<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">VfHygDS7fyYgvcpL4H7jPwJ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000500312</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00312</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230293</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Registro de Fechamento Percut&#226;neo do Forame Oval Patente na Preven&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria de Acidente Vascular Cerebral</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3383-5365</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5514-2562</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Julia K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuchs</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinotti</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Sheila</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wainstein</surname>
            <given-names>Marco V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Eduardo Santos da Silveira &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-903, Santa Cec&#237;lia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil; Email: <email>eduardossilveira@outlook.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230293</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Registro de Fechamento Percut&#226;neo do Forame Oval Patente na Preven&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria de Acidente Vascular Cerebral</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Taxas de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos ap&#243;s o fechamento percut&#226;neo do forame oval patente. Criado com biorender.com. Fonte: Pr&#243;prios autores. * &#211;bito n&#227;o relacionado ao procedimento.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/VfHygDS7fyYgvcpL4H7jPwJ/110e300da55f74a1032de5d0de240efa1248955d.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/VfHygDS7fyYgvcpL4H7jPwJ/555731923979856f08cd04bceac90cba34b1e19e.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/VfHygDS7fyYgvcpL4H7jPwJ/18491ac513926ad3c6005577c73aa4e8ddf4169f.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O forame oval permanece p&#233;rvio em cerca de 25% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta. Na vida adulta, trombos se formam na circula&#231;&#227;o venosa e podem atravessar o septo interatrial e desencadear um acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico &#8211; fen&#244;meno chamado de embolia paradoxal. O tratamento pode ser realizado atrav&#233;s do fechamento percut&#226;neo do forame oval patente (FOP), por&#233;m ainda &#233; pouco realizado no Brasil por n&#227;o estar dispon&#237;vel na rede p&#250;blica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a reprodutibilidade dos resultados dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos em estudos de vida real devido ao escasso n&#250;mero de registros publicados sobre o tema.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo &#233; uma coorte retrospectiva onde foram inclu&#237;dos 121 pacientes submetidos ao fechamento percut&#226;neo do FOP para profilaxia secund&#225;ria de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico entre janeiro de 2012 e junho de 2022.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Observamos idade m&#233;dia de 50,3 anos e a maioria do sexo feminino. O shunt interatrial grave foi observado em 82,6% e a presen&#231;a de aneurisma de septo atrial em 84,2%. Ap&#243;s 6 meses do procedimento, nenhum paciente permaneceu com shunt residual. N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas ou vasculares graves. A recidiva de novo evento cerebrovascular isqu&#234;mico ocorreu em 1,6% dos pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Observamos uma recidiva de novos eventos neurol&#243;gicos isqu&#234;micos muito baixa e aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es graves associadas ao procedimento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>AVC Isqu&#234;mico</kwd>
        <kwd>Forame Oval</kwd>
        <kwd>Septo Interatrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O forame oval &#233; uma importante estrutura para manuten&#231;&#227;o da vida fetal. Ap&#243;s o nascimento, na maioria das pessoas, ele se fecha devido a diferen&#231;a de press&#227;o entre as circula&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;mica e pulmonar. Cerca de 30% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial permanece com algum grau de pat&#234;ncia do forame oval, que passa a ser uma comunica&#231;&#227;o entre as circula&#231;&#245;es na vida p&#243;s uterina. Esse canal pode promover a migra&#231;&#227;o de trombos da circula&#231;&#227;o venosa para a circula&#231;&#227;o arterial - fen&#244;meno chamado de embolia paradoxal - de maneira espont&#226;nea ou provocada (ex. manobra de Valsalva) e, consequentemente, ocasionar um acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isqu&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Essa s&#237;ndrome cerebrovascular &#233; a segunda principal causa de &#243;bito no mundo. No Brasil representa a principal causa de incapacidade funcional em adultos jovens e acarreta custos de, aproximadamente, 10 mil reais por paciente ao ano entre interna&#231;&#227;o e reabilita&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os acidentes vasculares cerebrais secund&#225;rios ao forame oval patente (FOP) s&#227;o inclu&#237;dos na etiologia dos criptog&#234;nicos - respons&#225;veis por cerca de 30% dos casos - segundo classifica&#231;&#227;o de TOAST e apresentam associa&#231;&#227;o significativa em estudos de caso-controle, principalmente em pacientes com menos de 55 anos (OR 2.9).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O fechamento percut&#226;neo do forame oval patente &#233; uma alternativa &#224; profilaxia secund&#225;ria do AVC consequente &#224; embolia paradoxal - al&#233;m de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios e anticoagulantes. O procedimento foi proposto pela primeira vez em 1976 por Kings e Mills e, desde ent&#227;o, a t&#233;cnica e o dispositivo evolu&#237;ram consideravelmente e os resultados dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos tamb&#233;m.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, diversos ensaios cl&#237;nicos foram publicados para valida&#231;&#227;o da terapia principalmente em pacientes com menos de 60 anos, que, segundo o escore <italic>RoPE - Risk of Paradoxical Embolism</italic> - apresentam maior benef&#237;cio no tratamento percut&#226;neo. A popula&#231;&#227;o com pontua&#231;&#227;o <underline>&lt;</underline> 6 pontos n&#227;o t&#234;m amostragem o suficiente nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos e, os registros de vida real, s&#227;o escassos nesse cen&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Haja vista que os resultados favor&#225;veis &#224; terapia percut&#226;nea foram publicados h&#225; cerca de 6 anos, poucos registros foram publicados sobre o tema. Essa coorte hist&#243;rica foi idealizada para investigar a reprodutibilidade dos resultados dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos em um estudo de vida real.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva, cujos dados foram retirados dos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos de todos os pacientes submetidos ao fechamento percut&#226;neo do forame oval patente no em hospital de alta complexidade no sul do Brasil no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2012 at&#233; junho de 2022. O projeto foi aprovado pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do Hospital Moinhos de Vento (Parecer n.5.454.212) e da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Parecer n.5.484.592) atrav&#233;s da Plataforma Brasil e est&#225; em conformidade com a resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012.</p>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos todos os pacientes que realizaram fechamento percut&#226;neo do FOP como profilaxia secund&#225;ria de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico e que tinham, ao menos, um ano de seguimento com consultas ambulatoriais ou na emerg&#234;ncia do hospital e possu&#237;am ecocardiograma de controle com 6 meses e 1 ano ap&#243;s o procedimento bem como eletrocardiogramas no mesmo per&#237;odo. Os procedimentos de fechamento percut&#226;neo do FOP foram realizados no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica do hospital com equipe especializada. Todos tiveram acompanhamento anest&#233;sico e realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico transoperat&#243;rio. As pr&#243;teses instaladas eram de livre escolha do operador segundo as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas apresentadas e expertise individual de cada um.</p>
      <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentavam <italic>follow-up</italic> de um ano completo, os pacientes com prontu&#225;rios sem dados suficientes para coleta e an&#225;lise e os que realizaram o procedimento por outros motivos.</p>
      <p>Foram coletados dados cl&#237;nicos pr&#233; existentes como: g&#234;nero, idade no evento cerebrovascular e no procedimento, uso de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios ou anticoagulantes e comorbidades; dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos como: presen&#231;a aneurisma de septo interatrial, aspecto tuneliforme e comprimento (em mm), dire&#231;&#227;o do fluxo interatrial bem como sua gravidade atrav&#233;s da avalia&#231;&#227;o de microbolhas (<underline>&gt;</underline> 30 microbolhas classificado como grave; entre 20-30 microbolhas, moderado) e se o <italic>shunt</italic> era espont&#226;neo ou havia a necessidade da realiza&#231;&#227;o da manobra de Valsalva, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, assim como presen&#231;a de fluxo residual atrav&#233;s do forame oval ap&#243;s o procedimento imediato e ap&#243;s 6 e 12 meses atrav&#233;s de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico; foi calculado escore <italic>RoPE - Risk of Paradoxical Embolism -</italic> na indica&#231;&#227;o do procedimento; foram avaliadas complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares como: hematoma de pequeno volume, sangramento grave (BARC 2, 3 e 5), necessidades de hemotransfus&#227;o, abordagem vascular cir&#250;rgica e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivo de oclus&#227;o vascular; foram coletados desfechos como: incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, morte por qualquer causa e novos casos de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio - definidos como novo d&#233;ficit focal conforme avalia&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica; foram, tamb&#233;m, coletados dados como tipo e tamanho da pr&#243;tese utilizada no procedimento.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foi realizada atrav&#233;s de um banco de dados criado por meio do software IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) vers&#227;o 22.0. A investiga&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; normalidade das vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi feita por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e a homocedasticidade, investigada por meio da aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste de Levene com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas e descritas por meio de frequ&#234;ncia (%) e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Entre janeiro de 2012 at&#233; julho de 2022 foram realizados 178 fechamentos de FOP. Desses, foram exclu&#237;dos 52 casos que n&#227;o apresentavam <italic>follow-up</italic> de um ano completo e outros 5 pacientes por n&#227;o possu&#237;rem dados suficientes ou por realizar o procedimento com outras finalidades (ex. enxaqueca). Com isso, foram inclu&#237;dos 121 pacientes na an&#225;lise final (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Algoritmo de inclus&#227;o de pacientes. Fonte: Pr&#243;prios autores.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230293-30293-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Do total de participantes inclu&#237;dos, 66,1% eram do sexo feminino. A idade m&#233;dia no evento cerebrovascular foi de 50,3 anos (&#177;15,4) - com mediana de 48 anos - e, no momento do procedimento, foi de 51,2 anos (&#177;16,3). Quanto ao uso de medica&#231;&#245;es previamente ao procedimento: 61,1% utilizavam &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, 38,8% faziam uso de clopidogrel, 11,5% faziam uso de anticoagulantes orais diretos e 5,8% utilizavam varfarina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th scope="col"> </th>
                <th scope="col"> </th>
                <th scope="col"> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">G&#234;nero</td>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">41 (33,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">80 (66,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Idade M&#233;dia</td>
                <td>No evento cerebrovascular</td>
                <td align="center">50,3 (&#177;15,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>No procedimento percut&#226;neo</td>
                <td align="center">51,2 (&#177;16,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Medica&#231;&#245;es em uso pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td>&#193;cido Acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                <td align="center">74 (61,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">47 (38,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Varfarina</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anticoagulantes orais diretos</td>
                <td align="center">14 (11,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="6">Comorbidades</td>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">48 (39,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">17 (14%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arritmia</td>
                <td align="center">10 (8,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Trombose Venosa Profunda Pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="6">Achados Ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</td>
                <td>Di&#226;metro &#193;trio Esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">36,3 (&#177;5,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro Diast&#243;lico do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">47,2 (&#177;4,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (&#177;4,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aneurisma de Septo Interatrial</td>
                <td align="center">102 (84,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Forame Oval com T&#250;nel</td>
                <td align="center">53 (43,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8211; Tamanho m&#233;dio do t&#250;nel (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">9,44 (&#177;3,45)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="6">Caracter&#237;sticas do Shunt</td>
                <td>Direita-Esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">18 (14,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Esquerda-Direita</td>
                <td align="center">10 (8,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bidirecional</td>
                <td align="center">96 (79,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderado</td>
                <td align="center">13 (10,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Grave</td>
                <td align="center">100 (82,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espont&#226;neo</td>
                <td align="center">85 (70,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore <italic>RoPE</italic></td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">6 (IQ 4-8)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas descritas como frequ&#234;ncia (%) e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas como m&#233;dia (DP) ou mediana (IIQ).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s comorbidades associadas: 39,6% dos pacientes eram hipertensos, 14% eram tabagistas, 7,4% eram diab&#233;ticos, 5,8% tinham hist&#243;rico de trombose venosa profunda pr&#233;via e 8,2% de algum epis&#243;dio pr&#233;vio de arritmia card&#237;aca. A mediana do RoPE escore foi 6 pontos (IQ 4-8).</p>
      <p>Os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos mostram: 84,2% de aneurisma de septo interatrial e 43,8% com trajeto interatrial tuneliforme com m&#233;dia de 9,44mm de extens&#227;o (&#177;3,45); 79,3% dos pacientes apresentavam fluxo bidirecional e 14,9% com fluxo exclusivamente direita-esquerda. A maioria dos casos apresentavam <italic>shunt</italic> espont&#226;neo (70,2%) quando comparados &#224;queles em que o fluxo se apresentava somente com a manobra de Valsalva (29,8%) e 93,3% do total apresentavam <italic>shunt</italic> moderado-grave.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s o procedimento, 9,9% do total apresentava <italic>shunt</italic> residual imediato na ecografia realizada ainda na sala de hemodin&#226;mica; ap&#243;s 1 m&#234;s, esse n&#250;mero caiu para 3,3% e, ap&#243;s 6 meses, esse n&#250;mero convergiu para zero. Sobre as complica&#231;&#245;es: 5,7% dos pacientes apresentaram algum epis&#243;dio de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no seguimento, por&#233;m somente 1,6% dos pacientes permaneceram com a arritmia; n&#227;o houve sangramentos graves pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de BARC 2, 3 e 5. As complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas se resumiram a hematomas superficiais e de pequeno volume (9,9%) que evolu&#237;ram sem complica&#231;&#245;es maiores. Somente dois pacientes (1,6%) tiveram novos epis&#243;dios cerebrovasculares isqu&#234;micos no seguimento - um com idade &lt;50 anos e dois ataques isqu&#234;micos transit&#243;rios no &#250;ltimo semestre antes do procedimento e outro com idade &gt;60 anos, portador de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente e, apesar do uso de anticoagulantes, apresentava hist&#243;rico de tr&#234;s acidentes cerebrovasculares isqu&#234;micos com FOP de alto risco (<italic>shunt</italic> grave e aneurisma de septo interatrial). Ambos os eventos ocorreram em vig&#234;ncia de <italic>shunt</italic> residual antes de completarem 6 meses do procedimento e n&#227;o tiveram novos eventos ap&#243;s a resolu&#231;&#227;o do mesmo no ecocardiograma de controle do sexto m&#234;s (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). O presente estudo n&#227;o teve &#243;bitos registrados como consequ&#234;ncia do procedimento; foi registrado somente um &#243;bito, ap&#243;s 18 meses, por septicemia.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas do Procedimento e Desfechos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4"><italic>Shun</italic>t Residual ap&#243;s o Procedimento</td>
                <td align="center">Imediato</td>
                <td align="center">12 (9,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ap&#243;s 1 m&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ap&#243;s 6 meses</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ap&#243;s 12 meses</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial ap&#243;s o Procedimento</td>
                <td align="center">Epis&#243;dio limitado</td>
                <td align="center">5 (4,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Permanente</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">Complica&#231;&#245;es Vasculares e Hemorr&#225;gicas</td>
                <td align="center">Hematoma de Pequeno Volume</td>
                <td align="center">12 (9,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Hematoma Retroperitoneal</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">S&#237;ndrome Compartimental</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Necessidade de Hemotransfus&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Uso de Dispositivo Hemost&#225;tico</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Tipo de Pr&#243;tese Utilizada</td>
                <td align="center">Amplatzer</td>
                <td align="center">80 (66%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Cocoon</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Cardia</td>
                <td align="center">11 (9,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Occlutech</td>
                <td align="center">23 (19%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tamanho M&#233;dio da Pr&#243;tese Utilizada*</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">25 (&#177;2,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte no seguimento</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Novos Epis&#243;dios de AVE ou AIT</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,6%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas descritas como frequ&#234;ncia (%) e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas como m&#233;dia (DP) ou mediana (IIQ). * Tamanho m&#233;dio da pr&#243;tese ancorada no &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As pr&#243;teses utilizadas foram: Amplatzer (66%), Occlutech (19%), Cardia (9,1%), Cocoon (4,9%). O tamanho m&#233;dio, da face atrial esquerda, das pr&#243;teses foi 25mm (&#177; 2,7mm).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esse estudo sugere que os ensaios cl&#237;nicos s&#227;o reprodut&#237;veis na vida real. Tivemos incid&#234;ncia de apenas dois novos eventos cerebrovasculares isqu&#234;micos - em casos que ainda apresentavam <italic>shunt</italic> residual. Mesmo com um ter&#231;o da popula&#231;&#227;o com idade acima de 60 anos e escore <italic>RoPE</italic> com mediana de 6 pontos, houve baixa recorr&#234;ncia de eventos - inclusive nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Esse resultado positivo provavelmente foi consequ&#234;ncia do maior n&#250;mero de aneurismas do septo interatrial e maior gravidade dos shunts inclu&#237;dos neste estudo quando comparados aos ensaios cl&#237;nicos, uma vez que esses fatores an&#225;tomo-funcionais aumentam a probabilidade do AVC ser consequente ao FOP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados de ensaios cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes submetidos ao fechamento percut&#226;neo de FOP</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th scope="col"> </th>
                <th scope="col">Closure Trial*</th>
                <th scope="col">Reduce Trial*</th>
                <th scope="col">Respect Trial*</th>
                <th scope="col">Close Trial*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Pacientes Inclu&#237;dos</td>
                <td align="center">447</td>
                <td align="center">441</td>
                <td align="center">499</td>
                <td align="center">238</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade M&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">46,3 (&#177;9,6)</td>
                <td align="center">45,4 (&#177;9,3)</td>
                <td align="center">45,7 (&#177;9,7)</td>
                <td align="center">42,9 (&#177;10,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">52,1%</td>
                <td align="center">59,2%</td>
                <td align="center">53,7%</td>
                <td align="center">57,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ASA&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">36,6%&#167;</td>
                <td align="center">20,4%</td>
                <td align="center">36,1%</td>
                <td align="center">34,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Shunt grave</td>
                <td align="center">16,7%</td>
                <td align="center">42,8%</td>
                <td align="center">49,5%</td>
                <td align="center">90,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore RoPE</td>
                <td align="center">NA&#182;</td>
                <td align="center">NA&#182;</td>
                <td align="center">NA&#182;</td>
                <td align="center">7,4 (&#177;1,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Novos AVEs ou AITs</td>
                <td align="center">5,5%</td>
                <td align="center">1,4%</td>
                <td align="center">7,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#227;o Vascular Maior</td>
                <td align="center">3,2%</td>
                <td align="center">1,8%</td>
                <td align="center">0,6%</td>
                <td align="center">0,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial&#8225;</td>
                <td align="center">5,7%</td>
                <td align="center">6,6%</td>
                <td align="center">0,6%</td>
                <td align="center">4,6%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>* Exclu&#237;dos pacientes &gt; 60 anos; &#8224; Aneurisma de septo interatrial; &#8225; Qualquer epis&#243;dio de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; &#167; Aneurisma de septo interatrial com 10 mm ou mais; &#182; N&#227;o avaliado.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Pr&#243;prios autores.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (5.7%) foi semelhante &#224; encontrada nos estudos CLOSURE, REDUCE e CLOSE, por&#233;m, permaneceram com FA permanente, somente 1.6% dos pacientes, semelhante ao <italic>trial</italic> RESPECT. Esse achado levanta a hip&#243;tese que o tipo de pr&#243;tese possa interferir no risco de desenvolvimento de FA, uma vez que a mais utilizada em ambos os estudos foi a Amplatzer (66%) que tamb&#233;m foi a utilizada no estudo RESPECT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sobre as complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, esta coorte n&#227;o apresentou sangramentos importantes e nem complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares maiores; somente hematomas superficiais na regi&#227;o inguinal em 9.9% dos casos. Apesar de o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares maiores ser baixo na pun&#231;&#227;o venosa, o uso de ecografia a beira do leito para guiar a pun&#231;&#227;o &#233; essencial para diferencia&#231;&#227;o na identifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria e veia femoral e evitar um acidente de pun&#231;&#227;o em situa&#231;&#245;es de varia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No cen&#225;rio internacional, poucos estudos de vida real foram publicados sobre o tema at&#233; o momento. A idade m&#233;dia fica em torno de 50 anos (exceto a coorte publicada por Ate&#351; et al., que apresenta 43.2) e as caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas significativas - inclu&#237;das no <italic>Pascal score</italic> - s&#227;o menos representativas do que nesta coorte (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os registros de fechamento percut&#226;neo de FOP</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th scope="col"> </th>
                <th scope="col">C, Cardiovascular Intervention 2017</th>
                <th scope="col">Open Heart 2017</th>
                <th scope="col">Turk Kardiyol 2021</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Pacientes inclu&#237;dos</td>
                <td align="center">730</td>
                <td align="center">217</td>
                <td align="center">303</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade M&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">53,4 (&#177;13)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (&#177;12)</td>
                <td align="center">43,2 (&#177;10,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">60%</td>
                <td align="center">55,8%</td>
                <td align="center">43,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ASA&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center">24,4%</td>
                <td align="center">NA*</td>
                <td align="center">21,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Shunt Grave</td>
                <td align="center">11,0%</td>
                <td align="center">NA*</td>
                <td align="center">36,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore <italic>RoPE</italic></td>
                <td align="center">NA*</td>
                <td align="center">NA*</td>
                <td align="center">6 (IQ 5-7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Novos AVEs ou AITs</td>
                <td align="center">6,3%</td>
                <td align="center">4,1%</td>
                <td align="center">2,1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sangramento grave</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">NA*</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Permanente</td>
                <td align="center">1,9%</td>
                <td align="center">1,5%</td>
                <td align="center">0,9%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>* N&#227;o avaliado; &#8224; Aneurisma de septo interatrial.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Pr&#243;prios autores.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Observamos atraso de cerca de um ano entre diagn&#243;stico e o procedimento percut&#226;neo - achado semelhante ao RESPECT <italic>trial</italic>, inicialmente publicado em 2013. Na ocasi&#227;o da publica&#231;&#227;o, a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos <italic>intention to treat vs per protocol</italic> sugeriu que o atraso de um ano no fechamento percut&#226;neo do FOP acarretaria piores desfechos, provavelmente pelo maior tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao risco de um novo evento. Esse &#233; um ponto bastante importante na evolu&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, uma vez que a patologia &#233; a segunda principal causa de &#243;bito no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Evidentemente ainda existe uma lacuna a ser esclarecida entre a terapia anticoagulante e a terapia percut&#226;nea devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de ensaios cl&#237;nicos comparando esses grupos. Apesar da plausibilidade biol&#243;gica da preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria com anticoagulantes, estudos como <italic>Navigate-ESUS</italic> e <italic>Close trial</italic>, n&#227;o mostraram superioridade quando comparados aos antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios. Algumas metan&#225;lises, que comparam os tratamentos de profilaxia secund&#225;ria, sugerem a terapia percut&#226;nea como melhor op&#231;&#227;o devido ao menor risco de novos eventos cerebrovasculares quando comparados aos antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios e menor risco de sangramento quando comparado a terapia anticoagulante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo observacional trata-se de um registro retrospectivo de centro &#250;nico com m&#250;ltiplos operadores. A extrapola&#231;&#227;o de resultados ou conclus&#245;es para outros centros deve ser feita com cautela e an&#225;lise adequada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo sugere que a t&#233;cnica atual de fechamento percut&#226;neo do FOP com pr&#243;teses contempor&#226;neas pode prevenir a recorr&#234;ncia de AVEi de forma muito contundente, al&#233;m de demonstrar ser extremamente seguro com baixa taxa de eventos adversos graves. Isso sugere que os resultados dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos s&#227;o reprodut&#237;veis em estudos de vida real.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Remien K, Majmundar SH. Physiology, Fetal Circulation. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2023.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Remien</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Majmundar</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Physiology, Fetal Circulation</source>
          <publisher-loc>Treasure Island</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>StatPearls Publishing</publisher-name>
          <year>2023</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Hagen PT, Scholz DG, Edwards WD. Incidence and Size of Patent Foramen Ovale During the First 10 Decades of Life: An Autopsy Study of 965 Normal Hearts. Mayo Clin Proc. 1984;59(1):17-20. doi: 10.1016/s0025-6196(12)60336-x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hagen</surname>
              <given-names>PT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scholz</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edwards</surname>
              <given-names>WD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidence and Size of Patent Foramen Ovale During the First 10 Decades of Life: An Autopsy Study of 965 Normal Hearts</article-title>
          <source>Mayo Clin Proc</source>
          <year>1984</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>17</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0025-6196(12)60336-x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. S&#248;rensen HT, Horvath-Puho E, Pedersen L, Baron JA, Prandoni P. Venous Thromboembolism and Subsequent Hospitalisation Due to Acute Arterial Cardiovascular Events: A 20-year Cohort Study. Lancet. 2007;370(9601):1773-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61745-0.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>S&#248;rensen</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Horvath-Puho</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baron</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prandoni</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Venous Thromboembolism and Subsequent Hospitalisation Due to Acute Arterial Cardiovascular Events: A 20-year Cohort Study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>370</volume>
          <issue>9601</issue>
          <fpage>1773</fpage>
          <lpage>1779</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61745-0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Stroke and its Risk Factors, 1990-2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(10):795-820. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00252-0.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global, Regional, and National Burden of Stroke and its Risk Factors, 1990-2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019</article-title>
          <source>Lancet Neurol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>795</fpage>
          <lpage>820</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00252-0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Sociedade Brasileira de AVC. N&#250;meros do AVC no Brasil e no Mundo [Internet]. S&#227;o Paulo: Sociedade Brasileira de AVC; 2024 [cited 2024 Jan 29]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://avc.org.br/sobre-a-sbavc/numeros-do-avc-no-brasil-e-no-mundo">https://avc.org.br/sobre-a-sbavc/numeros-do-avc-no-brasil-e-no-mundo</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de AVC</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>N&#250;meros do AVC no Brasil e no Mundo</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de AVC</publisher-name>
          <year>2024</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2024 Jan 29</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://avc.org.br/sobre-a-sbavc/numeros-do-avc-no-brasil-e-no-mundo">https://avc.org.br/sobre-a-sbavc/numeros-do-avc-no-brasil-e-no-mundo</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Reis M, Chaoubah A, M&#225;rmora C, Liebel G. Cost Analysis of Outpatient Stroke in the Public System Perspective. J. Bras. Econ. Sa&#250;de. 201810(30):219-25. doi: 10.21115/JBES.v10.n3.p219-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reis</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaoubah</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#225;rmora</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liebel</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cost Analysis of Outpatient Stroke in the Public System Perspective</article-title>
          <source>J. Bras. Econ. Sa&#250;de</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>30</issue>
          <fpage>219</fpage>
          <lpage>225</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21115/JBES.v10.n3.p219-25</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Kleindorfer DO, Towfighi A, Chaturvedi S, Cockroft KM, Gutierrez J, Lombardi-Hill D, et al. 2021 Guideline for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2021;52(7):364-467. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000375.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kleindorfer</surname>
              <given-names>DO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Towfighi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaturvedi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cockroft</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lombardi-Hill</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2021 Guideline for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>364</fpage>
          <lpage>467</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/STR.0000000000000375</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Fure B, Wyller TB, Thommessen B. TOAST Criteria Applied in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 2005;112(4):254-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2005.00470.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fure</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wyller</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thommessen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>TOAST Criteria Applied in Acute Ischemic Stroke</article-title>
          <source>Acta Neurol Scand</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>254</fpage>
          <lpage>258</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-0404.2005.00470.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Alsheikh-Ali AA, Thaler DE, Kent DM. Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke: Incidental or Pathogenic? Stroke. 2009;40(7):2349-55. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.547828.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alsheikh-Ali</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thaler</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kent</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke: Incidental or Pathogenic?</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>2349</fpage>
          <lpage>2355</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.547828</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Kuijpers T, Spencer FA, Siemieniuk RAC, Vandvik PO, Otto CM, Lytvyn L, et al. Patent Foramen Ovale Closure, Antiplatelet Therapy or Anticoagulation Therapy Alone for Management of Cryptogenic Stroke? A Clinical Practice Guideline. BMJ. 2018;362:2515. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k2515.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kuijpers</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spencer</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siemieniuk</surname>
              <given-names>RAC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vandvik</surname>
              <given-names>PO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Otto</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lytvyn</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patent Foramen Ovale Closure, Antiplatelet Therapy or Anticoagulation Therapy Alone for Management of Cryptogenic Stroke? A Clinical Practice Guideline</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>362</volume>
          <size units="pages">2515</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.k2515</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. King TD, Thompson SL, Steiner C, Mills NL. Secundum Atrial Septal Defect. Nonoperative Closure During Cardiac Catheterization. JAMA. 1976;235(23):2506-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>King</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steiner</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mills</surname>
              <given-names>NL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Secundum Atrial Septal Defect. Nonoperative Closure During Cardiac Catheterization</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>1976</year>
          <volume>235</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2506</fpage>
          <lpage>2509</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Kent DM, Ruthazer R, Weimar C, Mas JL, Serena J, Homma S, et al. An Index to Identify Stroke-related vs Incidental Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke. Neurology. 2013;81(7):619-25. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a08d59.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kent</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruthazer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weimar</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mas</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serena</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Homma</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An Index to Identify Stroke-related vs Incidental Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke</article-title>
          <source>Neurology</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>619</fpage>
          <lpage>625</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a08d59</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Prefasi D, Mart&#237;nez-S&#225;nchez P, Fuentes B, D&#237;ez-Tejedor E. The Utility of the RoPE Score in Cryptogenic Stroke Patients =50 years in Predicting a Stroke-related Patent Foramen Ovale. Int J Stroke. 2016;11(1):7-8. doi: 10.1177/1747493015607505.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Prefasi</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mart&#237;nez-S&#225;nchez</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fuentes</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#237;ez-Tejedor</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Utility of the RoPE Score in Cryptogenic Stroke Patients =50 years in Predicting a Stroke-related Patent Foramen Ovale</article-title>
          <source>Int J Stroke</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1747493015607505</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Kent DM, Saver JL, Ruthazer R, Furlan AJ, Reisman M, Carroll JD, et al. Risk of Paradoxical Embolism (RoPE)-Estimated Attributable Fraction Correlates With the Benefit of Patent Foramen Ovale Closure: An Analysis of 3 Trials. Stroke. 2020;51(10):3119-23. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.029350.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kent</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saver</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruthazer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furlan</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reisman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carroll</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk of Paradoxical Embolism (RoPE)-Estimated Attributable Fraction Correlates With the Benefit of Patent Foramen Ovale Closure: An Analysis of 3 Trials</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>3119</fpage>
          <lpage>3123</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.029350</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Furlan AJ, Reisman M, Massaro J, Mauri L, Adams H, Albers GW, et al. Closure or Medical Therapy for Cryptogenic Stroke with Patent Foramen Ovale. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(11):991-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1009639.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Furlan</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reisman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massaro</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mauri</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albers</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Closure or Medical Therapy for Cryptogenic Stroke with Patent Foramen Ovale</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>366</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>991</fpage>
          <lpage>999</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1009639</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. S&#248;ndergaard L, Kasner SE, Rhodes JF, Andersen G, Iversen HK, Nielsen-Kudsk JE, et al. Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Antiplatelet Therapy for Cryptogenic Stroke. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(11):1033-42. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1707404.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>S&#248;ndergaard</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kasner</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rhodes</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andersen</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iversen</surname>
              <given-names>HK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nielsen-Kudsk</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Antiplatelet Therapy for Cryptogenic Stroke</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>377</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1033</fpage>
          <lpage>1042</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1707404</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Saver JL, Carroll JD, Thaler DE, Smalling RW, MacDonald LA, Marks DS, et al. Long-Term Outcomes of Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Medical Therapy after Stroke. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(11):1022-32. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1610057.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Saver</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carroll</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thaler</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smalling</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>MacDonald</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marks</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-Term Outcomes of Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Medical Therapy after Stroke</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>377</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1022</fpage>
          <lpage>1032</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1610057</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Mas JL, Derumeaux G, Guillon B, Massardier E, Hosseini H, Mechtouff L, et al. Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Anticoagulation vs. Antiplatelets after Stroke. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(11):1011-21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1705915.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mas</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Derumeaux</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guillon</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massardier</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hosseini</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mechtouff</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Anticoagulation vs. Antiplatelets after Stroke</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>377</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1011</fpage>
          <lpage>1021</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1705915</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Flato UA, Petisco GM, Santos FB. Ultrasound-guided Venous Cannullation in Critical Care Unit. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2009;21(2):190-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Flato</surname>
              <given-names>UA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petisco</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>FB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ultrasound-guided Venous Cannullation in Critical Care Unit</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Ter Intensiva</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>190</fpage>
          <lpage>196</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Taggart NW, Reeder GS, Lennon RJ, Slusser JP, Freund MA, Cabalka AK, et al. Long-term Follow-up after PFO Device Closure: Outcomes and Complications in a Single-center Experience. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;89(1):124-33. doi: 10.1002/ccd.26518.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Taggart</surname>
              <given-names>NW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reeder</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lennon</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Slusser</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freund</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cabalka</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term Follow-up after PFO Device Closure: Outcomes and Complications in a Single-center Experience</article-title>
          <source>Catheter Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>124</fpage>
          <lpage>133</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ccd.26518</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Noble S, Bonvini RF, Rigamonti F, Sztajzel R, Perren F, Meyer P, et al. Percutaneous PFO Closure for Cryptogenic Stroke in the Setting of a Systematic Cardiac and Neurological Screening and a Standardised Follow-up Protocol. Open Heart. 2017;4(1):e000475. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2016-000475.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Noble</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonvini</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rigamonti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sztajzel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perren</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meyer</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Percutaneous PFO Closure for Cryptogenic Stroke in the Setting of a Systematic Cardiac and Neurological Screening and a Standardised Follow-up Protocol</article-title>
          <source>Open Heart</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e000475</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/openhrt-2016-000475</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Ates AH, Yorgun H, Canpolat U, Sener YZ, Oksul M, Kaya EB, et al. Long-term Follow-up Outcomes in a Real-world Study Cohort after Percutaneous Patent Foramen Ovale Closure. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2021;49(1):29-39. doi: 10.5543/tkda.2020.06699.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ates</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yorgun</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Canpolat</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sener</surname>
              <given-names>YZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oksul</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaya</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term Follow-up Outcomes in a Real-world Study Cohort after Percutaneous Patent Foramen Ovale Closure</article-title>
          <source>Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>29</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5543/tkda.2020.06699</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Kent DM, Saver JL, Kasner SE, Nelson J, Carroll JD, Chatellier G, et al. Heterogeneity of Treatment Effects in an Analysis of Pooled Individual Patient Data From Randomized Trials of Device Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale after Stroke. JAMA. 2021;326(22):2277-86. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.20956.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kent</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saver</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kasner</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nelson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carroll</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chatellier</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heterogeneity of Treatment Effects in an Analysis of Pooled Individual Patient Data From Randomized Trials of Device Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale after Stroke</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>326</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2277</fpage>
          <lpage>2286</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2021.20956</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Carroll JD, Saver JL, Thaler DE, Smalling RW, Berry S, MacDonald LA, et al. Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale Versus Medical Therapy after Cryptogenic Stroke. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(12):1092-100. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1301440.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carroll</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saver</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thaler</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smalling</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berry</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>MacDonald</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale Versus Medical Therapy after Cryptogenic Stroke</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>368</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1092</fpage>
          <lpage>1100</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1301440</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Hart RG, Sharma M, Mundl H, Kasner SE, Bangdiwala SI, Berkowitz SD, et al. Rivaroxaban for Stroke Prevention after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(23):2191-201. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1802686.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hart</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mundl</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kasner</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bangdiwala</surname>
              <given-names>SI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berkowitz</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rivaroxaban for Stroke Prevention after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>378</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>2191</fpage>
          <lpage>2201</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1802686</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Mas JL, Derumeaux G, Guillon B, Massardier E, Hosseini H, Mechtouff L, et al. Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Anticoagulation vs. Antiplatelets after Stroke. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(11):1011-21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1705915.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mas</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Derumeaux</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guillon</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massardier</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hosseini</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mechtouff</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Anticoagulation vs. Antiplatelets after Stroke</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>377</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1011</fpage>
          <lpage>1021</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1705915</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Eduardo S. Silveira pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Moinhos de Vento sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 5.454.212. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230293i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Registry of Percutaneous Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale in the Secondary Prevention of Stroke</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3383-5365</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5514-2562</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Julia K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuchs</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinotti</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Sheila</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wainstein</surname>
            <given-names>Marco V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Eduardo Santos da Silveira &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postao Code 90035-903, Santa Cec&#237;lia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil, Email: eduardossilveira@outlook.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Registry of Percutaneous Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale in the Secondary Prevention of Stroke</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Rates of events occur following percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure. Created with biorender.com. Source: Authors. * Not related to procedure.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230293-30293-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The foramen ovale remains patent in about 25% of the adult population. In adult life, thrombi form in the venous circulation and can cross the interatrial septum and trigger an ischemic stroke &#8211; called paradoxical embolism. The treatment can be performed through percutaneous closure of the patent foramen ovale (PFO), but still rarely performed in Brazil because it is not available in the public health care.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To evaluate the reproducibility of clinical trial results in real-life studies due to the low number of records published about the topic.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This study is a retrospective cohort study including 121 patients who underwent percutaneous PFO closure for secondary prophylaxis of ischemic stroke between January 2012 and June 2022.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> We observed a mean age of 50.3 years and most females . Severe interatrial shunt was observed in 82.6% and the presence of atrial septal aneurysm in 84.2%. After 6 months of the procedure, no patient still had a residual shunt. There were no serious bleeding or vascular complications. Recurrence of a new cerebrovascular event occurred in 1.6% of patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> We observed a low recurrence of new ischemic neurological events and lack major complications related to the procedure.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ischemic Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Foramen Ovale</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Septum</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The foramen ovale is an important structure to maintain the fetal life. After birth, in most individuals, it closes due to the different pressures between systemic and pulmonary circulations. Approximately 30% of the world&#8217;s population remains with some degree of patent foramen ovale (PFO), which becomes a communication between circulations in post-uterine life. This channel can promote the migration of thrombi from the venous circulation to the arterial circulation - a phenomenon called paradoxical embolism - that may be spontaneously or provoked (e.g., Valsalva maneuver), consequently leading to an ischemic stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This cerebrovascular syndrome is the second leading cause of death worldwide. In Brazil, it represents the main cause of functional disability in young adults and incurs costs of approximately 2,000 dollars per patient per year between hospitalization and rehabilitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>When it happens secondary to a patent foramen ovale (PFO) are included in the etiology of cryptogenic strokes according to the TOAST classification - responsible for 30% of cases - and shows a significant association, in case-control studies, especially in patients under 55 years of age (OR 2.9).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale is an alternative to secondary prophylaxis of stroke consequent to paradoxical embolism - in addition to antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants. The procedure was first proposed in 1976 by Kings and Mills, and since then, the technique and device have evolved considerably, as have the results of clinical trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the last decade, several clinical trials have been published to validate the therapy mainly in patients under 60 years old, who, according to the RoPE score - <italic>Risk of Paradoxical Embolism</italic> - present the greatest benefit from percutaneous treatment. The population with a score &lt; 6 points does not have sufficient sampling in clinical trials, and real-life registries are scarce in this scenario.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Given that favorable results for percutaneous therapy were published about 6 years ago, few records have been published about the topic. This historical cohort was designed to investigate the reproducibility of the results of clinical trials in a real-life study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This study is a retrospective cohort study, which data were collected from the electronic medical records of all patients who underwent percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) at a high-complexity hospital in southern Brazil from January 2012 to June 2022. The project was approved by the Ethics and Research Committees of Hospital Moinhos de Vento (n. 5.454.212) and the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (n. 5.484.592) through the Plataforma Brasil and is in accordance with resolution 466/2012.</p>
        <p>All patients who underwent percutaneous closure of PFO as secondary prophylaxis for ischemic stroke and had at least one year of follow-up with outpatient consultations or emergency room visits at the hospital were included. Additionally, they had echocardiographic follow-up at 6 months and 1 year after the procedure, as well as electrocardiograms during the same period. The percutaneous closure procedures of PFO were performed in the hospital&#8217;s hemodynamics laboratory by a specialized team. All patients underwent anesthetic monitoring and intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. The prostheses installed were chosen freely by the operator based on the echocardiographic measurements presented and individual expertise.</p>
        <p>Patients who did not have a complete one-year follow-up, patients with medical records lacking sufficient data for collection and analysis, and those who underwent the procedure for other reasons were excluded.</p>
        <p>Pre-existing clinical data such as gender, age at cerebrovascular event and procedure, use of antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants, and comorbidities were collected. Echocardiographic data included the presence of an atrial septal aneurysm, tunnel-like appearance and length (mm), direction of interatrial flow, as well as its severity through microbubble evaluation (&gt;30 microbubbles classified as severe; between 20-30 microbubbles, moderate) and whether the shunt was spontaneous or required Valsalva maneuver. Left atrium diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, and left ventricular ejection fraction were also collected, as well as the presence of residual flow through the foramen ovale after the immediate procedure and after 6 and 12 months via transthoracic echocardiography. The RoPE score - <italic>Risk of Paradoxical Embolism</italic> - was calculated for procedure indication. Vascular complications such as small volume hematoma, severe bleeding (BARC 2, 3, and 5), need for blood transfusion, surgical vascular approach, and use of vascular occlusion device were evaluated. Outcomes such as incidence of atrial fibrillation, death from any cause, and new cases of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack - defined as new focal deficit according to neurological assessment - were collected. Data on the type and size of the prosthesis used in the procedure were also collected.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>A descriptive analysis was conducted using a database created through IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 software. The investigation of normality for quantitative variables was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and homoscedasticity was assessed using the Levene&#8217;s test with a significance level of 5%. Categorical variables were analyzed and described using frequency (%), while continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range (IQR), depending on the data distribution.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Between January 2012 and July 2022, a total of 178 PFO closures were performed. Of these, 52 cases were excluded due to incomplete one-year follow-up and 5 patients were excluded due to insufficient data or procedures performed for other reasons (e.g., migraine). Thus, 121 patients were included in the final analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Patient inclusion algorithm. Source: Authors.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-05-e20230293-30293-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>By the included participants, 66.1% were female. The mean age at the cerebrovascular event was 50.3 years (&#177;15.4) - with a median of 48 years - and at the time of the procedure, it was 51.2 years (&#177;16.3). Regarding medication use prior to the procedure: 61.1% were using acetylsalicylic acid, 38.8% were on clopidogrel, 11.5% were on direct oral anticoagulants, and 5.8% were on warfarin (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Gender</td>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (33.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (66.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Medications</td>
                  <td>At ischemic stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">50.3 (&#177;15.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>At percutaneous procedure</td>
                  <td align="center">51.2 (&#177;16.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">Medica&#231;&#245;es em uso pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td>Aspirin</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (61.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (38.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Warfarina</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Direct oral anticoagulants</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (11.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">Comorbidades</td>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (39.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (4.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (7.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (14%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arrhythmia</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (8.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous deep venous thrombosis</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">Echocardiogram findings</td>
                  <td>Left atrial diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">36.3 (&#177;5.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>End-diastolic left ventricle diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">47.2 (&#177;4.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (&#177;4.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interatrial septal aneurysm</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (84.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Foramen ovale tunnel-like</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (43.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8211; mean tunnel length (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.44 (&#177;3.45)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">Caracter&#237;sticas do Shunt</td>
                  <td>Right-to-left</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (14.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left-to-right</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (8.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bidirectional</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (79.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (10.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Severe</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (82.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Spontaneous</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (70.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore <italic>RoPE</italic></td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">6 (IQ 4-8)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Categorical variables described as frequency (%) and continuous variables as mean (SD) or median (IIQ).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Associated comorbidities were: 39.6% of hypertension, 14% of smoking, 7.4% of diabetes, 5.8% had a history of previous deep vein thrombosis, and 8.2% had a history of prior cardiac arrhythmia episodes. The median RoPE score was 6 points (IQR 4-8).</p>
        <p>Echocardiographic findings: 84.2% had an atrial septal aneurysm, and 43.8% had a tunnel-like interatrial septum with a mean extension of 9.44mm (&#177;3.45); 79.3% of patients had bidirectional flow, and 14.9% had exclusively right-to-left flow. The majority of cases had spontaneous shunting (70.2%) compared to those where flow was only present with the Valsalva maneuver (29.8%), and 93.3% of the total had moderate to severe shunting.</p>
        <p>After the procedure, 9.9% of the total had immediate residual shunting on echocardiography performed in the hemodynamics room; after 1 month, this number decreased to 3.3%, and after 6 months, it converged to zero. Regarding complications: 5.7% of patients had some episode of atrial fibrillation during follow-up, but only 1.6% of patients remained with the arrhythmia; there were no severe bleeding events classified as BARC 2, 3, and 5. Hemorrhagic complications were limited to superficial and small-volume hematomas (9.9%), which resolved without major complications. Only two patients (1.6%) had new ischemic cerebrovascular events during follow-up - one aged &lt;50 years with two transient ischemic attacks in the last six months before the procedure and another aged &gt;60 years, with permanent atrial fibrillation and a history of three ischemic cerebrovascular accidents with high-risk PFO (severe shunt and atrial septal aneurysm), despite anticoagulant use. Both events occurred in the presence of residual shunt before completing 6 months post-procedure and had no new events after resolution of the shunt on the 6-month follow-up echocardiogram (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). The present study had no deaths recorded as a consequence of the procedure; only one death was recorded, after 18 months, due to septicemia.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Procedure and Outcomes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">Residual <italic>shunt</italic> after procedure</td>
                  <td align="center">Immediate</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (9.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">After 1 month</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (3.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">After 6 months</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">After 12 months</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                  <td align="center">Limited episode</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (4.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Permanent</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">Vascular and Hemorrhagic complications</td>
                  <td align="center">Small Volume Hematoma</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (9.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Retroperitoneal hematoma</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Compartment Syndrome</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Need for Blood Transfusion</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Use of Hemostatic Device</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (4.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">Prosthesis</td>
                  <td align="center">Amplatzer</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (66%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Cocoon</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (4.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Cardia</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (9.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Occlutech</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (19%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Average size of prosthesis*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">25 (&#177;2.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>New ischemic stroke or TIA</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.6%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Categorical variables described as frequency (%) and continuous variables as mean (SD) or median (IIQ). *Average size on the left atrial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The prostheses used were: Amplatzer (66%), Occlutech (19%), Cardia (9.1%), Cocoon (4.9%). The average size of the left atrial face of the prostheses was 25mm (&#177; 2.7mm).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study suggests that clinical trials are reproducible in real life. We had an incidence of only two new ischemic cerebrovascular events - in cases that still had residual shunts. Even with one-third of the population aged over 60 years and a median RoPE score of 6 points, there was a low recurrence of events. This positive result was likely due to the higher number of atrial septal aneurysms and severity of shunts included when compared to clinical trials, as these anatomical-functional factors increase the likelihood of stroke being consequent to PFO (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison between the results of clinical trials in percutaneous PFO closure</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th scope="col"> </th>
                  <th scope="col">Closure Trial*</th>
                  <th scope="col">Reduce Trial*</th>
                  <th scope="col">Respect Trial*</th>
                  <th scope="col">Close Trial*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Included patients</td>
                  <td align="center">447</td>
                  <td align="center">441</td>
                  <td align="center">499</td>
                  <td align="center">238</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean age</td>
                  <td align="center">46.3 (&#177;9.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">45.4 (&#177;9.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">45.7 (&#177;9.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">42.9 (&#177;10.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">52.1%</td>
                  <td align="center">59.2%</td>
                  <td align="center">53.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">57.6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interatrial septal aneurysm</td>
                  <td align="center">36.6%&#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">20.4%</td>
                  <td align="center">36.1%</td>
                  <td align="center">34.0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Severe <italic>shunt</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">16.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">42.8%</td>
                  <td align="center">49.5%</td>
                  <td align="center">90.8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RoPE score</td>
                  <td align="center">NA&#182;</td>
                  <td align="center">NA&#182;</td>
                  <td align="center">NA&#182;</td>
                  <td align="center">7.4 (&#177;1.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>New strokes or TIA</td>
                  <td align="center">5.5%</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4%</td>
                  <td align="center">7.0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Major vascular complications</td>
                  <td align="center">3.2%</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial fibrillation&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">6.6%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6%</td>
                  <td align="center">4.6%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>* Excluded patients &gt; 60 years;; &#167; Interatrial aneurysm with &gt; 10mm; &#182; Not available.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Source Authors.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The incidence of atrial fibrillation (5.7%) was similar to that found in the CLOSURE, REDUCE, and CLOSE trial; however, only 1.6% of patients remained with permanent AF, similar to the RESPECT trial. This finding raises the hypothesis that the type of prosthesis may interfere with the risk of developing AF, since the most commonly used in both studies was the Amplatzer (66%), which was also used in the RESPECT trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding hemorrhagic complications, this cohort did not present significant bleeding or major vascular complications; only superficial hematomas in the groin region were observed in 9.9% of cases. Although the risk of major vascular complications is low during venous puncture, the use of bedside ultrasound guidance for puncture is essential for differentiation in identifying the femoral artery and vein and to avoid accidental puncture in situations of anatomical variation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the international scenario, few real-world studies have been published on the subject so far. The average age is around 50 years (except for the cohort published by Ate&#351; et al., which presents 43.2), and the significant echocardiographic characteristics - included in the Pascal score - are less representative than in this cohort (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Composition between registries of PFO closure</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th scope="col"> </th>
                  <th scope="col">C.Cardiovascular Intervention 2017</th>
                  <th scope="col">Open Heart 2017</th>
                  <th scope="col">Turk Kardiyol 2021</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Included patients</td>
                  <td align="center">730</td>
                  <td align="center">217</td>
                  <td align="center">303</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean age</td>
                  <td align="center">53.4 (&#177;13)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (&#177;12)</td>
                  <td align="center">43.2 (&#177;10.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">60%</td>
                  <td align="center">55.8%</td>
                  <td align="center">43.6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interatrial septal aneurysm</td>
                  <td align="center">24.4%</td>
                  <td align="center">NA*</td>
                  <td align="center">21.6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Severe shunt</td>
                  <td align="center">11.0%</td>
                  <td align="center">NA*</td>
                  <td align="center">36.3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>RoPE score</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">NA*</td>
                  <td align="center">NA*</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (IQ 5-7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>New strokes or TIA</td>
                  <td align="center">6.3%</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1%</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Major vascular complications</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                  <td align="center">NA*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Permanent atrial fibrillation</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9%</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>* Not available.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Source: Authors.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>We observed a delay of about one year between diagnosis and percutaneous procedure, a finding similar to the RESPECT trial, initially published in 2013. At the time of publication, the comparison between <italic>intention-to-treat versus per-protocol</italic> groups suggested that a one-year delay in percutaneous closure of PFO would result in worse outcomes, likely due to prolonged exposure to the risk of a new event. This is a highly important point in the evolution of the procedure, given that the condition is the second leading cause of death worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Clearly, there is still a gap to be clarified between anticoagulant therapy and percutaneous therapy due to the absence of clinical trials comparing these groups. Despite the biological plausibility of secondary prevention with anticoagulants, studies like Navigate-ESUS and the CLOSE trial have not shown superiority when compared to antiplatelet agents. Some meta-analyses, comparing secondary prophylaxis treatments, suggest percutaneous therapy as the better option due to the lower risk of new cerebrovascular events compared to antiplatelet agents and lower bleeding risk compared to anticoagulant therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This observational study is a single-center retrospective registry with multiple operators. Extrapolation of results or conclusions to other centers should be done with caution and appropriate analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The present study suggests that the current technique of percutaneous closure of PFO with contemporary devices can effectively prevent the recurrence of ischemic strokes, while also demonstrating to be extremely safe with a low rate of serious adverse events. This implies that the results of clinical trials are reproducible in real-world studies.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Eduardo S. Silveira, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Moinhos de Vento under the protocol number 5.454.212. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
