo QT corrigido prolongado de 497 mseg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref>). Na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, a paciente apresentava frequentes contra&#231;&#245;es ventriculares prematuras e per&#237;odos de bigeminismo ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref>). A gasometria e os exames de sangue na admiss&#227;o n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com dimens&#245;es normais e hipertrofia assim&#233;trica do septo interventricular (espessura m&#225;xima de 17 mm no septo anterior), sem obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e sem altera&#231;&#245;es de motilidade regional. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica biventricular estava preservada; havia evid&#234;ncia de prolapso da valva mitral (PVM) levando a regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral moderada; o &#225;trio esquerdo estava moderadamente dilatado; raiz a&#243;rtica e aorta ascendente apresentavam dimens&#245;es normais e aus&#234;ncia de retalho intimal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1C, D e E</xref>). A angiografia coron&#225;ria excluiu doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria obstrutiva. A paciente foi extubada sem d&#233;ficits neurol&#243;gicos significativos e internado no Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Eletrocardiograma evidenciando intervalo QT prolongado (A) e bigeminismo ventricular (B). Ecocardiograma demonstrando hipertrofia assim&#233;trica, prolapso mitral e raiz a&#243;rtica de dimens&#245;es normais (C, D, E). RM com hipertrofia assim&#233;trica (F, G) e realce mioc&#225;rdico tardio nas paredes inferior e septal (H).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230489-30489-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Fenotipicamente, a paciente era esbelta, com membros longos, aracnodactilia e deformidade em forma de V no palato. Ela tamb&#233;m apresentava aumento da elasticidade articular, sinal positivo no punho e polegar, assimetria tor&#225;cica, enoftalmia, fissuras palpebrais inclinadas para baixo, retrognatia e estrias cut&#226;neas. O exame oftalmol&#243;gico mostrou miopia e subluxa&#231;&#227;o do cristalino (escore sist&#234;mico de 9 pontos para S&#237;ndrome de Marfan).</p>
      <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) card&#237;aca mostrou hipertrofia assim&#233;trica do septo e da parede anterior m&#233;dio-apical e adelga&#231;amento da parede p&#243;stero-lateral. A RM tamb&#233;m apresentou realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico localizado na parede m&#233;dia inferior inferoseptal e basal e realce tardio mais heterog&#234;neo no septo m&#233;dio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1F, G e H</xref>). A aorta apresentava ectasia dos seios de Valsalva (36 mm; escore Z 1,92).</p>
      <p>O estudo gen&#233;tico foi negativo para cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) e s&#237;ndrome do QT longo, mas identificou a variante c.4099T&gt;C (p.Cys1367Arg) em heterozigosidade do gene FBN1, considerada patog&#234;nica. O painel gen&#233;tico da CMH avaliado foi: ACTC1 (NM_005159.4), DES (NM_001927.3), GLA (NM_000169.2), LAMP2 (NM_001122606.1), MYBPC3 (NM_000256.3), MYH7 (NM_000257.2), MYL2 (NM_000432.3), MYL3 (NM_000258.2), PLN (NM_002667.3), PRKAG2 (NM_016203.3), PTPN11 (NM_002834.3), TNNC1 (NM_003280.2), TNNI3 (NM_000363.4), TNNT2 (NM_000364.2), TPM1 (NM_001018005.1), TTR (NM_000371.3) e TCAP (NM_003673.3).</p>
      <p>Um cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel subcut&#226;neo (CDI-s) foi implantado para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria antes da alta.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de dois anos, o paciente desenvolveu insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral grave devido ao prolapso de ambos os folhetos da valva mitral (predominantemente o folheto anterior). Apresentava fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada (65%). Na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de 24 horas, apresentava contra&#231;&#245;es ventriculares prematuras polim&#243;rficas muito frequentes e sintom&#225;ticas (23322 em 24 horas), com per&#237;odos de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada, que n&#227;o melhoraram ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o de amiodarona. A paciente foi submetida a valvoplastia mitral incluindo ressec&#231;&#227;o de P2 e implante de anel mitral e neocordas. Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, a carga de arritmia ventricular foi marcadamente reduzida.</p>
      <p>Nenhuma dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica adicional ou terapias com CDI-s durante o acompanhamento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Segundo os crit&#233;rios de Ghent II, a presen&#231;a de ectopia lentis e a muta&#231;&#227;o no gene FBN1 sugerem o diagn&#243;stico de SM, considerando hist&#243;ria familiar sugestiva. Al&#233;m disso, a presen&#231;a de caracter&#237;sticas sist&#234;micas tamb&#233;m corrobora o diagn&#243;stico de SM (pontua&#231;&#227;o de 8 pontos segundo os crit&#233;rios de Ghent II).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> A dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica est&#225; presente em cerca de 75,8% dos pacientes com SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Neste caso, a aus&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica &#233; um fator de confus&#227;o que pode dificultar o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, neste caso espec&#237;fico, poderia ser decorrente de diversos fatores apresentados pelo paciente na admiss&#227;o, especificamente a presen&#231;a de PVM, prolongamento do intervalo QT e documenta&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia ventricular assim&#233;trica com carga cicatricial na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.</p>
      <p>As arritmias s&#227;o relativamente comuns na SM, sendo a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial a mais frequente (14,8% dos pacientes).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Alguns estudos sugerem que a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita de causa presumivelmente arr&#237;tmica pode ocorrer em at&#233; 4% dos pacientes. Por&#233;m, trata-se de s&#233;ries com n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes e o evento arr&#237;tmico esteve associado &#224; maior dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Num estudo que incluiu 12.079 pacientes com SM, a fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; respons&#225;vel por 0,5% de todas as interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por doen&#231;as card&#237;acas e 0,2% de todas as interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Em pacientes com SM, o prolapso da valva mitral e a regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral grave t&#234;m preval&#234;ncia de 40% e 12%, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Embora a associa&#231;&#227;o entre PVM isolado e arritmias ventriculares n&#227;o seja consensual, estudos sugerem que a coexist&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada se correlaciona com a presen&#231;a de contra&#231;&#245;es ventriculares prematuras e taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada. Contudo, n&#227;o parece predizer a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Neste paciente, a redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada da carga de arritmias ventriculares ap&#243;s valvoplastia mitral favorece a hip&#243;tese de que a valvopatia mitral foi o principal fator que levou &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
      <p>O prolongamento do QTc (&gt;440 mseg) pode estar presente em at&#233; 16-20% dos pacientes com SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Alguns estudos tamb&#233;m demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, altera&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o e ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias cvpventriculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Neste caso cl&#237;nico n&#227;o foi documentada dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, o que sugere que o intervalo QT longo parece ser um preditor independente de arritmias ventriculares. Entretanto, embora a associa&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de CVP e TVNS pare&#231;a estabelecida, sua associa&#231;&#227;o com eventos arr&#237;tmicos mais graves n&#227;o parece ser bem compreendida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia associada &#224; SM &#233; uma entidade cada vez mais reconhecida, mas geralmente est&#225; relacionada com dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Nesta paciente, o fen&#243;tipo de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica pode estar relacionado &#224; muta&#231;&#227;o no gene FNB1. No entanto, &#233; mais prov&#225;vel que estejamos lidando com duas condi&#231;&#245;es distintas &#8211; cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e s&#237;ndrome de Marfan. A aus&#234;ncia de teste gen&#233;tico positivo para CMH n&#227;o exclui o diagn&#243;stico, pois o rendimento do teste gen&#233;tico &#233; de apenas 30 a 40%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Ap&#243;s revis&#227;o da literatura, encontramos apenas um caso descrevendo CMH concomitante com SM. Assim, esta parece ser uma associa&#231;&#227;o extremamente rara e ainda n&#227;o estudada anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> No caso descrito por Fujiseki et al., foi documentada hipertrofia assim&#233;trica do septo interventricular, com rela&#231;&#227;o espessura da parede septal-inferolateral de 2,5 (medida pelo modo M). No presente caso, houve assimetria mais pronunciada, com rela&#231;&#227;o espessura da parede septal-inferolateral de 3,2 (medida por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica).</p>
      <p>Neste paciente, a combina&#231;&#227;o desses tr&#234;s fatores (prolapso mitral com regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada, intervalo QT longo e CMH) pode ter sido decisiva para a ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este caso relata uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o at&#237;pica de SM com fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, em oposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o e dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta. Em uma paciente com ectopia lentis e muta&#231;&#227;o no gene FBN1, uma hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita apoia o diagn&#243;stico de S&#237;ndrome de Marfan na aus&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz da aorta. Embora seja um assunto com crescente aten&#231;&#227;o, a evid&#234;ncia de arritmias malignas ainda &#233; uma &#225;rea cinzenta na SM. A dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e a disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica podem ter um papel causal, mas estas altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram documentadas nesta paciente. Outras altera&#231;&#245;es, nomeadamente o QT longo e o PVM com regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada, poder&#227;o ter contribu&#237;do para o evento arr&#237;tmico. No entanto, esta paciente tamb&#233;m apresenta CMH, que &#233; um fator pr&#243;-arr&#237;tmico adicional, e cuja associa&#231;&#227;o com SM parece ser extremamente rara.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Groth KA, Hove H, Kyhl K, Folkestad L, Gaustadnes M, Vejlstrup N, et al. Prevalence, Incidence, and Age at Diagnosis in Marfan Syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2015;10:153. doi: 10.1186/s13023-015-0369-8.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Groth</surname>
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              <surname>Hove</surname>
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              <surname>Kyhl</surname>
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              <surname>Folkestad</surname>
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              <surname>Gaustadnes</surname>
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              <surname>Vejlstrup</surname>
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            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230489i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Marfan Syndrome, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy And Long QT A Rare Association Causing Sudden Death</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8446-662X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Diana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Sim&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0380-4018</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pacheco</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6954-4925</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Briosa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Centro Hospitalar Baixo Vouga, Aveiro &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa, Penafiel &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Diana Carvalho</bold> &#8226; Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga EPE &#8211; Aveiro 3810 &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: diana.carvalho.71530@chbv.min-saude.pt </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiac Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Marfan Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Prolapse</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Sudden Death</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Marfan syndrome (MS) is a systemic disease of the connective tissue with an autosomal dominant transmission, usually associated with a mutation in the fibrillin 1 gene (FBN1). The estimated prevalence is 6.5/100,000. According to the revised Ghent criteria, mutation in the FBN1 gene, lens ectopy, and aortic root dilation are the key factors for the diagnosis of MS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Life expectancy is essentially determined by cardiovascular complications, particularly aortopathy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>The authors describe the case of a 31-year-old woman, with a heavy family history of sudden unexplained death (father and three brothers died between 20-30 years of age). She was admitted after resuscitation from sudden cardiac arrest in ventricular fibrillation rhythm in October 2018. The electrocardiogram on admission showed sinus rhythm, negative T waves in the inferior wall, and a prolonged corrected QT interval of 497 msec (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref>). On electrocardiographic monitoring, the patient had frequent premature ventricular contractions and periods of ventricular bigeminy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref>). Blood gas analyses and blood tests on admission did not show significant alterations. The transthoracic echocardiogram showed a left ventricle with normal dimensions and asymmetrical hypertrophy of the interventricular septum (maximum thickness of 17 mm in the anterior septum), without left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and without regional wall motion abnormalities. Biventricular systolic function was preserved; there was evidence of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) leading to moderate mitral regurgitation; the left atrium was moderately dilated; aortic root and ascending aorta had normal dimensions and no intimal flap (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1C, D and E</xref>). Coronary angiography excluded obstructive coronary disease. The patient was extubated without significant neurological deficits and admitted to the Cardiology Department.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Electrocardiogram showing prolonged QT interval (A) and ventricular bigeminy (B). Echocardiogram showing asymmetric hypertrophy, mitral prolapse, and aortic root with normal dimensions (C, D, E). MRI with asymmetric hypertrophy (F, G) and delayed myocardial enhancement in the inferior and septal walls (H).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230489-30489-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Phenotypically, the patient was slender, with long limbs, arachnodactyly, and a V-shaped deformity of the palate. She also had increased joint elasticity, a positive wrist and thumb sign, chest asymmetry, enophthalmos, downslanting palpebral fissures, retrognathia, and skin striae. The eye examination showed myopia and lens subluxation (9-point systemic score for Marfan Syndrome).</p>
        <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed asymmetric hypertrophy of the septum and medium-apical anterior wall and thinning of the posterolateral wall. MRI also presented delayed myocardial enhancement located on the inferoseptal and basal inferior mid-wall and more heterogeneous delayed enhancement in the midseptum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1F, G, and H</xref>). The aorta presented ectasia of the sinuses of Valsalva (36 mm; Z-score 1,92).</p>
        <p>The genetic study was negative for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and long QT syndrome but identified the variant c.4099T&gt;C (p.Cys1367Arg) in heterozygosity of the FBN1 gene, considered pathogenic. The HCM genetic panel evaluated was: ACTC1 (NM_005159.4), DES (NM_001927.3), GLA (NM_000169.2), LAMP2 (NM_001122606.1), MYBPC3 (NM_000256.3), MYH7 (NM_000257.2), MYL2 (NM_000432.3), MYL3 (NM_000258.2), PLN (NM_002667.3), PRKAG2 (NM_016203.3), PTPN11 (NM_002834.3), TNNC1 (NM_003280.2), TNNI3 (NM_000363.4), TNNT2 (NM_000364.2), TPM1 (NM_001018005.1), TTR (NM_000371.3) and TCAP (NM_003673.3).</p>
        <p>A subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (s-ICD) was implanted for secondary prevention before discharge.</p>
        <p>After a two-year follow-up period, the patient developed heart failure with severe mitral regurgitation due to prolapse of both mitral valve leaflets (predominantly the anterior leaflet). She had preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (65%). On 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring, she had very frequent and symptomatic polymorphic premature ventricular contractions (23322 in 24 hours), with periods of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, that did not improve after the introduction of amiodarone. The patient underwent a mitral valvuloplasty including P2 resection and mitral annulus and neocords implantation. After surgery, the ventricular arrhythmia burden was markedly reduced.</p>
        <p>No additional aortic dilation or s-ICD therapies during follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>According to the Ghent II criteria, the presence of ectopia lentis and the mutation in the FBN1 gene suggest the diagnosis of MS, considering a suggestive family history. In addition, the presence of systemic features also corroborates the diagnosis of MS (score of 8 points according to the Ghent II criteria).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Aortic dilation is present in about 75.8% of patients with MS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> In this case, the absence of aortic dilation is a confounding factor that can make the diagnosis difficult.</p>
        <p>The occurrence of ventricular fibrillation, in this specific case, could be due to several factors presented by the patient on admission, specifically the presence of MVP, QT interval prolongation, and documentation of asymmetric ventricular hypertrophy with scar burden on magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
        <p>Arrhythmias are relatively common in MS, with atrial fibrillation being the most frequent (14.8% of patients).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Some studies suggest that the occurrence of sudden cardiac death of presumably arrhythmic cause may occur in up to 4% of patients. However, these are series with a small number of patients, and the arrhythmic event was associated with greater left ventricular dilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> In a study including 12079 patients with MS, ventricular fibrillation accounts for 0.5% of all hospital admissions due to heart disease and 0.2% of all hospital admissions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>In patients with MS, mitral valve prolapse and severe mitral regurgitation have a prevalence of 40% and 12%, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Although the association between isolated MVP and ventricular arrhythmias is not consensual, studies suggest that the coexistence of moderate mitral regurgitation correlates with the presence of premature ventricular contractions and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. However, it does not seem to predict the occurrence of severe arrhythmic events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> In this patient, the marked reduction in the burden of ventricular arrhythmias after mitral valvuloplasty favors the hypothesis that the mitral valve disease was the primary factor leading to ventricular fibrillation.</p>
        <p>QTc prolongation (&gt;440 msec) may be present in up to 16-20% of patients with MS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Some studies have also demonstrated an association between left ventricular dilation, repolarization abnormalities, and the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> In this clinical case, left ventricular dilation was not documented, which suggests that long QT interval seems to be an independent predictor of ventricular arrhythmias. However, although the association with the presence of PVC and NSVT seems established, its association with more severe arrhythmic events does not seem to be well understood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Cardiomyopathy associated with MS is an increasingly recognized entity, but it is usually related to ventricular dilation and dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> In this patient, the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype may be related to the mutation in the FNB1 gene. However, it is more likely that we are dealing with two separate conditions - hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and Marfan syndrome. The absence of a positive genetic test for HCM does not exclude the diagnosis, since the yield of the genetic test is only 30 to 40%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> After reviewing the literature, we found only one case describing HCM concomitant with MS. Thus, this appears to be an extremely rare association that has not yet been previously studied.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> In the case described by Fujiseki et al., an asymmetrical hypertrophy of the interventricular septum was documented, with a septal-to-inferolateral wall thickness ratio of 2.5 (measured using M-mode). In the present case, there was a more pronounced asymmetry, with a septal-to-inferolateral wall thickness ratio of 3.2 (measured using MRI).</p>
        <p>In this patient, the combination of these three factors (mitral prolapse with moderate regurgitation, long QT interval, and HCM) may have been decisive for the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This case reports an atypical presentation of MS with ventricular fibrillation, as opposed to aortic dilation and dissection. In a patient with ectopia lentis and a mutation in the FBN1 gene, a family history of sudden death supports the diagnosis of Marfan Syndrome in the absence of aortic root dilation. Although it is a subject with increasing attention, the evidence of malignant arrhythmias is still a gray area in MS. Left ventricular dilation and myocardial dysfunction may have a causal role, but these changes were not documented in this patient. Other alterations, namely the long QT and MVP with moderate regurgitation, could have contributed to the arrhythmic event. However, this patient also has HCM, which is an additional proarrhythmic factor, and whose association with MS seems to be extremely rare.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee under the protocol number 181/CA. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
