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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4zQM5rvvn8YJ45f4HrmF7KQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000400101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240280</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial Pode Mudar Nossa Interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos Escores de Risco Cardiovascular?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8973-4438</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Meira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>de Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Maria Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Cristina Meira Ferreira</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, n. 255 &#8211; CEP <postal-code>21941-617</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mc.meira.ferreira@gmail.com</email>, <email>macris1500@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240280</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A necessidade de buscar meios de predizer a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos futuros &#233; um fasc&#237;nio da ra&#231;a humana desde seus prim&#243;rdios. Atrav&#233;s de observa&#231;&#245;es armazenadas na mem&#243;ria humana, a previs&#227;o de eventos fazia parte da seguran&#231;a e sobreviv&#234;ncia da humanidade. Com o decorrer dos s&#233;culos, a necessidade de previs&#227;o se tornou parte de diversas ci&#234;ncias pela extrema import&#226;ncia na orienta&#231;&#227;o de tomada de decis&#245;es estrat&#233;gicas, na medicina n&#227;o foi diferente.</p>
    <p>O ser humano desenvolveu habilidades em registrar, organizar e armazenar dados para uma an&#225;lise futura. Passamos do armazenamento anal&#243;gico para o digital e, junto ao desenvolvimento dos m&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos, enormes bancos de dados passaram a ser poss&#237;vel de analise. Na medicina, o emprego de algoritmos complexos pelos sistemas computacionais, passou a prever risco de desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as, progn&#243;sticos, melhores estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas, risco de eventos, mortalidade, dentre outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em cardiologia, diversos estudos descrevem maior mortalidade em mulheres por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supra se ST (STEMI), comparada aos homens, sendo as prov&#225;veis causas amplamente debatidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Maior percentagem de comorbidades no sexo feminino seria o suficiente para justificar?<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Diferen&#231;as no tratamento ou situa&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas espec&#237;ficas do sexo feminino poderiam estar envolvidas?<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> An&#225;lise do registro SWEDEHEART discorda desta diferen&#231;a de mortalidade, afirmando que em uma an&#225;lise mais precisa, com ajustamento de diversos fatores, a diferen&#231;a pode n&#227;o existir. Entre eles dados demogr&#225;ficos, comorbidades, tempo adequado de utiliza&#231;&#227;o da melhor terapia, uso pr&#233;vio de fibrinol&#237;ticos, acesso vascular para angioplastia prim&#225;ria e a associa&#231;&#227;o de terapia medicamentosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> os autores discorrem sobre esta quest&#227;o, avaliando a diferen&#231;a da mortalidade intra-hospitalar entre os sexos dos pacientes atendidos com STEMI em um hospital terci&#225;rio. Baseado nos resultados, questionam a efic&#225;cia do GRACE score em prever mortalidade igualmente em ambos os sexos.</p>
    <p>O GRACE score, desenvolvido por um estudo nos primeiros anos deste s&#233;culo, &#233; amplamente utilizado at&#233; hoje para predizer mortalidade nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas. O escore inclui, entre os fatores preditores, algumas comorbidades e o estado cl&#237;nico-laboratoriais dos pacientes, mas n&#227;o inclui sexo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A medicina tem um dinamismo acentuado em rela&#231;&#227;o as melhores estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas e terap&#234;uticas, portanto o GRACE score vem sendo questionado, n&#227;o somente por n&#227;o incluir sexo, como tamb&#233;m outros fatores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Embora um maior n&#250;mero de comorbidade tenha sido considerado uma poss&#237;vel justificativa para maior mortalidade no sexo feminino, algumas comorbidades fazem parte do c&#225;lculo do GRACE escore e h&#225; evid&#234;ncias na literatura que suportam que o escore possui acur&#225;cia igual a ambos os sexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Um ponto comum nos diversos estudos sobre doen&#231;a coronariana se refere ao baixo n&#250;mero de mulheres inclu&#237;das nos estudos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O artigo de Silva J. et al. reflete essa realidade com inclus&#227;o de 36% de pacientes do sexo feminino. Mulheres s&#227;o a maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o e s&#227;o frequentemente subestudadas, esta discrep&#226;ncia necessita ser corrigida, principalmente se desejamos desenvolver medidas espec&#237;ficas para este sexo. Um outro estudo brasileiro de an&#225;lise de valida&#231;&#227;o do Grace score, 60% da popula&#231;&#227;o foi do sexo masculino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Por&#233;m, chama aten&#231;&#227;o no estudo de Silva J et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> a diferen&#231;a na qualidade de tratamento entre os sexos. O tempo total de isquemia maior nas mulheres &#233; estatisticamente muito significativo (p&lt;0,001), podendo refletir o pior desfecho. Ao analisarmos os diversos subintervalos, considerando desde o in&#237;cio da dor at&#233; o momento da reperfus&#227;o por bal&#227;o de angioplastia coron&#225;ria (<italic>pain-balloon</italic>), nenhum subintervalo identificou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os sexos que justificasse o atraso na terap&#234;utica de reperfus&#227;o do sexo feminino. Desta forma, fica a d&#250;vida qual est&#225;gio do atendimento possamos responsabilizar pela terap&#234;utica menos adequada oferecida ao sexo feminino, o que representa um fator fundamental para orienta&#231;&#227;o de prover um tratamento igualit&#225;rio a ambos os sexos.</p>
    <p>O artigo traz um importante tema a discuss&#227;o, chamando a aten&#231;&#227;o quanto a necessidade de corrigir falhas para na institui&#231;&#227;o da melhor terap&#234;utica para as mulheres. Escore de risco fazem parte de uma interliga&#231;&#227;o de sistemas complexos e din&#226;micos que interagem diversos fatores entre si, devendo estar em evolu&#231;&#227;o constante. Interconex&#245;es limitadas e falta de dinamismo tornam os escores menos preditivos. Assim ocorre com o GRACE score, onde diversos estudos procuram uma maior associa&#231;&#227;o de fatores interrelacionados para melhorar sua precis&#227;o progn&#243;stica. A quest&#227;o da necessidade de incluir sexo, fator &#250;nico, para melhor precis&#227;o progn&#243;stica, permanece em aberto, especialmente a luz dos conhecimentos atuais em que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de algoritmos complexos identificando m&#250;ltiplas associa&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis aumentam efetivamente a precis&#227;o das an&#225;lises.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Al&#233;m do Escore GRACE SCA: &#201; Necess&#225;rio um Modelo Diferente para Homens e Mulheres ap&#243;s IAMCSST?</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240280i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Can Artificial Intelligence Change our Interpretation of Cardiovascular Risk Scores?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8973-4438</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Meira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>de Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Maria Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria Cristina Meira Ferreira</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, n. 255 &#8211; Postal Code <postal-code>21941-617</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>mc.meira.ferreira@gmail.com</email>, <email>macris1500@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Artificial Intelligence</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The need to discover ways to predict future events has fascinated the human race since its beginnings. Through observations stored in human memory, predicting events was part of security and survival of humanity. Over the centuries, the need for prediction became part of several sciences, due to its extreme importance in guiding strategic decision-making, and in medicine it wasn't different.</p>
      <p>Human beings have developed skills in recording, organizing, and storing data for future analysis. We went from storing in analog mode to digital, and along with the development of statistical methods, analysis of large databases has become possible. In medicine, complex algorithms used by computer systems began to predict the risk of developing diseases, prognoses, the best therapeutic strategies, risk of events, mortality, among others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In cardiology, several studies have described higher mortality in women with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI), compared to men, and probable causes are worldwide debateted.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Would a higher percentage of comorbidities in females be enough to justify it?<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Could differences in treatment or female-specific biological situations be involved?<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Analyses of the SWEDEHEART registry disagree with this difference in mortality, stating that in a more precise analysis, with adjustment for several factors, the difference may not exist. Among them are demographic data, comorbidities, adequate time to apply the best therapy, use of previous fibrinolytic therapy, vascular access for the primary angioplasty, and the associated drug therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> the authors discuss this issue by evaluating in-hospital sex mortality differences of patients treated for STEMI in a tertiary hospital. Based on the results, the effectiveness of the GRACE score in predicting mortality equally in both sexes is discussed.</p>
      <p>The GRACE score, developed in a study caried out in the first years of the century, is widely used to predict mortality in acute coronary syndromes. The score includes, among predictors, some comorbidities and clinical-laboratory status of patients, but does not include sex.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Medicine is remarkably dynamic concerning the best diagnostic and therapeutic strategies; for this reason, the GRACE score is currently questioned, not only for not including sex, but also for other factors involved.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Although the higher number of comorbidities was considered a possible explanation for women's mortality, some of these comorbidities are already included in the GRACE score, and evidence from the literature supports that the score is equally accurate for both sexes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A common point in the different studies of coronary disease refers to the low number of women included in clinical trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The article by Silva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> corroborates this, with the inclusion of 36% of female patients. Women make up the majority of the population and are often understudied. This discrepancy needs correction in the clinical studies, especially if we want to address specific measures for this sex. In another Brazilian study analyzing the GRACE score validation, 60% of the population was male.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, the study by Silva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> calls attention to the difference in the quality of treatment between the sexes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Total ischemic time was significantly longer (p&lt;0.001) in women, which may reflect a worse outcome. When analyzing the several subintervals, considering the period from pain onset to the coronary angioplasty (<italic>pain-balloon</italic>), none showed statistically significant differences between the sexes that would justify the delay in reperfusion therapy in women. Therefore, the question of which stage of care could be responsible for the inadequacy in the treatment offered to women remains unanswered, which represents a fundamental issue in providing equal treatment for both sexes.</p>
      <p>The article brings back an important topic to discussion, that is to correct key points at this moment to allow providing the best therapy for women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Risk scores are part of an interconnection of complex and dynamic systems that interact with different factors and must be constantly evolving. Limited interactions and lack of dynamism make scores less predictable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> GRACE score is currently following this new way; many studies are trying to find out more association of interrelated factors to improve its prognostic accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The question of whether we need to include a single factor as sex, to improve prognostic accuracy remains open, especially in light of current knowledge that applying complex algorithms to identify associations between variables effectively increases the precision of analyses.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Beyond the GRACE ACS Score: Do We Need a Different Model for Men and Women after STEMI?</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
